@article {pmid34543987,
year = {2021},
author = {Al-Kuraishy, HM and Al-Gareeb, AI and Qusti, S and Alshammari, EM and Atanu, FO and Batiha, GE},
title = {Arginine vasopressin and pathophysiology of COVID-19: An innovative perspective.},
journal = {Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie},
volume = {143},
number = {},
pages = {112193},
doi = {10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112193},
pmid = {34543987},
issn = {1950-6007},
abstract = {In Covid-19, systemic disturbances may progress due to development of cytokine storm and dysregulation of and plasma osmolarility due to high release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and neuro-hormonal disorders. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) which is involve in the regulation of body osmotic system, body water content, blood pressure and plasma volume, that are highly disturbed in Covid-19 and linked with poor clinical outcomes. Therefore, this present study aimed to find the potential association between AVP serum level and inflammatory disorders in Covid-19. It has been observed by different recent studies that physiological response due to fever, pain, hypovolemia, dehydration, and psychological stress is characterized by activation release of AVP to counter-balance high blood viscosity in Covid-19 patients. In addition, activated immune cells mainly T and B lymphocytes and released pro-inflammatory cytokines stimulate discharge of stored AVP from immune cells, which in a vicious cycle trigger release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Vasopressin receptor antagonists have antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects that may inhibit AVP-induced hyponatremia and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in Covid-19. In conclusion, release of AVP from hypothalamus is augmented in Covid-19 due to stress, high pro-inflammatory cytokines, high circulating AngII and inhibition of GABAergic neurons. In turn, high AVP level leads to induction of hyponatremia, inflammatory disorders, and development of complications in Covid-19 by activation of NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome with release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, AVP antagonists might be novel potential therapeutic modality in treating Covid-19 through mitigation of AVP-mediated inflammatory disorders and hyponatremia.},
}

@article {pmid34543756,
year = {2021},
author = {Cordeiro, A and Ribamar, A and Ramalho, A},
title = {ADIPOSE TISSUE DYSFUNCTION AND MAFLD IN OBESITY ON THE SCENE OF COVID-19.},
journal = {Clinics and research in hepatology and gastroenterology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {101807},
doi = {10.1016/j.clinre.2021.101807},
pmid = {34543756},
issn = {2210-741X},
abstract = {Obesity is a known risk factor for respiratory infection and many other chronic diseases, including metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), previously known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Recently, it has been considered an important and independent predictor for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) complications in adults, especially cardiopulmonary, presenting in a great number of individuals in critical care. In obesity, adipose tissue (AT) undergoes expansion via several processes: expansion of adipocytes and insufficient vascularization lead to hypoxia; adipocyte apoptosis/necrosis; irregular fatty acid flux; and enhanced secretion of inflammatory adipokines, cytokines, and chemokines. In individuals with obesity the liver can also become a target of COVID-19 infection, although major liver damage is uncommon. COVID-19 acute pandemic often develops in patients with major metabolic abnormalities, including fatty liver disease, which is part of a chronic pandemic together with body fat accumulation. During metabolic abnormalities, the expansion of metabolically active fat parallels chronic inflammatory changes, the development of Insulin Resistance (IR), and in the liver, the accumulation of fat, possibly, an underlying fibrosis. SARS-Cov-2 virus might affect the liver by direct or indirect mechanisms. The current epidemic of obesity and related metabolic diseases has extensively contributed to increase the number of severe cases and deaths from COVID-19, resulting in a health, political and economic crisis with long-lasting consequences. In this review, the authors explore the relationship between AT dysfunction and MAFLD in obesity on the scene of COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid34543734,
year = {2021},
author = {Penn, JW and Marcus, HJ and Uff, CEG},
title = {5th Generation Cellular Networks and Neurosurgery: A Narrative Review.},
journal = {World neurosurgery},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.wneu.2021.09.054},
pmid = {34543734},
issn = {1878-8769},
abstract = {Connectivity is a driving force for productivity across a wide variety of sectors in the 21st Century with healthcare being no exception. 5th generation cellular technology (5G) is frequently alluded to in the mainstream media but understanding of the technology and its potential impact is not widespread in clinical communities. It promises unprecedented improvement in speed, bandwidth, reliability and latency, all of which have significant implications for the way we use wireless data. 5G can be subdivided into three parallel technological architectures: extended mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC), and massive machine type communication (mMTC). These domains each present different and exciting prospects for the future of healthcare. This narrative review aims to elucidate the nature of 5G, its context within the development of telecommunications, and describe some of the notable opportunities it presents to the neurosurgical community. In many cases the requisite hardware has already been developed, but use has been limited by the requirements of a fast, reliable and omnipresent network connection. Examples include telesurgical robots, remote supervision of procedures, integrated smart operating theatres and clinician telepresence. The events of 2020 and the COVID-19 pandemic have brought the world's attention to digital transformation. The mechanics of 5G connectivity creates the capacity for these changes to be applied practically. An understanding of this technology is essential to appreciate the development and opportunities which will be part of our professional future.},
}

@article {pmid34542933,
year = {2021},
author = {Ng, TI and Dorr, PK and Krishnan, P and Cohen, DE and Rhee, S and Wang, SX and Ruzek, MC and Mensa, FJ and Kati, WM},
title = {Biomarkers for the clinical development of antiviral therapies.},
journal = {Cytometry. Part B, Clinical cytometry},
volume = {100},
number = {1},
pages = {19-32},
doi = {10.1002/cyto.b.21974},
pmid = {34542933},
issn = {1552-4957},
abstract = {With the morbidity and mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic that we are witnessing this year, the risks posed by emerging viral diseases to global health are all too obvious. This pandemic highlights the importance of antiviral drug discovery, which targets emerging viral pathogens, as well as existing pathogenic viruses that undergo continuous evolution. Drug discovery and development is a long and resource intensive process; however, the use of biomarkers can accelerate clinical development of antivirals by providing information regarding diagnosis of specific viral infections, status of infection, potential safety parameters, and antiviral responses. In clinical practice, many of the biomarkers initially utilized to support clinical development are also used for patient care. While viral load is a standard and essential biomarker used to detect the desired viral suppression induced by an antiviral agent, it has become apparent that additional biomarkers, whether related to the virus, the host or as a consequence of the drug's mechanistic effects, are also important for monitoring clinical outcomes associated with an antiviral therapy. This review summarizes the biomarkers used in the clinical development (as well as in clinical practice, where appropriate) of antiviral therapies for hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.},
}

@article {pmid34542840,
year = {2021},
author = {Farmani, AR and Mahdavinezhad, F and Scagnolari, C and Kouhestani, M and Mohammadi, S and Ai, J and Shoormeij, MH and Rezaei, N},
title = {An overview on tumor treating fields (TTFields) technology as a new potential subsidiary biophysical treatment for COVID-19.},
journal = {Drug delivery and translational research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34542840},
issn = {2190-3948},
abstract = {COVID-19 pandemic situation has affected millions of people with tens of thousands of deaths worldwide. Despite all efforts for finding drugs or vaccines, the key role for the survival of patients is still related to the immune system. Therefore, improving the efficacy and the functionality of the immune system of COVID-19 patients is very crucial. The potential new, non-invasive, FDA-approved biophysical technology that could be considered in this regard is tumor treating fields (TTFields) based on an alternating electric field has great biological effects. TTFields have significant effects in improving the functionality of dendritic cell, and cytotoxic T-cells, and these cells have a major role in defense against viral infection. Hence, applying TTFields could help COVID-19 patients against infection. Additionally, TTFields can reduce viral genomic replication, by reducing the expressions of some of the vital members of DNA replication complex genes from the minichromosome maintenance family (MCMs). These genes not only are involved in DNA replication but it has also been proven that they have a crucial role in viral replication. Also, TTFields suppress the formation of the network of tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) which is knows as filamentous (F)-actin-rich tubular structures. TNTs have a critical role in promoting the spread of viruses through improving viral entry and acting as a protective agent for viral components from immune cells and even pharmaceuticals. Moreover, TTFields enhance autophagy which leads to apoptosis of virally infected cells. Thus, it can be speculated that using TTFields may prove to be a promising approach as a subsidiary treatment of COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid34542794,
year = {2021},
author = {Chan, OSK and Bradley, KCF and Grioni, A and Lau, SKP and Li, WT and Magouras, I and Naing, T and Padula, A and To, EMW and Tun, HM and Tutt, C and Woo, PCY and Bloch, R and Mauroo, NF},
title = {Veterinary Experiences can Inform One Health Strategies for Animal Coronaviruses.},
journal = {EcoHealth},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34542794},
issn = {1612-9210},
}

@article {pmid34542788,
year = {2021},
author = {Trbojević-Akmačić, I and Petrović, T and Lauc, G},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein binding to multiple host receptors enables cell entry and infection.},
journal = {Glycoconjugate journal},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34542788},
issn = {1573-4986},
support = {IP-CORONA-2020-04-2052//Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost/ ; },
abstract = {The severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection displays a wide array of clinical manifestations. Although some risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity and outcomes have been identified the underlying biologic mechanisms are still not well understood. The surface SARS-CoV-2 proteins are heavily glycosylated enabling host cell interaction and viral entry. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been identified to be the main host cell receptor enabling SARS-CoV-2 cell entry after interaction with its S glycoprotein. However, recent studies report SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein interaction with other cell receptors, mainly C-type lectins which recognize specific glycan epitopes facilitating SARS-CoV-2 entry to susceptible cells. Here, we are summarizing the main findings on SARS-CoV-2 interactions with ACE2 and other cell membrane surface receptors and soluble lectins involved in the viral cell entry modulating its infectivity and potentially playing a role in subsequent clinical manifestations of COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid34542776,
year = {2021},
author = {Orjuela-Grimm, M and Deschak, C and Aragon Gama, CA and Bhatt Carreño, S and Hoyos, L and Mundo, V and Bojorquez, I and Carpio, K and Quero, Y and Xicotencatl, A and Infante, C},
title = {Migrants on the Move and Food (In)security: A Call for Research.},
journal = {Journal of immigrant and minority health},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34542776},
issn = {1557-1920},
abstract = {Food insecurity contributes to negative outcomes for health and wellbeing, and its impact may be exacerbated during periods of vulnerability. While food insecurity is both a driver and a consequence of migration, anecdotal evidence indicates that it is also common during migration when people are 'on the move', although its prevalence and severity during these periods are largely undocumented. Food security monitoring is critical to ensuring the universal right to food for migrants, and instruments must be designed which capture the unique challenges faced during these 'extra-ordinary' periods of mobility, including in the context of emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper reviews knowledge on food security in migrants on the move and examines how active mobility intersects with food security and its measurement. Considering the potential consequences on health and wellbeing, we call for interdisciplinary research using standard instruments to document food insecurity in migrants on the move.},
}

@article {pmid34542699,
year = {2021},
author = {Hemmer, CJ and Löbermann, M and Reisinger, EC},
title = {[COVID-19: epidemiology and mutations : An update].},
journal = {Der Radiologe},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34542699},
issn = {1432-2102},
abstract = {Mutations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can enhance the spread and the infectiousness and decrease the protective effect of antibodies present after infection, vaccination or antibody treatment. The alpha variant (B.1.1.7), first seen in Kent/United Kingdom, has increased the R‑value and therefore the infectiousness by 75%; however, the effectiveness of the vaccines against SARS-CoV‑2 available in Germany seems to be only slightly impaired by these mutations. In the case of the beta variant (B.1.351), first described in South Africa, the neutralization ability of antibodies towards SARS-CoV‑2 is decreased. The monoclonal antibodies bamlanivimab and etesivimab, which are used therapeutically, are ineffective. The AstraZeneca vaccine offers almost no protection against mild or moderate disease caused by the beta variant. The gamma variant (P.1 or B.1.1.28.1), which was first found in Brazil, is probably 1.7-2.6 times more transmissible than previous virus strains circulating in Brazil. In addition to the infectiousness, the mortality risk of the gamma variant also seems to be increased between 1.2 and 1.9-fold in adults and between 5 and 8-fold in young persons. The delta variant (B.1.617), first described in India, is now dominant in most countries. It is 50% more infectious than the alpha variant, and the protective effect of vaccinations against symptomatic disease can be decreased (Biontech: delta variant 88%, alpha variant 93.7%; AstraZeneca: delta variant 67%, alpha variant 74.5%). Furthermore, the course of the disease with the delta variant is often more severe than with the wild type. Disease courses with the delta variant are less severe in vaccinated than in nonvaccinated persons, and fatal outcomes are substantially rarer. A high vaccination rate is essential in order to approach herd immunity and to bring the pandemic under control. Even where the protective effect towards mild or moderate disease is decreased, as a rule, vaccination still offers excellent protection against life-threatening and fatal disease courses.},
}

@article {pmid34542686,
year = {2021},
author = {Gupta, R and Kazi, TA and Dey, D and Ghosh, A and Ravichandiran, V and Swarnakar, S and Roy, S and Biswas, SR and Ghosh, D},
title = {CRISPR detectives against SARS-CoV-2: a major setback against COVID-19 blowout.},
journal = {Applied microbiology and biotechnology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34542686},
issn = {1432-0614},
support = {BT/PR26301/GET/119/258/2017//department of biotechnology , ministry of science and technology/ ; BT/P/Budget/RD-74/2017//department of science and technology, government of west bengal/ ; },
abstract = {The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has brought the world to a standstill, and till date, effective treatments and diagnostics against this idiosyncratic pathogen are lacking. As compared to the standard WHO/CDC qPCR detection method, which consumes several hours for detection, CRISPR-based SHERLOCK, DETECTR, and FELUDA have emerged as rapid diagnostic tools for the detection of the RNA genome of SARS-CoV-2 within an hour with 100% accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity. These attributes of CRISPR-based detection technologies have taken themselves one step ahead of available detection systems and are emerging as an inevitable tool for quick detection of the virus. Further, the discovery of Cas13s nucleases and their orthologs has opened a new corridor for exploitation of Cas13s as an antiviral therapy against SARS-CoV-2 and other viral diseases. One such approach is Prophylactic Antiviral CRISPR in huMAN cells (PACMAN), which needs a long haul to bring into therapy. The approval of SHERLOCK as the first CRISPR-based SARS-CoV-2 test kit by the FDA, for emergency diagnosis of COVID-19 patients, has given positive hope to scientists that sooner human trials of CRISPR-based therapy will be ratified. In this review, we have extensively reviewed the present CRISPR-based approaches, challenges, and future prospects in the light of diagnostics and therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2. KEY POINTS: • The discovery of Cas12 and Cas13 siblings allowed scientists to detect the viral genes. • Cas13d's identification aided scientists in precisely cleaving the SARS-CoV-2 ssRNA. • CRISPR-Cas system acts as "molecular detector and antiviral proctor."},
}

@article {pmid34542447,
year = {2021},
author = {López-Belmonte, J and Segura-Robles, A and Moreno-Guerrero, AJ and Parra-González, ME},
title = {Projection of E-Learning in Higher Education: A Study of Its Scientific Production in Web of Science.},
journal = {European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {20-32},
doi = {10.3390/ejihpe11010003},
pmid = {34542447},
issn = {2254-9625},
abstract = {E-learning is conceived as a purely virtual training approach. Different learning styles have been proliferated in recent years, especially now, due to the impact of COVID-19 in the educational field. The aim of this study is to discover the evolution of e-learning in higher education (ELHI) in scientific literature indexed on the Web of Science. Co-word analysis and bibliometric analysis was performed. A total matrix of 1261 documents was analyzed through SciMAT software. The results revealed that studies on ELHI are written in English and presented by conference papers. The main source of publication for the conferences is EDULEARN proceedings, while the journal source is Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. Spain is the country with the highest volume of production. It is concluded that research on ELHI use does not have an established line of research, due to its recent creation and the lack of related research. The bibliometric analysis specifies that the research is oriented towards knowing the level of acceptance and application of the pedagogical method in the teaching and learning processes.},
}

@article {pmid34541721,
year = {2021},
author = {Cronin, JN and Camporota, L and Formenti, F},
title = {Mechanical ventilation in COVID-19: A physiological perspective.},
journal = {Experimental physiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1113/EP089400},
pmid = {34541721},
issn = {1469-445X},
abstract = {NEW FINDINGS: What is the topic of this review? This review presents the fundamental concepts of respiratory physiology and pathophysiology, with particular reference to lung mechanics and the pulmonary phenotype associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and subsequent COVID-19 pneumonia. What advances does it highlight? The review critically summarises the main physiological aspects to be considered for safe and effective mechanical ventilation in patients with severe COVID-19 in the intensive care unit.

