@article {pmid39047313,
year = {2024},
author = {Judson, SD and Dowdy, DW},
title = {Modeling zoonotic and vector-borne viruses.},
journal = {Current opinion in virology},
volume = {67},
number = {},
pages = {101428},
doi = {10.1016/j.coviro.2024.101428},
pmid = {39047313},
issn = {1879-6265},
abstract = {The 2013-2016 Ebola virus disease epidemic and the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic galvanized tremendous growth in models for emerging zoonotic and vector-borne viruses. Therefore, we have reviewed the main goals and methods of models to guide scientists and decision-makers. The elements of models for emerging viruses vary across spectrums: from understanding the past to forecasting the future, using data across space and time, and using statistical versus mechanistic methods. Hybrid/ensemble models and artificial intelligence offer new opportunities for modeling. Despite this progress, challenges remain in translating models into actionable decisions, particularly in areas at highest risk for viral disease outbreaks. To address this issue, we must identify gaps in models for specific viruses, strengthen validation, and involve policymakers in model development.},
}

@article {pmid39047289,
year = {2024},
author = {Omisore, OM and Odenigbo, I and Orji, J and Beltran, AIH and Meier, S and Baghaei, N and Orji, R},
title = {Extended Reality for Mental Health Evaluation: Scoping Review.},
journal = {JMIR serious games},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {e38413},
doi = {10.2196/38413},
pmid = {39047289},
issn = {2291-9279},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mental health disorders are the leading cause of health-related problems worldwide. It is projected that mental health disorders will be the leading cause of morbidity among adults as the incidence rates of anxiety and depression grow worldwide. Recently, "extended reality" (XR), a general term covering virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR), is paving the way for the delivery of mental health care.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the adoption and implementation of XR technology used in interventions for mental disorders and to provide statistical analyses of the design, usage, and effectiveness of XR technology for mental health interventions with a worldwide demographic focus.

METHODS: In this paper, we conducted a scoping review of the development and application of XR in the area of mental disorders. We performed a database search to identify relevant studies indexed in Google Scholar, PubMed, and the ACM Digital Library. A search period between August 2016 and December 2023 was defined to select papers related to the usage of VR, AR, and MR in a mental health context. The database search was performed with predefined queries, and a total of 831 papers were identified. Ten papers were identified through professional recommendation. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were designed and applied to ensure that only relevant studies were included in the literature review.

RESULTS: We identified a total of 85 studies from 27 countries worldwide that used different types of VR, AR, and MR techniques for managing 14 types of mental disorders. By performing data analysis, we found that most of the studies focused on high-income countries, such as the United States (n=14, 16.47%) and Germany (n=12, 14.12%). None of the studies were for African countries. The majority of papers reported that XR techniques lead to a significant reduction in symptoms of anxiety or depression. The majority of studies were published in 2021 (n=26, 30.59%). This could indicate that mental disorder intervention received higher attention when COVID-19 emerged. Most studies (n=65, 76.47%) focused on a population in the age range of 18-65 years, while few studies (n=2, 3.35%) focused on teenagers (ie, subjects in the age range of 10-19 years). In addition, more studies were conducted experimentally (n=67, 78.82%) rather than by using analytical and modeling approaches (n=8, 9.41%). This shows that there is a rapid development of XR technology for mental health care. Furthermore, these studies showed that XR technology can effectively be used for evaluating mental disorders in a similar or better way that conventional approaches.

CONCLUSIONS: In this scoping review, we studied the adoption and implementation of XR technology for mental disorder care. Our review shows that XR treatment yields high patient satisfaction, and follow-up assessments show significant improvement with large effect sizes. Moreover, the studies adopted unique designs that were set up to record and analyze the symptoms reported by their participants. This review may aid future research and development of various XR mechanisms for differentiated mental disorder procedures.},
}

@article {pmid39047118,
year = {2024},
author = {Hare, J and Hesselink, R and Bongers, A and Blakeley, P and Riggall, G},
title = {Improving vaccine equity by increasing vaccine thermostability.},
journal = {Science translational medicine},
volume = {16},
number = {757},
pages = {eadm7471},
doi = {10.1126/scitranslmed.adm7471},
pmid = {39047118},
issn = {1946-6242},
mesh = {*COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology ; Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology/immunology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Temperature ; Health Equity ; },
abstract = {The development, manufacture, and deployment of new vaccine technologies to combat SARS-CoV-2 enabled an unparalleled rapid response to the emerging health threat. However, the unequal global distribution of these vaccines highlighted a major gap in existing thermotolerance profiles and cold chain infrastructure that needs to be addressed to maximize their global health impact.},
}

*COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology/immunology
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Temperature
Health Equity

@article {pmid39046333,
year = {2024},
author = {Favatella, N and Dalton, D and Byon, W and Merali, SJ and Klem, C},
title = {Clinical Implications of Co-administering Apixaban with Key Interacting Medications.},
journal = {Clinical pharmacology in drug development},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/cpdd.1446},
pmid = {39046333},
issn = {2160-7648},
abstract = {With many available data sources, clinicians need to consider the benefit-risk profile of individual anticoagulants when balancing the need for anticoagulation, including evaluating the risks in patients with comorbidities and potential drug-drug interactions. This narrative review presents clinical data across multiple phases of drug development for the use of apixaban, a selective factor Xa inhibitor, when taken concomitantly with other agents, and evaluates the benefit-risk profile of apixaban with these interacting medications. Key subgroup analyses from the phase 3 ARISTOTLE trial (NCT00412984) are presented using data from patients who received either concomitant inhibitors or inducers of cytochrome P450 3A4 and/or P‑glycoprotein. We also review the available evidence for the use of apixaban in patients with cancer-associated thromboembolism, as well as the use of apixaban in patients with COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid39045688,
year = {2024},
author = {Asplin, P and Mancy, R and Finnie, T and Cumming, F and Keeling, MJ and Hill, EM},
title = {Symptom propagation in respiratory pathogens of public health concern: a review of the evidence.},
journal = {Journal of the Royal Society, Interface},
volume = {21},
number = {216},
pages = {20240009},
pmid = {39045688},
issn = {1742-5662},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; *Influenza, Human/epidemiology ; *Public Health ; Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology/virology ; Models, Biological ; },
abstract = {Symptom propagation occurs when the symptom set an individual experiences is correlated with the symptom set of the individual who infected them. Symptom propagation may dramatically affect epidemiological outcomes, potentially causing clusters of severe disease. Conversely, it could result in chains of mild infection, generating widespread immunity with minimal cost to public health. Despite accumulating evidence that symptom propagation occurs for many respiratory pathogens, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we conducted a scoping literature review for 14 respiratory pathogens to ascertain the extent of evidence for symptom propagation by two mechanisms: dose-severity relationships and route-severity relationships. We identify considerable heterogeneity between pathogens in the relative importance of the two mechanisms, highlighting the importance of pathogen-specific investigations. For almost all pathogens, including influenza and SARS-CoV-2, we found support for at least one of the two mechanisms. For some pathogens, including influenza, we found convincing evidence that both mechanisms contribute to symptom propagation. Furthermore, infectious disease models traditionally do not include symptom propagation. We summarize the present state of modelling advancements to address the methodological gap. We then investigate a simplified disease outbreak scenario, finding that under strong symptom propagation, isolating mildly infected individuals can have negative epidemiological implications.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
*SARS-CoV-2
*Influenza, Human/epidemiology
*Public Health
Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology/virology
Models, Biological

@article {pmid39044822,
year = {2024},
author = {Ruiz-Pablos, M and Paiva, B and Zabaleta, A},
title = {Hypocortisolemic ASIA: a vaccine- and chronic infection-induced syndrome behind the origin of long COVID and myalgic encephalomyelitis.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1422940},
pmid = {39044822},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology ; *Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/immunology/etiology/virology ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects/immunology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; HLA-DRB1 Chains/genetics/immunology ; },
abstract = {Myalgic encephalomyelitis or chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), long COVID (LC) and post-COVID-19 vaccine syndrome show similarities in their pathophysiology and clinical manifestations. These disorders are related to viral or adjuvant persistence, immunological alterations, autoimmune diseases and hormonal imbalances. A developmental model is postulated that involves the interaction between immune hyperactivation, autoimmune hypophysitis or pituitary hypophysitis, and immune depletion. This process might begin with a deficient CD4 T-cell response to viral infections in genetically predisposed individuals (HLA-DRB1), followed by an uncontrolled immune response with CD8 T-cell hyperactivation and elevated antibody production, some of which may be directed against autoantigens, which can trigger autoimmune hypophysitis or direct damage to the pituitary, resulting in decreased production of pituitary hormones, such as ACTH. As the disease progresses, prolonged exposure to viral antigens can lead to exhaustion of the immune system, exacerbating symptoms and pathology. It is suggested that these disorders could be included in the autoimmune/adjuvant-induced inflammatory syndrome (ASIA) because of their similar clinical manifestations and possible relationship to genetic factors, such as polymorphisms in the HLA-DRB1 gene. In addition, it is proposed that treatment with antivirals, corticosteroids/ginseng, antioxidants, and metabolic precursors could improve symptoms by modulating the immune response, pituitary function, inflammation and oxidative stress. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to suggest a possible autoimmune origin against the adenohypophysis and a possible improvement of symptoms after treatment with corticosteroid replacement therapy.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/immunology
*Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/immunology/etiology/virology
*COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects/immunology
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
HLA-DRB1 Chains/genetics/immunology

@article {pmid39044731,
year = {2024},
author = {Yi, XX and Zhang, WR and Wang, DM and Wang, XP and Zhang, FX},
title = {Research perspective in the clinical management of Kawasaki disease.},
journal = {Frontiers in pediatrics},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {1415941},
pmid = {39044731},
issn = {2296-2360},
abstract = {This study examines research perspective in the clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cardiovascular complications in Kawasaki Disease (KD). Starting with an overview of the disease, it introduces KD's clinical manifestations, etiology, epidemiological features, and its impact on the cardiovascular system. Subsequently, the study discusses in detail the diagnostic methods, pathological mechanisms, and treatment strategies for KD, including foundational and emerging approaches such as high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin therapy, biologic therapy, and corticosteroid pulse therapy. Additionally, it outlines strategies for preventing cardiovascular complications, including early risk assessment and long-term management. The study also explores the intersection of the COVID-19 pandemic with an increase in KD-like symptoms, emphasizing the need for further studies on the association between SARS-CoV-2 and KD. Lastly, it explores future research directions to enhance understanding of KD and improve patient outcomes and quality of life. This study provides valuable insights into the comprehensive treatment and management of KD and highlights avenues for future research.},
}

@article {pmid39044675,
year = {2024},
author = {Stepanova, V and Poppleton, A and Ponsford, R},
title = {Central and Eastern European Migrants in the United Kingdom: A Scoping Review of the Reasons for Utilisation of Transnational Healthcare.},
journal = {Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy},
volume = {27},
number = {4},
pages = {e14155},
pmid = {39044675},
issn = {1369-7625},
support = {//The authors received no specific funding for this work./ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; United Kingdom ; *Transients and Migrants/statistics & numerical data ; *Patient Acceptance of Health Care/ethnology ; Europe, Eastern/ethnology ; Health Services Accessibility ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: An estimated 2.2 million people from Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) live in the United Kingdom. It has been documented that CEE migrants underutilise health services in the United Kingdom and, as an alternative, seek healthcare in their home country. However, reasons for seeking healthcare abroad are not always clear. This review aims to identify the reasons for the uptake of transnational healthcare among CEE migrants resident in the United Kingdom.

METHODS: Informed by discussions with community members, medical stakeholders and academics, a systematic scoping review was undertaken following the nine-stage Joanna Briggs Institute framework for scoping reviews. A search strategy with MeSH terms, where relevant, was used and adapted in five academic databases, two grey literature databases and Google Scholar. Included records encompassed four concepts: migration, CEE nationalities, UK nations and healthcare utilisation, which were written in English and published between May 2004 and 2022. Data from the literature were coded, grouped and organised into themes.

RESULTS: A total of 16 publications fulfilled the inclusion criteria. There is evidence that some CEE migrants exclusively use healthcare services in the United Kingdom. However, many CEE migrants utilise healthcare both in the United Kingdom and their country of origin. Four themes were identified from the literature as to why migrants travelled to their country of origin for healthcare: cultural expectations of medical services, distrust in the UK NHS, barriers and transnational ties.

CONCLUSION: Push factors led CEE migrants to seek healthcare in their country of origin, facilitated by ongoing transnational ties. CEE migrants frequently combine visits to their country of origin with medical appointments. Utilising healthcare in their country of origin as opposed to the United Kingdom can result in fragmented and incomplete records of medications, medical tests and surgeries and risk of unnecessary treatments and complications. This review highlights the need for more targeted health outreach with CEE groups within the United Kingdom, as well as the need for further research on the impact of national events, for example, COVID-19 and Brexit, on transnational healthcare-seeking behaviours.

The concept for this scoping review was informed by discussions with community members, medical professionals and academics, who identified it as a current issue. The results of this scoping review were discussed with healthcare stakeholders.},
}

Humans
United Kingdom
*Transients and Migrants/statistics & numerical data
*Patient Acceptance of Health Care/ethnology
Europe, Eastern/ethnology
Health Services Accessibility

@article {pmid39043199,
year = {2024},
author = {Gottlieb, SL and Spielman, E and Abu-Raddad, L and Aderoba, AK and Bachmann, LH and Blondeel, K and Chen, XS and Crucitti, T and Camacho, GG and Godbole, S and de Leon, RGP and Gupta, S and Hermez, J and Ishikawa, N and Klausner, JD and Kurbonov, F and Maatouk, I and Mandil, A and Mello, MB and Miranda, AE and Mosha, FS and Okeibunor, JC and Ong, JJ and Peters, RPH and Pérez, F and Seguy, N and Seib, KL and Sharma, M and Sladden, T and Van Der Pol, B and White, PJ and Wi, T and Broutet, N},
title = {WHO global research priorities for sexually transmitted infections.},
journal = {The Lancet. Global health},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/S2214-109X(24)00266-3},
pmid = {39043199},
issn = {2214-109X},
abstract = {Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are widespread worldwide and negatively affect sexual and reproductive health. Gaps in evidence and in available tools have long hindered STI programmes and policies, particularly in resource-limited settings. In 2022, WHO initiated a research prioritisation process to identify the most important STI research areas to address the global public health need. Using an adapted Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative methodology including two global stakeholder surveys, the process identified 40 priority STI research needs. The top priorities centred on developing and implementing affordable, feasible, rapid point-of-care STI diagnostic tests and new treatments, especially for gonorrhoea, chlamydia, and syphilis; designing new multipurpose prevention technologies and vaccines for STIs; and collecting improved STI epidemiologic data on both infection and disease outcomes. The priorities also included innovative programmatic approaches, such as new STI communication and partner management strategies. An additional six research areas related to mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) reflect the need for STI-related research during disease outbreaks where sexual transmission can have a key role. These STI research priorities provide a call to action for focus, investment, and innovation to address existing roadblocks in STI prevention, control, and management to advance sexual and reproductive health and wellbeing for all.},
}

@article {pmid39042238,
year = {2024},
author = {Rico-Mesa, JS and Haloot, J and Anupama, BK and Atluri, S and Liu, J and Khalid, U},
title = {The Role and Implications of COVID-19 in Incident and Prevalent Heart Failure.},
journal = {Current heart failure reports},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39042238},
issn = {1546-9549},
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review examines the pathophysiological interactions between COVID-19 and heart failure, highlighting the exacerbation of heart failure in COVID-19 patients. It focuses on the complex mechanisms driving worse outcomes in these patients.