ABSTRACT: Severe respiratory failure from COVID-19 pneumonia not responding to non-invasive respiratory support requires mechanical ventilation. While ventilation can be a life-saving therapy, it can cause further lung injury if airway pressure, flow and their timing are not tailored to the individual patient's respiratory system mechanics. The pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to a pattern of lung injury in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia typically associated with two distinct phenotypes - along a temporal and pathophysiological continuum - characterised by different levels of elastance, ventilation and perfusion ratio, right-to-left-shunt, lung weight and recruitability. Understanding the underlying pathophysiology, duration of symptoms, radiological characteristics and lung mechanics at the individual patient level is crucial for the appropriate choice of mechanical ventilation settings to optimise gas exchange and prevent further lung injury. By critically analysing the literature, we propose fundamental physiological and mechanical criteria for the selection of ventilation settings for COVID-19 patients in intensive care units. In particular, the choice of tidal volume should be based on obtaining a driving pressure < 14 cmH2 O, ensuring the avoidance of hypoventilation in patients with preserved compliance, and excessive strain in patients with smaller lung volumes and lower lung compliance. The level of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) should be informed by the measurement of the potential for lung recruitability, where patients with greater recruitability potential may benefit from higher PEEP levels. Prone positioning is often beneficial and should be considered early. The rationale for the proposed mechanical ventilation settings criteria is presented and discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
}

@article {pmid34541674,
year = {2021},
author = {Reis, VP and Bezerra, AR and Maia, ABP and Marques, LC and Conde, DC},
title = {An integrative review of oral manifestations in patients with COVID-19: signs directly related to SARS-CoV-2 infection or secondary findings?.},
journal = {International journal of dermatology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/ijd.15881},
pmid = {34541674},
issn = {1365-4632},
abstract = {We conducted an integrative review on oral manifestations in patients with COVID-19 based on the current available literature evidence. A bibliographic search was carried out on March 11, 2021, among published studies in the years 2019-2021 in the PubMed database and based on the search strategy ("COVID-19" AND "oral lesions" OR "oral mucositis" OR "oral manifestation"). After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 29 articles were considered suitable for this review. A total of 110 cases of patients with COVID-19 who had oral manifestations were reported. The presence of ulcerated lesions was the most common finding, having a herpetiform and aphthous clinical pattern observed in most cases. Macules, petechiae, hemorrhagic blisters, pustular enanthem, mucositis, and halitosis were also among the most frequently described oral manifestations. The tongue was the most commonly affected site, followed by the palate and lip. Most of the reported cases were diagnosed only by the clinical aspect of the lesion associated with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test or the presence of other COVID-19 symptoms. Current scientific evidence still could not affirm that most of the oral lesions observed in patients with COVID-19 are related to the virus's direct or indirect action on the oral mucosa. To confirm this association, prospective and longitudinal studies are further needed, together with a larger number of patients, complemented by histopathological examination of these lesions. Additionally, molecular techniques, such as immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, may be necessary to perform the differential diagnosis with other oral lesions.},
}

@article {pmid34541569,
year = {2021},
author = {Shultz, JM and Berg, RC and Bernal Acevedo, OA and Ocampo Cañas, JA and Escobar, VAP and Muñoz, O and Espinel, Z and Uribe-Restrepo, JM},
title = {Complex correlates of Colombia's COVID-19 surge.},
journal = {Lancet Regional Health. Americas},
volume = {3},
number = {},
pages = {100072},
doi = {10.1016/j.lana.2021.100072},
pmid = {34541569},
issn = {2667-193X},
}

@article {pmid34541561,
year = {2021},
author = {Bo, W and Xi, Y and Tian, Z},
title = {The role of exercise in rehabilitation of discharged COVID-19 patients.},
journal = {Sports medicine and health science},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.smhs.2021.09.001},
pmid = {34541561},
issn = {2666-3376},
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mainly caused pneumonia and pulmonary fibrosis through upper respiratory tract infection, which resulted in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiorgan damage of cardiovascular, nervous, digestive, and genitourinary systems. Although the virus test turned negative after the patient recovered, the damage to multiorgan which caused by SARS-CoV-2 may irreversible. Therefore, the health status of the recovered patients has gradually become the focus of people's attention. Whether coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients can receive exercise rehabilitation training after discharge? and what's the basis? We try to analyze and answer these questions, will provide some ideas about the patients to develop a reasonable and effective exercise rehabilitation program.},
}

@article {pmid34541536,
year = {2021},
author = {Rowley, J and Richards, N and Carduff, E and Gott, M},
title = {The impact of poverty and deprivation at the end of life: a critical review.},
journal = {Palliative care and social practice},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {26323524211033873},
doi = {10.1177/26323524211033873},
pmid = {34541536},
issn = {2632-3524},
abstract = {This critical review interrogates what we know about how poverty and deprivation impact people at the end of life and what more we need to uncover. While we know that people in economically resource-rich countries who experience poverty and deprivation over the life course are likely to die younger, with increased co-morbidities, palliative care researchers are beginning to establish a full picture of the disproportionate impact of poverty on how, when and where we die. This is something the Covid-19 pandemic has further illustrated. Our article uses a critical social science lens to investigate an eclectic range of literature addressing health inequities and is focused on poverty and deprivation at the end of life. Our aim was to see if we could shed new light on the myriad ways in which experiences of poverty shape the end of people's lives. We start by exploring the definitions and language of poverty while acknowledging the multiple intersecting identities that produce privilege. We then discuss poverty and deprivation as a context for the nature of palliative care need and overall end-of-life circumstances. In particular, we explore: total pain; choice at the end of life; access to palliative care; and family caregiving. Overall, we argue that in addressing the effects of poverty and deprivation on end-of-life experiences, there is a need to recognise not just socio-economic injustice but also cultural and symbolic injustice. Too often, a deficit-based approach is adopted which both 'Others' those living with poverty and renders invisible the strategies and resilience they develop to support themselves, their families and communities. We conclude with some recommendations for future research, highlighting in particular the need to amplify the voices of people with lived experience of poverty regarding palliative and end-of-life care.},
}

@article {pmid34541485,
year = {2021},
author = {Wang, Z and Whittington, J and Yuan, HY and Miao, H and Tian, H and Stenseth, NC},
title = {Evaluating the effectiveness of control measures in multiple regions during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.},
journal = {Biosafety and health},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.bsheal.2021.09.002},
pmid = {34541485},
issn = {2590-0536},
abstract = {The number of COVID-19 confirmed cases rapidly grew since the SARS-CoV-2 virus was identified in late 2019. Due to the high transmissibility of this virus, more countries are experiencing the repeated waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, with limited manufacturing and distribution of vaccines, control measures might still be the most critical measures to contain outbreaks worldwide. Therefore, evaluating the effectiveness of various control measures is necessary to inform policymakers and improve future preparedness. In addition, there is an ongoing need to enhance our understanding of the epidemiological parameters and the transmission patterns for a better response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This review focuses on how various models were applied to guide the COVID-19 response by estimating key epidemiologic parameters and evaluating the effectiveness of control measures. We also discuss the insights obtained from the prediction of COVID-19 trajectories under different control measures scenarios.},
}

@article {pmid34541459,
year = {2021},
author = {Shibeeb, S and Khan, A},
title = {ABO blood group association and COVID-19. COVID-19 susceptibility and severity: A review.},
journal = {Hematology, transfusion and cell therapy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.htct.2021.07.006},
pmid = {34541459},
issn = {2531-1387},
abstract = {Introduction: : The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has been affecting the health and economic, as well as social, life of the entire globe since the end of 2019. The virus causes COVID-19, with a wide range of symptoms among the infected individuals, from asymptomatic infection to mortality. This, along with a high infection rate, prompted efforts to investigate the potential mechanisms of the different clinical manifestations caused by SARS-CoV-2 among the infected populations.

Hypothesis: : One of the possible mechanisms that has been reported is the ABO blood system polymorphism. Indeed, one of the major proposed mechanisms is the presence of naturally occurring anti-A antibodies in individuals of groups O and B, which could be partially protective against SARS-CoV-2 virions.

Objective and Method: : This article aimed to review the published data on the potential effect of the ABO blood group system on the susceptibility to COVID-19 and the disease progression and outcomes.

Results: : The reviewed data suggest that individuals of blood group A are at a higher risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 and may develop severe COVID-19 outcomes, whereas blood group O is considered protective against the infection, to some extent. However, some of the available studies seem to have been influenced by unaccounted confounders and biases.

Conclusion: : Therefore, further appropriately controlled studies are warranted to fully investigate the possible association between the ABO blood groups and COVID-19 susceptibility and severity.},
}

@article {pmid34541448,
year = {2021},
author = {Amin, MS and Wozniak, M and Barbaric, L and Pickard, S and Yerrabelli, RS and Christensen, A and Coiado, OC},
title = {Experimental Technologies in the Diagnosis and Treatment of COVID-19 in Patients with Comorbidities.},
journal = {Journal of healthcare informatics research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-24},
doi = {10.1007/s41666-021-00106-7},
pmid = {34541448},
issn = {2509-4971},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the whole world and raised concerns about its effects on different human organ systems. Early detection of COVID-19 may significantly increase the rate of survival; thus, it is critical that the disease is detected early. Emerging technologies have been used to prevent, diagnose, and manage COVID-19 among the populace in the USA and globally. Numerous studies have revealed the growing implementation of novel engineered systems during the intervention at various points of the disease's pathogenesis, especially as it relates to comorbidities and complications related to cardiovascular and respiratory organ systems. In this review, we provide a succinct, but extensive, review of the pathogenesis of COVID-19, particularly as it relates to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a viral entry point. This is followed by a comprehensive analysis of cardiovascular and respiratory comorbidities of COVID-19 and novel technologies that are used to diagnose and manage hospitalized patients. Continuous cardiorespiratory monitoring systems, novel machine learning algorithms for rapidly triaging patients, various imaging modalities, wearable immunosensors, hotspot tracking systems, and other emerging technologies are reviewed. COVID-19 effects on the immune system, associated inflammatory biomarkers, and innovative therapies are also assessed. Finally, with emphasis on the impact of wearable and non-wearable systems, this review highlights future technologies that could help diagnose, monitor, and mitigate disease progression. Technologies that account for an individual's health conditions, comorbidities, and even socioeconomic factors can drastically reduce the high mortality seen among many COVID-19 patients, primarily via disease prevention, early detection, and pertinent management.},
}

@article {pmid34541428,
year = {2021},
author = {De-la-Torre, GE and Pizarro-Ortega, CI and Dioses-Salinas, DC and Ammendolia, J and Okoffo, ED},
title = {Investigating the current status of COVID-19 related plastics and their potential impact on human health.},
journal = {Current opinion in toxicology},
volume = {27},
number = {},
pages = {47-53},
doi = {10.1016/j.cotox.2021.08.002},
pmid = {34541428},
issn = {2468-2934},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic led to a sudden global increase in the production, consumption, and mismanagement of personal protective equipment (PPE). As plastic-based PPE such as disposable face masks and gloves have become widely used, human exposure to PPE-derived pollutants may occur through indirect and direct pathways. This review explores the potential health impacts related to plastic-based PPE through these pathways. Face masks release microplastics, which are directly inhaled during use or transported through the environment. The latter can adsorb chemical contaminants and harbor pathogenic microbiota, and once consumed by organisms, they can translocate to multiple organs upon intake, potentially causing detrimental and cytotoxic effects. However, more research is required to have a comprehensive overview of the human health effects.},
}

@article {pmid34541421,
year = {2021},
author = {Jiang, DH and Roy, DJ and Gu, BJ and Hassett, LC and McCoy, RG},
title = {Postacute Sequelae of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection: A State-of-the-Art Review.},
journal = {JACC. Basic to translational science},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.07.002},
pmid = {34541421},
issn = {2452-302X},
abstract = {The vast majority of patients (>99%) with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 survive immediate infection but remain at risk for persistent and/or delayed multisystem. This review of published reports through May 31, 2021, found that manifestations of postacute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection (PASC) affect between 33% and 98% of coronavirus disease 2019 survivors and comprise a wide range of symptoms and complications in the pulmonary, cardiovascular, neurologic, psychiatric, gastrointestinal, renal, endocrine, and musculoskeletal systems in both adult and pediatric populations. Additional complications are likely to emerge and be identified over time. Although data on PASC risk factors and vulnerable populations are scarce, evidence points to a disproportionate impact on racial/ethnic minorities, older patients, patients with preexisting conditions, and rural residents. Concerted efforts by researchers, health systems, public health agencies, payers, and governments are urgently needed to better understand and mitigate the long-term effects of PASC on individual and population health.},
}

@article {pmid34541368,
year = {2021},
author = {Lazarus, G and Meyer, M and Depfenhart, M and Tjahjadi, AK and Dewayanti, SR and Dakota, I and Siswanto, BB},
title = {Indonesian medical frontliners during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: Have we been protecting them enough?.},
journal = {Journal of clinical and translational research},
volume = {7},
number = {4},
pages = {558-562},
pmid = {34541368},
issn = {2424-810X},
abstract = {Background and Aim: The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has brought deteriorating physical and mental burdens to health care workers (HCWs) in Indonesia, mainly attributed to the lack of protection and screening among HCWs, patients' concealment of their travel and medical history, and perceived social stigma and discrimination. Hence, we deliver our perspectives and recommendations based on the current situation in Indonesia to enforce their safeties. We encourage stakeholders to implement a systematic approach by employing stringent prevention strategies, ensuring adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) provision and equitable PPE distribution, and routine HCWs screening to prevent nosocomial clusters, in addition to the provision of psychosocial support to HCWs by offering social aids and psychological sessions. Furthermore, social stigma and discrimination toward HCWs and patients should also be addressed and mitigated, thus preventing concealments of patients' history and alleviating emotional burdens. We believe that providing continuous support to HCWs would lead to key benefits in ensuring a winning battle against the COVID-19 pandemic.

Relevance for Patients: HCWs are pivotal players in winning the battle against the COVID- 19 pandemic. Ensuring their safety and well-being will enable them to deliver better healthcare services, thus resulting in mutual benefit for themselves, the patients, and the nation's recovery.},
}

@article {pmid34541325,
year = {2021},
author = {Antonio-Arques, V and Franch-Nadal, J and Caylà, JA},
title = {Diabetes and tuberculosis: A syndemic complicated by COVID-19.},
journal = {Medicina clinica (English ed.)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.medcle.2021.04.006},
pmid = {34541325},
issn = {2387-0206},
abstract = {Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of infectious mortality in the world, affecting mainly developing countries (DC), while diabetes (DM) is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases. This review analyzes the fact that diabetes is currently an important risk factor for developing TB, also presenting more complicated TB, more relapses and higher mortality. The DCs and the fourth world of the large cities are those with the highest incidence of TB and an increase in DM, which will make it difficult to control tuberculosis disease. At the same time, the COVID-19 pandemic is complicating the management of both diseases due to the difficulty of access to control and treatment and the worsening of socioeconomic inequalities. It is necessary to establish a bidirectional screening for TB and DM and promote recommendations for the joint management of both diseases.},
}

@article {pmid34541298,
year = {2021},
author = {Joshi, N and Tyagi, A and Nigam, S},
title = {Molecular Level Dissection of Critical Spike Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern (VOCs): A Simplified Review.},
journal = {ChemistrySelect},
volume = {6},
number = {31},
pages = {7981-7998},
doi = {10.1002/slct.202102074},
pmid = {34541298},
issn = {2365-6549},
abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 virus during its spread in the last one and half year has picked up critical changes in its genetic code i.e. mutations, which have leads to deleterious epidemiological characteristics. Due to critical role of spike protein in cell entry and pathogenesis, mutations in spike regions have been reported to enhance transmissibility, disease severity, possible escape from vaccine-induced immune response and reduced diagnostic sensitivity/specificity. Considering the structure-function impact of mutations, understanding the molecular details of these key mutations of newly emerged variants/lineages is of urgent concern. In this review, we have explored the literature on key spike mutations harbored by alpha, beta, gamma and delta 'variants of concern' (VOCs) and discussed their molecular consequences in the context of resultant virus biology. Commonly all these VOCs i.e. B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1 and B.1.617.2 lineages have decisive mutation in Receptor Binding Motif (RBM) region and/or region around Furin cleavage site (FCS) of spike protein. In general, mutation induced disruption of intra-molecular interaction enhances molecular flexibility leading to exposure of spike protein surface in these lineages to make it accessible for inter-molecular interaction with hACE2. A disruption of spike antigen-antibody inter-molecular interactions in epitope region due to the chemical nature of substituting amino acid hampers the neutralization efficacy. Simplified surveillance of mutation induced changes and their consequences at molecular level can contribute in rationalizing mutation's impact on virus biology. It is believed that molecular level dissection of these key spike mutation will assist the future investigations for a more resilient outcome against severity of COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid34541003,
year = {2021},
author = {Azmat, SK and Ali, M and Siddiqui, FJ and Tirmizi, SFA and Kiarie, J},
title = {Scoping Review on the Impact of Outbreaks on Sexual and Reproductive Health Services: Proposed Frameworks for Pre-, Intra-, and Postoutbreak Situations.},
journal = {BioMed research international},
volume = {2021},
number = {},
pages = {9989478},
doi = {10.1155/2021/9989478},
pmid = {34541003},
issn = {2314-6141},
abstract = {Introduction: Recent experiences from global outbreaks have highlighted the severe disruptions in sexual and reproductive health services that expose women and girls to preventable health risks. Yet, to date, there is no review studying the possible impact of outbreaks on sexual and reproductive health (SRH). Methodology. Studies reporting outbreaks impacting sexual and reproductive health and pregnancy outcomes were identified using MEDLINE, Embase, and ISI-WoS. Reported impacts were reviewed at systems, community, and legislative levels.

Results: The initial run listed 4423 studies; the 37 studies that met all inclusion criteria were mainly from Latin America and Africa. Studies on outbreaks of diseases like Zika and Ebola have documented declines in facility-based deliveries, contraceptive use, and antenatal and institutional care due to burdened healthcare system. Service usage was also impacted by a lack of trust in the healthcare system and system shocks, including workforce capacity and availability. At the community level, poverty and lack of awareness were critical contributors to poor access to SRH services. Assessing the target population's knowledge, attitude, beliefs, and behavior and using health literacy principles for communication were fundamental for designing service delivery. Online resources for SRH services were an acceptable medium of information among young adults. In outbreak situations, SRH and pregnancy outcomes were improved by implementing laboratory surveillance, free-of-cost contraceptive services, improved screening through professional training, and quality of care. In addition, mobile health clinics were reported to be effective in remote areas. Knowledge Contribution. In outbreaks, the interventions are categorized into preoutbreak, during, and postoutbreak periods. The proposed steps can help to improve and do course correction in emergencies. Though conducted before the COVID-19 crisis, the authors believe that lessons can be drawn from the paper to understand and mitigate the impact of the pandemic on sexual and reproductive health services.},
}

@article {pmid34540952,
year = {2021},
author = {Lu, ZH and Yu, WL and Sun, Y},
title = {Multiple immune function impairments in diabetic patients and their effects on COVID-19.},
journal = {World journal of clinical cases},
volume = {9},
number = {24},
pages = {6969-6978},
doi = {10.12998/wjcc.v9.i24.6969},
pmid = {34540952},
issn = {2307-8960},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, poses a significant threat to public health worldwide, and diabetes is considered a risk factor for the rapid progression and poor prognosis of COVID-19. Limited immune function is a clinical feature of COVID-19 patients, and diabetes patients have defects in innate and adaptive immune functions, which may be an important reason for the rapid progression and poor prognosis of COVID-19 in patients with diabetes. We review the possible multiple effects of immune impairment in diabetic patients on the immune responses to COVID-19 to provide guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic patients with COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid34540760,
year = {2021},
author = {Keykhaei, M and Koolaji, S and Mohammadi, E and Kalantar, R and Saeedi Moghaddam, S and Aminorroaya, A and Zokaei, S and Azadnajafabad, S and Rezaei, N and Ghasemi, E and Rezaei, N and Haghshenas, R and Farzi, Y and Rashedi, S and Larijani, B and Farzadfar, F},
title = {Dissection of non-pharmaceutical interventions implemented by Iran, South Korea, and Turkey in the fight against COVID-19 pandemic.},
journal = {Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-13},
doi = {10.1007/s40200-021-00877-1},
pmid = {34540760},
issn = {2251-6581},
abstract = {Purpose: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has imposed a great global burden on public health. As one of the most affected countries, Iran has tackled emerging challenges in the path to overcoming the epidemic, with three peaks of the disease propagation as of February 19, 2020. To flatten the curve of the COVID-19 pandemic, most countries have implemented bundles of intrusive, sometimes extremely stringent non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). In this communication, we have dissected the effectiveness of NPIs and compared the strategies implemented by Iran, Turkey, and South Korea to mitigate the disease's spread.

Methods: We searched online databases via PubMed, Web of Knowledge, and Scopus. Titles/abstracts and full-texts were screened by two reviewers and discrepancies were resolved upon discussion.

Results: Our results provide insights into five domains: prevention, screening, in-patient and out-patient facilities, governance, and management of diabetes mellitus. Analysis of previous efforts put in place illustrates that by fostering efficient social distancing measures, increasing the capability to perform prompt polymerase chain reaction tests, applying smart contact tracing, and supplying adequate personal protective equipment, Turkey and South Korea have brought the epidemic sub-optimally under control.

Conclusion: From the perspective of policymakers, these achievements are of utmost importance given that attaining the aspirational goals in the management of the COVID-19 necessities a suitable adjustment of previous successful strategies. Hence, policymakers should be noticed that a suitable combination of NPIs is necessary to stem the disease's propagation.},
}

@article {pmid34540642,
year = {2021},
author = {Mohammadi, M and Khafaee Pour Khamseh, A and Varpaei, HA},
title = {Invasive Airway "Intubation" in COVID-19 Patients; Statistics, Causes, and Recommendations: A Review Article.},
journal = {Anesthesiology and pain medicine},
volume = {11},
number = {3},
pages = {e115868},
doi = {10.5812/aapm.115868},
pmid = {34540642},
issn = {2228-7523},
abstract = {Context: Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can induce acute respiratory distress, which is characterized by tachypnea, hypoxia, and dyspnea. Intubation and mechanical ventilation are strategic treatments for COVID-19 distress or hypoxia.

Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases to identify relevant randomized control trials, observational studies, and case series published from April 1, 2021.

Results: 24 studies were included in this review. Studies had been conducted in the USA, China, Spain, South Korea, Italy, Iran, and Brazil. Most patients had been intubated in the intensive care unit. Rapid sequence induction had been mostly used for intubation. ROX index can be utilized as the predictor of the necessity of intubation in COVID-19 patients. According to the studies, the rate of intubation was 5 to 88%. It was revealed that 1.4 - 44.5% of patients might be extubated. Yet obesity and age (elderly) are the only risk factors of delayed or difficult extubation.

Conclusions: Acute respiratory distress in COVID-19 patients could require endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. Severe respiratory distress, loss of consciousness, and hypoxia had been the most important reasons for intubation. Also, increased levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, d-dimer, and lipase in combination with hypoxia are correlated with intubation. Old age, diabetes mellitus, respiratory rate, increased level of CRP, bicarbonate level, and oxygen saturation are the most valuable predictors of the need for mechanical ventilation. ICU admission mortality following intubation was found to be 15 to 36%. Awake-prone positioning in comparison with high-flow nasal oxygen therapy did not reduce the risk of intubation and mechanical ventilation. There was no association between intubation timing and mortality of the infected patients. Noninvasive ventilation may have survival benefits.},
}

@article {pmid34540384,
year = {2021},
author = {Gude, J and Subhedar, RV and Zhang, MH and Jain, P and Bhela, J and Bangash, F and Veluri, N and Hsieh, YC and Sheikh, BZ and Shah, MR and Mansuri, Z and Aedma, K and Patel, UK and Parikh, T},
title = {Emerging Needs and Viability of Telepsychiatry During and Post COVID-19 Era: A Literature Review.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {13},
number = {8},
pages = {e16974},
doi = {10.7759/cureus.16974},
pmid = {34540384},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in nationwide stay-at-home orders in an effort to slow the spread severely impacting the healthcare sector. Telepsychiatry provides a platform bridging the gap through advanced technologies connecting mental health providers and patients who need their services, overcoming previous barriers of great distances, lack of transportation, and even time constraints. The most obvious benefit is increased accessibility to mental healthcare, especially in underserved and remote areas where there is no easy access for in-person care. It is important to note that benefits are not limited to patients, but also allow clinicians greater flexibility in scheduling and reduced practice overhead costs, both of which aid with physician burnout and burden. Telepsychiatry during COVID-19 provides its own unique advantages over in-person visits. The risk of exposure to healthcare workers and patients receiving care is reduced, allowing immunocompromised patients to receive much-needed psychiatric care. Without the need to meet in person, self-isolating psychiatrists can still provide care, decreasing strain on their co-workers. Although telepsychiatry is relatively new, it has already exhibited considerable success in its effectiveness at treating psychiatric conditions and widespread corollary benefits. Telepsychiatric consults may be carried out synchronously and asynchronously, each having benefits and setbacks. Different mobile application interventions have been explored, which are available for the purpose of both monitoring/assessing patients and/or providing treatment. The scope of conditions these applications address is broad, from anxiety disorders to schizophrenia to depression. As promising and beneficial telepsychiatry may seem, it is necessary to recognize that building the program can be challenging. It involves adapting to new methods in medicine. We highlighted barriers to general telepsychiatry, the most prominent being technological literacy of both physician and patient, and possible negative effects of eliminating the in-person patient-doctor interaction.},
}

@article {pmid34540356,
year = {2021},
author = {Zhao, Y and Shu, R and Liu, J},
title = {The development and improvement of ribonucleic acid therapy strategies.},
journal = {Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.omtn.2021.09.002},
pmid = {34540356},
issn = {2162-2531},
abstract = {The biological understanding of RNA has evolved since the discovery of catalytic RNAs in the early 1980s and the establishment of RNA interference (RNAi) in the 1990s. RNA is no longer seen as the simple mid-product between transcription and translation, but potential molecules to be developed as RNA therapeutic drugs. RNA-based therapeutic drugs have gained recognition due to their ability to regulate gene expression and perform cellular functions. Various nucleobase, backbone, and sugar-modified oligonucleotides have been synthesized, as natural oligonucleotides with some limitations such as poor low nuclease resistance, binding affinity, poor cellular uptake and toxicity, which affect their use as RNA therapeutic drugs. In this review, we briefly discuss different RNA therapeutic drugs and the internal connection, including antisense oligonucleotides, siRNA and miRNA, aptamers, saRNA, and RNA vaccines, we also discuss the important roles of RNA vaccines and their use in the fight against COVID-19. In addition, various chemical modifications and delivery systems used to improve the performance of RNA therapeutic drugs and overcome their limitations are discussed.},
}

@article {pmid34540321,
year = {2021},
author = {Filippatos, F and Tatsi, EB and Michos, A},
title = {Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in children: A review of the current knowledge.},
journal = {Pediatric investigation},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e12283},
doi = {10.1002/ped4.12283},
pmid = {34540321},
issn = {2574-2272},
abstract = {Host immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), especially in children, are still under investigation. Children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) constitute a significant study group of immune responses as they rarely present with severe clinical manifestations, require hospitalization, or develop complications such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The deciphering of children's immune responses during COVID-19 infection will provide information about the protective mechanisms, while new potential targets for future therapies are likely to be revealed. Despite the limited immunological studies in children with COVID-19, this review compares data between adults and children in terms of innate and adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2, discusses the possible reasons why children are mostly asymptomatic, and highlights unanswered or unclear immunological issues. Current evidence suggests that the activity of innate immunity seems to be crucial to the early phases of SARS-CoV-2 infection and adaptive memory immunity is vital to prevent reinfection.},
}

@article {pmid34540130,
year = {2021},
author = {Mohammad Zadeh, N and Mashinchi Asl, NS and Forouharnejad, K and Ghadimi, K and Parsa, S and Mohammadi, S and Omidi, A},
title = {Mechanism and adverse effects of COVID-19 drugs: a basic review.},
journal = {International journal of physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {102-109},
pmid = {34540130},
issn = {1944-8171},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is chronic, inflammatory. Although the exact mechanisms of COVID-19 have not been yet discovered some drugs are found helpful for its treatment. These drugs which are divided into some lines therapies, have demonstrated to be helpful for COVID-19 patients based on immune basic and its antiviral properties of the disease. Previous studies have been indicated that deterioration of COVID-19 condition is associated with a weaker immune system. Most of these therapies impact on the immune system and immune cells. Beside many beneficial effects of these drugs, some adverse effects (AE) have been reported in many experiments and clinical trials among patients suffering from COVID-19. In this review, we conclude some AEs of vitamin-D, zinc, remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine, azithromycin, dexamethasone, amantadine, aspirin reported in different papers and we continue the rest of the drugs in second part of our review article.},
}

@article {pmid34539980,
year = {2021},
author = {Jing, H and Chen, X and Zhang, S and Liu, H and Zhang, C and Du, J and Li, Y and Wu, X and Li, M and Xiang, M and Liu, L and Shi, J},
title = {Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs): the role of inflammation and coagulation in COVID-19.},
journal = {American journal of translational research},
volume = {13},
number = {8},
pages = {8575-8588},
pmid = {34539980},
issn = {1943-8141},
abstract = {COVID-19 has swept quickly across the world with a worrisome death toll. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces cytokine storm, acute respiratory distress syndrome with progressive lung damage, multiple organ failure, and even death. In this review, we summarize the pathophysiologic mechanism of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and hypoxia in three main phases, focused on lung inflammation and thrombosis. Furthermore, microparticle storm resulted from apoptotic blood cells are central contributors to the generation and propagation of thrombosis. We focus on microthrombi in the early stage and describe in detail combined antithrombotic with fibrinolytic therapies to suppress microthrombi evolving into clinical events of thrombosis. We further discuss pulmonary hypertension causing plasmin, fibrinogen and albumin, globulin extruding into alveolar lumens, which impedes gas exchange and induces severe hypoxia. Hypoxia in turn induces pulmonary hypertension, and amplifies ECs damage in this pathophysiologic process, which forms a positive feedback loop, aggravating disease progression. Understanding the mechanisms paves the way for current treatment of COVID-19 patients.},
}

@article {pmid34539780,
year = {2021},
author = {Vakhshoori, M and Heidarpour, M and Bondariyan, N and Sadeghpour, N and Mousavi, Z},
title = {Adrenal Insufficiency in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-Infected Patients without Preexisting Adrenal Diseases: A Systematic Literature Review.},
journal = {International journal of endocrinology},
volume = {2021},
number = {},
pages = {2271514},
doi = {10.1155/2021/2271514},
pmid = {34539780},
issn = {1687-8337},
abstract = {Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) manifestations varied completely from its time of emergence. However, the assessment of adrenal insufficiency (AI) in this pandemic is lacking. In this review, we aimed to evaluate the status of AI among COVID-19-infected individuals.

Methods: A systematic literature screening in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science was performed until May 23, 2021. We collected relevant published peer-reviewed studies that reported AI occurrence in patients who suffered from COVID-19.

Results: A total of 10 records (cross-sectional studies: 3, N = 256, males: 176 (68.7%), and case reports: 7, N = 7, males: 4 (57.1%)) were recruited. The age spectrum ranged from 22 to 96 years. AI was diagnosed with laboratory assessment or radiologic findings. The AI prevalence ranged from 3.1% to as high as 64.3% in different studies. Except for one patient, all other patients were discharged in stable conditions in published case reports.

Conclusion: This review indicates that AI occurrence in the COVID-19 pandemic seems quite probable; however, the extent and type (primary, secondary, and functional) need to be clarified yet. Appropriate early diagnostic and therapeutic interventions should be done, especially in critically ill patients, to prevent lethal outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid34539632,
year = {2021},
author = {Casian, JG and Angel, AN and Lopez, R and Bagos, C and MacMullan, MA and Bui, ML and Chellamathu, P and Das, S and Turner, F and Slepnev, V and Ibrayeva, A},
title = {Saliva-Based ELISAs for Effective SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Monitoring in Vaccinated Individuals.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {701411},
doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2021.701411},
pmid = {34539632},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global health emergency-the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Since then, the development and implementation of vaccines against the virus amidst emerging cases of re-infection has prompted researchers to work towards understanding how immunity develops and is sustained. Serological testing has been instrumental in monitoring the development and persistence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 infection, however inconsistencies in detection have been reported by different methods. As serological testing becomes more commonplace, it is important to establish widespread and repeatable processes for monitoring vaccine efficacy. Therefore, we present enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) compatible for antibody detection in saliva as highly accurate, efficacious, and scalable tools for studying the immune response in individuals vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2.},
}

@article {pmid34539389,
year = {2021},
author = {Wu, Y and Zhong, P},
title = {Clinical Progress on Management of Pneumonia Due to COVID-19 With Chinese Traditional Patent Medicines.},
journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {655063},
doi = {10.3389/fphar.2021.655063},
pmid = {34539389},
issn = {1663-9812},
abstract = {Background: The outbreak of new coronavirus has tremendously threatened the public health system worldwide, including China. Chinese patent medicines (CPMs) have greatly contributed to the prevention and treatment of this viral infection, as well as the recovery of patients with COVID-19 infection. Therefore, numerous experts and guidelines recommend to take CPMs to treat pneumonia due to COVID-19. Aim of the Study: The present study reviewed CPMs recommended by the < Guidelines for diagnosis and management of COVID-19 (8th edition)> regarding evidence of their efficacy from clinical studies and the underlying mechanisms, which will lay the foundation for clinical use of these CPMs for COVID-19. Methods: The composition, efficacy, indications, history of use, and relevant clinical research on 14 recommended CPMs, including Huoxiangzhengqi capsules (pills, liquid, oral solution), Jinhuaqinggan granules, Lianhuaqingwen capsules (granules), Shufengjiedu capsules, Xiyanping injections, Xuebijing injections, Reduning injections, Tanreqing injections, Xingnaojing injections, Shenfu injections, Shengmai injections, Angongniuhuang pills, Suhexiang pills, were searched in both Chinese and English databases based on differences in stages of the disease and manifestations of such patients. Advantages of these CPMs over conventional treatments and their underlying mechanisms were explored by analyzing results from published articles and undergoing clinical trials. Results: Findings from clinical studies and Chinese experience in using these CPMs showed that CPMs, when used in combination with conventional treatments, were effective in managing COVID-19 with few side effects. Conclusion: CPMs have excellent efficacy in managing COVID-19 with a great potential for clinical use.},
}

@article {pmid34539310,
year = {2021},
author = {Rasmi, Y and Babaei, G and Nisar, MF and Noreen, H and Gholizadeh-Ghaleh Aziz, S},
title = {Revealed pathophysiological mechanisms of crosslinking interaction of affected vital organs in COVID-19.},
journal = {Comparative clinical pathology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-17},
doi = {10.1007/s00580-021-03269-2},
pmid = {34539310},
issn = {1618-5641},
abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 is one of the main serious challenges of human societies, which emerged in December 2019 from China and quickly extends to all parts of the world. The virus was previously believed to only affect the lungs and respiratory system, but subsequent research has revealed that it affects a variety of organs. For this reason, this disease is known as a multiorgan disease. Current article aimed to highlight latest information and updates about molecular studies regarding pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in kidney, liver, and cardiovascular and respiratory systems, as well as the mechanisms of interaction of these organs with each other to cause clinical manifestations in patients.},
}

@article {pmid34539253,
year = {2021},
author = {Rees, N and Williams, J and Hogan, C and Smyth, L and Archer, T},
title = {Protocol for a constructivist metasynthesis of qualitative research of heroism and paramedic practice.},
journal = {British paramedic journal},
volume = {6},
number = {2},
pages = {34-39},
doi = {10.29045/14784726.2021.9.6.2.34},
pmid = {34539253},
issn = {1478-4726},
abstract = {Background: Exceptional demands have been placed on paramedics and other healthcare workers (HCWs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. An overwhelming outpouring of public support has unfolded, bringing into focus the relationship between paramedics, other HCWs and society, where they are portrayed as heroes. Scholars have studied the notion of heroism to society, and characteristics of such heroic status include: the voluntary nature of a heroic act, risk of physical or social harm, willingness to accept the consequences of action, acting for the benefit of others and without the expectation of gain. While some HCWs and paramedics may reflect these characteristics, many may not. Such heroic narratives can be damaging, stifling meaningful discussion around limits to duties, failing to acknowledge the importance of reciprocity and potentially imposing demands on paramedics and HCWs to be heroic.