RECENT FINDINGS: Patients with pre-existing heart failure experience more severe symptoms and higher mortality rates due to mechanisms such as cytokine storms, myocardial infarction, myocarditis, microvascular dysfunction, thrombosis, and stress cardiomyopathy. Elevated biomarkers like troponin and natriuretic peptides correlate with severe disease. Long-term cardiovascular risks for COVID-19 survivors include increased incidence of heart failure, non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, cardiac arrest, and cardiogenic shock. COVID-19 significantly impacts patients with pre-existing heart failure, leading to severe symptoms and higher mortality. Elevated cardiac biomarkers are indicators of severe disease. Acute and long-term cardiovascular complications are common, calling for ongoing research into targeted therapies and improved management strategies to better prevent, diagnose, and treat heart failure in the context of COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid39041650,
year = {2024},
author = {Li, Y and Yang, HS and Klasse, PJ and Zhao, Z},
title = {The significance of antigen-antibody-binding avidity in clinical diagnosis.},
journal = {Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-15},
doi = {10.1080/10408363.2024.2379286},
pmid = {39041650},
issn = {1549-781X},
abstract = {Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) testing are commonly used to determine infection status. Typically, the detection of IgM indicates an acute or recent infection, while the presence of IgG alone suggests a chronic or past infection. However, relying solely on IgG and IgM antibody positivity may not be sufficient to differentiate acute from chronic infections. This limitation arises from several factors. The prolonged presence of IgM can complicate diagnostic interpretations, and false positive IgM results often arise from antibody cross-reactivity with various antigens. Additionally, IgM may remain undetectable in prematurely collected samples or in individuals who are immunocompromised, further complicating accurate diagnosis. As a result, additional diagnostic tools are required to confirm infection status. Avidity is a measure of the strength of the binding between an antigen and antibody. Avidity-based assays have been developed for various infectious agents, including toxoplasma, cytomegalovirus (CMV), SARS-CoV-2, and avian influenza, and are promising tools in clinical diagnostics. By measuring the strength of antibody binding, they offer critical insights into the maturity of the immune response. These assays are instrumental in distinguishing between acute and chronic or past infections, monitoring disease progression, and guiding treatment decisions. The development of automated platforms has optimized the testing process by enhancing efficiency and minimizing the risk of manual errors. Additionally, the recent advent of real-time biosensor immunoassays, including the label-free immunoassays (LFIA), has further amplified the capabilities of these assays. These advances have expanded the clinical applications of avidity-based assays, making them useful tools for the diagnosis and management of various infectious diseases. This review is structured around several key aspects of IgG avidity in clinical diagnosis, including: (i) a detailed exposition of the IgG affinity maturation process; (ii) a thorough discussion of the IgG avidity assays, including the recently emerged biosensor-based approaches; and (iii) an examination of the applications of IgG avidity in clinical diagnosis. This review is intended to contribute toward the development of enhanced diagnostic tools through critical assessment of the present landscape of avidity-based testing, which allows us to identify the existing knowledge gaps and highlight areas for future investigation.},
}

@article {pmid39041480,
year = {2024},
author = {Fawcus, S and Gebhardt, S and Niit, R and Pattinson, R},
title = {Resilience in the time of crisis: A review of the maternal, perinatal and reproductive health effects of COVID-19 in South Africa.},
journal = {South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde},
volume = {114},
number = {5},
pages = {e1757},
doi = {10.7196/SAMJ.2024.v114i5.1757},
pmid = {39041480},
issn = {2078-5135},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; South Africa/epidemiology ; Female ; Pregnancy ; *Maternal Mortality/trends ; *Stillbirth/epidemiology ; *Reproductive Health ; Infant, Newborn ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Maternal Health Services/statistics & numerical data ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic had a profound effect on the health sector globally and in South Africa (SA).

OBJECTIVE: To review the effects of COVID-19 on maternal, perinatal and reproductive health outcomes and service utilisation in SA.

METHODS: Three routine national data collection systems were sourced: the District Health Information System, the Saving Mothers reports of the National Committee on Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths and the Saving Babies reports from the National Perinatal Morbidity and Mortality Committee using data from the Perinatal Problem Identification Program.

RESULTS: There were 35% and 8% increases in maternal and stillbirth mortality rates, respectively, in 2020 and 2021, which correlated with the COVID-19 waves. However, in 2022, rates returned to pre-COVID levels. Antenatal visits and facility births showed little change, but there was a shift to more rural provinces. The use of oral and injectable contraceptives and termination of pregnancy services decreased markedly in 2020 and 2021, with a sustained shift to long-acting reversible contraceptives. The increase in maternal deaths was predominantly due to COVID-19 respiratory complications, but also an increase in obstetric haemorrhage. Stillbirths increased significantly (10%) for birthweights between 2 000 g and 2 499 g, categorised mostly as unexplained stillbirths or preterm labour, but no increase in neonatal deaths was observed. Administrative avoidable factors increased by 24% in the 2020 - 2022 triennium, but there was no increase in patient/community level or healthcare provider-related avoidable factors during the pandemic years.

CONCLUSION: COVID-19 caused a marked increase in maternal death and stillbirth rates in 2020 and 2021 due to both direct effects of the virus and indirect effects on functioning of the health system. The continued, although modified, health-seeking behaviour of women and the rapid return to pre-COVID-19 mortality rates demonstrates enormous resilience in women and the health system.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
South Africa/epidemiology
Female
Pregnancy
*Maternal Mortality/trends
*Stillbirth/epidemiology
*Reproductive Health
Infant, Newborn
SARS-CoV-2
Maternal Health Services/statistics & numerical data

@article {pmid39040991,
year = {2024},
author = {Shi, L and Han, X and Wang, Y and Xu, J and Yang, H},
title = {Significant association between asthma and a lower risk of mortality among COVID-19 patients in Spain: A meta-analysis.},
journal = {Qatar medical journal},
volume = {2024},
number = {3},
pages = {34},
pmid = {39040991},
issn = {0253-8253},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Various prevalences of asthma in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been reported in different regions, and the association between asthma and COVID-19 subsequent mortality has been in debate. Thus, this study aimed to investigate whether there was a significant association between asthma and COVID-19 mortality in Spain through a meta-analysis.

METHODS: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were strictly complied with conducting this study. The pooled odds ratio (OR) with a corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated by a random-effects model. The I [2] statistics for heterogeneity, sensitivity analysis for robustness, Begg's test, and Egger's test for publication bias, along with subgroup analyses for confounding bias, were also performed to support the foundation of this study.

RESULTS: The meta-analysis revealed that asthma was significantly associated with a lower risk of mortality among COVID-19 patients in Spain with a random-effects model (pooled OR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.69-0.88, I [2] = 35%). Further subgroup analyses by male proportion and sample size also indicated that a statistically significant negative correlation did exist between asthma and COVID-19 mortality. Robustness and no publication on-bias were evidenced by sensitivity analysis, Egger's test, and Begg's test, respectively.

CONCLUSION: In conclusion, patients with asthma were found to have a lower risk of mortality from COVID-19 in Spain, especially among elderly patients. In addition, asthmatic patients infected with COVID-19 may be at risk of death compared to non-asthmatic patients, which is not a cause for undue concern, thereby reducing the burden of medication.},
}

@article {pmid39040218,
year = {2024},
author = {Labora González, JJ and Fernández-Vilas, E},
title = {The social evolution of COVID-19: pandemics as total social facts.},
journal = {Frontiers in sociology},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {1397826},
pmid = {39040218},
issn = {2297-7775},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic was an unprecedented global event in recent history. Beginning with an initial outbreak in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, the virus spread rapidly across the globe, causing millions of deaths and triggering an unprecedented health, economic, and social crisis. The initial response to the outbreak in many countries was the implementation of social distancing measures, including the closure of schools and businesses, the cancellation of mass events, and the banning of travel. These measures were aimed at reducing the virus' spread and preventing health systems from being overwhelmed by the numerous severe COVID-19 cases. However, these measures also had a devastating economic impact, especially on precarious workers and freelancers, as well as those who were unable to work from home. As the pandemic (also considered a syndemic or synergistic epidemic) dragged on, countries adopted more flexible approaches to dealing with the virus, adopting mitigation measures rather than social distancing measures. These included the use of masks, testing and contact tracing, and the opening of businesses and schools with the implementation of additional safety measures. This paper highlights the social consequences of the pandemic, ultimately arguing that it is a total social fact (from the French fait social total), based on Marcel Mauss' categorization, since it encompassed and impacted all facets of human life.},
}

@article {pmid39040108,
year = {2024},
author = {Li, G and Zhang, S and Zou, Y and Ai, H and Zheng, X and Qian, K and Lei, C and Fu, W},
title = {The therapeutic potential of exosomes in immunotherapy.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1424081},
pmid = {39040108},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {*Exosomes/immunology/metabolism ; Humans ; *Immunotherapy/methods ; Animals ; Neoplasms/therapy/immunology ; Cell Communication/immunology ; Immunomodulation ; Autoimmune Diseases/therapy/immunology ; },
abstract = {Exosomes are found in various tissues of the body and carry abundant contents including nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites, which continuously flow between cells of various tissues and mediate important intercellular communication. In addition, exosomes from different cellular sources possess different physiopathological immunomodulatory effects, which are closely related to the immune regeneration of normal or abnormal organs and tissues. Here, we focus on the mechanistic interactions between exosomes and the human immune system, introduce the immuno-regenerative therapeutic potential of exosomes in common clinical immune-related diseases, such as infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and tumors, and reveal the safety and efficacy of exosomes as a novel cell-free immune regenerative therapy.},
}

*Exosomes/immunology/metabolism
Humans
*Immunotherapy/methods
Animals
Neoplasms/therapy/immunology
Cell Communication/immunology
Immunomodulation
Autoimmune Diseases/therapy/immunology

@article {pmid39039551,
year = {2024},
author = {Spanos, S and Dammery, G and Pagano, L and Ellis, LA and Fisher, G and Smith, CL and Foo, D and Braithwaite, J},
title = {Learning health systems on the front lines to strengthen care against future pandemics and climate change: a rapid review.},
journal = {BMC health services research},
volume = {24},
number = {1},
pages = {829},
pmid = {39039551},
issn = {1472-6963},
mesh = {Humans ; *Climate Change ; *Pandemics ; *Primary Health Care/organization & administration ; *Learning Health System/organization & administration ; Emergency Service, Hospital/organization & administration ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: An essential component of future-proofing health systems against future pandemics and climate change is strengthening the front lines of care: principally, emergency departments and primary care settings. To achieve this, these settings can adopt learning health system (LHS) principles, integrating data, evidence, and experience to continuously improve care delivery. This rapid review aimed to understand the ways in which LHS principles have been applied to primary care and emergency departments, the extent to which LHS approaches have been adopted in these key settings, and the factors that affect their adoption.

METHODS: Three academic databases (Embase, Scopus, and PubMed) were searched for full text articles reporting on LHSs in primary care and/or emergency departments published in the last five years. Articles were included if they had a primary focus on LHSs in primary care settings (general practice, allied health, multidisciplinary primary care, and community-based care) and/or emergency care settings. Data from included articles were catalogued and synthesised according to the modified Institute of Medicine's five-component framework for LHSs (science and informatics, patient-clinician partnerships, incentives, continuous learning culture, and structure and governance).

RESULTS: Thirty-seven articles were included, 32 of which reported LHSs in primary care settings and seven of which reported LHSs in emergency departments. Science and informatics was the most commonly reported LHS component, followed closely by continuous learning culture and structure and governance. Most articles (n = 30) reported on LHSs that had been adopted, and many of the included articles (n = 17) were descriptive reports of LHS approaches.

CONCLUSIONS: Developing LHSs at the front lines of care is essential for future-proofing against current and new threats to health system sustainability, such as pandemic- and climate change-induced events. Limited research has examined the application of LHS concepts to emergency care settings. Implementation science should be utilised to better understand the factors influencing adoption of LHS approaches on the front lines of care, so that all five LHS components can be progressed in these settings.},
}

Humans
*Climate Change
*Pandemics
*Primary Health Care/organization & administration
*Learning Health System/organization & administration
Emergency Service, Hospital/organization & administration
COVID-19/epidemiology

@article {pmid39038383,
year = {2024},
author = {Dasara, M and Dono, F and Evangelista, G and Quintieri, P and Liviello, D and Cipollone, S and Tomassini, V and Sensi, SL},
title = {Status epilepticus as a complication of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: Two case reports and systematic review with individual patients' data analysis.},
journal = {Seizure},
volume = {121},
number = {},
pages = {8-16},
doi = {10.1016/j.seizure.2024.07.013},
pmid = {39038383},
issn = {1532-2688},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Status Epilepticus (SE) stands as a prominent neurological emergency, showing a mortality rate of approximately 20%. Since February 2021, a worldwide vaccination campaign has been launched against the Coronavirus 19 disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Several possible vaccine-related adverse events have been identified, including neurological manifestations. SE is beginning to surface in literature as an emergent condition in COVID-19-vaccinated individuals, though defined reasons accounting for this correlation are still missing.

METHODS: We report two cases of SE related to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. In addition, we performed a systematic search of the literature to identify the consistency of the association between the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and the SE onset. The following databases were consulted: PubMed and Google Scholar.

RESULTS: Two novel super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE) cases associated with the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine were identified. Both patients received the second dose of the vaccine about 14 days prior to SE onset. Patients showed a non-convulsive semiology and were treated with a combined anesthetic and immunomodulant therapy, leading to SE resolution in both cases. The literature review identified seven additional cases, primarily non-convulsive SE. Four patients received the Spikevax (ex-COVID-19 Moderna mRNA -1273 vaccine), 2 patients the BNT162b2 (Pfizer/Biotech), and 1 patient the ChAdOx1-s (AstraZeneca) vaccine. The first vaccine dose (5/7, 71.4%) emerged as the most frequently associated with SE onset, which manifested at an average of 4.5 days (± 3.4) following vaccination. Five patients presented RSE and required continuous intravenous anesthetic drug administration. Resolution of SE was achieved in all cases.