Aim: This article prospectively presents the protocol for a metasynthesis which aims to identify, appraise and synthesise the qualitative literature in order to develop theory on heroism and paramedic practice.

Methods: Evolved grounded theory methodology is followed along with the procedural guidelines of Noblit and Hare (1988) to guide the analysis. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) have also been adopted when preparing this protocol and will be followed in the study proper. The protocol has been registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews PROSPERO 2021, registration number CRD42021234851.

Results: We do not currently have results, but PRISMA guidelines will be followed when reporting our findings.

Conclusion: Current narratives on heroism and paramedic practice are important in terms of the relationship between paramedics and society. The metasynthesis prospectively reported in this article serves as the first point in our journey of making sense of and developing theory on heroism and paramedic practice.},
}

@article {pmid34539248,
year = {2021},
author = {Prentice, RE and Rentsch, C and Al-Ani, AH and Zhang, E and Johnson, D and Halliday, J and Bryant, R and Begun, J and Ward, MG and Lewindon, PJ and Connor, SJ and Ghaly, S and Christensen, B},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.},
journal = {GastroHep},
volume = {3},
number = {4},
pages = {212-228},
doi = {10.1002/ygh2.473},
pmid = {34539248},
issn = {1478-1239},
abstract = {Background: The current COVID-19 pandemic, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has drastically impacted societies worldwide. Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is expected to play a key role in the management of this pandemic. Inflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) often require chronic immunosuppression, which can influence vaccination decisions.

Aim: This review article aims to describe the most commonly available SARS-CoV-2 vaccination vectors globally, assess the potential benefits and concerns of vaccination in the setting of immunosuppression and provide medical practitioners with guidance regarding SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with IBD.

Methods: All published Phase 1/2 and/or Phase 3 and 4 studies of SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations were reviewed. IBD international society position papers, safety registry data and media releases from pharmaceutical companies as well as administrative and medicines regulatory bodies were included. General vaccine evidence and recommendations in immunosuppressed patients were reviewed for context. Society position papers regarding special populations, including immunosuppressed, pregnant and breast-feeding individuals were also evaluated. Literature was critically analysed and summarised.

Results: Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is supported in all adult, non-pregnant individuals with IBD without contraindication. There is the potential that vaccine efficacy may be reduced in those who are immunosuppressed; however, medical therapies should not be withheld in order to undertake vaccination. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are safe, but data specific to immunosuppressed patients remain limited.

Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is essential from both an individual patient and community perspective and should be encouraged in patients with IBD. Recommendations must be continually updated as real-world and trial-based evidence emerges.},
}

@article {pmid34539161,
year = {2021},
author = {Lin, BK and Munter, B and Pascavis, K and Nakaji, P and Nicolasora, N},
title = {Use of Industrial Filters by Health Care Workers During Shortages of N95 Respirators in Pandemic Times.},
journal = {Infectious diseases in clinical practice (Baltimore, Md.)},
volume = {29},
number = {5},
pages = {e278-e281},
doi = {10.1097/IPC.0000000000001059},
pmid = {34539161},
issn = {1056-9103},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a significant shortage of personal protective equipment in multiple health care facilities around the world, with the highest impact on N95 respirator masks. The N95 respirator is a mask that blocks at least 95% of very small (0.3 μm) particles and is considered a standard for enhanced respiratory precautions. The N95 mask shortage has created a need for other options for nasal and oral respiratory protection with similar filtration efficiency and "medical-grade" clearance, which can be used in health care settings. However, the literature around various filter types, their filtration capabilities, and the organizations certifying their use is dense, confusing, and not easily accessible to the public. Here, we synthesize relevant literature to analyze and disseminate information on (1) alternative viable filter options to N95s, (2) the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health certification process, (3) the relationship of National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health certification to Food and Drug Administration certification of filtration devices and surgical masks, and (4) how this relationship may affect future filtration usage in the medical community during a pandemic. Analysis of these standards is meant to inform regarding evidence of respirator efficacy but does not imply any official endorsement of these alternatives. With this article, we illuminate viable alternative respirator options during the COVID-19 pandemic to help alleviate the dependency on N95 face masks.},
}

@article {pmid34539133,
year = {2021},
author = {Strainiene, S and Peciulyte, M and Strainys, T and Stundiene, I and Savlan, I and Liakina, V and Valantinas, J},
title = {Management of Flood syndrome: What can we do better?.},
journal = {World journal of gastroenterology},
volume = {27},
number = {32},
pages = {5297-5305},
doi = {10.3748/wjg.v27.i32.5297},
pmid = {34539133},
issn = {2219-2840},
abstract = {Approximately 20% of cirrhotic patients with ascites develop umbilical herniation. These patients usually suffer from multisystemic complications of cirrhosis, have a significantly higher risk of infection, and require accurate surveillance- especially in the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. The rupture of an umbilical hernia, is an uncommon, life-threatening complication of large-volume ascites and end-stage liver disease resulting in spontaneous paracentesis, also known as Flood syndrome. Flood syndrome remains a challenging condition for clinicians, as recommendations for its management are lacking, and the available evidence for the best treatment approach remains controversial. In this paper, four key questions are addressed regarding the management and prevention of Flood syndrome: (1) Which is the best treatment approach-conservative treatment or urgent surgery? (2) How can we establish the individual risk for herniation and possible hernia rupture in cirrhotic patients? (3) How can we prevent umbilical hernia ruptures? And (4) How can we manage these patients in the conditions created by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic?},
}

@article {pmid34539132,
year = {2021},
author = {Xiao, MF and Zeng, C and Li, SH and Yuan, FL},
title = {Applications of nanomaterials in COVID-19 pandemic.},
journal = {Rare metals},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-13},
doi = {10.1007/s12598-021-01789-y},
pmid = {34539132},
issn = {1001-0521},
abstract = {The novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic represents one of the biggest global health threats in the last two decades, so researchers around the world are searching for solutions and treatments for COVID-19. At the time of writing, there are no specific drugs that have demonstrated suitable effectiveness in treating COVID-19. The current challenge involves designing tools for the prevention, rapid and accurate diagnosis, drug delivery, and effective treatment of this novel coronavirus. In this short review, we discuss how nanotechnology offers new ways to combat COVID-19, and how nanomaterials can be applied to control the COVID-19 outbreak. We also summarize relevant studies regarding the use of nanomaterials for preventing viral spread, preparing vaccines, and diagnosing coronavirus, as well as studies that show how nanoparticles can be used as drug delivery systems for the treatment of viral infections. Research on nanotechnology-based diagnosis, drug delivery, and antiviral therapy is currently in the early stages. However, the unique chemical properties of some nanomaterials highlight the broad prospect of nanomaterials in the future, and we propose that they will play an important role in the fight against COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid34539131,
year = {2021},
author = {Choudhary, V and Gupta, A and Sharma, R and Parmar, HS},
title = {Therapeutically effective covalent spike protein inhibitors in treatment of SARS-CoV-2.},
journal = {Journal of proteins and proteomics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-14},
doi = {10.1007/s42485-021-00074-x},
pmid = {34539131},
issn = {2524-4663},
abstract = {COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] has resulted in over 204,644,849 confirmed cases and over 4,323,139 deaths throughout the world as of 12 August 2021, a total of 4,428,168,759 vaccine doses have been administered. The lack of potentially effective drugs against the virus is making the situation worse and dangerous. Numerous forces are working on finding an effective treatment against the virus but it is believed that a de novo drug would take several months even if huge financial support is provided. The only solution left with is drug repurposing that would not only provide effective therapy with the already used clinical drugs, but also save time and cost of the de novo drug discovery. The initiation of the COVID-19 infection starts with the attachment of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 to the host receptor. Hence, the inhibition of the binding of the virus to the host membrane and the entry of the viral particle into the host cell are one of the main therapeutic targets. This paper not only summarizes the structure and the mechanism of spike protein, but the main focus is on the potential covalent spike protein inhibitors.},
}

@article {pmid34539059,
year = {2021},
author = {Wang, PL and Roschli, A and Paranthaman, MP and Theodore, M and Cramer, CL and Zangmeister, C and Zhang, Y and Urban, JJ and Love, L},
title = {Recent developments in filtration media and respirator technology in response to COVID-19.},
journal = {MRS bulletin},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-10},
doi = {10.1557/s43577-021-00173-6},
pmid = {34539059},
issn = {0883-7694},
abstract = {Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a surge in demand for N95 or equivalent respirators that the global supply chain was unable to satisfy. This shortage in critical equipment has inspired research that addresses the immediate problems and has accelerated the development of the next-generation filtration media and respirators. This article provides a brief review of the most recent work with regard to face respirators and filtration media. We discuss filtration efficiency of the widely utilized cloth masks. Next, the sterilization of and reuse of existing N95 respirators to extend the existing stockpile is discussed. To expand near-term supplies, optimization of current manufacturing methods, such as melt-blown processes and electrospinning, has been explored. Future manufacturing methods have been investigated to address long-term supply shortages. Novel materials with antiviral and sterilizable properties with the ability for multiple reuses have been developed and will contribute to the development of the next generation of longer lasting multi-use N95 respirators. Finally, additively manufactured respirators are reviewed, which enable a rapidly deployable source of reusable respirators that can use any filtration fabric.},
}

@article {pmid34539057,
year = {2021},
author = {Andresen, JL and Fenton, OS},
title = {Nucleic acid delivery and nanoparticle design for COVID vaccines.},
journal = {MRS bulletin},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-8},
doi = {10.1557/s43577-021-00169-2},
pmid = {34539057},
issn = {0883-7694},
abstract = {Abstract: Nucleic acid therapeutics offer a new paradigm to rapidly respond to global health problems. The versatility of nucleic acids, especially in RNA therapies, provides the ability to tune levels of specific protein expression, achieving downregulation through short interfering RNA (siRNA) or upregulation by messenger RNA (mRNA) administration. Recent advances in the development of delivery vehicles, including nonviral nanoparticles are crucial to overcome the innate barriers to nucleic acid delivery. Toward this end, current clinical approaches have utilized mRNA and lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to address the COVID-19 pandemic through novel vaccine strategies, producing efficacious vaccines within one year of sequencing the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Here, we review fundamental concepts required to achieve successful nucleic acid delivery, including the design of LNP systems optimized for mRNA vaccine applications.},
}

@article {pmid34539056,
year = {2021},
author = {Manning, JE and Duffy, PE and Esposito, D and Sadtler, K},
title = {Material strategies and considerations for serologic testing of global infectious diseases.},
journal = {MRS bulletin},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-5},
doi = {10.1557/s43577-021-00167-4},
pmid = {34539056},
issn = {0883-7694},
abstract = {The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has brought to light multiple considerations when approaching infectious diseases on the global level. These range from diagnostic platforms, to therapeutics, and prevention agents. In this article, we focus on the engineering platforms and considerations when applying serologic assays to multiple geographic locations, climates with varying endemic virus repertoires, and different laboratory and clinical resource settings. Serologic assays detect antibodies that react against viral proteins, suggesting prior infection and correlative of an increased likelihood of immunity to future infection. As these assays are focused on the human immune response to a pathogen, and humans are variable, there are a number of important engineering steps to optimize assay performance, from sample collection, to assay execution and data analysis. Moving forward, a global approach to infectious disease detection and prevention is necessary to prevent the spread of future viruses with pandemic potential.},
}

@article {pmid34539055,
year = {2021},
author = {Tooker, A and Moya, ML and Wang, DN and Freeman, D and Borucki, M and Wheeler, E and Larsen, G and Shusteff, M and Duoss, EB and Spadaccini, CM},
title = {Performance of three-dimensional printed nasopharyngeal swabs for COVID-19 testing.},
journal = {MRS bulletin},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-9},
doi = {10.1557/s43577-021-00170-9},
pmid = {34539055},
issn = {0883-7694},
abstract = {Abstract: At the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the US faced nationwide shortages of nasopharyngeal swabs due to both overwhelmed supply chains and an increase in demand. To address this shortfall, multiple 3D printed swabs were ultimately produced and sold for COVID-19 testing. In this work, we present a framework for mechanical and functional bench-testing of nasopharyngeal swabs using standard and widely available material testing equipment. Using this framework, we offer a comprehensive, quantitative comparison of the 3D printed swabs to benchmark their performance against traditional flocked swabs. The test protocols were designed to emulate the clinical use of the nasopharyngeal swabs and to evaluate potential failure modes. Overall, the 3D printed swabs performed comparably to, or outperformed, the traditional swabs in all mechanical tests. While traditional swabs outperformed some of the new 3D printed swabs in terms of sample uptake and retention, similar amounts of RNA were recovered from both 3D printed and traditional swabs.},
}

@article {pmid34539007,
year = {2021},
author = {Hossein Kazemi, M and Kuhestani Dehaghi, B and Roshandel, E and Bonakchi, H and Parkhideh, S and Mehdizadeh, M and Hajifathali, A},
title = {Association of HScore Parameters with Severe COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Iranian journal of medical sciences},
volume = {46},
number = {5},
pages = {322-338},
doi = {10.30476/IJMS.2021.88404.1910},
pmid = {34539007},
issn = {1735-3688},
abstract = {Background: Several reports have associated the severe Coronavirus disease-2019 (sCOVID-19) with secondary-hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (sHLH) and proposed utilizing the hemophagocytic syndrome diagnostic score (HScore) for sCOVID-19 patients. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to find the possible association of HScore parameters with severity in COVID-19 patients.

Methods: A systematic search was performed in Medline via PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases using all HScore and COVID-19 keywords. The studies were all from 2020, and the study language was limited to English. The records were screened based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. Random/fixed-effect models were employed for meta-analysis, based on the I2 index of parameters. The pooled mean differences were estimated for continuous parameters. The pooled odds-ratio was estimated for fever. The level of significance was set at 0.05.

Results: Eighteen studies (comprising 2459 patients) out of 26151 screened studies were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that the level of leukocyte, neutrophil, aspartate transaminase (AST), ferritin, and fibrinogen were significantly higher in sCOVID-19 patients than in non-severe ones. Significant lower levels of lymphocyte, platelet, and hemoglobin were also found in sCOVID-19 patients than non-severe patients. Fever was nearly associated with two times increased odds of sCOVID-19 (P=0.051).

Conclusion: Lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, hypohemoglobinemia, hyperferritinemia, high levels of AST, and fever are common features of both sCOVID-19 and HLH. However, the leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and hyperfibrinogenemia found in sCOVID-19 are in contrast with HScore. Conclusively, HScore parameters could be risk factors for sCOVID-19. However, some parameters' roles are contradictory, suggesting the need for further investigation and a new way of HScore interpretation in sCOVID-19 patients.A preprint of this study was published at https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-54490/v2.},
}

@article {pmid34538956,
year = {2021},
author = {Grygiel-Górniak, B and Shaikh, O and Kumar, NN and Hsu, SH and Samborski, W},
title = {Use of the rheumatic drug tocilizumab for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 patients.},
journal = {Reumatologia},
volume = {59},
number = {4},
pages = {252-259},
doi = {10.5114/reum.2021.108554},
pmid = {34538956},
issn = {0034-6233},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly infectious respiratory disease caused by a new coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has been observed to vary in its degree of symptoms. One of the most important clinical manifestations is pneumonia and the subsequent worsening of the hyperinflammatory state and cytokine storm. Tocilizumab (TCB) is a recombinant humanized, anti-human monoclonal antibody of the immunoglobulin G1k (IgG1k) subclass that acts against soluble and membrane-bound interleukin six receptors (IL-6R). There is wide use of TCB in rheumatic diseases. However, recently this medication has been used in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Tocilizumab application in COVID-19 patients with a high risk of a cytokine storm shows a positive response in reducing the mortality rate. Moreover, TCB minimizes the time needed to recover, improves oxygenation, shortens the duration of vasopressor support, and reduces the likelihood of invasive mechanical ventilation. Therefore we provide an overview of recent studies to understand the efficacy of this drug under various circumstances, including COVID-19 and rheumatic pathologies. This article also explores and integrates the different treatment possibilities in prominent anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory-related symptoms. The preliminary data demonstrate promising results regarding the efficacy of TCB use in severe COVID-19 patients. Nevertheless, randomized controlled trials, with adequate sample sizes and sufficient follow-up periods, are needed to form conclusions and establish treatment recommendations.},
}

@article {pmid34538703,
year = {2021},
author = {Marble, HD and Bard, AZ and Mizrachi, MM and Lennerz, JK},
title = {Temporary Regulatory Deviations and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) PCR Labeling Update Study Indicate What Laboratory-Developed Test Regulation by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Could Look Like.},
journal = {The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jmoldx.2021.07.011},
pmid = {34538703},
issn = {1943-7811},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) response necessitated innovations and a series of regulatory deviations that also affected laboratory-developed tests (LDTs). To examine real-world consequences and specify regulatory paradigm shifts, legislative proposals were aligned on a common timeline with Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) of LDTs and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-orchestrated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) labeling update study. The initial EUA adoption by LDT developers shows that the FDA can have oversight over LDTs. We used efficiency-corrected microcosting of our EUA PCR assay to estimate the national cost of the labeling update study to $0.3 to $1.4 million US dollars. Labeling update study performance data showed lower average detection limits in commercial in vitro diagnostic (IVD) assays versus LDTs (32,000 ± 75,000 versus 71,000 ± 147,000 nucleic acid amplification tests/mL; P = 0.04); however, comparison also shows that FDA review of IVD assays and LDTs did not prevent differences between initial and labeling update performance (IVD assay, P < 0.0001; LDT, P = 0.003). The regulatory shifts re-emphasized that both commercial tests and LDTs rely heavily on laboratory competence and procedures; however, lack of performance data on authorized tests, when clinically implemented, precludes assessment of the benefit related to regulatory review. Temporary regulatory deviations during the pandemic and regulatory science tools (ie, reference material) have generated valuable real-world evidence to inform pending legislation regarding LDT regulation.},
}

@article {pmid34538450,
year = {2021},
author = {Borer, MS and McDaniel, SH},
title = {Child Psychiatrists and Psychologists: Enhanced Collaboration in Primary Care.},
journal = {Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America},
volume = {30},
number = {4},
pages = {809-826},
doi = {10.1016/j.chc.2021.06.007},
pmid = {34538450},
issn = {1558-0490},
abstract = {Psychiatry and psychology have a long history of competition that too often interferes with the collaboration that can characterize complementary contributions to our common missions. We hope this article will inspire our disciplines to expand on this collaboration, for the sake of our children and families, our communities, our colleagues, and honestly, ourselves. We are better together than apart. This text is a blueprint for the assumptions, attitudes, skills, and advocacy that can make this partnership healthy and successful.},
}

@article {pmid34538415,
year = {2021},
author = {Mergener, K},
title = {The Future of Endoscopic Operations After the Coronavirus Pandemic.},
journal = {Gastrointestinal endoscopy clinics of North America},
volume = {31},
number = {4},
pages = {773-785},
doi = {10.1016/j.giec.2021.05.012},
pmid = {34538415},
issn = {1558-1950},
abstract = {The unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic and its rapid global shutdowns have posed tremendous challenges for GI practices, including sudden delays in endoscopic procedures. As full reopening approaches, practices are wrestling with completely retooling their operations to ensure the resumption of high-quality, safe, and effective patient care. The pandemic's long-term effects on practice operations must be assessed: What will postpandemic GI care look like? Will some aspects of our work be changed forever, and if so, what are the practice management implications? This chapter surveys the pandemic's impact on US-based GI practices and discusses key "lessons learned" for future operations.},
}

@article {pmid34538412,
year = {2021},
author = {Kerdsirichairat, T and Shin, EJ},
title = {Important Quality Metrics and Standardization in Endoscopy.},
journal = {Gastrointestinal endoscopy clinics of North America},
volume = {31},
number = {4},
pages = {727-742},
doi = {10.1016/j.giec.2021.05.009},
pmid = {34538412},
issn = {1558-1950},
abstract = {Quality metrics and standardization has become critical as the Affordable Care Act mandates that the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services change reimbursement from volume to a value-based system. While the most commonly used quality indicators are related to that of colonoscopy, quality metrics for other procedures and endoscopy units have been developed mainly by the American College of Gastroenterology and the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Data to show that these quality metrics, especially in the field of advanced endoscopy as well as in the era of COVID-19 pandemic, can improve patient outcomes, are anticipated.},
}

@article {pmid34538406,
year = {2021},
author = {Lipowska, AM and Shergill, AK},
title = {Ergonomics of Endoscopy.},
journal = {Gastrointestinal endoscopy clinics of North America},
volume = {31},
number = {4},
pages = {655-669},
doi = {10.1016/j.giec.2021.05.003},
pmid = {34538406},
issn = {1558-1950},
abstract = {Optimal endoscopic operations incorporate ergonomic principles into the endoscopy environment benefiting endoscopists, endoscopy unit personnel, and patients. A high prevalence of occupational musculoskeletal injuries is well established among endoscopists and gastroenterology nurses. Ergonomics can be integrated into all facets of the endoscopy unit including scheduling, endoscopy unit design, training programs, and investment in technology. Preprocedure, intraprocedure, and postprocedure areas should aim to deliver patient safety, privacy, and comfort, while also supporting endoscopists and staff with adjustable rooms and effective work flows. Team-wide educational initiatives can improve ergonomic awareness. These strategies help mitigate risks for musculoskeletal injuries and can lead to increased productivity. The COVID-19 area brings novel challenges to endoscopy.},
}

@article {pmid34538404,
year = {2021},
author = {Petersen, BT},
title = {Current State and Future of Infection Prevention in Endoscopy.},
journal = {Gastrointestinal endoscopy clinics of North America},
volume = {31},
number = {4},
pages = {625-640},
doi = {10.1016/j.giec.2021.05.001},
pmid = {34538404},
issn = {1558-1950},
abstract = {Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy units tend to be busy environments in which numerous categories of staff provide moderately complex procedural care to high volumes of patients. The prevention of infections of both patients and staff is a never-ending endeavor for both inpatient and outpatient environments. Necessary considerations must address patient-to-staff, staff-to-patient, environmental, and device-related transmission of infection. In addition to the typical environmental and interpersonal infection risks present in all medical environments, the major concern within the endoscopy suite relates to contamination and potential transmission via reusable devices and endoscopes. Our understanding of this ever-present issue has evolved over time and has become a major focus of scrutiny in the past 5 years. This significant problem has stimulated guidance and ingenuity by regulators, investigators, and industry. Most recently, the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 to 21 has also added significant burdens to our infection control efforts in gastrointestinal endoscopy.},
}

@article {pmid34538398,
year = {2021},
author = {Mrigpuri, P and Gupta, A and Jha, R and Singla, P and Singla, R},
title = {Tobacco use, tuberculosis and Covid-19: A lethal triad.},
journal = {The Indian journal of tuberculosis},
volume = {68S},
number = {},
pages = {S86-S88},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijtb.2021.08.010},
pmid = {34538398},
issn = {0019-5707},
abstract = {Smoking, TB and Covid-19 are high prevalence entities with public health consequences. All three of them have a possible complex interaction at cellular level. Smoking behavior makes it difficult to maintain infection control measures. Smoking is known to increase TB infection and also adversely affect treatment outcomes in TB. There is also upcoming evidence which suggests that smoking and TB increase the risk of severe Covid-19 symptoms. Simple infection control measures like, social distancing, cough etiquette, isolation, hand hygiene, quarantine, use of masks etc. play a pivotal role in prevention of these diseases. There is need of strengthening of the public health policies and incorporation of the Covid-19 safety awareness measures into the various national programmes.},
}

@article {pmid34538308,
year = {2021},
author = {Rapp, A and Fall, G and Radomsky, AC and Santarossa, S},
title = {Child Maltreatment During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Rapid Review.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {68},
number = {5},
pages = {991-1009},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2021.05.006},
pmid = {34538308},
issn = {1557-8240},
abstract = {The present study is systematic rapid review on the nature of the relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and child maltreatment. Database searches on December 28, 2020, identified 234 unique citations; 12 were ultimately included in our analysis. Included articles measured child maltreatment inclusive of physical, psychological, and sexual abuse, and child neglect during the COVID-19 pandemic. Compared with the prepandemic period, 5 articles found an increase in child maltreatment, 6 articles found a decrease, and 1 study found no difference. There existed variation in geography of study location, age of child maltreatment victims, and types of child maltreatment assessed.},
}

@article {pmid34538307,
year = {2021},
author = {Lundahl, LH and Cannoy, C},
title = {COVID-19 and Substance Use in Adolescents.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {68},
number = {5},
pages = {977-990},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2021.05.005},
pmid = {34538307},
issn = {1557-8240},
abstract = {Studies have yielded mixed findings regarding changes in adolescent substance use during the COVID-19 pandemic; some report increased alcohol and cannabis use, others show less binge drinking and vaping behaviors, and others no change. In 2019, only 8.3% of the 1.1 million adolescents with a substance use disorder received specialized treatment. Treatment rates for 2020 have not yet been published. Stay-at-home orders and social distancing guidelines put into place in March 2020 caused the partial closure of many outpatient substance use clinics. The implications of this treatment suspension and special considerations for working with adolescents during stay-at-home orders are discussed.},
}

@article {pmid34538306,
year = {2021},
author = {Galindo, R and Chow, H and Rongkavilit, C},
title = {COVID-19 in Children: Clinical Manifestations and Pharmacologic Interventions Including Vaccine Trials.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {68},
number = {5},
pages = {961-976},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2021.05.004},
pmid = {34538306},
issn = {1557-8240},
abstract = {Children usually present with milder symptoms of COVID-19 as compared with adults. Supportive care alone is appropriate for most children with COVID-19. Antiviral therapy may be required for those with severe or critical diseases. Currently there has been a rapid development of vaccines globally to prevent COVID-19 and several vaccines are being evaluated in children and adolescents. Currently, only the Pfizer-BioNTech messenger RNA vaccine is approved for emergency authorization use in the pediatric population ages 16 years and older.},
}

@article {pmid34538305,
year = {2021},
author = {Meade, J},
title = {Mental Health Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Children and Adolescents: A Review of the Current Research.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {68},
number = {5},
pages = {945-959},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2021.05.003},
pmid = {34538305},
issn = {1557-8240},
abstract = {Research confirms that children and adolescents are experiencing significant anxiety and depression during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Adolescents may be at greater risk, particularly females. Social isolation, loneliness, lack of physical exercise, and family stress may contribute to these problems. Children who feel unsafe with regards to coronavirus disease 2019 may be more likely to experience somatic symptoms, depression, and anxiety. Parental stress and mental health problems may put children at an increased risk for maltreatment. Medical and behavioral health professionals should routinely screen for depression and anxiety. Increased access to mental health services will be critical.},
}

@article {pmid34538304,
year = {2021},
author = {Smitherman, LC and Golden, WC and Walton, JR},
title = {Health Disparities and Their Effects on Children and Their Caregivers During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {68},
number = {5},
pages = {1133-1145},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2021.05.013},
pmid = {34538304},
issn = {1557-8240},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has uncovered long-standing health disparities in marginalized communities, including racial and ethnic minorities and children with underlying medical and social problems. African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans have higher rates of COVID-19 infections and deaths than their population percentages in the United States. Unique populations of children, including children with developmental disabilities, children in the foster care system, children with chronic medical problems, and children who are homeless are particularly vulnerable to COVID-19 infection. This article explores how the COVID-19 pandemic superimposed on health disparities directly and indirectly affects children, adolescents, and their caregivers.},
}

@article {pmid34538303,
year = {2021},
author = {Navalpakam, A and Secord, E and Pansare, M},
title = {The Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 on Pediatric Asthma in the United States.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {68},
number = {5},
pages = {1119-1131},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2021.05.012},
pmid = {34538303},
issn = {1557-8240},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused severe economic and health impacts in the United States, and the impact is disproportionately more in socially disadvantages areas. The available data, albeit limited in children, suggest that the initial concerns of the potential of serious impact of COVID-19 illness in children with asthma are unproven so far. The reduction in asthma morbidities is due to improved adherence, COVID-19 control measures, school closures, and decreased exposure to allergens and viral infections in children. During the pandemic, asthma guidelines were updated to guide physicians in asthma care. In the face of unprecedented time, it is important to be vigilant, adhere to treatment guidelines, and implement preventive measures to eradicate the virus and improve outcomes in children with asthma.},
}

@article {pmid34538302,
year = {2021},
author = {Gupta, S and Smith, L and Diakiw, A},
title = {Avoidance of COVID-19 for Children and Adolescents and Isolation Precautions.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {68},
number = {5},
pages = {1103-1118},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2021.05.011},
pmid = {34538302},
issn = {1557-8240},
abstract = {Limiting exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus has been the major principle guiding public health measures. Masking, social distancing, as well as frequent hand hygiene have been the chief nonpharmaceutical interventions as preventive strategies for all age groups. Advancement in vaccine development and vaccination of large populations offer a glimmer of hope for containing and ending this pandemic. However, until immunization is widespread in the community, masking, social distancing, and frequent handwashing, as well as early detection and isolation of infected persons, should be continued to curb the spread of illness.},
}

@article {pmid34538301,
year = {2021},
author = {Buggs-Saxton, C},
title = {Care of Pediatric Patients with Diabetes During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {68},
number = {5},
pages = {1093-1101},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2021.05.014},
pmid = {34538301},
issn = {1557-8240},
abstract = {This article summarizes clinical observations and management strategies in pediatric type 1 diabetes (T1D) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Despite initial fears that children with diabetes would, similar to adults with diabetes, be at risk for severe COVID-19, most pediatric patients with a history of T1D who developed COVID-19 had mild disease or were asymptomatic similar to their peers without diabetes. The article also summarizes the use of telemedicine to provide ongoing care for pediatric patients with T1D during the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, the article highlights important lessons learned about management of pediatric diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic.},
}

@article {pmid34538300,
year = {2021},
author = {Govil-Dalela, T and Sivaswamy, L},
title = {Neurological Effects of COVID-19 in Children.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {68},
number = {5},
pages = {1081-1091},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2021.05.010},
pmid = {34538300},
issn = {1557-8240},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has spread rapidly across the world in 2020, affecting both adults and, to a lesser extent, children. In this article, the authors describe the neurologic manifestations of COVID-19 in children, including the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory and imaging findings, and treatment options. The management of patients with concomitant neuroimmunologic disorders and drug interactions between medications used to treat COVID-19 and other neurologic disorders (especially immune-modifying drugs) is also discussed.},
}

@article {pmid34538299,
year = {2021},
author = {Hoofman, J and Secord, E},
title = {The Effect of COVID-19 on Education.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {68},
number = {5},
pages = {1071-1079},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2021.05.009},
pmid = {34538299},
issn = {1557-8240},
abstract = {COVID-19 has changed education for learners of all ages. Preliminary data project educational losses at many levels and verify the increased anxiety and depression associated with the changes, but there are not yet data on long-term outcomes. Guidance from oversight organizations regarding the safety and efficacy of new delivery modalities for education have been quickly forged. It is no surprise that the socioeconomic gaps and gaps for special learners have widened. The medical profession and other professions that teach by incrementally graduated internships are also severely affected and have had to make drastic changes.},
}

@article {pmid34538298,
year = {2021},
author = {Doctor, PN and Kamat, D and Sood, BG},
title = {Changes in Clinical Care of the Newborn During COVID-19 Pandemic: From the Womb to First Newborn Visit.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {68},
number = {5},
pages = {1055-1070},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2021.05.008},
pmid = {34538298},
issn = {1557-8240},
abstract = {COVID-19 has afflicted the health of children and women across all age groups. Since the outbreak of the pandemic in December 2019, various epidemiologic, immunologic, clinical, and pharmaceutical studies have been conducted to understand its infectious characteristics, pathogenesis, and clinical profile. COVID-19 affects pregnant women more seriously than nonpregnant women, endangering the health of the newborn. Changes have been implemented to guidelines for antenatal care of pregnant women, delivery, and newborn care. We highlight the current trends of clinical care in pregnant women and newborns during the COVID-19 pandemic.},
}

@article {pmid34538297,
year = {2021},
author = {Connelly, JA and Chong, H and Esbenshade, AJ and Frame, D and Failing, C and Secord, E and Walkovich, K},
title = {Impact of COVID-19 on Pediatric Immunocompromised Patients.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {68},
number = {5},
pages = {1029-1054},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2021.05.007},
pmid = {34538297},
issn = {1557-8240},
abstract = {.},
}

@article {pmid34538296,
year = {2021},
author = {El-Hor, N and Adams, M},
title = {Pediatric Rheumatologic Effects of COVID-19.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {68},
number = {5},
pages = {1011-1027},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2021.05.002},
pmid = {34538296},
issn = {1557-8240},
abstract = {A multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MISC) can result from COVID-19 infection in previously healthy children and adolescents. It is potentially life threatening and is treated initially with intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin but may require anti-inflammatory monoclonal antibody treatment in severe cases. SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause macrophage activation syndrome, chilblains, and flares of existing rheumatologic diseases. The pandemic has led to later presentation of some rheumatologic conditions as parents and patients have avoided health care settings. PubMed and Google scholar have been utilized to review the literature on the rheumatologic conditions resulting from COVID-19 and the current treatment options.},
}