CONCLUSIONS: Status Epilepticus is a rare complication associated with Sars-CoV-2 vaccines. Additional studies are needed to ascertain the potential association between Sars-CoV-2 vaccines and status epilepticus.},
}

@article {pmid39036089,
year = {2024},
author = {Goetz, M and Thotathil, N and Zhao, Z and Mitragotri, S},
title = {Vaccine adjuvants for infectious disease in the clinic.},
journal = {Bioengineering & translational medicine},
volume = {9},
number = {4},
pages = {e10663},
pmid = {39036089},
issn = {2380-6761},
abstract = {UNLABELLED: Adjuvants, materials added to vaccines to enhance the resulting immune response, are important components of vaccination that are many times overlooked. While vaccines always include an antigen to tell the body what to vaccinate to, of equal importance the adjuvant provides the how, a significant factor in producing a complete response. The adjuvant space has been slow to develop with the first use of an adjuvant in a licensed vaccine occurring in the 1930s, and remaining the only adjuvant in licensed vaccines for the next 80 years. However, with vaccination at the forefront of protection against new and complex pathogens, it is important to consider all components when designing an effective vaccine. Here we summarize the adjuvant space in licensed vaccines as well as the novel adjuvant space in clinical trials with a specific focus on the materials utilized and their resulting impact on the immune response. We discuss five major categories of adjuvant materials: aluminum salts, nanoparticles, viral vectors, TLR agonists, and emulsions. For each category, we delve into the current clinical trials space, the impact of these materials on vaccination, as well as some of the ways in which they could be improved. Adjuvants present an exciting opportunity to improve vaccine responses and stability, this review will help inform about the current progress of this space.

In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccines for infectious diseases have come into the spotlight. While antigens have always been an important focus of vaccine design, the adjuvant is a significant tool for enhancing the immune response to the vaccine that has been largely underdeveloped. This article provides a broad review of the history of adjuvants and, the current vaccine adjuvant space, and the progress seen in adjuvants in clinical trials. There is specific emphasis on the material landscape for adjuvants and their resulting mechanism of action. Looking ahead, while the novel vaccine adjuvant space features exciting new technologies and materials, there is still a need for more to meet the protective needs of new and complex pathogens.},
}

@article {pmid39035996,
year = {2024},
author = {Leonard, R and O'Connor, SR and Hanratty, J and Keenan, C and Chi, Y and Ferguson, J and Axiaq, A and Volz, A and Welsh, C and Campbell, K and Hawkins, V and Miller, S and Bradley, D and Dempster, M},
title = {Psychological and psychosocial determinants of COVID related face covering behaviours: A systematic review.},
journal = {Campbell systematic reviews},
volume = {20},
number = {3},
pages = {e1422},
pmid = {39035996},
issn = {1891-1803},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has resulted in illness, deaths and societal disruption on a global scale. Societies have implemented various control measures to reduce transmission of the virus and mitigate its impact. Individual behavioural changes are crucial to the successful implementation of these measures. One commonly recommended measure to limit risk of infection is face covering. It is important to identify those factors that can predict the uptake and maintenance of face covering.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to identify and synthesise the evidence on malleable psychological and psychosocial factors that determine uptake and adherence to face covering aimed at reducing the risk of infection or transmission of COVID-19.

SEARCH METHODS: We searched various literature sources including electronic databases (Medline ALL, Child Development & Adolescent Studies, ERIC, PsycInfo, CINAHL & Web of Science), web searches, conference proceedings, government reports, other repositories of literature and grey literature. The search strategy was built around three concepts of interest including (1) context (terms relating to COVID19), (2) behaviour of interest and (3) terms related to psychological and psychosocial determinants of COVID Health-Related Behaviours and adherence or compliance with face covering, to capture malleable determines. Searches capture studies up until October 2021.

SELECTION CRITERIA: Eligibility criteria included observational studies (both retrospective and prospective) and experimental studies that measure and report malleable psychological and psychosocial determinants and handwashing at an individual level, amongst the general public. Screening was supported by the Cochrane Crowd. Studies titles and abstracts were screened against the eligibility criteria by three independent screeners. Following this, all potentially relevant studies were screened at full-text level by the research team. All conflicts between screeners were resolved by discussion between the core research team.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: All data extraction was managed in EPPI-Reviewer software. All eligible studies, identified through full-text screening were extracted by one author. We extracted data on study information, population, determinant, behaviour and effects. A second author checked data extraction on 20% of all included papers. All conflicts were discussed by the two authors until consensus was reached. We assessed methodological quality of all included studies using an adapted version of the Joanna Briggs Institute Quality appraisal tool for cross-sectional studies.

MAIN RESULTS: Our initial searches yielded 23,587 results, of which 23 were included in this review. The included studies were cross-sectional in design, came from nine countries and had a combined sample of 54,401 participants. The vast majority of studies had samples from the general public, with five of the studies focusing on specific samples. All included studies considered people over the age of 18. The quality of 10 of the studies was rated as unclear, 10 were rated as low, and 3 rated high risk of bias, predominately due to lack of reporting of recruitment, sample characteristics and methodology. Ten studies were included in the meta-analysis and 16 in the narrative synthesis. Findings from the meta-analysis indicated that knowledge of COVID-19 (0.341, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.06, 0.530, I [2] = 100%) was the malleable determinant most associated with face covering behaviour. Perceived susceptibility of COVID-19 (r = 0.088, 95% CI = -0.004, 0.180, I [2] = 80%) and COVID-related worry and anxiety (r = 0.064, 95% CI = -0.066, 0.191, I [2] = 93% had little to no effect on face covering behaviour. In the narrative synthesis, the strongest association was found between perceived benefits and effectiveness of behaviours and mask wearing behaviour.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the effects of various malleable determinants on COVID-related face covering can aid in the development and implementation of interventions and public health campaigns to promote face covering behaviour in potential new waves of COVID-19 or other respiratory infections. Knowledge of COVID and perceived benefits of face coverings warrant further consideration in future research and policy.},
}

@article {pmid39035803,
year = {2024},
author = {Gunasegaran, J and Teh, YY and Lim, CK and Ng, SF},
title = {Review on Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Research Advancements on the Use of Medical Gloves Concerning Hand Dermatitis Among Health Care Workers.},
journal = {Safety and health at work},
volume = {15},
number = {2},
pages = {129-138},
pmid = {39035803},
issn = {2093-7911},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a significant surge in glove usage, as recommended by the World Health Organization. Despite efforts to ensure the quality and safety of gloves, glove-associated skin diseases such as hand dermatitis have become ubiquitous, particularly among health care workers. This review discusses the prevalence, causes, and risk factors of hand dermatitis, as well as research efforts in medical gloves in the past decade to overcome glove-related hand dermatitis. Research papers from 2013 to 2022 were reviewed, selecting only 49 relevant papers from the Ovid, PubMed, and Scopus databases. The average prevalence of hand dermatitis among health care workers increased from 21.08% to 37.24% upon the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The cases are likely due to allergies to latex proteins, rubber additives, and accelerators commonly found in gloves. Using alternatives to latex gloves, such as accelerator-free and latex-free glove options, can help reduce allergy-induced hand dermatitis. Strict hand hygiene practices, such as frequent hand washing and the use of sanitizers, are also contributing factors in contracting hand dermatitis. Over the past decade, glove research advancements have focused mainly on reducing or immobilizing latex proteins. These include the use of biodegradable dialdehyde, sodium alginate, arctigenin, bromelain, papain, UV-LED, prototype photoreactors, and structure-modified nanosilica with silane A174. Two effective hand dermatitis preventive measures, i.e. an additional layer of glove liners and the use of gentle alcohol-based hand sanitizer, were recommended. These advancements represent promising steps towards mitigating hand dermatitis risks associated with glove usage.},
}

@article {pmid39035623,
year = {2024},
author = {Cavaillon, JM and Chousterman, BG and Skirecki, T},
title = {Compartmentalization of the inflammatory response during bacterial sepsis and severe COVID-19.},
journal = {Journal of intensive medicine},
volume = {4},
number = {3},
pages = {326-340},
pmid = {39035623},
issn = {2667-100X},
abstract = {Acute infections cause local and systemic disorders which can lead in the most severe forms to multi-organ failure and eventually to death. The host response to infection encompasses a large spectrum of reactions with a concomitant activation of the so-called inflammatory response aimed at fighting the infectious agent and removing damaged tissues or cells, and the anti-inflammatory response aimed at controlling inflammation and initiating the healing process. Fine-tuning at the local and systemic levels is key to preventing local and remote injury due to immune system activation. Thus, during bacterial sepsis and Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), concomitant systemic and compartmentalized pro-inflammatory and compensatory anti-inflammatory responses are occurring. Immune cells (e.g., macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and T-lymphocytes), as well as endothelial cells, differ from one compartment to another and contribute to specific organ responses to sterile and microbial insult. Furthermore, tissue-specific microbiota influences the local and systemic response. A better understanding of the tissue-specific immune status, the organ immunity crosstalk, and the role of specific mediators during sepsis and COVID-19 can foster the development of more accurate biomarkers for better diagnosis and prognosis and help to define appropriate host-targeted treatments and vaccines in the context of precision medicine.},
}

@article {pmid39035613,
year = {2024},
author = {Ntziora, F and Giannitsioti, E},
title = {Bloodstream infections in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic: Changing epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in the intensive care unit.},
journal = {Journal of intensive medicine},
volume = {4},
number = {3},
pages = {269-280},
pmid = {39035613},
issn = {2667-100X},
abstract = {The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic increased the burden of critically ill patients who required hospitalization in the intensive care unit (ICU). Bacterial and fungal co-infections, including bloodstream infections (BSIs), increased significantly in ICU patients with COVID-19; this had a significant negative impact on patient outcomes. Reported data pertaining to BSI episodes from the ICU setting during the COVID-19 pandemic were collected and analyzed for this narrative review. We searched the PubMed database for articles published between March 2020 and October 2023; the terms "COVID-19" AND "bloodstream infections" AND "ICU" were used for the search. A total of 778 articles were retrieved; however, only 27 were exclusively related to BSIs in ICU patients with COVID-19. Data pertaining to the epidemiological characteristics, risk factors, characteristics of bacterial and fungal BSIs, patterns of antimicrobial resistance, and comparisons between ICU and non-ICU patients during and before the COVID-19 pandemic were obtained. Data on antimicrobial stewardship and infection-control policies were also included. The rates of BSI were found to have increased among ICU patients with COVID-19 than in non-COVID-19 patients and those admitted during the pre-pandemic period. Male gender, 60-70 years of age, increased body mass index, high Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores at admission, prolonged hospital and ICU stay, use of central lines, invasive ventilation, and receipt of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were all defined as risk factors for BSI. The use of immune modulators for COVID-19 appeared to increase the risk of BSI; however, the available data are conflicting. Overall, Enterococci, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Candida spp. emerged as prominent infecting organisms during the pandemic; along with Enterobacterales and Pseudomonas aeruginosa they had a significant impact on mortality. Multidrug-resistant organisms prevailed in the ICU, especially if antimicrobial resistance was established before the COVID-19 pandemic and were significantly associated with increased mortality rates. The unnecessary and widespread use of antibiotics further increased the prevalence of multidrug-resistant organisms during COVID-19. Notably, the data indicated a significant increase in contaminants in blood cultures; this highlighted the decline in compliance with infection-control measures, especially during the initial waves of the pandemic. The implementation of infection-control policies along with antibiotic stewardship succeeded in significantly reducing the rates of blood contamination and BSI pathogens. BSIs considerably worsened outcomes in patients with COVID-19 who were admitted to ICUs. Further studies are needed to evaluate adequate preventive and control measures that may increase preparedness for the future.},
}

@article {pmid39035595,
year = {2024},
author = {AlQassab, O and Kanthajan, T and Pandey, M and Francis, AJ and Sreenivasan, C and Parikh, A and Nwosu, M},
title = {Evaluating the Impact of Telemedicine on Diabetes Management in Rural Communities: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {16},
number = {7},
pages = {e64928},
pmid = {39035595},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Telemedicine is the delivery of healthcare services using information and communication technologies to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of telemedicine, transforming how healthcare is delivered, especially in remote and underserved areas. Despite its potential, no systematic reviews have been conducted in the last five years to assess the effectiveness of telemedicine for managing diabetes in rural populations. This review addresses this gap by evaluating studies on telemedicine's impact on glycemic control among diabetic patients in these settings. We searched five databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, ClinicalTrials.gov, ScienceDirect, and Science.gov, covering studies published in the last five years. Of the 331 articles identified, 10 met our inclusion criteria: English-language studies from the past five years involving adults in rural areas or comparing rural and urban settings, focusing on telemedicine's impact on glycemic control in diabetic patients. In many studies, the findings revealed that telemedicine interventions integrated into structured programs significantly improved HbA1c levels. Successful implementation requires local infrastructure and consistent patient-provider interactions, although increased healthcare provider workloads may affect sustainability. Telemedicine alone was less effective for patients with complex comorbidities, suggesting that a combined approach with in-person visits may be more effective. This review highlights telemedicine's potential to replace routine in-person visits for diabetes management in rural areas, demonstrating significant improvements in HbA1c levels, medication adherence, and timely care management support. Future research should focus on randomized controlled trials in rural settings, hybrid care models that optimize in-person visit frequency and remote monitoring, and addressing technological challenges such as broadband access and platform usability to ensure sustainable telehealth interventions.},
}

@article {pmid39034185,
year = {2024},
author = {Izadi, A and Nordenfelt, P},
title = {Protective non-neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies.},
journal = {Trends in immunology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.it.2024.06.003},
pmid = {39034185},
issn = {1471-4981},
abstract = {Recent studies show an important role for non-neutralizing anti-spike antibodies, including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), in robustly protecting against SARS-CoV-2 infection. These mAbs use Fc-mediated functions such as complement activation, phagocytosis, and cellular cytotoxicity. There is an untapped potential for using non-neutralizing mAbs in durable antibody treatments; because of their available conserved epitopes, they may not be as sensitive to virus mutations as neutralizing mAbs. Here, we discuss evidence of non-neutralizing mAb-mediated protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. We explore how non-neutralizing mAb Fc-mediated functions can be enhanced via novel antibody-engineering techniques. Important questions remain to be answered regarding the characteristics of protective non-neutralizing mAbs, including the models and assays used for study, the risks of ensuing detrimental inflammation, as well as the durability and mechanisms of protection.},
}

@article {pmid39034055,
year = {2024},
author = {Chatterjee, AK},
title = {Discovery of novel anti-infective agents.},
journal = {Advances in pharmacology (San Diego, Calif.)},
volume = {100},
number = {},
pages = {39-117},
doi = {10.1016/bs.apha.2024.05.001},
pmid = {39034055},
issn = {1557-8925},
mesh = {Humans ; *Drug Discovery ; *Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use/chemistry ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use ; },
abstract = {Academic and other non-profit institutions have a long-term vision to improve human health where commercial interests can be limited for profit organizations. Medicinal chemistry to these diseases with no commercial benefit needs is well suited in the academic environment and this chapter outlines some work conducted at Calibr-Skaggs around antibiotic drug development that has led to initiation of multiple clinical trials over the last decade.},
}

Humans
*Drug Discovery
*Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use/chemistry
Animals
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use