@article {pmid34538281,
year = {2021},
author = {Novossiolova, TA and Whitby, S and Dando, M and Pearson, GS},
title = {The vital importance of a web of prevention for effective biosafety and biosecurity in the twenty-first century.},
journal = {One health outlook},
volume = {3},
number = {1},
pages = {17},
pmid = {34538281},
issn = {2524-4655},
abstract = {Biological threats are complex and multifaceted, as evidenced by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Their effective prevention and countering require multiple lines of collaborative action and sustained cross-sectorial coordination. This paper reviews the conclusions of Graham Pearson's 1997 JAMA article titled 'The Complementary Role of Environmental and Security Biological Control Regimes in the 21st Century', taking into account the international policy developments that have occurred over the past two decades. The paper underscores the utility of the concept of a 'web of prevention' for elucidating the need for continuous interaction between the international biosafety and international biosecurity regimes, in order to ensure that the life sciences are used only for peaceful purposes. The terms 'biosafety' and 'biosecurity' are used to denote the primary purpose of the two regimes: the international biosafety regime seeks to prevent the unintentional (accidental) release of pathogens and toxins, including naturally occurring disease, whereas the biosecurity regime seeks to prevent the deliberate release and misuse of pathogens and toxins. The paper concludes by recommending practical steps for strengthening the implementation of all elements of the web of prevention and upholding the norms against the hostile misuse of life sciences.},
}

@article {pmid34538254,
year = {2021},
author = {Tichenor, M and Winters, J and Storeng, KT and Bump, J and Gaudillière, JP and Gorsky, M and Hellowell, M and Kadama, P and Kenny, K and Shawar, YR and Songane, F and Walker, A and Whitacre, R and Asthana, S and Fernandes, G and Stein, F and Sridhar, D},
title = {Interrogating the World Bank's role in global health knowledge production, governance, and finance.},
journal = {Globalization and health},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {110},
pmid = {34538254},
issn = {1744-8603},
support = {"Disrupting Global Health Narratives"//Fondation Brocher/ ; 106635/Z/14/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; 715125 METRO (ERC-2016-StG)//H2020 European Research Council/ ; 16/136/33//National Institute for Health Research/ ; 189186//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: In the nearly half century since it began lending for population projects, the World Bank has become one of the largest financiers of global health projects and programs, a powerful voice in shaping health agendas in global governance spaces, and a mass producer of evidentiary knowledge for its preferred global health interventions. How can social scientists interrogate the role of the World Bank in shaping 'global health' in the current era?

MAIN BODY: As a group of historians, social scientists, and public health officials with experience studying the effects of the institution's investment in health, we identify three challenges to this research. First, a future research agenda requires recognizing that the Bank is not a monolith, but rather has distinct inter-organizational groups that have shaped investment and discourse in complicated, and sometimes contradictory, ways. Second, we must consider how its influence on health policy and investment has changed significantly over time. Third, we must analyze its modes of engagement with other institutions within the global health landscape, and with the private sector. The unique relationships between Bank entities and countries that shape health policy, and the Bank's position as a center of research, permit it to have a formative influence on health economics as applied to international development. Addressing these challenges, we propose a future research agenda for the Bank's influence on global health through three overlapping objects of and domains for study: knowledge-based (shaping health policy knowledge), governance-based (shaping health governance), and finance-based (shaping health financing). We provide a review of case studies in each of these categories to inform this research agenda.

CONCLUSIONS: As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to rage, and as state and non-state actors work to build more inclusive and robust health systems around the world, it is more important than ever to consider how to best document and analyze the impacts of Bank's financial and technical investments in the Global South.},
}

@article {pmid34538248,
year = {2021},
author = {Alhaffar, MHDBA and Janos, S},
title = {Public health consequences after ten years of the Syrian crisis: a literature review.},
journal = {Globalization and health},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {111},
pmid = {34538248},
issn = {1744-8603},
abstract = {Ten years of the Syrian war had a devastating effect on Syrian lives, including millions of refugees and displaced people, enormous destruction in the infrastructure, and the worst economic crisis Syria has ever faced. The health sector was hit hard by this war, up to 50% of the health facilities have been destroyed and up to 70% of the healthcare providers fled the country seeking safety, which increased the workload and mental pressure for the remaining medical staff. Five databases were searched and 438 articles were included according to the inclusion criteria, the articles were divided into categories according to the topic of the article.Through this review, the current health status of the Syrian population living inside Syria, whether under governmental or opposition control, was reviewed, and also, the health status of the Syrian refugees was examined according to each host country. Public health indicators were used to summarize and categorize the information. This research reviewed mental health, children and maternal health, oral health, non-communicable diseases, infectious diseases, occupational health, and the effect of the COVID - 19 pandemic on the Syrian healthcare system. The results of the review are irritating, as still after ten years of war and millions of refugees there is an enormous need for healthcare services, and international organization has failed to respond to those needs. The review ended with the current and future challenges facing the healthcare system, and suggestions about rebuilding the healthcare system.Through this review, the major consequences of the Syrian war on the health of the Syrian population have been reviewed and highlighted. Considerable challenges will face the future of health in Syria which require the collaboration of the health authorities to respond to the growing needs of the Syrian population. This article draws an overview about how the Syrian war affected health sector for Syrian population inside and outside Syria after ten years of war which makes it an important reference for future researchers to get the main highlight of the health sector during the Syrian crisis.},
}

@article {pmid34537656,
year = {2021},
author = {Porter, B and Zile, A and Peryer, G and Farquhar, M and Sanderson, K},
title = {The impact of providing end-of-life care during a pandemic on the mental health and wellbeing of health and social care staff: Systematic review and meta-synthesis.},
journal = {Social science & medicine (1982)},
volume = {287},
number = {},
pages = {114397},
doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114397},
pmid = {34537656},
issn = {1873-5347},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Disease outbreaks and disasters can result in excess deaths and severe disruption of usual end-of-life care processes. We aimed to: i) synthesise evidence describing the experiences of health and social care staff providing end-of-life care during a disease outbreak or humanitarian disaster, ii) understand the impact on their mental health and wellbeing and, iii) identify means of support.

METHODS: A systematic review with meta-synthesis was conducted including studies of health and social care staff providing end-of-life care during disease outbreaks (Ebola, COVID-19, SARs, MERs) or humanitarian disasters (2001-2020). MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase, PsycInfo, Web of Science, and grey literature databases were searched systematically, with forward and backward citation searching of included studies. Any research study designs, in any care settings, were included. Study quality was assessed using an appraisal tool relevant to each study design. Qualitative meta-synthesis was used to analyse the findings, which were then reported narratively. PROSPERO registration: CRD42020181444.

RESULTS: Nineteen studies were included, including 10 Ebola studies and two COVID-19 studies. The analysis generated two superordinate themes: individual experience and organisational responsibilities. Individual experience comprised four themes: dignity in death, positive experiences, negative experience and support for staff. Organisational responsibilities comprised four themes: preparation, adaption, resources, and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).

DISCUSSION: No studies quantitively measured the impact of providing end-of-life care on staff mental health and wellbeing, however qualitative studies described experiences in varied settings. Serious disease outbreaks and disasters can expose care staff to abnormally high levels of mortality and suffering. Health and social care systems need to proactively prepare for future events and enable peer support mechanisms that may help mitigate experiences of psychological distress in humanitarian crises.},
}

@article {pmid34537482,
year = {2021},
author = {Leão Batista Simões, J and Fornari Basso, H and Cristine Kosvoski, G and Gavioli, J and Marafon, F and Elias Assmann, C and Barbosa Carvalho, F and Dulce Bagatini, M},
title = {Targeting purinergic receptors to suppress the cytokine storm induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection in pulmonary tissue.},
journal = {International immunopharmacology},
volume = {100},
number = {},
pages = {108150},
doi = {10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108150},
pmid = {34537482},
issn = {1878-1705},
abstract = {The etiological agent of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is the new member of the Coronaviridae family, a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the pandemic that is plaguing the world. The single-stranded RNA virus is capable of infecting the respiratory tract, by binding the spike (S) protein on its viral surface to receptors for the angiotensin II-converting enzyme (ACE2), highly expressed in the pulmonary tissue, enabling the interaction of the virus with alveolar epithelial cells promoting endocytosis and replication of viral material. The infection triggers the activation of the immune system, increased purinergic signaling, and the release of cytokines as a defense mechanism, but the response can become exaggerated and prompt the so-called "cytokine storm", developing cases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). This is characterized by fever, cough, and difficulty breathing, which can progress to pneumonia, failure of different organs and death. Thus, the present review aims to compile and correlate the mechanisms involved between the immune and purinergic systems with COVID-19, since the modulation of purinergic receptors, such as A2A, A2B, and P2X7 expressed by immune cells, seems to be effective as a promising therapy, to reduce the severity of the disease, as well as aid in the treatment of acute lung diseases and other cases of generalized inflammation.},
}

@article {pmid34537216,
year = {2021},
author = {Kumar, S and Payal, N and Kumar Srivastava, V and Kaushik, S and Saxena, J and Jyoti, A},
title = {Neutrophil extracellular traps and organ dysfunction in sepsis.},
journal = {Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.cca.2021.09.012},
pmid = {34537216},
issn = {1873-3492},
abstract = {Sepsis is a clinical syndrome resulting from infection followed by inflammation and is one of the significant causes of mortality worldwide. The underlying reason is the host's uncontrolled inflammatory response due to an infection led to multiple organ dysfunction/ failure. Neutrophils, an innate immune cell, are forerunners to reach the site of infection/ inflammation for clearing the infection and resolute the inflammation during sepsis. A relatively new neutrophil effector function, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), have been demonstrated to kill the pathogens by releasing DNA decorated with histone and granular proteins. A growing number of pieces of shreds of evidence suggest that unregulated incidence of NETs have a significant influence on the pathogenesis of sepsis-induced multiple organ damage, including arterial hypotension, hypoxemia, coagulopathy, renal, neurological, and hepatic dysfunction. Thus, excessive production and improper resolution of NETs are of significant therapeutic value in combating sepsis-induced multiple organ failure. The purpose of this review is intended to highlight the role of NETs in sepsis-induced organ failure. Furthermore, the current status of therapeutic strategies to intersect the harmful effects of NETs to restore organ functions is discussed.},
}

@article {pmid34537103,
year = {2021},
author = {Onwumere, J and Creswell, C and Livingston, G and Shiers, D and Tchanturia, K and Charman, T and Russell, A and Treasure, J and Di Forti, M and Wildman, E and Minnis, H and Young, A and Davis, A and Kuipers, E},
title = {COVID-19 and UK family carers: policy implications.},
journal = {The lancet. Psychiatry},
volume = {8},
number = {10},
pages = {929-936},
doi = {10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00206-6},
pmid = {34537103},
issn = {2215-0374},
abstract = {Informal (unpaid) carers are an integral part of all societies and the health and social care systems in the UK depend on them. Despite the valuable contributions and key worker status of informal carers, their lived experiences, wellbeing, and needs have been neglected during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this Health Policy, we bring together a broad range of clinicians, researchers, and people with lived experience as informal carers to share their thoughts on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on UK carers, many of whom have felt abandoned as services closed. We focus on the carers of children and young people and adults and older adults with mental health diagnoses, and carers of people with intellectual disability or neurodevelopmental conditions across different care settings over the lifespan. We provide policy recommendations with the aim of improving outcomes for all carers.},
}

@article {pmid34537403,
year = {2021},
author = {Ricroch, AE and Martin-Laffon, J and Rault, B and Pallares, VC and Kuntz, M},
title = {Next biotechnological plants for addressing global challenges: The contribution of transgenesis and new breeding techniques.},
journal = {New biotechnology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.nbt.2021.09.001},
pmid = {34537403},
issn = {1876-4347},
abstract = {The aim of this survey is to identify and characterize new products in plant biotechnology since 2015, especially in relation to the advent of New Breeding Techniques (NBTs) such as gene editing based on the CRISPR-Cas system. Transgenic (gene transfer or gene silencing) and gene edited traits which are approved or marketed in at least one country, or which have a non-regulated status in the USA, are collected, as well as related patents worldwide. In addition, to shed light on potential innovation for Africa, field trials on the continent are examined. The compiled data are classified in application categories, including agronomic improvements, industrial use and medical use, namely production of recombinant therapeutic molecules or vaccines (including against Covid-19). The data indicate that gene editing appears to be an effective complement to 'classical' transgenesis, the use of which is not declining, rather than a replacement, a trend also observed in the patenting landscape. Nevertheless, increased use of gene editing is apparent. Compared to transgenesis, gene editing has increased the proportion of some crop species and decreased others amongst approved, non-regulated or marketed products. A similar differential trend is observed for breeding traits. Gene editing has also favored the emergence of new private companies. China, and prevalently its public sector, overwhelmingly dominates the patenting landscape, but not the approved/marketed one, which is dominated by the USA. The data point in the direction that regulatory environments will favor or discourage innovation.},
}

@article {pmid34537233,
year = {2021},
author = {Nhat Nguyen, L and Kanneganti, TD},
title = {PANoptosis in viral infection: The missing puzzle piece in the cell death field.},
journal = {Journal of molecular biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {167249},
doi = {10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167249},
pmid = {34537233},
issn = {1089-8638},
abstract = {In the past decade, emerging virus outbreaks like SARS-CoV-2, Zika and Ebola have presented major challenges to the global health system. Viruses are unique pathogens in that they fully rely on the host cell to complete their lifecycle and potentiate disease. Therefore, programmed cell death (PCD), a key component of the host innate immune response, is an effective strategy for the host cell to curb viral spread. The most well-established PCD pathways, pyroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis, can be activated in response to viruses. Recently, extensive crosstalk between PCD pathways has been identified, together with evidence that molecules from all three PCD pathways can be activated during virus infection. These findings have led to the emergence of the concept of PANoptosis, defined as an inflammatory PCD pathway regulated by the PANoptosome complex with key features of pyroptosis, apoptosis, and/or necroptosis that cannot be accounted for by any of these three PCD pathways alone. While PCD is important to eliminate infected cells, many viruses are equipped to hijack host PCD pathways to benefit their own propagation and subvert host defense, and PCD can also lead to the production of inflammatory cytokines and inflammation. Therefore, viral infection can induce PANoptosis to contribute to either host defense or viral pathogenesis, depending on the virus. In this review, we will discuss the multi-faceted roles of PCD pathways in controlling viral infections.},
}

@article {pmid34523302,
year = {2021},
author = {Tomo, S and Banerjee, M and Sharma, P and Garg, M},
title = {Does dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate have a role in COVID-19 prognosis and treatment?.},
journal = {Endocrine regulations},
volume = {55},
number = {3},
pages = {174-181},
doi = {10.2478/enr-2021-0019},
pmid = {34523302},
issn = {1336-0329},
mesh = {*COVID-19/diagnosis/drug therapy/immunology/metabolism ; Dehydroepiandrosterone/*therapeutic use ; Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate/*metabolism ; Humans ; *Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/immunology/metabolism ; Immunologic Factors/*therapeutic use ; },
abstract = {The pathophysiology of COVID comprises an exaggerated pro-inflammatory response. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has a crucial role in various inflammatory conditions and modulated immunological response. Limited evidence is available regarding the incidence and the effect of HPA dysfunction in COVID-19. Although the cortisol levels have only been estimated in a few studies, the dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) release from the adrenal gland has not been explored yet. In this mini review, the authors discuss the role of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEAS in the acute stress response and immunological modulation. Various effects of DHEAS have been demonstrated in different diseases. The specific inhibitory effect of DHEA on interleukin 6 (IL-6) could be of paramount importance in COVID-19. Further, DHEA supplementation has already been proposed in inflammatory conditions, like rheumatoid arthritis. DHEAS levels in COVID-19 may help to understand the HPA axis dysfunction as well as the possibility of repurposing DHEA as a drug for mitigating the pro-inflammatory COVID-19.},
}

*COVID-19/diagnosis/drug therapy/immunology/metabolism
Dehydroepiandrosterone/*therapeutic use
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate/*metabolism
Humans
*Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/immunology/metabolism
Immunologic Factors/*therapeutic use

@article {pmid34508344,
year = {2021},
author = {Paul, AK and Jahan, R and Bondhon, TA and Jannat, K and Hasan, A and Rahmatullah, M and Nissapatorn, V and Pereira, ML and Wiart, C},
title = {Potential role of flavonoids against SARS-CoV-2 induced diarrhea.},
journal = {Tropical biomedicine},
volume = {38},
number = {3},
pages = {360-365},
doi = {10.47665/tb.38.3.079},
pmid = {34508344},
issn = {2521-9855},
mesh = {Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/physiology ; COVID-19/*complications ; Diarrhea/etiology/*prevention & control ; Flavonoids/*therapeutic use ; Humans ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, can lead to massive inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract causing severe clinical symptoms. SARS-CoV-2 infects lungs after binding its spike proteins with alveolar angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and it also triggers inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. SARS-CoV-2 invades the gastrointestinal tract by interacting with Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) that induces the expression of ACE2. The influx of ACE2 facilitates cellular binding of more SARS-CoV-2 and causes massive gastrointestinal inflammation leading to diarrhea. Diarrhea prior to COVID-19 infection or COVID-19-induced diarrhea reportedly ends up in a poor prognosis for the patient. Flavonoids are part of traditional remedies for gastrointestinal disorders. Preclinical studies show that flavonoids can prevent infectious diarrhea. Recent studies show flavonoids can inhibit the multiplication of SARS-CoV-2. In combination with vitamin D, flavonoids possibly activate nuclear factor erythroid-derived-2-related factor 2 that downregulates ACE2 expression in cells. We suggest that flavonoids have the potential to prevent SARS-CoV-2 induced diarrhea.},
}

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/physiology
COVID-19/*complications
Diarrhea/etiology/*prevention & control
Flavonoids/*therapeutic use
Humans
*SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid34508342,
year = {2021},
author = {Takemori, N and Ooi, HK and Imai, G and Saio, M},
title = {Diverse effects of clarithromycin and proposal of its clinical application for treating COVID-19 as a repurposing drug.},
journal = {Tropical biomedicine},
volume = {38},
number = {3},
pages = {343-352},
doi = {10.47665/tb.38.3.077},
pmid = {34508342},
issn = {2521-9855},
mesh = {Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism ; Azithromycin/therapeutic use ; COVID-19/*drug therapy ; Clarithromycin/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; *Drug Repositioning ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Immunologic Factors/pharmacology ; *SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; },
abstract = {Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has been declared a pandemic, which is a serious threat to human health. The disease was named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Until now, several vaccines and a few drugs have been approved for the prevention and treatment for COVID-19. Recently, the effect of some macrolides including clarithromycin (CAM) on COVID-19 has attracted attention. CAM is known to have diverse effects including immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive effects, autophagy inhibition, steroid sparing effect, reversibility of drug resistance, antineoplastic effect, antiviral effect as well as bacteriostatic/bactericidal effect. Many patients with COVID-19 died due to an overwhelming response of their own immune system characterized by the uncontrolled release of circulating inflammatory cytokines (cytokine release syndrome [CRS]). This CRS plays a major role in progressing pneumonia to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in COVID-19 patients. It is noteworthy that CAM can suppress inflammatory cytokines responsible for CRS and also has anti-SARS-CoV-2 effect. Considering the rapidly progressive global disease burden of COVID 19, the application of CAM for treating COVID-19 needs to be urgently evaluated. Recently, an open-labeled non-randomized trial using CAM for treating COVID-19 (ACHIEVE) was initiated in Greece in May, 2020. Its results, though preprint, indicated that CAM treatment of patients with moderate COVID-19 was associated with early clinical improvement and containment of viral load. Thus, treatment with CAM as a single agent or combined with other anti-SARS CoV-2 drugs should be tried for treating COVID-19. In this article, we discussed the significance and usefulness of CAM in treating COVID-19.},
}

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
Azithromycin/therapeutic use
COVID-19/*drug therapy
Clarithromycin/pharmacology/*therapeutic use
*Drug Repositioning
Humans
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Immunologic Factors/pharmacology
*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects

@article {pmid34497264,
year = {2021},
author = {Shi, L and Wang, L and Xu, R and Zhang, C and Xie, Y and Liu, K and Li, T and Hu, W and Zhen, C and Wang, FS},
title = {Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for severe COVID-19.},
journal = {Signal transduction and targeted therapy},
volume = {6},
number = {1},
pages = {339},
pmid = {34497264},
issn = {2059-3635},
mesh = {Animals ; COVID-19/immunology/pathology/*therapy ; Humans ; Lung/*immunology/pathology/virology ; Lung Injury/immunology/*therapy/virology ; *Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells/*immunology/pathology ; SARS-CoV-2/*immunology ; },
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has placed a global public burden on health authorities. Although the virological characteristics and pathogenesis of COVID-19 has been largely clarified, there is currently no specific therapeutic measure. In severe cases, acute SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to immune disorders and damage to both the adaptive and innate immune responses. Having roles in immune regulation and regeneration, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) serving as a therapeutic option may regulate the over-activated inflammatory response and promote recovery of lung damage. Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, a series of MSC-therapy clinical trials has been conducted. The findings indicate that MSC treatment not only significantly reduces lung damage, but also improves patient recovery with safety and good immune tolerance. Herein, we summarize the recent progress in MSC therapy for COVID-19 and highlight the challenges in the field.},
}

Animals
COVID-19/immunology/pathology/*therapy
Humans
Lung/*immunology/pathology/virology
Lung Injury/immunology/*therapy/virology
*Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation
Mesenchymal Stem Cells/*immunology/pathology
SARS-CoV-2/*immunology

@article {pmid34494935,
year = {2021},
author = {John Jayakumar, JAK and Panicker, MM},
title = {The roles of serotonin in cell adhesion and migration, and cytoskeletal remodeling.},
journal = {Cell adhesion & migration},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {261-271},
pmid = {34494935},
issn = {1933-6926},
mesh = {Animals ; Cell Adhesion/*physiology ; Cell Movement/*physiology ; Cytoskeleton/*physiology ; Humans ; Mental Disorders/metabolism ; Neurotransmitter Agents/*physiology ; Serotonin/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Serotonin is well known as a neurotransmitter. Its roles in neuronal processes such as learning, memory or cognition are well established, and also in disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and dementia. However, its effects on adhesion and cytoskeletal remodelling which are strongly affected by 5-HT receptors, are not as well studied with some exceptions for e.g. platelet aggregation. Neuronal function is strongly dependent on cell-cell contacts and adhesion-related processes. Therefore the role played by serotonin in psychiatric illness, as well as in the positive and negative effects of neuropsychiatric drugs through cell-related adhesion can be of great significance. In this review, we explore the role of serotonin in some of these aspects based on recent findings.},
}

Animals
Cell Adhesion/*physiology
Cell Movement/*physiology
Cytoskeleton/*physiology
Humans
Mental Disorders/metabolism
Neurotransmitter Agents/*physiology
Serotonin/*physiology

@article {pmid34480012,
year = {2021},
author = {Kwapisz, M and Małkowski, P and Tronina, O and Wasiak, D and Czerwiński, J and Polak, WG and Kosieradzki, M},
title = {Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Solid Organ Transplantation During 2020 in Poland Compared with Countries in Western Europe, Asia, and North America: A Review.},
journal = {Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research},
volume = {27},
number = {},
pages = {e932025},
doi = {10.12659/MSM.932025},
pmid = {34480012},
issn = {1643-3750},
mesh = {Asia ; COVID-19/*epidemiology ; Donor Selection/*organization & administration ; Europe ; Humans ; North America ; Organ Transplantation/*statistics & numerical data ; *Pandemics ; Poland ; },
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, due to infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which began in March 2020, affected organ donor acceptance and rates of heart, lung, kidney, and liver transplants worldwide. According to data reported to POLTRANSPLANT, the number of solid organ transplants decreased by over 35% and the number of patients enlisted de novo for organ transplantation was reduced to 70% of its pre-COVID-19 volume in Poland. Most transplant centers in Western Europe and the USA have also drastically reduced their activity when compared to the pre-pandemic era. Areas of high SARS-CoV-2 infection incidence, like Italy, Spain, and France, were most affected. Significant decreases in organ donation and number of transplant procedures and increase in waitlist deaths have been noted due to overload of the healthcare system as well as uncertainty of donor SARS-CoV-2 status. Intensive care unit bed shortages and less intensive care resources available for donor management are major factors limiting access to organ procurement. The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on transplant activities was not so adverse in Asia, as a result of a strategy based on experience gained during a previous SARS pandemic. This review aims to compare the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on solid organ transplantation during 2020 in Poland with countries in Western Europe, North America, and Asia.},
}

Asia
COVID-19/*epidemiology
Donor Selection/*organization & administration
Europe
Humans
North America
Organ Transplantation/*statistics & numerical data
*Pandemics
Poland

@article {pmid34469389,
year = {2021},
author = {Morrison, V and Hauch, RR and Perez, E and Bates, M and Sepe, P and Dans, M},
title = {Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Nursing: The Pathway to Excellence Framework Alignment.},
journal = {Nursing administration quarterly},
volume = {45},
number = {4},
pages = {311-323},
doi = {10.1097/NAQ.0000000000000494},
pmid = {34469389},
issn = {1550-5103},
mesh = {COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Cultural Diversity ; Empowerment ; *Health Equity ; Humans ; *Leadership ; Nursing/*standards ; Organizational Culture ; Pandemics ; Racism/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Social Inclusion ; Workforce/organization & administration ; },
abstract = {The promotion of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in nursing is a topic of renewed importance, given the civil unrest following the death of George Floyd and identified disparities in health and health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite its progress, the nursing profession continues to struggle with recruiting and retaining a workforce that represents the cultural diversity of the patient population. The authors completed a review of the literature on DEI in nursing and found a scarcity of studies, and that a limitation exists due to the strength of the evidence examined. This article aims to provide a review of the literature on DEI in nursing, outcomes and strategies associated with organizational DEI efforts, and knowledge on how the American Nurses Credentialing Center Pathway to Excellence® Designation Program framework supports DEI initiatives. The authors further provided recommendations for nurse leaders and a checklist of proposed questions for assessing commitment, culture, and structural empowerment initiatives toward a more diverse, equitable, and inclusive organization.},
}

COVID-19/epidemiology
*Cultural Diversity
Empowerment
*Health Equity
Humans
*Leadership
Nursing/*standards
Organizational Culture
Pandemics
Racism/prevention & control
SARS-CoV-2
*Social Inclusion
Workforce/organization & administration

@article {pmid34454870,
year = {2021},
author = {Noris, M},
title = {The case of complement inhibitors.},
journal = {Advances in biological regulation},
volume = {81},
number = {},
pages = {100822},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbior.2021.100822},
pmid = {34454870},
issn = {2212-4934},
mesh = {COVID-19/*blood/*drug therapy ; Complement Activation/*drug effects ; Complement Inactivating Agents/*therapeutic use ; Complement System Proteins/*metabolism ; Humans ; Lung/metabolism/pathology ; SARS-CoV-2/*metabolism ; Severity of Illness Index ; },
abstract = {Severe COVID-19 is characterized by lung and multiorgan inflammation and coagulation in the presence of overactivation of the complement system. Complement is a double edged-sward in SARS-Cov-2 infection. On one hand, it can control the viral infection in milder cases, on the other hand in cases with severe and prolonged infection massive complement activation occurs, which can intensify lung and systemic inflammation and promote a procoagulant and prothrombotic state. Several uncontrolled studies and controlled clinical trials with different complement inhibitors have been performed and others are ongoing. Results are promising in some but negative in others. Further studies are required to elucidate the benefit to risk profile of complement inhibitors in COVID-19 patients at different stages of the disease and to clarify the best targets in the complement cascade.},
}

COVID-19/*blood/*drug therapy
Complement Activation/*drug effects
Complement Inactivating Agents/*therapeutic use
Complement System Proteins/*metabolism
Humans
Lung/metabolism/pathology
SARS-CoV-2/*metabolism
Severity of Illness Index

@article {pmid34419773,
year = {2021},
author = {Montanari, M and Canonico, B and Nordi, E and Vandini, D and Barocci, S and Benedetti, S and Carlotti, E and Zamai, L},
title = {Which ones, when and why should renin-angiotensin system inhibitors work against COVID-19?.},
journal = {Advances in biological regulation},
volume = {81},
number = {},
pages = {100820},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbior.2021.100820},
pmid = {34419773},
issn = {2212-4934},
mesh = {ADAM17 Protein/antagonists & inhibitors/*biosynthesis ; Angiotensin I/metabolism ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/antagonists & inhibitors/*biosynthesis ; COVID-19/drug therapy/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ; Humans ; Peptide Fragments/metabolism ; *Renin-Angiotensin System ; SARS-CoV-2/*metabolism ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Up-Regulation ; },
abstract = {The article describes the possible pathophysiological origin of COVID-19 and the crucial role of renin-angiotensin system (RAS), providing several "converging" evidence in support of this hypothesis. SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to initially upregulate ACE2 systemic activity (early phase), which can subsequently induce compensatory responses leading to upregulation of both arms of the RAS (late phase) and consequently to critical, advanced and untreatable stages of COVID-19 disease. The main and initial actors of the process are ACE2 and ADAM17 zinc-metalloproteases, which, initially triggered by SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins, work together in increasing circulating Ang 1-7 and Ang 1-9 peptides and downstream (Mas and Angiotensin type 2 receptors) pathways with anti-inflammatory, hypotensive and antithrombotic activities. During the late phase of severe COVID-19, compensatory secretion of renin and ACE enzymes are subsequently upregulated, leading to inflammation, hypertension and thrombosis, which further sustain ACE2 and ADAM17 upregulation. Based on this hypothesis, COVID-19-phase-specific inhibition of different RAS enzymes is proposed as a pharmacological strategy against COVID-19 and vaccine-induced adverse effects. The aim is to prevent the establishment of positive feedback-loops, which can sustain hyperactivity of both arms of the RAS independently of viral trigger and, in some cases, may lead to Long-COVID syndrome.},
}

ADAM17 Protein/antagonists & inhibitors/*biosynthesis
Angiotensin I/metabolism
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/antagonists & inhibitors/*biosynthesis
COVID-19/drug therapy/*metabolism
Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
Humans
Peptide Fragments/metabolism
*Renin-Angiotensin System
SARS-CoV-2/*metabolism
Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism
Up-Regulation

@article {pmid34332403,
year = {2021},
author = {Bristogiannis, S and Swan, D and Thachil, J},
title = {Thromboprophylaxis in COVID-19 - Rationale and considerations.},
journal = {Advances in biological regulation},
volume = {81},
number = {},
pages = {100819},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbior.2021.100819},
pmid = {34332403},
issn = {2212-4934},
mesh = {Anticoagulants/*therapeutic use ; COVID-19/complications/epidemiology/*therapy ; Clinical Decision-Making ; *Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ; Humans ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Thrombosis/epidemiology/etiology/*prevention & control ; },
abstract = {The Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is associated with a very high incidence of thrombotic complications. The exact mechanisms for this excess risk for clots have not been elucidated although one of the often-quoted pathophysiological entity is immunothrombosis. Recognition of thrombotic complications early on in this pandemic led to an over-explosion of studies which looked at the benefits of anticoagulation to mitigate this risk. In this review, we examine the rationale for thromboprophylaxis in COVID-19 with particular reference to dosing and discuss what may guide the decision-making process to consider anticoagulation. In addition, we explore the rationale for thrombosis prevention measures in special populations including outpatient setting, pregnant females, children, those with high body mass index and those on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.},
}

Anticoagulants/*therapeutic use
COVID-19/complications/epidemiology/*therapy
Clinical Decision-Making
*Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Humans
*SARS-CoV-2
Thrombosis/epidemiology/etiology/*prevention & control

@article {pmid34324214,
year = {2021},
author = {Zuhorn, F and Graf, T and Klingebiel, R and Schäbitz, WR and Rogalewski, A},
title = {Postvaccinal Encephalitis after ChAdOx1 nCov-19.},
journal = {Annals of neurology},
volume = {90},
number = {3},
pages = {506-511},
doi = {10.1002/ana.26182},
pmid = {34324214},
issn = {1531-8249},
mesh = {COVID-19/*prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines/*adverse effects ; Encephalomyelitis, Acute Disseminated/*chemically induced/*diagnostic imaging/physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {The global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has contributed to more than 163 million confirmed infections and 3.3 million deaths worldwide. The severity of the pandemic has led to an unprecedented effort to develop multiple effective vaccines. Due to excellent safety and efficacy data from clinical trials, several vaccines were approved. We report a case series of postvaccinal encephalitis in temporal correlation to vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCov-19. The diagnostic criteria for possible autoimmune encephalitis were fulfilled. Our patients responded well to immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids. The incidence has been estimated to be approximately 8 per 10 million vaccine doses. Complication of postvaccinal encephalitis after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination still appear to be very rare, but need to be diagnosed and treated adequately. Large pooled data from observational epidemiologic studies are necessary to verify causality. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:506-511.},
}

COVID-19/*prevention & control
COVID-19 Vaccines/*adverse effects
Encephalomyelitis, Acute Disseminated/*chemically induced/*diagnostic imaging/physiopathology
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Young Adult

@article {pmid34319777,
year = {2021},
author = {van Veelen, MJ and Voegele, A and Rauch, S and Kaufmann, M and Brugger, H and Strapazzon, G},
title = {COVID-19 Pandemic in Mountainous Areas: Impact, Mitigation Strategies, and New Technologies in Search and Rescue Operations.},
journal = {High altitude medicine & biology},
volume = {22},
number = {3},
pages = {335-341},
doi = {10.1089/ham.2020.0216},
pmid = {34319777},
issn = {1557-8682},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Humans ; *Pandemics/prevention & control ; Personal Protective Equipment ; Rescue Work ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {van Veelen, Michiel J., Anna Voegele, Simon Rauch, Marc Kaufmann, Hermann Brugger, and Giacomo Strapazzon. COVID-19 pandemic in mountainous areas: impact, mitigation strategies, and new technologies in search and rescue operations. High Alt Med Biol. 22:335-341, 2021.-Mitigating the spread of COVID-19, an airborne infection, can lead to delays in the prehospital response and impair the performance of search and rescue (SAR) services in mountainous and remote areas. We provide an overview of the developing epidemiological situation related to the COVID-19 pandemic in mountainous areas and review current protocols to determine their suitability for mountain rescue teams. We also discuss using novel technologies to reduce the adverse effects caused by COVID-19 mitigation strategies such as delays caused by donning personal protective equipment (PPE) and reduced rescuer performance due to impaired movement and ventilation. COVID-19 has spread even in mountainous and remote locations. Dedicated protocols for the use of PPE appropriate for SAR rescuers exerting physical effort in remote areas and using technologies such as drones, telemedicine, and localization and contact tracing applications could contribute to an effective and timely emergency response in mountainous and remote settings.},
}