@article {pmid39034054,
year = {2024},
author = {Jolly, KJ and Zhang, F},
title = {IVT-mRNA reprogramming of myeloid cells for cancer immunotherapy.},
journal = {Advances in pharmacology (San Diego, Calif.)},
volume = {100},
number = {},
pages = {247-288},
doi = {10.1016/bs.apha.2024.04.004},
pmid = {39034054},
issn = {1557-8925},
mesh = {Humans ; *Neoplasms/therapy/immunology/genetics ; *Immunotherapy/methods ; *Myeloid Cells/metabolism/immunology ; *RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; COVID-19/immunology/therapy ; mRNA Vaccines ; COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology ; },
abstract = {In the past decade, in vitro transcribed messenger RNAs (IVT-mRNAs) have emerged as promising therapeutic molecules. The clinical success of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines developed by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna, have demonstrated that IVT-mRNAs can be safely and successfully used in a clinical setting, and efforts are underway to develop IVT-mRNAs for therapeutic applications. Current applications of mRNA-based therapy have been focused on (1) mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases and cancer treatment; (2) protein replacement therapy; (3) gene editing therapy; and (4) cell-reprogramming therapies. Due to the recent clinical progress of cell-based immunotherapies, the last direction-the use of IVT-mRNAs as a therapeutic approach to program immune cells for the treatment of cancer has received extensive attention from the cancer immunotherapy field. Myeloid cells are important components of our immune system, and they play critical roles in mediating disease progression and regulating immunity against diseases. In this chapter, we discussed the progress of using IVT-mRNAs as a therapeutic approach to program myeloid cells against cancer and other immune-related diseases. Towards this direction, we first reviewed the pharmacology of IVT-mRNAs and the biology of myeloid cells as well as myeloid cell-targeting therapeutics. We then presented a few cases of current IVT-mRNA-based approaches to target and reprogram myeloid cells for disease treatment and discussed the advantages and limitations of these approaches. Finally, we presented our considerations in designing mRNA-based approaches to target myeloid cells for disease treatment.},
}

Humans
*Neoplasms/therapy/immunology/genetics
*Immunotherapy/methods
*Myeloid Cells/metabolism/immunology
*RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism
Animals
COVID-19/immunology/therapy
mRNA Vaccines
COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology

@article {pmid39034050,
year = {2024},
author = {Liyanage, W and Kale, N and Kannan, S and Kannan, RM},
title = {Journey from lab to clinic: Design, preclinical, and clinical development of systemic, targeted dendrimer-N-acetylcysteine (D-NAC) nanomedicines.},
journal = {Advances in pharmacology (San Diego, Calif.)},
volume = {100},
number = {},
pages = {119-155},
doi = {10.1016/bs.apha.2024.05.003},
pmid = {39034050},
issn = {1557-8925},
mesh = {*Dendrimers/chemistry ; *Acetylcysteine/pharmacology/therapeutic use/chemistry ; Humans ; Animals ; *Nanomedicine/methods ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Drug Delivery Systems/methods ; Drug Development/methods ; },
abstract = {Drug discovery is challenging task with numerous obstacles in translating drug candidates into clinical products. Dendrimers are highly adaptable nanostructured polymers with significant potential to improve the chances of clinical success for drugs. Yet, dendrimer-based drug products are still in their infancy. However, Hydroxyl polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers showed significant promise in drug discovery efforts, owning their remarkable potential to selectively target and deliver drugs specifically to activated microglia and astrocytes at the site of brain injury in several preclinical models. After a decade's worth of academic research and pre-clinical efforts, the hydroxyl PAMAM dendrimer-N-acetyl cysteine conjugate (OP-101) nanomedicine has made a significant advancement in the field of nanomedicine and targeted delivery. The OP-101 conjugate, primarily developed and validated in academic labs, has now entered clinical trials as a potential treatment for hyperinflammation in hospitalized adults with severe COVID-19 through Ashvattha Therapeutics. This chapter, we delve into the journey of the hydroxyl PAMAM dendrimer-N-acetylcysteine (NAC) OP-101 formulation from the laboratory to the clinic. It will specifically focus on the design, synthesis, preclinical, and clinical development of OP-101, highlighting the potential it holds for the future of medicine and the positive Phase 2a results for treating severe COVID-19.},
}

*Dendrimers/chemistry
*Acetylcysteine/pharmacology/therapeutic use/chemistry
Humans
Animals
*Nanomedicine/methods
COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Drug Delivery Systems/methods
Drug Development/methods

@article {pmid39033952,
year = {2024},
author = {Alexovič, M and Bondarchuk, T and Uličná, C and Sabo, J},
title = {Blood proteomics of COVID-19 infection: An update.},
journal = {Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry},
volume = {562},
number = {},
pages = {119881},
doi = {10.1016/j.cca.2024.119881},
pmid = {39033952},
issn = {1873-3492},
abstract = {Despite significant progress in understanding SARS-CoV-2 and its impact, a deeper comprehension of the molecular changes in the host following infection is still lacking. Proteomic analysis of COVID-19 infected patients can provide valuable data about the events and mechanisms related to the initial, progression, and terminal stages of the disease. Such information can lead to better prevention, treatment, and convalescence strategies. In this review, we discuss blood proteomic studies based on mass spectrometry in COVID-19 patients. The analysis focuses on various blood components including plasma, platelets, serum, red blood cells, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Scientific papers published since 2022 are covered, with approaches categorised based on whether they use in-gel, in-solution, or on-beads/on-filter digestion modes. Additionally, candidate protein biomarkers related to COVID-19 are surveyed and discussed.},
}

@article {pmid38967233,
year = {2024},
author = {Brewitz, L and Schofield, CJ},
title = {Fixing the Achilles Heel of Pfizer's Paxlovid for COVID-19 Treatment.},
journal = {Journal of medicinal chemistry},
volume = {67},
number = {14},
pages = {11656-11661},
doi = {10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01342},
pmid = {38967233},
issn = {1520-4804},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; *SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; *Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; Ritonavir/therapeutic use ; Coronavirus 3C Proteases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Indazoles/therapeutic use ; Lactams ; Leucine ; Nitriles ; Proline ; },
abstract = {Nirmatrelvir (PF-07321332), a first-in-class inhibitor of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease (M[pro]), was developed by Pfizer under intense pressure during the pandemic to treat COVID-19. A weakness of nirmatrelvir is its limited metabolic stability, which led to the development of a combination therapy (paxlovid), involving coadministration of nirmatrelvir with the cytochrome P450 inhibitor ritonavir. However, limitations in tolerability of the ritonavir component reduce the scope of paxlovid. In response to these limitations, researchers at Pfizer have now developed the second-generation M[pro] inhibitor PF-07817883 (ibuzatrelvir). Structurally related to nirmatrelvir, including with the presence of a trifluoromethyl group, albeit located differently, ibuzatrelvir manifests enhanced oral bioavailability, so it does not require coadministration with ritonavir. The development of ibuzatrelvir is an important milestone, because it is expected to enhance the treatment of COVID-19 without the drawbacks associated with ritonavir. Given the success of paxlovid in treating COVID-19, it is likely that ibuzatrelvir will be granted approval as an improved drug for treatment of COVID-19 infections, so complementing vaccination efforts and improving pandemic preparedness. The development of nirmatrelvir and ibuzatrelvir dramatically highlights the power of appropriately resourced modern medicinal chemistry to very rapidly enable the development of breakthrough medicines. Consideration of how analogous approaches can be used to develop similarly breakthrough medicines for infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and malaria is worthwhile.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
*Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology
Ritonavir/therapeutic use
Coronavirus 3C Proteases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism
Indazoles/therapeutic use
Lactams
Leucine
Nitriles
Proline

@article {pmid38466831,
year = {2024},
author = {Melo, RCN and Silva, TP},
title = {Eosinophil activation during immune responses: an ultrastructural view with an emphasis on viral diseases.},
journal = {Journal of leukocyte biology},
volume = {116},
number = {2},
pages = {321-334},
doi = {10.1093/jleuko/qiae058},
pmid = {38466831},
issn = {1938-3673},
support = {406019/2021-5//Lemann Foundation/ ; APQ-02930-21//Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Eosinophils/immunology/ultrastructure ; *Virus Diseases/immunology/pathology ; Animals ; Mitochondria/ultrastructure/immunology ; },
abstract = {Eosinophils are cells of the innate immune system that orchestrate complex inflammatory responses. The study of the cell biology of eosinophils, particularly associated with cell activation, is of great interest to understand their immune responses. From a morphological perspective, activated eosinophils show ultrastructural signatures that have provided critical insights into the comprehension of their functional capabilities. Application of conventional transmission electron microscopy in combination with quantitative assessments (quantitative transmission electron microscopy), molecular imaging (immunoEM), and 3-dimensional electron tomography have generated important insights into mechanisms of eosinophil activation. This review explores a multitude of ultrastructural events taking place in eosinophils activated in vitro and in vivo as key players in allergic and inflammatory diseases, with an emphasis on viral infections. Recent progress in our understanding of biological processes underlying eosinophil activation, including in vivo mitochondrial remodeling, is discussed, and it can bring new thinking to the field.},
}

Humans
*Eosinophils/immunology/ultrastructure
*Virus Diseases/immunology/pathology
Animals
Mitochondria/ultrastructure/immunology

@article {pmid38422192,
year = {2024},
author = {Thakar, A and Panara, K and Goyal, M and Kumari, R and Sungchol, K},
title = {Ayush [Indian System of Medicines] Prophylaxis Against COVID-19: A Living Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Second Update).},
journal = {Journal of integrative and complementary medicine},
volume = {30},
number = {7},
pages = {602-619},
doi = {10.1089/jicm.2023.0357},
pmid = {38422192},
issn = {2768-3613},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; *Medicine, Ayurvedic ; *Pandemics/prevention & control ; India/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control/epidemiology ; Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control/epidemiology ; Betacoronavirus/drug effects ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; },
abstract = {Background: Ayush (Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy) system of medicine has been extensively used in India for the prevention and management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The present report is the second update of a living systematic review and meta-analysis and has been intended to assess the preventive potential and safety of Ayush drugs against COVID-19. Methods: A search of databases such as PubMed, the Cochrane central register of controlled trials, the World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 database, the clinical trial registry-India, the AYUSH research portal, and preprint repositories was performed till March 1, 2023. Randomized controlled trials or analytical observational studies were included. Incidences of COVID-19 infections and mortality were taken as primary outcome measures; and symptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, incidences of hospital admissions, and adverse events were taken as secondary outcomes. The risk of bias was evaluated by version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB-2) and the Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies-of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool. Data were synthesized through the RevMan 5.4 tool, and the certainty of the evidence was ranked through the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Results: Out of 2350 articles, 15 studies were included in the review. The pooled estimate of Guduchi [Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers], Chyawanprasha, and Ayuraksha kit was obtained. Meta-analysis of the data suggested that Guduchi may reduce the incidences of COVID-19 infections (risk ratio [RR]: 0.67 [95% confidence interval, CI: 0.48-0.95]) and the symptom development among the infected (RR: 0.88 [95% CI: 0.73-1.08]), however, no change was observed in hospital admissions (RR: 0.96 [95% CI: 0.20-4.53]). It is uncertain that Chyawanprasha reduces the incidence of COVID-19 infection (RR: 0.28; [95% CI: 0.07-1.08]). Ayuraksha kit as chemoprophylaxis may reduce the incidences of COVID-19 infections (RR: 0.49; [95% CI: 0.32-0.77]). The certainty of the evidence was low to moderate mainly due to the serious risk of bias. Conclusion: Prophylactic use of Ayush medicines for populations at risk may help to prevent COVID-19 infection by reducing incidence and severity. However, considering the certainty and fewer studies, high-quality studies are still desired to confirm the efficacy and safety of Ayush chemoprophylaxis for COVID-19. Nevertheless, this update will serve as a torchbearer for policymakers, physicians, and other stakeholders for their decision-making through evidence-based medicine.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology
*SARS-CoV-2
*Medicine, Ayurvedic
*Pandemics/prevention & control
India/epidemiology
Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control/epidemiology
Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control/epidemiology
Betacoronavirus/drug effects
COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

@article {pmid38334843,
year = {2024},
author = {Safari, H and Ajudani, R and Savaie, M and Babadi, AJ and Alizadeh, P},
title = {Intracerebral hemorrhage in methanol toxicity patients during COVID-19 pandemic: case report and review of literature.},
journal = {Forensic toxicology},
volume = {42},
number = {2},
pages = {242-247},
pmid = {38334843},
issn = {1860-8965},
mesh = {Humans ; *Methanol/poisoning ; *COVID-19/complications ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Female ; *Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Cerebral Hemorrhage/chemically induced/diagnostic imaging ; Putaminal Hemorrhage/chemically induced/diagnostic imaging/pathology ; Unconsciousness/chemically induced ; Aged ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to examine the clinical and imaging manifestations of methanol toxicity during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to review existing studies on this topic. The most common cause of methanol intoxication is methanol-adulterated liquor. The primary metabolite of methanol, formic acid, is responsible for pathological changes. Symptoms typically present within 6-24 h of consumption and can include visual disturbances, acute neurological symptoms, and gastrointestinal issues. During the initial year of the COVID-19 pandemic, methanol poisoning cases increased significantly.

METHODS: In this study, We present six different patients with methanol intoxication and their clinical and imaging features.

RESULTS: In the literature review, the most common clinical presentation was loss of consciousness and obtundation and the other was vision loss. CT scan findings showed bilateral putaminal necrosis and hemorrhage in 55% of methanol toxicity patients.