*COVID-19
Humans
*Pandemics/prevention & control
Personal Protective Equipment
Rescue Work
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid34303107,
year = {2021},
author = {Ricciotti, E and Laudanski, K and FitzGerald, GA},
title = {Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and glucocorticoids in COVID-19.},
journal = {Advances in biological regulation},
volume = {81},
number = {},
pages = {100818},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbior.2021.100818},
pmid = {34303107},
issn = {2212-4934},
support = {UL1 TR001878/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/*therapeutic use ; COVID-19/*drug therapy/epidemiology/immunology ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/drug therapy/epidemiology/immunology ; Glucocorticoids/*therapeutic use ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/*physiology ; Viral Load/drug effects/immunology ; Virus Replication/*drug effects/immunology ; },
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is characterized by a wide spectrum of symptom severity, which is manifested at different phases of infection and demands different levels of care. Viral load, host innate-immune response to SARS-CoV-2, and comorbidities have a direct impact on the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients and determine the diverse disease trajectories. The initial SARS-CoV-2 penetrance and replication in the host causes death of infected cells, determining the viral response. SARS-CoV-2 replication in the host triggers the activation of host antiviral immune mechanisms, determining the inflammatory response. While a healthy immune response is essential to eliminate infected cells and prevent spread of the virus, a dysfunctional immune response can result in a cytokine storm and hyperinflammation, contributing to disease progression. Current therapies for COVID-19 target the virus and/or the host immune system and may be complicated in their efficacy by comorbidities. Here we review the evidence for use of two classes of anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for the treatment of COVID-19. We consider the clinical evidence regarding the timing and efficacy of their use, their potential limitations, current recommendations and the prospect of future studies by these and related therapies.},
}

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/*therapeutic use
COVID-19/*drug therapy/epidemiology/immunology
Cytokine Release Syndrome/drug therapy/epidemiology/immunology
Glucocorticoids/*therapeutic use
Humans
SARS-CoV-2/*physiology
Viral Load/drug effects/immunology
Virus Replication/*drug effects/immunology

@article {pmid34302822,
year = {2021},
author = {Ehsanifar, M},
title = {Airborne aerosols particles and COVID-19 transition.},
journal = {Environmental research},
volume = {200},
number = {},
pages = {111752},
doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2021.111752},
pmid = {34302822},
issn = {1096-0953},
mesh = {Aerosols ; *COVID-19 ; Exhalation ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {With the outbreak of Coronavirus (2019) (COVID-19), as of late March 2020, understanding how the cause of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmitted is one of the most important questions that researchers are seeking to answer; because this effort helps to reduce the spread of disease. The COVID-19 is highly transmissible and deadly. Despite "tracking the call" and carefully examining patient contact, it is not yet clear how the virus is transmitted from one sick person to another. Why it is so transmissible? Can viruses be transmitted through speech and exhalation aerosols? How far can these aerosols go? How long can an aerosol containing a virus stay in the air? Is the virus amount in these aerosols enough to lead to an infection? There is no consensus on aerosols' role in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Findings show that SARS-CoV-2 aerosol transmission is possible. Therefore, to effectively reduce SARS-CoV-2, precautionary control strategies for aerosol transfer should be considered. Our aim is to review the evidence of the aerosol transmission containing SARS-CoV-2.},
}

Aerosols
*COVID-19
Exhalation
Humans
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid34219268,
year = {2021},
author = {Pascual-Leone, A and Bartres-Faz, D},
title = {Human Brain Resilience: A Call to Action.},
journal = {Annals of neurology},
volume = {90},
number = {3},
pages = {336-349},
doi = {10.1002/ana.26157},
pmid = {34219268},
issn = {1531-8249},
support = {R24 AG061421/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; P01 AG031720/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Brain/*physiology ; COVID-19/*epidemiology/*psychology ; Healthy Aging/*physiology/*psychology ; Humans ; *Resilience, Psychological ; },
abstract = {At present, resilience refers to a highly heterogeneous concept with ill-defined determinants, mechanisms, and outcomes. This call for action argues for the need to define resilience as a person-centered multidimensional metric, informed by a dynamic lifespan perspective and combining observational and interventional experimental studies to identify specific neural markers and correlated behavioral measures. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlights the urgent need of such an effort with the ultimate goal of defining a new vital sign, an individual index of resilience, as a life-long metric with the capacity to predict an individual's risk for disability in the face of a stressor, insult, injury, or disease. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:336-349.},
}

Brain/*physiology
COVID-19/*epidemiology/*psychology
Healthy Aging/*physiology/*psychology
Humans
*Resilience, Psychological

@article {pmid34165148,
year = {2021},
author = {Adams, N and Sanou, AZ and Lewis, PR and Wilson, CM},
title = {Recovering Coronavirus Disease Patients in the Active Duty Military Population: A Review of Current Evidence and Special Considerations for Uniformed Providers.},
journal = {Military medicine},
volume = {186},
number = {9-10},
pages = {253-258},
doi = {10.1093/milmed/usab241},
pmid = {34165148},
issn = {1930-613X},
mesh = {Acute Disease ; *COVID-19 ; Disease Progression ; Humans ; *Military Personnel ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Patients acutely infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) coronavirus disease (COVID-19) may continue to have symptoms well beyond 2 weeks. The range of symptoms and physiological sequelae can impact medical readiness even in a relatively young and healthy cohort of service members. It is important to monitor, document, and investigate symptoms from all service members recovering from COVID-19. Military medicine must be prepared to support and manage cases of patients who are recovered from acute COVID-19 but are suffering from post-COVID-19 complications.},
}

Acute Disease
*COVID-19
Disease Progression
Humans
*Military Personnel
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid34142123,
year = {2021},
author = {Hiscox, JA and Khoo, SH and Stewart, JP and Owen, A},
title = {Shutting the gate before the horse has bolted: is it time for a conversation about SARS-CoV-2 and antiviral drug resistance?.},
journal = {The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy},
volume = {76},
number = {9},
pages = {2230-2233},
doi = {10.1093/jac/dkab189},
pmid = {34142123},
issn = {1460-2091},
support = {/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; R24 AI118397/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; EP/R024804/1//EPSRC/ ; R01AI134091/GF/NIH HHS/United States ; 761104//European Commission/ ; //Unitaid/ ; BB/N022505/1//Wellcome Trust and Medical Research Council for the AGILE phase/ ; //UK Research and Innovation/ ; 332228521//British Council/BEIS/ ; MR/R010145/1//MRC/ ; 75F40120C00085//US Food and Drug Administration/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *COVID-19/drug therapy ; *Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy ; Drug Resistance, Viral ; Horses ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {This article provides a brief overview of drug resistance to antiviral therapy as well as known and emergent variability in key SARS-CoV-2 viral sequences. The purpose is to stimulate deliberation about the need to consider drug resistance prior to widespread roll-out of antivirals for SARS-CoV-2. Many existing candidate agents have mechanisms of action involving drug targets likely to be critical for future drug development. Resistance emerged quickly with monotherapies deployed for other pulmonary viruses such as influenza virus, and in HIV mutations in key drug targets compromised efficacy of multiple drugs within a class. The potential for drug resistance in SARS-CoV-2 has not yet been rigorously debated or assessed, and we call for more academic and industry research on this potentially important future threat prior to widespread roll-out of monotherapies for COVID-19 treatment and prevention.},
}

Animals
Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use
*COVID-19/drug therapy
*Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy
Drug Resistance, Viral
Horses
Humans
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid33981298,
year = {2021},
author = {Qiu, X and Bailey, H and Thorne, C},
title = {Barriers and Facilitators Associated With Vaccine Acceptance and Uptake Among Pregnant Women in High Income Countries: A Mini-Review.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {626717},
pmid = {33981298},
issn = {1664-3224},
support = {/DH_/Department of Health/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology ; Female ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; Influenza Vaccines/*immunology ; *Patient Acceptance of Health Care ; Pertussis Vaccine/*immunology ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/*prevention & control ; Pregnant Women ; *Vaccination/adverse effects ; },
abstract = {Vaccination during pregnancy is a safe and effective intervention to protect women from potentially severe consequences of influenza and reduce risk of influenza and pertussis in their infants. However, coverage remains variable. In this mini-review we update findings from a 2015 systematic review to describe results from recent studies in high income countries on the uptake of influenza and pertussis vaccination in pregnancy, reasons for vaccine hesitancy and barriers to increasing uptake, from maternal and healthcare provider (HCP) perspectives. Studies reported highly variable uptake (from 0% to 78%). A main facilitator for uptake among pregnant women was receiving a recommendation from their HCP. However, studies showed that HCP awareness of guidelines did not consistently translate into them recommending vaccines to pregnant women. Safety concerns are a well-established barrier to uptake/coverage of maternal immunization; 7%-52% of unvaccinated women gave safety concerns as a reason but these were also present in vaccinated women. Knowledge/awareness gaps among pregnant women and lack of confidence among HCPs to discuss vaccination were both important barriers. Several studies indicated that midwives were more likely to express safety concerns than other HCPs, and less likely to recommend vaccination to pregnant women. Women who perceived the risk of infection to be low were less likely to accept vaccination in several studies, along with women with prior vaccine refusal. Findings highlight the importance of further research to explore context-specific barriers to vaccination in pregnancy, which may include lack of vaccine confidence among pregnant woman and HCPs, and policy and structural factors.},
}

COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
Female
Health Personnel
Humans
Influenza Vaccines/*immunology
*Patient Acceptance of Health Care
Pertussis Vaccine/*immunology
Pregnancy
Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/*prevention & control
Pregnant Women
*Vaccination/adverse effects

@article {pmid33977626,
year = {2021},
author = {Cabrera Martimbianco, AL and Pacheco, RL and Bagattini, ÂM and Riera, R},
title = {Frequency, signs and symptoms, and criteria adopted for long COVID-19: A systematic review.},
journal = {International journal of clinical practice},
volume = {75},
number = {10},
pages = {e14357},
doi = {10.1111/ijcp.14357},
pmid = {33977626},
issn = {1742-1241},
support = {//Sociedade Beneficente de Senhoras Hospital Sírio-Libanês/ ; },
abstract = {AIMS: To identify, systematically evaluate and summarise the best available evidence on the frequency of long COVID-19 (post-acute COVID-19 syndrome), its clinical manifestations, and the criteria used for diagnosis.

METHODS: Systematic review conducted with a comprehensive search including formal databases, COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 data sources, grey literature, and manual search. We considered for inclusion clinical trials, observational longitudinal comparative and non-comparative studies, cross-sectional, before-and-after, and case series. We assessed the methodological quality by specific tools based on the study designs. We presented the results as a narrative synthesis regarding the frequency and duration of long COVID-19, signs and symptoms, criteria used for diagnosis, and potential risk factors.

RESULTS: We included 25 observational studies with moderate to high methodological quality, considering 5440 participants. The frequency of long COVID-19 ranged from 4.7% to 80%, and the most prevalent signs/symptoms were chest pain (up to 89%), fatigue (up to 65%), dyspnea (up to 61%), and cough and sputum production (up to 59%). Temporal criteria used to define long COVID-19 varied from 3 to 24 weeks after acute phase or hospital discharge. Potentially associated risk factors were old age, female sex, severe clinical status, a high number of comorbidities, hospital admission, and oxygen supplementation at the acute phase. However, limitations related to study designs added uncertainty to this finding. None of the studies assessed the duration of signs/symptoms.

CONCLUSION: The frequency of long COVID-19 reached up to 80% over the studies included and occurred between 3 and 24 weeks after acute phase or hospital discharge. Chest pain, fatigue, dyspnea, and cough were the most reported clinical manifestations attributed to the condition. Based on these systematic review findings, there is an urgent need to understand this emerging, complex and challenging medical condition. Proposals for diagnostic criteria and standard terminology are welcome.},
}

@article {pmid33966326,
year = {2021},
author = {Trunz, LM and Lee, P and Lange, SM and Pomeranz, CL and Needleman, L and Ford, RW and Karambelkar, A and Sundaram, B},
title = {Imaging approach to COVID-19 associated pulmonary embolism.},
journal = {International journal of clinical practice},
volume = {75},
number = {10},
pages = {e14340},
doi = {10.1111/ijcp.14340},
pmid = {33966326},
issn = {1742-1241},
abstract = {The novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) illness and deaths, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, continue to increase. Multiple reports highlight the thromboembolic complications, such as pulmonary embolism (PE), in COVID-19. Imaging plays an essential role in the diagnosis and management of COVID-19 patients with PE. There continues to be a rapid evolution of knowledge related to COVID-19 associated PE. This review summarises the current understanding of prevalence, pathophysiology, role of diagnostic imaging modalities, and management, including catheter-directed therapy for COVID-19 associated PE. It also describes infection control considerations for the radiology department while providing care for patients with COVID-19 associated PE.},
}

@article {pmid33957833,
year = {2021},
author = {Serafim, MSM and Dos Santos Júnior, VS and Gertrudes, JC and Maltarollo, VG and Honorio, KM},
title = {Machine learning techniques applied to the drug design and discovery of new antivirals: a brief look over the past decade.},
journal = {Expert opinion on drug discovery},
volume = {16},
number = {9},
pages = {961-975},
doi = {10.1080/17460441.2021.1918098},
pmid = {33957833},
issn = {1746-045X},
mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Antiviral Agents/*pharmacology ; COVID-19/drug therapy ; *Drug Design ; Drug Discovery/methods/trends ; Drug Repositioning ; Humans ; Machine Learning/*trends ; Virus Diseases/drug therapy/virology ; },
abstract = {Introduction: Drug design and discovery of new antivirals will always be extremely important in medicinal chemistry, taking into account known and new viral diseases that are yet to come. Although machine learning (ML) have shown to improve predictions on the biological potential of chemicals and accelerate the discovery of drugs over the past decade, new methods and their combinations have improved their performance and established promising perspectives regarding ML in the search for new antivirals.Areas covered: The authors consider some interesting areas that deal with different ML techniques applied to antivirals. Recent innovative studies on ML and antivirals were selected and analyzed in detail. Also, the authors provide a brief look at the past to the present to detect advances and bottlenecks in the area.Expert opinion: From classical ML techniques, it was possible to boost the searches for antivirals. However, from the emergence of new algorithms and the improvement in old approaches, promising results will be achieved every day, as we have observed in the case of SARS-CoV-2. Recent experience has shown that it is possible to use ML to discover new antiviral candidates from virtual screening and drug repurposing.},
}

Algorithms
Animals
Antiviral Agents/*pharmacology
COVID-19/drug therapy
*Drug Design
Drug Discovery/methods/trends
Drug Repositioning
Humans
Machine Learning/*trends
Virus Diseases/drug therapy/virology

@article {pmid34536729,
year = {2021},
author = {Bray, F and Laversanne, M and Cao, B and Varghese, C and Mikkelsen, B and Weiderpass, E and Soerjomataram, I},
title = {Comparing cancer and cardiovascular disease trends in 20 middle- or high-income countries 2000-19: A pointer to national trajectories towards achieving Sustainable Development goal target 3.4.},
journal = {Cancer treatment reviews},
volume = {100},
number = {},
pages = {102290},
doi = {10.1016/j.ctrv.2021.102290},
pmid = {34536729},
issn = {1532-1967},
abstract = {With the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) target of a one-third reduction in noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) less than a decade away, it is timely to assess national progress in reducing premature deaths from the two leading causes of mortality worldwide. We examine trends in the probability of dying ages 30-70 from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer 2000-19 in 10 middle-income (MICs) and 10 high-income (HICs) countries with high quality data. We then predict whether the SDG target will be met in each country for CVD, cancer and for the four main NCDs combined. Downward trends were more evident in HICs relative to the MICs, and for CVD relative to cancer. CVD and cancer declines ranged from 30-60% and 20-30% in HICs over the 20-year period, but progress was less uniform among the MICs. Premature deaths from cancer exceeded CVD in nine of the 10 HICs by 2000 and in all 10 by 2019; in contrast, CVD mortality exceeded cancer in all 10 MICs in 2000 and remained the leading cause in eight countries by 2019. Two of the 10 MICs (Colombia and Kazakhstan) and seven of the HICs (Australia, Chile, Italy, New Zealand, Norway, Slovakia, and the U.K.) are predicted to meet the SDG NCDs target. Whether countries are on course to meet the target by 2030 reflects changing risk factor profiles and the extent to which effective preventative and medical care interventions have been implemented. In addition, lessons can be learned given people living with NCDs are more susceptible to severe COVID-19 illness and death.},
}