CONCLUSION: Methanol intoxication, causing bilateral putaminal involvement and a 50% mortality rate in intracerebral hemorrhage patients, warrants urgent toxicological analysis due to potential putaminal hemorrhage.},
}

Humans
*Methanol/poisoning
*COVID-19/complications
Male
Middle Aged
Adult
Female
*Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Cerebral Hemorrhage/chemically induced/diagnostic imaging
Putaminal Hemorrhage/chemically induced/diagnostic imaging/pathology
Unconsciousness/chemically induced
Aged

@article {pmid35092718,
year = {2022},
author = {Papadopoulos, KI and Sutheesophon, W and Aw, TC},
title = {The influence of renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and erythropoietin (EPO) on COVID-19 complications.},
journal = {Chemico-biological interactions},
volume = {354},
number = {},
pages = {109834},
pmid = {35092718},
issn = {1872-7786},
mesh = {Humans ; *Erythropoietin/metabolism ; *Renin-Angiotensin System/drug effects ; *COVID-19/virology ; *Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism/genetics ; *Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Certain aspects of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) have eluded deserved attention such as the role of erythropoietin (EPO) and nitric oxide (NO) both of which appear to significantly modulate COVID-19 disease course. Furthermore, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) genetic polymorphisms additionally impact on EPO and NO homeostasis and have extensive implications on pharmacological disease management.},
}

Humans
*Erythropoietin/metabolism
*Renin-Angiotensin System/drug effects
*COVID-19/virology
*Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism/genetics
*Nitric Oxide/metabolism
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid34958232,
year = {2022},
author = {Kapnick, SM},
title = {The Nanoparticle-Enabled Success of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines and the Promise of Microneedle Platforms for Pandemic Vaccine Response.},
journal = {DNA and cell biology},
volume = {41},
number = {1},
pages = {25-29},
pmid = {34958232},
issn = {1557-7430},
mesh = {*COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage ; Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Nanoparticles/chemistry ; *mRNA Vaccines ; *Pandemics/prevention & control ; Needles ; Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology/administration & dosage ; Viral Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage ; Betacoronavirus/immunology ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology/genetics ; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Liposomes ; },
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) public health crisis has reached critical mass, but interdisciplinary research efforts have provided the global community with the first effective medical intervention to fight the pandemic-COVID-19 vaccines. Two of the vaccines approved for use in the United States and Europe deliver nucleic acid in the form of mRNA, the success of which would not be possible without biomaterials. Lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-based mRNA vaccines, discussed in this perspective, protect nucleic acids from degradation and deliver cargo directly to the intracellular compartment of cells where it is translated into the antigenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein that triggers protective immune responses. Despite success of LNP-based mRNA vaccines thus far, the pandemic has highlighted the need for emerging technologies that enable rapid development and increased accessibility to vaccination. Microneedle arrays, also discussed in this study, provide features that could lower barriers to vaccine access in resource-poor regions. The ability to exchange antigens within arrays could also facilitate swift vaccine deployment as public health needs evolve (e.g., in response to SARS-CoV-2 variants or entirely new pathogens). Therefore, the COVID-19 pandemic has spotlighted the readiness and value of biomaterials for the prevention and management of disease outbreaks.},
}

*COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage
Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*Nanoparticles/chemistry
*mRNA Vaccines
*Pandemics/prevention & control
Needles
Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology/administration & dosage
Viral Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage
Betacoronavirus/immunology
Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology/genetics
Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
Liposomes

@article {pmid34941449,
year = {2022},
author = {Tan, J},
title = {Clonal Wars: Monoclonal Antibodies Against Infectious Pathogens.},
journal = {DNA and cell biology},
volume = {41},
number = {1},
pages = {34-37},
pmid = {34941449},
issn = {1557-7430},
mesh = {Humans ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology/therapeutic use ; *COVID-19/immunology/prevention & control ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology ; Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology/therapeutic use ; },
abstract = {Monoclonal antibodies are coming of age as powerful tools for the prevention of infectious diseases. In recent years, the rate of antibody discovery has accelerated, and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has shone a spotlight on the role of these antibodies in combating pathogens. However, questions remain about the utility of monoclonal antibodies, especially when effective vaccines are also available. In this article, I discuss the role of monoclonal antibodies and briefly describe the effort to identify potent human monoclonal antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), including our study on bispecific antibodies that neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.},
}

Humans
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology/therapeutic use
*COVID-19/immunology/prevention & control
Antibodies, Viral/immunology
Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology/therapeutic use

@article {pmid34798775,
year = {2021},
author = {Gao, K and Wang, R and Chen, J and Tepe, JJ and Huang, F and Wei, GW},
title = {Perspectives on SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitors.},
journal = {Journal of medicinal chemistry},
volume = {64},
number = {23},
pages = {16922-16955},
pmid = {34798775},
issn = {1520-4804},
support = {R01 GM126189/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; Humans ; *Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Coronavirus 3C Proteases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; *Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology/chemistry ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Animals ; },
abstract = {The main protease (M[pro]) plays a crucial role in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) replication and is highly conserved, rendering it one of the most attractive therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2 inhibition. Currently, although two drug candidates targeting SARS-CoV-2 M[pro] designed by Pfizer are under clinical trials, no SARS-CoV-2 medication is approved due to the long period of drug development. Here, we collect a comprehensive list of 817 available SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV M[pro] inhibitors from the literature or databases and analyze their molecular mechanisms of action. The structure-activity relationships (SARs) among each series of inhibitors are discussed. Additionally, we broadly examine available antiviral activity, ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity), and animal tests of these inhibitors. We comment on their druggability or drawbacks that prevent them from becoming drugs. This Perspective sheds light on the future development of M[pro] inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 and future coronavirus diseases.},
}

*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
Humans
*Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/chemistry
*Coronavirus 3C Proteases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism
Structure-Activity Relationship
*Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology/chemistry
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Animals

@article {pmid34784802,
year = {2021},
author = {Visacri, MB and Nicoletti, AS and Pincinato, EC and Loren, P and Saavedra, N and Saavedra, K and Salazar, LA and Moriel, P},
title = {Role of miRNAs as biomarkers of COVID-19: a scoping review of the status and future directions for research in this field.},
journal = {Biomarkers in medicine},
volume = {15},
number = {18},
pages = {1785-1795},
pmid = {34784802},
issn = {1752-0371},
support = {Finance Code 001 and 88881.504454/2020-01//Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES)/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/genetics/diagnosis/virology ; *MicroRNAs/genetics ; *Biomarkers/metabolism ; *SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; Animals ; },
abstract = {Aim: miRNAs are potential biomarkers of several diseases. This review aimed to identify the miRNAs that could serve as biomarkers of COVID-19. Materials & methods: A literature search of nine databases was carried out for studies published before 13 June 2021 that described dysregulated miRNAs in cells or animals infected by SARS-CoV-2 or in patients with COVID-19. Two independent reviewers selected the studies and extracted data; disagreements were resolved by a third reviewer. Results: Twenty studies were included in this scoping review; results suggested that miR-21-5p, miR-146a, miR-126-3p, miR-144 and miR-155 are the most important dysregulated miRNAs that could serve as biomarkers for diagnosing and indicating the severity of COVID-19. miRNAs appear to play key roles in viral replication, proliferation of infected cells, immune response, inflammation and cardiovascular dysfunction. Conclusion: This review provides insights into the role of miRNAs as biomarkers in COVID-19 and the current status and future directions for research in this field.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/genetics/diagnosis/virology
*MicroRNAs/genetics
*Biomarkers/metabolism
*SARS-CoV-2/genetics
Animals

@article {pmid34738119,
year = {2021},
author = {Furlani, B and Kouter, K and Rozman, D and Videtič Paska, A},
title = {Sequencing of Nucleic Acids: from the First Human Genome to Next Generation Sequencing in {COVID}-
19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Acta chimica Slovenica},
volume = {68},
number = {2},
pages = {268-278},
pmid = {34738119},
issn = {1580-3155},
mesh = {Humans ; *High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods ; *COVID-19/virology/diagnosis/epidemiology ; *Genome, Human ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {Despite being around for more than 40 years, DNA sequencing is regarded as young technology in clinical medicine. As sequencing is becoming cheaper, faster and more accurate, it is rapidly being incorporated into clinical laboratories. In 2003, the completion of the first human genome opened the door to personalized medicine. Ever since it has been expected for genomics to widely impact clinical care and public health. However, many years can pass for genomic discoveries to reflect back and benefit the patients. DNA sequencing represents a less biased approach to diagnostics. It is not only a diagnostic tool, but can also influence clinical management and therapy. As new technologies rapidly emerge it is important for researchers and health professionals to have basic knowledge about the capabilities and drawbacks of the existing sequencing methods, and their use in clinical setting and research. This review provides an overview of nucleic acid sequencing technologies from historical perspective and later focuses on clinical utilization of sequencing. Some of the most promising areas are presented with selected examples from Slovenian researchers.},
}

Humans
*High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods
*COVID-19/virology/diagnosis/epidemiology
*Genome, Human
SARS-CoV-2/genetics
Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods
Pandemics

@article {pmid34617444,
year = {2021},
author = {Saad, K and Salama, S and Horvatovich, P and Al Maadheed, M and Georgakopoulos, C},
title = {Olympic anti-doping laboratory: the analytical technological road from 2016 Rio De Janeiro to 2021 Tokyo.},
journal = {Bioanalysis},
volume = {13},
number = {19},
pages = {1511-1527},
doi = {10.4155/bio-2021-0157},
pmid = {34617444},
issn = {1757-6199},
mesh = {*Doping in Sports/prevention & control ; Humans ; *Laboratories ; Tokyo ; Substance Abuse Detection/methods ; Brazil ; Sports ; },
abstract = {The summer Olympic Games is the major mega sports event since the first modern era Olympiad, held in Athens, Greece in 1896. International Olympic Committee (IOC) has the responsibility of the organization of the summer and winter Games ensuring the broadcast in all corners of earth. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is the responsible organization of the fight against doping in sports. IOC and WADA support the event's country WADA Accredited Laboratory to incorporate the maximum of the new analytical technologies to become applicable during the event's antidoping testing. The current study reviewed the last 5 years progresses of the antidoping system with emphasis on the laboratory field.},
}

*Doping in Sports/prevention & control
Humans
*Laboratories
Tokyo
Substance Abuse Detection/methods
Brazil
Sports

@article {pmid34601088,
year = {2021},
author = {Sim, C and Lamanna, E and Cirnigliaro, F and Lam, M},
title = {Beyond TGFβ1 - novel treatment strategies targeting lung fibrosis.},
journal = {The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology},
volume = {141},
number = {},
pages = {106090},
doi = {10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106090},
pmid = {34601088},
issn = {1878-5875},
mesh = {Humans ; *Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism ; *Pulmonary Fibrosis/drug therapy/pathology/metabolism ; Animals ; COVID-19/pathology/virology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Fibrosis is a key feature of chronic lung diseases and occurs as a consequence of aberrant wound healing. TGFβ1 plays a major role in promoting fibrosis and is the primary target of current treatments that slow, but do not halt or reverse the progression of disease. Accumulating evidence suggests that additional mechanisms, including excessive airway contraction, inflammation and infections including COVID-19, can contribute to fibrosis. This review summarises experimental and clinical studies assessing the potential beneficial effects of novel drugs that possess a unique suite of complementary actions to oppose contraction, inflammation and remodelling, along with evidence that they also limit fibrosis. Translation of these promising findings is critical for the repurposing and development of improved therapeutics for fibrotic lung diseases.},
}

Humans
*Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
*Pulmonary Fibrosis/drug therapy/pathology/metabolism
Animals
COVID-19/pathology/virology
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid34546143,
year = {2021},
author = {Herbert, E and Fournier, D and Al-Shaqha, WM and Chahine, M},
title = {The myocardial and neuronal infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 and detrimental outcomes.},
journal = {Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology},
volume = {99},
number = {11},
pages = {1128-1136},
doi = {10.1139/cjpp-2021-0390},
pmid = {34546143},
issn = {1205-7541},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/virology/immunology ; *SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity ; *Nervous System Diseases/virology/etiology ; Neurons/virology/pathology ; Cardiovascular Diseases/virology/etiology ; Myocardium/pathology ; Heart/virology/physiopathology ; },
abstract = {The epidemiological outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), alias COVID-19, began in Wuhan, Hubei, China, in late December and eventually turned into a pandemic that has led to over 3.71 million deaths and over 173 million infected cases worldwide. In addition to respiratory manifestations, COVID-19 patients with neurological and myocardial dysfunctions exhibit a higher risk of in-hospital mortality. The immune function tends to be affected by cardiovascular risk factors and is thus indirectly related to the prognosis of COVID-19 patients. Many neurological symptoms and manifestations have been reported in COVID-19 patients; however, detailed descriptions on the prevalence and characteristic features of these symptoms are restricted due to insufficient data. It is thus advisable for clinicians to be vigilant for both cardiovascular and neurological manifestations to detect them at an early stage to avoid inappropriate management of COVID-19 and to address the manifestations adequately. Patients with severe COVID-19 are notably more susceptible to developing cardiovascular and neurological complications than non-severe COVID-19 patients. This review focuses on the consequential outcomes of COVID-19 on cardiovascular and neuronal functions, including other influencing factors.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/virology/immunology
*SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
*Nervous System Diseases/virology/etiology
Neurons/virology/pathology
Cardiovascular Diseases/virology/etiology
Myocardium/pathology
Heart/virology/physiopathology

@article {pmid34546123,
year = {2021},
author = {Chammas, J and Delaney, D and Chabaytah, N and Abdulkarim, S and Schwertani, A},
title = {COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system: insights into effects and treatments.},
journal = {Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology},
volume = {99},
number = {11},
pages = {1119-1127},
doi = {10.1139/cjpp-2021-0093},
pmid = {34546123},
issn = {1205-7541},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/immunology/therapy/epidemiology ; *Cardiovascular Diseases/therapy/etiology ; *Cardiovascular System/virology/physiopathology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/immunology/etiology ; },
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an acute and highly transmissible infectious disease, has reached a pandemic level since 11 March 2020 and continues to challenge the healthcare system worldwide. The pathogenesis of COVID-19 is a complex process involving mechanisms that suppress the host antiviral and innate immune response, while triggering marked activation of coagulation and hyperinflammation leading to cytokine storm in severe COVID-19. This review summarizes current evidence related to COVID-19-associated cardiovascular severe illness and mortality, which encompasses life-threatening clinical manifestations, including myocardial injury, fulminant myocarditis, cardiac arrhythmia, and ischemic stroke. The onset of hypercoagulable state is consistent with increased venous thromboembolism including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Thromboembolic manifestations include arterial thrombotic events such as stroke, myocardial infarction, and limb ischemia. Several treatment strategies have been investigated to mitigate COVID-19-associated cardiovascular clinical manifestations. The prevalence of thrombo-inflammatory syndrome and subsequent cardiovascular dysfunction prompted the implementation of antithrombotic therapy and strategies targeting major pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in COVID-19 cytokine storm. The development of new guidelines for effective treatment strategies requires concerted efforts to refine our understanding of the mechanisms underlying cardiovascular disease and large-scale clinical trials to reduce the burden of COVID-19 hospitalization and mortality.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/immunology/therapy/epidemiology
*Cardiovascular Diseases/therapy/etiology
*Cardiovascular System/virology/physiopathology
SARS-CoV-2
COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Cytokine Release Syndrome/immunology/etiology

@article {pmid34530706,
year = {2021},
author = {Dërmaku-Sopjani, M and Sopjani, M},
title = {Interactions between ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 S Protein: Peptide Inhibitors for Potential Drug Developments Against COVID-19.},
journal = {Current protein & peptide science},
volume = {22},
number = {10},
pages = {729-744},
doi = {10.2174/1389203722666210916141924},
pmid = {34530706},
issn = {1875-5550},
mesh = {Humans ; *Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism/antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry ; *SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/metabolism ; *Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism/chemistry ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; *Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use ; *COVID-19/virology/metabolism ; Peptides/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Protein Binding ; Drug Development ; Virus Internalization/drug effects ; },
abstract = {Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) shares some homologies with ACE2. However, they are not inhibited by the same inhibitors, but both are associated primarily with the hypertensive disorder through the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The principal activity of ACE2 is to metabolize Ang II into the vasodilatory Ang-(1-7). The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has brought the ACE2 to the center of attention. This coronavirus uses the host cell ACE2 protein to enter and infect the epithelial cells. In light of the virus's entrance into human cells, the differences in the molecular basis of ACE2 among affected patients may cause their different responses to the virus. Many details about the specific interaction between the viral S protein and ACE2 are already reported. To date, some effective clinically approved vaccines are in use globally, and many others are under development, but no effective specific therapeutic drugs are available against COVID-19. Inhibitors, especially peptide inhibitors, have a great potential to be used for the treatment of COVID-19 and other possible emerging diseases caused by viral pathogens. As a result of the well-known viral protein structures and their host cell targets such as ACE2, antiviral peptides could be appropriately designed and optimized for therapeutic purposes. A better understanding of the structure and pathophysiology of the ACE2 receptor and the interplay between the viral S protein and ACE2 may help to find the solution for the virus treatment. This review summarizes the current understanding of S protein interaction with the ACE2 protein as a potential specific target against SARS-CoV-2 and strategies using peptides against COVID-19.},
}

Humans
*Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism/antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry
*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/metabolism
*Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism/chemistry
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
*Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use
*COVID-19/virology/metabolism
Peptides/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology/therapeutic use
Protein Binding
Drug Development
Virus Internalization/drug effects

@article {pmid34514989,
year = {2021},
author = {Cruz, CAK and Medina, PMB},
title = {Diversity in the Accessory Proteins of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV Betacoronaviruses.},
journal = {Current protein & peptide science},
volume = {22},
number = {10},
pages = {695-715},
doi = {10.2174/1389203722666210910111055},
pmid = {34514989},
issn = {1875-5550},
mesh = {Humans ; *SARS-CoV-2/metabolism ; *Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/genetics ; *Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/genetics/metabolism ; Viral Proteins/metabolism/chemistry/genetics ; COVID-19/virology/metabolism ; Animals ; Coronavirus Infections/virology/drug therapy ; },
abstract = {Along with structural and non-structural proteins, SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV can also express accessory proteins. During the past few years, there have been only a few studies focusing on this set of proteins. Despite available data on these proteins, there are still a lot of questions on the functions of these proteins during infection that must be answered. With these three betacoronaviruses causing outbreaks in humans during the past few years, the need for a thorough understanding of the roles of these proteins is becoming more important and relevant. This review provides a survey of the existing knowledge on the roles of these proteins during infection. In addition to current evidence, a more comprehensive view of the functions of these proteins is presented together with their potential as therapeutic targets, which were determined by using different bioinformatics platforms. This information may help test effective therapeutic regimens against these viruses and in preparing for future pandemics.},
}

Humans
*SARS-CoV-2/metabolism
*Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/genetics
*Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/genetics/metabolism
Viral Proteins/metabolism/chemistry/genetics
COVID-19/virology/metabolism
Animals
Coronavirus Infections/virology/drug therapy

@article {pmid33618635,
year = {2021},
author = {Kheirkhah, AH and Shahcheraghi, SH and Lotfi, M and Lotfi, M and Raeisi, S and Mirani, Z},
title = {Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived-Exosomes as Effective Factors in Reducing Cytokine Storm Symptoms of COVID-19.},
journal = {Protein and peptide letters},
volume = {28},
number = {8},
pages = {945-952},
doi = {10.2174/0929866528666210222150347},
pmid = {33618635},
issn = {1875-5305},
mesh = {*Exosomes/immunology ; Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology ; *Mesenchymal Stem Cells/immunology ; *Cytokine Release Syndrome ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Cytokines/metabolism ; MicroRNAs/genetics ; },
abstract = {Given that conventional therapies are ineffective for COVID-19, obtained exosomes from stem cells have been proposed as a sustainable and effective treatment. Exosomes are subsets with lengths between 30 and 100 nanometers, and they can be secreted by different cells. Exosomes are containing different types of miRNAs, mRNAs, and different proteins. The role of immune system modulation of exosomes of mesenchymal stem cells has been studied and confirmed in more than one study. Exosome miRNAs detect and reduce cytokines that cause cytokine storms such as IL-7, IL-2, IL-6, etc. These miRNAs include miR-21, miR-24, miR-124, miR-145, etc. The risks associated with treatment with exosomes from different cells are relatively small compared to other treatments because transplanted cells do not stimulate the host immune system and also has reduced infection transmission. Due to the ineffectiveness of existing drugs in reducing inflammation and preventing cytokine storms, the use of immune-boosting systems may be suggested as another way to control cytokine storm.},
}

*Exosomes/immunology
Humans
*COVID-19/immunology
*Mesenchymal Stem Cells/immunology
*Cytokine Release Syndrome
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*Cytokines/metabolism
MicroRNAs/genetics

@article {pmid39033414,
year = {2024},
author = {Rodriguez-Hernandez, Y and Horney, JA and Burke, RV},
title = {A Family-Based Approach to Promoting Pediatric Mental Health Recovery in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {American journal of health promotion : AJHP},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {8901171241266610},
doi = {10.1177/08901171241266610},
pmid = {39033414},
issn = {2168-6602},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this scoping review is to identify strategies from existing literature, for school-based professionals to share with parents, that may be used on a family-level to help the recovery from the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on pediatric mental health.

DATA SOURCE: This scoping review consists of a comprehensive PubMed, CINAHL, and Google Scholar database search.

Studies published between 2020 and 2023 that were written in English, originated in the United States, and evaluated pediatric mental health in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic were considered for inclusion in the scoping review.

One researcher independently conducted the PubMed, CINAHL, and Google Scholar literature search. Subsequently, results were reviewed independently by two additional researchers.

RESULTS: Title and abstract review were conducted for 2563 articles. After excluding studies not written in English, studies with international origin, and studies which were not relevant to this scoping review, 101 studies remained for full-text review. After full-text review, 32 studies (31.68%) were deemed relevant and concordant with the inclusion criteria and were included in this scoping review. We identified five prominent themes: 1) maintaining daily life and routines, 2) the importance of physical activity and the pandemic's effect on student athletes' mental health, 3) the use of screen time, 4) the effect of parent and caregiver stress on their children's mental health, and 5) the effect of pandemic-related health disparities and racism on pediatric mental health.

DISCUSSION: This scoping review focused on interventions and practices which can be implemented at the family level to help children and adolescents recover from the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on their mental health.},
}

@article {pmid39032810,
year = {2024},
author = {Kant Mehta, S and Bahadur Pradhan, R},
title = {Phytochemicals in antiviral drug development against human respiratory viruses.},
journal = {Drug discovery today},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {104107},
doi = {10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104107},
pmid = {39032810},
issn = {1878-5832},
abstract = {This review explores the potential antiviral properties of various plant-based compounds, including polyphenols, phytochemicals, and terpenoids. It emphasizes the diverse functionalities of compounds such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), quercetin, griffithsin (GRFT,) resveratrol, linalool, and carvacrol in the context of respiratory virus infections, including SARS-CoV-2. Emphasizing their effectiveness in modulating immune responses, disrupting viral envelopes, and influencing cellular signaling pathways, the review underlines the imperative for thorough research to establish safety and efficacy. Additionally, the review underscores the necessity of well-designed clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy and safety of these compounds as potential antiviral agents. This approach would establish a robust framework for future drug development efforts focused on bolstering host defense mechanisms against human respiratory viral infections.},
}

@article {pmid39032604,
year = {2024},
author = {Soni, S and Antonescu, L and Ro, K and Horowitz, JC and Mebratu, YA and Nho, RS},
title = {Influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and their Impact on Chronic Lung Diseases and Fibrosis - Exploring Therapeutic Options.},
journal = {The American journal of pathology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.ajpath.2024.06.004},
pmid = {39032604},
issn = {1525-2191},
abstract = {Respiratory tract infections represent a significant global public health concern, disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations like children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. RNA viruses, particularly influenza viruses (IVs) and coronaviruses (CoVs), significantly contribute to respiratory illnesses, especially in immunosuppressed and elderly individuals. Influenza A viruses (IAVs) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continue to pose global health threats due to their capacity to cause annual epidemics, with profound implications for public health. Additionally, increasing global life expectancy is influencing the dynamics and outcomes of respiratory viral infections. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which IAVs and SARS-CoV-2 contribute to lung disease progression is therefore crucial. This review aims to comprehensively explore the impact of IAVs and SARS-CoV-2 on chronic lung diseases, with a specific focus on pulmonary fibrosis in the elderly. It also outlines potential preventive and therapeutic strategies and suggests directions for future research.},
}

@article {pmid39032313,
year = {2024},
author = {Officer, A and Pautex, S and Badache, A and Broers, B and Prina, M},
title = {Systematic review on attitudes towards death and dying in adults 50 years and older living in countries with community transmission of COVID-19.},
journal = {Archives of gerontology and geriatrics},
volume = {127},
number = {},
pages = {105573},
doi = {10.1016/j.archger.2024.105573},
pmid = {39032313},
issn = {1872-6976},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored older adults' vulnerability to severe illness or death. Increased public awareness of mortality, with daily reminders of preventive measures, spurred interest in understanding the impact on death-related thoughts. This systematic review analyses existing literature on death attitudes among individuals aged 50 and older during the COVID-19 pandemic and focuses on associated factors.

METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted using the WHO COVID database without any language limit, up until April 2023. The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO and PRISMA guidelines were followed. Included studies were systematically analysed and summarized using a predefined data extraction sheet.

RESULTS: Of the 2297 studies identified, 9 met inclusion criteria. The review showed moderate to high levels of death anxiety during the pandemic, linked to direct health risks from COVID-19 rather than mitigation measures. The impact of health and personal factors on older people's death anxiety was complex, with a range of health and personal factors such as chronic conditions, loss of capacity, loneliness, occupation, and resilience associated with it, suggesting potential intervention avenues.

CONCLUSION: The systematic review shows a significant link between COVID-19 and heightened death anxiety among individuals aged 50 and above. Negative attitudes to death can harm physical and mental health, diminish life satisfaction, increase avoidance behaviour, impair coping mechanism and undermine end-of-life decision making. Findings underscore the need for further research into risk and protective factors (personal, health, and environmental) and the importance of standardized data collection to guide interventions and public health strategies aimed at mitigating death anxiety.},
}

@article {pmid39032263,
year = {2024},
author = {Piñana, JL and Cesaro, S and Mikulska, M and Verweij, PE and Bergeron, A and Neofytos, D and Styczynski, J and Sánchez-Ortega, I and Greco, R and Onida, F and Yakoub-Agha, I and Averbuch, D and Cámara, R and Ljungman, P},
title = {Pitfalls in definitions on respiratory viruses and particularities of Adenovirus infection in hematopoietic cell transplantation patients: Recommendations from the EBMT practice harmonization and guidelines committee.},
journal = {Current research in translational medicine},
volume = {72},
number = {3},
pages = {103461},
doi = {10.1016/j.retram.2024.103461},
pmid = {39032263},
issn = {2452-3186},
abstract = {In 2023, the EBMT Practice harmonization and Guidelines Committee partnered with the EBMT Infection Diseases Working Party (IDWP) to undertake the task of delivering best practice recommendations, aiming to harmonize by expert consensus, the already existing definitions and future epidemiological and clinical studies among centers of the EBMT network. To attain this objective, a group of experts in the field was convened. The workgroup identified and discussed some critical aspects in definitions of community-acquired respiratory viruses (CARV) and adenovirus (ADV) infections in recipient of hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT). The methodology involved literature review and expert consensus. For CARV, expert consensus focused on defining infection severity, infection duration, and establishing criteria for lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD). For ADV, the expert consensus focused on surveillance methods and the definitions of ADV infection, certainty levels of disease, response to treatment, and attributable mortality. This consensus workshop provided indications to EBMT community aimed at facilitating data collection and consistency in the EBMT registry for respiratory viral infectious complications.},
}

@article {pmid37415374,
year = {2024},
author = {Chowdhury, B and Sahoo, BM and Jena, AP and Hiramani, K and Behera, A and Acharya, B},
title = {NOX-2 Inhibitors may be Potential Drug Candidates for the Management of COVID-19 Complications.},
journal = {Current drug research reviews},
volume = {16},
number = {2},
pages = {128-133},
pmid = {37415374},
issn = {2589-9783},
mesh = {Humans ; *NADPH Oxidase 2/metabolism/antagonists & inhibitors ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; *COVID-19 ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; SARS-CoV-2 ; NADPH Oxidases/metabolism/antagonists & inhibitors ; },
abstract = {COVID-19 is an RNA virus that attacks the targeting organs, which express angiotensin- converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2), such as the lungs, heart, renal system, and gastrointestinal tract. The virus that enters the cell by endocytosis triggers ROS production within the confines of endosomes via a NOX-2 containing NADPH-oxidase. Various isoforms of NADPH oxidase are expressed in airways and alveolar epithelial cells, endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, and inflammatory cells, such as alveolar macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and Tlymphocytes. The key NOX isoform expressed in macrophages and neutrophils is the NOX-2 oxidase, whereas, in airways and alveolar epithelial cells, it appears to be NOX-1 and NOX-2. The respiratory RNA viruses induce NOX-2-mediated ROS production in the endosomes of alveolar macrophages. The mitochondrial and NADPH oxidase (NOX) generated ROS can enhance TGF-β signaling to promote fibrosis of the lungs. The endothelium-derived ROS and platelet-derived ROS, due to activation of the NADPH-oxidase enzyme, play a crucial role in platelet activation. It has been observed that NOX-2 is generally activated in COVID-19 patients. The post-COVID complications like pulmonary fibrosis and platelet aggregation may be due to the activation of NOX-2. NOX-2 inhibitors may be a useful drug candidate to prevent COVID-19 complications like pulmonary fibrosis and platelet aggregation.},
}

Humans
*NADPH Oxidase 2/metabolism/antagonists & inhibitors
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
*COVID-19
Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
SARS-CoV-2
NADPH Oxidases/metabolism/antagonists & inhibitors

@article {pmid36788690,
year = {2024},
author = {Deborah Omoleye, D and Olubukola Abidakun, O and Oluwadamilola Akinje, R and Hannah Ademuyiwa, O and Mofoluwaso Fasogbon, B},
title = {A Review of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Children and Adolescents' Mental Health.},
journal = {Current pediatric reviews},
volume = {20},
number = {2},
pages = {129-136},
doi = {10.2174/1573396319666230213104546},
pmid = {36788690},
issn = {1875-6336},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology ; Child ; Adolescent ; *Mental Health ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; Anxiety ; Mental Disorders/epidemiology ; Depression/epidemiology/psychology ; },
abstract = {Disaster poses a huge threat to physical health as much as mental health, and COVID-19 is not any different. Understanding that physical and social factors can all contribute to mental health disruptions explains the rising concern of the global community about the impacts of COVID-19 on mental health, especially among the vulnerable, including children and adolescents. It is imperative to explore the diverse impacts of COVID-19 on the paediatric age group, especially to better address its effect and adequately strategize for its resulting conditions. This narrative review, therefore, explores literature reports on the effect of the pandemic on the mental health of children and adolescents. As observed in the literature, COVID-19 did not only threaten the physical health of children and adolescents but also their mental health, especially in terms of anxiety, depression, sleep alteration, etc. In this paper, we have discussed interventions, such as adequate sleep, healthy lifestyles, and nutritious foods, to improve paediatric mental health even after the pandemic.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology
Child
Adolescent
*Mental Health
SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics
Anxiety
Mental Disorders/epidemiology
Depression/epidemiology/psychology

@article {pmid39031904,
year = {2024},
author = {Hussein, S and Eiriksson, L and MacQuarrie, M and Merriam, S and Dalton, M and Stein, E and Twomey, R},
title = {Healthcare system barriers impacting the care of Canadians with myalgic encephalomyelitis: A scoping review.},
journal = {Journal of evaluation in clinical practice},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/jep.14047},
pmid = {39031904},
issn = {1365-2753},
support = {//University of Calgary/ ; /CAPMC/CIHR/Canada ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME, also known as chronic fatigue syndrome or ME/CFS) is a debilitating, complex, multisystem illness. Developing a comprehensive understanding of the multiple and interconnected barriers to optimal care will help advance strategies and care models to improve quality of life for people living with ME in Canada.

OBJECTIVES: To: (1) identify and systematically map the available evidence; (2) investigate the design and conduct of research; (3) identify and categorize key characteristics; and (4) identify and analyse knowledge gaps related to healthcare system barriers for people living with ME in Canada.

METHODS: The protocol was preregistered in July 2022. Peer-reviewed and grey literature was searched, and patient partners retrieved additional records. Eligible records were Canadian, included people with ME/CFS and included data or synthesis relevant to healthcare system barriers.

RESULTS: In total, 1821 records were identified, 406 were reviewed in full, and 21 were included. Healthcare system barriers arose from an underlying lack of consensus and research on ME and ME care; the impact of long-standing stigma, disbelief, and sexism; inadequate or inconsistent healthcare provider education and training on ME; and the heterogeneity of care coordinated by family physicians.

CONCLUSIONS: People living with ME in Canada face significant barriers to care, though this has received relatively limited attention. This synthesis, which points to several areas for future research, can be used as a starting point for researchers, healthcare providers and decision-makers who are new to the area or encountering ME more frequently due to the COVID-19 pandemic.},
}

@article {pmid39031223,
year = {2024},
author = {Guerrini-Rousseau, L and Gallon, R and Pineda, M and Brugières, L and Baert-Desurmont, S and Corsini, C and Dangouloff-Ros, V and Gorris, MAJ and Haberler, C and Hoarau, P and Jongmans, MC and Kloor, M and Loeffen, J and Rigaud, C and Robbe, J and Vibert, R and Weijers, D and Wimmer, K and Colas, C and , },
title = {Report of the sixth meeting of the European Consortium 'Care for CMMRD' (C4CMMRD), Paris, France, November 16th 2022.},
journal = {Familial cancer},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39031223},
issn = {1573-7292},
abstract = {Biallelic germline pathogenic variants in one of the four mismatch repair genes (MSH2, MSH6, MLH1 and PMS2) cause a very rare, highly penetrant, childhood-onset cancer syndrome, called constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (CMMRD). The European consortium "Care for CMMRD" (C4CMMRD) was founded in Paris in 2013 to facilitate international collaboration and improve our knowledge of this rare cancer predisposition syndrome. Following initial publications on diagnostic criteria and surveillance guidelines for CMMRD, several partners collaborating within the C4CMMRD consortium have worked on and published numerous CMMRD-related clinical and biological projects. Since its formation, the C4CMMRD consortium held meetings every 1-2 years (except in 2020 and 2021 due to the Covid 19 pandemic). The sixth C4CMMRD meeting was held in Paris in November 2022, and brought together 42 participants from nine countries involved in various fields of CMMRD healthcare. The aim was to update members on the latest results and developments from ongoing research, and to discuss and initiate new study proposals. As previously done for the fifth meeting of the C4CMMRD group, this report summarizes data presented at this meeting.},
}

@article {pmid39031183,
year = {2024},
author = {da Silva Amorim, AF and Sobalvarro, JVM and Torres, LH and Dos Reis, TM},
title = {Sotrovimab in the treatment of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.},
journal = {Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39031183},
issn = {1432-1912},
support = {Finance Code 001//Coordination of Superior Level Staff Improvement - Brazil (CAPES)./ ; Finance Code 001//Coordination of Superior Level Staff Improvement - Brazil (CAPES)./ ; Finance Code 001//Coordination of Superior Level Staff Improvement - Brazil (CAPES)./ ; },
abstract = {This study was carried out to verify the evidence regarding the effectiveness and safety of sotrovimab in patients with COVID-19. This is a systematic review of randomized clinical trials retrieved from the PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Lilacs, and Cochrane Library databases. The risk of bias was measured using the Cochrane Risk and Bias Checklist (RoB 2). For the meta-analysis, RStudio Version 2024.04.2 software was used. The certainty of evidence was assessed using GRADE. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022355786). A total of 1893 studies were identified and four were included in the study. The total population consisted of 5470 patients with COVID-19, 1921 (35%) in the sotrovimab group and 3549 (65%) in the control group (placebo or BRII-196 + BRII-198 or casirivimab + imdevimab or bamlanivimab + etesevimab, administered in a similar way to sotrovimab, in a single dose with a 60-min intravenous infusion). For the effectiveness outcome, three studies presented low risk and one high risk of bias, while for safety all presented high risk of bias. The meta-analysis showed no significant difference between the sotrovimab and control groups in terms of hospitalization rates (95% confidence interval (CI) - 2.10-0.51; p = 0 > 0.05), use of invasive mechanical ventilation (95% CI - 2.78-0.65; p = 0.35) and mortality (95% CI - 0.92-0.59; p = 0.39). However, sensitivity analysis showed that sotrovimab may be effective in reducing hospitalization rates compared to the control (IV = - 1.57; 95% CI - 2.41-0.73; p = 0.99). The use of sotrovimab in the treatment of patients with COVID-19 had no significant impact on mortality and need for mechanical ventilation and did not appear to be safer compared to controls. However, there was evidence of effectiveness in reducing the rate of hospitalization, although the certainty of the evidence is moderate and the risk of bias is high.},
}

@article {pmid39030558,
year = {2024},
author = {Song, Y and Jin, J and Wang, X and Zhang, J and Li, Z},
title = {Recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax secondary to lung cystic lesions in a case of convalescent COVID-19: a case report and literature review.},
journal = {BMC pulmonary medicine},
volume = {24},
number = {1},
pages = {351},
pmid = {39030558},
issn = {1471-2466},
mesh = {Humans ; *Pneumothorax/etiology/therapy/diagnostic imaging ; Male ; *COVID-19/complications/therapy ; Aged, 80 and over ; *Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; *Recurrence ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Cysts/complications/diagnostic imaging ; Lung/diagnostic imaging/pathology ; Lung Diseases/diagnosis ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: While spontaneous pneumothorax has been documented in COVID-19 patients, reports on recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax due to cystic lesions in convalescent COVID-19 patients are scarce. The progression of these lung cystic lesions remains inadequately explored.

An 81-year-old male, a non-smoker with a history of rheumatoid arthritis, presented with fever, cough, and expectoration for 14 days. Initially diagnosed with moderate COVID-19, he deteriorated to severe COVID-19 despite adherence to local treatment guidelines. Successive identification of three cystic lesions termed "bulla" or "pneumatocele", and one cystic lesion with air-fluid level, referred to as "pneumo-hamatocele" (PHC), occurred in his lungs. Gradual improvement followed anti-inflammatory therapy and optimal supportive care. However, on day 42, sudden worsening dyspnea prompted a computed tomography (CT) scan, confirming a right spontaneous pneumothorax and subcutaneous emphysema, likely due to PHC rupture. Discharge followed chest tube implementation for pneumothorax resolution. On day 116, he returned to the hospital with mild exertional dyspnea. Chest CT revealed recurrent right pneumothorax from a remaining cyst in the right lung. Apart from our patient, literature retrieval identified 22 COVID-19 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax due to cystic lesions, with a male predominance (95.6%; 22/23). Diagnosis of pneumothorax and lung cystic lesions occurred around day 29.5 (range: 18-35) and day 26.4 (± 9.8) since symptom onset, respectively. Except for one patient whose pneumothorax occurred on day seven of illness, all patients eventually recovered.

CONCLUSIONS: Recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax secondary to lung cystic lesions may manifest in convalescent COVID-19 patients, particularly males with COVID-19 pneumonia. Chest CT around 2 to 3 weeks post-symptom onset may be prudent to detect cystic lesion development and anticipate spontaneous pneumothorax.},
}

Humans
*Pneumothorax/etiology/therapy/diagnostic imaging
Male
*COVID-19/complications/therapy
Aged, 80 and over
*Tomography, X-Ray Computed
*Recurrence
SARS-CoV-2
Cysts/complications/diagnostic imaging
Lung/diagnostic imaging/pathology
Lung Diseases/diagnosis

@article {pmid39029739,
year = {2024},
author = {Nugent, K and Berdine, G},
title = {Dyspnea and long COVID patients.},
journal = {The American journal of the medical sciences},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.amjms.2024.07.024},
pmid = {39029739},
issn = {1538-2990},
abstract = {Patients with prior COVID-19 infections often develop chronic post-COVID symptoms, such as fatigue and dyspnea. Some patients have residual pulmonary disorders with abnormal pulmonary function tests and/or chest radiographs to explain their dyspnea. However, other patients appear to have dyspnea that is out of proportion to any measurable change in lung function. Some of these patients have abnormal cardiopulmonary exercise testing with definite cardiac or respiratory limits. However, others have normal cardiopulmonary exercise testing based on VO2 measurement but pronounced dyspnea during this testing. These patients often have abnormal respiratory patterns, referred to as dysfunctional breathing, with irregular and variable respiratory rates and/or tidal volumes. Consequently, their control of breathing is impaired, and this may represent residual effects from prior COVID-19 infection involving the central nervous system. Alternatively, patients may have acquired "a memory" of respiratory symptoms during their infection which persists post-infection. These patients should participate in pulmonary rehabilitation and breathing retraining.},
}

@article {pmid39028784,
year = {2024},
author = {Grad, R and Ebell, MH},
title = {Top 20 Research Studies of 2023 for Primary Care Physicians.},
journal = {American family physician},
volume = {110},
number = {1},
pages = {65-73},
pmid = {39028784},
issn = {1532-0650},
mesh = {Humans ; COVID-19 ; Physicians, Primary Care ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; *Primary Health Care ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {This article summarizes the top 20 research studies of 2023 identified as POEMs (patient-oriented evidence that matters) and the most highly rated guidelines. A large randomized controlled trial found that the time antihypertensive medications are taken has no effect on important outcomes. A fixed-dose approach to statin prescribing is not inferior to a treat-to-target strategy for management of lipid levels. Blood pressure measurements using 24-hour ambulatory monitoring are better than office measurements for predicting mortality. In patients 80 years and older with atrial fibrillation, direct oral anticoagulants have fewer harms than vitamin K antagonists and similar benefits. In people at high risk of cardiovascular disease, the Mediterranean and low-fat diets are the better options among seven dietary programs. An observational study of people with acute COVID-19 in the Omicron phase showed that nirmatrelvir/ritonavir was effective in reducing hospitalizations and death. The diagnosis of urinary tract infection requires a higher optimal cutoff to define pyuria on automated microscopy than was thought. A new regimen has been found using one of the most effective treatments for toenail onychomycosis. Dextromethorphan, honey, and inhaled ipratropium do not appear to be effective for acute cough. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors are effective for some types of pain syndromes. In a 6-week trial, adults with acute, nonspecific low back or neck pain treated with opioids had similar pain relief as those treated with placebo. In patients with knee osteoarthritis who want to participate in sports and recreation, 70 to 90 minutes of exercise produces better results than 20 to 30 minutes three times per week. Healthy behaviors are associated with a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. In patients 50 years and older with type 2 diabetes, cumulative glycemic control with A1C levels of greater than 9% is associated with an increased risk of dementia. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists are best for improving patient-oriented outcomes for type 2 diabetes. Mindfulness-based stress reduction is not inferior to escitalopram in adults with anxiety disorders. Framing depression as an adaptation to current circumstances can lead to better patient outcomes. People labeled as having a penicillin allergy can complete an amoxicillin oral provocation challenge in the primary care office and, following a negative result, have this label removed. A 5-year surveillance interval can be safely reconsidered in many older patients with colon polyps. Nonprescription hearing aids can be effective without a fitting by an audiologist. We wrap this up with the top guidelines of the year as determined by POEM readers.},
}

Humans
COVID-19
Physicians, Primary Care
Practice Guidelines as Topic
*Primary Health Care
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid39027376,
year = {2024},
author = {Prentice, KR and Williams, BA and True, JM and Jones, CH},
title = {Advancing health equity in the aftermath of COVID-19: Confronting intensifying racial disparities.},
journal = {iScience},
volume = {27},
number = {7},
pages = {110257},
pmid = {39027376},
issn = {2589-0042},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed and exacerbated the persistent racial and ethnic health disparities in the United States. The pandemic has also had profound spillover effects on other aspects of health and wellbeing, such as mental health, chronic diseases, education, and income, for marginalized groups. In this article, we provide a thorough analysis of the pandemic's impact on racial and ethnic health disproportionalities, highlighting the multifaceted and interrelated factors that contribute to these inequities. We also argue for a renewed focus on health equity in healthcare policy and practice, emphasizing the need for systemic changes that address both the immediate and long-term consequences of these imbalances. We propose a framework for achieving health equity that involves creating equitable systems, care, and outcomes for all individuals, regardless of their race or ethnicity.},
}

@article {pmid38865154,
year = {2024},
author = {Pirracchio, R and Venkatesh, B and Legrand, M},
title = {Low-Dose Corticosteroids for Critically Ill Adults With Severe Pulmonary Infections: A Review.},
journal = {JAMA},
volume = {332},
number = {4},
pages = {318-328},
doi = {10.1001/jama.2024.6096},
pmid = {38865154},
issn = {1538-3598},
mesh = {Humans ; *Critical Illness ; *Community-Acquired Infections/drug therapy ; *Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/drug therapy ; Adrenal Cortex Hormones/administration & dosage/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Adult ; Hydrocortisone/therapeutic use/administration & dosage ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Dexamethasone/administration & dosage/therapeutic use/adverse effects ; Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy/mortality ; Influenza, Human/drug therapy/mortality ; Glucocorticoids/administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome/drug therapy/mortality ; },
abstract = {IMPORTANCE: Severe pulmonary infections, including COVID-19, community-acquired pneumonia, influenza, and Pneumocystis pneumonia, are a leading cause of death among adults worldwide. Pulmonary infections in critically ill patients may cause septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or both, which are associated with mortality rates ranging between 30% and 50%.

OBSERVATIONS: Corticosteroids mitigate the immune response to infection and improve outcomes for patients with several types of severe pulmonary infections. Low-dose corticosteroids, defined as less than or equal to 400 mg hydrocortisone equivalent daily, can reduce mortality of patients with severe COVID-19, community-acquired pneumonia, and Pneumocystis pneumonia. A randomized clinical trial of 6425 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 who required supplemental oxygen or noninvasive or invasive mechanical ventilation reported that dexamethasone 6 mg daily for 10 days decreased 28-day mortality (23% vs 26%). A meta-analysis that included 7 randomized clinical trials of 1689 patients treated in the intensive care unit for severe bacterial community-acquired pneumonia reported that hydrocortisone equivalent less than or equal to 400 mg daily for 8 days or fewer was associated with lower 30-day mortality compared with placebo (10% vs 16%). In a meta-analysis of 6 randomized clinical trials, low-dose corticosteroids were associated with lower mortality rates compared with placebo for patients with HIV and moderate to severe Pneumocystis pneumonia (13% vs 25%). In a predefined subgroup analysis of a trial of low-dose steroid treatment for septic shock, patients with community-acquired pneumonia randomized to 7 days of intravenous hydrocortisone 50 mg every 6 hours and fludrocortisone 50 μg daily had decreased mortality compared with the placebo group (39% vs 51%). For patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by various conditions, low-dose corticosteroids were associated with decreased in-hospital mortality (34% vs 45%) according to a meta-analysis of 8 studies that included 1091 patients. Adverse effects of low-dose corticosteroids may include hyperglycemia, gastrointestinal bleeding, neuropsychiatric disorders, muscle weakness, hypernatremia, and secondary infections.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Treatment with low-dose corticosteroids is associated with decreased mortality for patients with severe COVID-19 infection, severe community-acquired bacterial pneumonia, and moderate to severe Pneumocystis pneumonia (for patients with HIV). Low-dose corticosteroids may also benefit critically ill patients with respiratory infections who have septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or both.},
}

Humans
*Critical Illness
*Community-Acquired Infections/drug therapy
*Pneumonia, Pneumocystis/drug therapy
Adrenal Cortex Hormones/administration & dosage/adverse effects/therapeutic use
Adult
Hydrocortisone/therapeutic use/administration & dosage
COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Dexamethasone/administration & dosage/therapeutic use/adverse effects
Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy/mortality
Influenza, Human/drug therapy/mortality
Glucocorticoids/administration & dosage/therapeutic use
Respiratory Distress Syndrome/drug therapy/mortality

@article {pmid38393321,
year = {2024},
author = {Kumar, P and Banik, SP and Ohia, SE and Moriyama, H and Chakraborty, S and Wang, CK and Song, YS and Goel, A and Bagchi, M and Bagchi, D},
title = {Current Insights on the Photoprotective Mechanism of the Macular Carotenoids, Lutein and Zeaxanthin: Safety, Efficacy and Bio-Delivery.},
journal = {Journal of the American Nutrition Association},
volume = {43},
number = {6},
pages = {505-518},
doi = {10.1080/27697061.2024.2319090},
pmid = {38393321},
issn = {2769-707X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Zeaxanthins/metabolism ; *Lutein/pharmacology/metabolism ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Antioxidants/pharmacology ; Macular Degeneration/metabolism/prevention & control ; Macular Pigment/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Ocular health has emerged as one of the major issues of global health concern with a decline in quality of life in an aging population, in particular and rise in the number of associated morbidities and mortalities. One of the chief reasons for vision impairment is oxidative damage inflicted to photoreceptors in rods and cone cells by blue light as well as UV radiation. The scenario has been aggravated by unprecedented rise in screen-time during the COVID and post-COVID era. Lutein and Zeaxanthin are oxygenated carotenoids with proven roles in augmentation of ocular health largely by virtue of their antioxidant properties and protective effects against photobleaching of retinal pigments, age-linked macular degeneration, cataract, and retinitis pigmentosa. These molecules are characterized by their characteristic yellow-orange colored pigmentation and are found in significant amounts in vegetables such as corn, spinach, broccoli, carrots as well as fish and eggs. Unique structural signatures including tetraterpenoid skeleton with extensive conjugation and the presence of hydroxyl groups at the end rings have made these molecules evolutionarily adapted to localize in the membrane of the photoreceptor cells and prevent their free radical induced peroxidation. Apart from the benefits imparted to ocular health, lutein and zeaxanthin are also known to improve cognitive function, cardiovascular physiology, and arrest the development of malignancy. Although abundant in many natural sources, bioavailability of these compounds is low owing to their long aliphatic backbones. Under the circumstances, there has been a concerted effort to develop vegetable oil-based carriers such as lipid nano-emulsions for therapeutic administration of carotenoids. This review presents a comprehensive update of the therapeutic potential of the carotenoids along with the challenges in achieving an optimized delivery tool for maximizing their effectiveness inside the body.},
}

Humans
*Zeaxanthins/metabolism
*Lutein/pharmacology/metabolism
COVID-19/prevention & control
Antioxidants/pharmacology
Macular Degeneration/metabolism/prevention & control
Macular Pigment/metabolism

@article {pmid39027071,
year = {2024},
author = {Au Eong, JTW and Chen, KS and Teo, BHK and Lee, SSY and Au Eong, KG},
title = {Impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on the progression, prevalence, and incidence of myopia: A systematic review.},
journal = {Taiwan journal of ophthalmology},
volume = {14},
number = {2},
pages = {159-171},
pmid = {39027071},
issn = {2211-5072},
abstract = {We systematically reviewed the literature on the effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the progression, prevalence, and incidence of myopia. A comprehensive literature search was performed on PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Scopus databases. Studies included in the review assessed myopia progression, prevalence, and/or incidence as the primary outcome. Of 523 articles yielded in the initial search, 23 studies (6 cross-sectional and 17 cohort) were eligible for inclusion. Sixteen of these were conducted in China and one each in Hong Kong, Turkey, Spain, Israel, India, Korea, and Tibet. Quality appraisals were conducted with the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklists. Of the included studies, a large majority reported a greater myopic shift and increase in myopia prevalence during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the pre-COVID-19 years. All three studies on myopia incidence showed increased incidence during the COVID-19 pandemic. Myopia progression accelerated during the COVID-19 pandemic, even in individuals using low-concentration atropine eye drops in two studies but not in those using orthokeratology treatment in one study. Overall, the studies found that the COVID-19 pandemic and its associated home confinement measures generally increased myopia progression, prevalence, and incidence, even in individuals using low-concentration atropine eye drops.},
}

@article {pmid39026941,
year = {2024},
author = {Muthiah, D and Chan, M and Low, YW and Ramasamy, SN and Amin, Z and Chan-Ng, PPL and Low, JL and Low, JM},
title = {Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in neonates (MIS-N): an updated systematic review.},
journal = {Frontiers in pediatrics},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {1382133},
pmid = {39026941},
issn = {2296-2360},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to summarize and update clinical features and outcomes of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in neonates (MIS-N).

METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted of studies on MIS-N published in PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CNKI, and WHO COVID-19 databases between 1 December 2019 and 30 June 2023. Reference lists of selected articles, Google Scholar, and pre-print servers were searched for additional studies. The methodological quality of included studies was assessed.

RESULTS: Of 1,572 records screened after the initial search, 35 studies involving a total of 201 neonates with MIS-N were included. One study was retrieved from a pre-print server. For those with available data, 34/47 (78.7%) mothers were infected in the third trimester. Of the 199 mothers (two with twin pregnancies), 183 (92.0%) were from India. The median age of neonates at presentation was 2.0 days (interquartile range 1.0-9.5). Over two-thirds (144/201, 71.6%) presented with respiratory distress, while 112 (55.7%) had cardiac involvement, such as ventricular dysfunctions, involvement of coronary arteries, and atrioventricular blocks. Arrhythmias and thrombosis were reported in 15/201 (7.5%) and 2/201 (3.0%) neonates, respectively. All neonates, except one, required critical care; 64/160 (40.0%) required inotropic support and 105/187 (56.1%) required respiratory support, of whom 59/105 (56.2%) were specified to require intubation. The mortality rate was 5.0% (10/201).

DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: MIS-N should be considered in ill neonates presenting with involvement of two or more organ systems, especially among those neonates with cardiorespiratory dysfunctions, in the presence of proven or suspected maternal COVID-19 infection during pregnancy.

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021278717, PROSPERO, identifier CRD42021278717.},
}

@article {pmid39026347,
year = {2024},
author = {Harvey, BJ and McElvaney, NG},
title = {Sex differences in airway disease: estrogen and airway surface liquid dynamics.},
journal = {Biology of sex differences},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {56},
pmid = {39026347},
issn = {2042-6410},
support = {Academic Grant//Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Estrogens/metabolism ; *Sex Characteristics ; Female ; Male ; Cystic Fibrosis/metabolism ; COVID-19/immunology ; Asthma/metabolism/immunology ; Animals ; Respiratory Tract Diseases/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Biological sex differences exist for many airway diseases in which females have either worse or better health outcomes. Inflammatory airway diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF) and asthma display a clear male advantage in post-puberty while a female benefit is observed in asthma during the pre-puberty years. The influence of menstrual cycle stage and pregnancy on the frequency and severity of pulmonary exacerbations in CF and asthma point to a role for sex steroid hormones, particularly estrogen, in underpinning biological sex differences in these diseases. There are many ways by which estrogen may aggravate asthma and CF involving disturbances in airway surface liquid (ASL) dynamics, inappropriate hyper-immune and allergenic responses, as well as exacerbation of pathogen virulence. The deleterious effect of estrogen on pulmonary function in CF and asthma contrasts with the female advantage observed in airway diseases characterised by pulmonary edema such as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and COVID-19. Airway surface liquid hypersecretion and alveolar flooding are hallmarks of ARDS and COVID-19, and contribute to the morbidity and mortality of severe forms of these diseases. ASL dynamics encompasses the intrinsic features of the thin lining of fluid covering the airway epithelium which regulate mucociliary clearance (ciliary beat, ASL height, volume, pH, viscosity, mucins, and channel activating proteases) in addition to innate defence mechanisms (pathogen virulence, cytokines, defensins, specialised pro-resolution lipid mediators, and metabolism). Estrogen regulation of ASL dynamics contributing to biological sex differences in CF, asthma and COVID-19 is a major focus of this review.},
}

Humans
*Estrogens/metabolism
*Sex Characteristics
Female
Male
Cystic Fibrosis/metabolism
COVID-19/immunology
Asthma/metabolism/immunology
Animals
Respiratory Tract Diseases/metabolism

@article {pmid39026122,
year = {2024},
author = {Zhang, T and Wang, Y and Teng, X and Deng, R and Li, J},
title = {Preamplification-free viral RNA diagnostics with single-nucleotide resolution using MARVE, an origami paper-based colorimetric nucleic acid test.},
journal = {Nature protocols},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39026122},
issn = {1750-2799},
abstract = {The evolution and mutation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are urgent concerns as they pose the risk of vaccine failure and increased viral transmission. However, affordable and scalable tools allowing rapid identification of SARS-CoV-2 variants are not readily available, which impedes diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance. Here we present a colorimetric nucleic acid assay named MARVE (multiplexed, preamplification-free, single-nucleotide-resolved viral evolution) that is convenient to perform and yields single-nucleotide resolution. The assay integrates nucleic acid strand displacement reactions with enzymatic amplification to colorimetrically sense viral RNA using a metal ion-incorporated DNA probe (TEprobe). We provide detailed guidelines to design TEprobes for discriminating single-nucleotide variations in viral RNAs, and to fabricate a test paper for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Compared with other nucleic acid assays, our assay is preamplification-free, single-nucleotide-resolvable and results are visible via a color change. Besides, it is smartphone readable, multiplexed, quick and cheap ($0.30 per test). The protocol takes ~2 h to complete, from the design and preparation of the DNA probes and test papers (~1 h) to the detection of SARS-CoV-2 or its variants (30-45 min). The design of the TEprobes requires basic knowledge of molecular biology and familiarity with NUPACK or the Python programming language. The fabrication of the origami papers requires access to a wax printer using the CAD and PDF files provided or requires users to be familiar with AutoCAD to design new origami papers. The protocol is also applicable for designing assays to detect other pathogens and their variants.},
}

@article {pmid39026019,
year = {2024},
author = {Das, S and Nath, S and Shahjahan, and Dey, SK},
title = {Plausible mechanism of drug resistance and side-effects of COVID-19 therapeutics: a bottleneck for its eradication.},
journal = {Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39026019},
issn = {2008-2231},
support = {IoE/2021-2024/12/FRP//Institute of Eminence, University of Delhi/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: COVID-19 pandemic has turned our world upside down by meddling with our normal lives. While there is no definitive drug against SARS-CoV-2, antiviral drugs that are already in the market, are being repurposed against it, could now complete long-term as well as all age-specific investigations, and they are successful in saving millions of lives. Nevertheless, side-effects are emergingly seen in the patients undergoing treatment, and ineffectiveness is increasingly found due to the emerging notorious variants of the virus. Many of them are also facing serious co-infections including black fungus, Zika, and H1N1 virus to name a few.

OBJECTIVES: Therefore, this review highlights both drug resistance, their side-effects, and the significance for proper and long-term clinical trials of all age groups including children.

METHODS: We have explored and proposed the mechanisms of drug resistance that may arise due to the misuse or overuse of drugs based on available experimental reports.

RESULTS: The review provides solutions to the aforesaid issues of drug-resistance and side-effects by providing combination therapies, ancillary treatments, and other preventive strategies that can be useful in preventing drawbacks thereby curbing COVID-19 or similar future infections to maintain our normal lives.

CONCLUSION: COVID-19 and its long-term effects, if any, can be eradicated with strategic and mindful use of related therapeutics in a controlled manner.},
}

@article {pmid39025685,
year = {2024},
author = {Salas-Bergüés, V and Pereira-Sánchez, M and Martín-Martín, J and Olano-Lizarraga, M},
title = {Development of burnout and moral distress in intensive care nurses: An integrative literature review.},
journal = {Enfermeria intensiva},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.enfie.2024.02.002},
pmid = {39025685},
issn = {2529-9840},
abstract = {AIMS: To describe, through an integrative literature review, the factors contributing to the development of burnout and moral distress in nursing professionals working in intensive care units and to identify the assessment tools used most frequently to assess burnout and moral distress.

METHODS: An integrative literature review was carried out. PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SciELO, Dialnet, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane databases were reviewed from January 2012 to February 2023. Additionally, snowball sampling was used. The results were analysed by using integrative synthesis, as proposed by Whittemore et al., the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme for literature reviews, the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines for quantitative observational studies, and the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for qualitative research were used to evaluate evidence quality.

RESULTS: Forty-one articles were selected for review: 36 were cross-sectional descriptive articles, and five were literature reviews. The articles were grouped into five-factor categories: 1) personal factors, 2) organisational factors, 3) labour relations factors, 4) end-of-life care factors, and 5) factors related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey and the Moral Distress Survey-Revised instruments were the most commonly used to measure burnout and moral distress.

CONCLUSIONS: This review highlights the multiple personal, organisational, relational, situational, and end-of-life factors promoting burnout and moral distress among critical care nurses. Interventions in these areas are necessary to achieve nurses' job satisfaction and retention while improving nurses' quality of care.},
}

@article {pmid38493312,
year = {2024},
author = {Kalam, N and Balasubramaniam, VRMT},
title = {Crosstalk between COVID-19 and the gut-brain axis: a gut feeling.},
journal = {Postgraduate medical journal},
volume = {100},
number = {1186},
pages = {539-554},
doi = {10.1093/postmj/qgae030},
pmid = {38493312},
issn = {1469-0756},
support = {STG-000131//School Strategic Grants/ ; //Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health Sciences/ ; //Monash University Malaysia/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/therapy/complications ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology ; *Dysbiosis ; *Brain-Gut Axis/physiology ; *Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ; *Probiotics/therapeutic use ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {The microbes in the gut are crucial for maintaining the body's immune system and overall gut health. However, it is not fully understood how an unstable gut environment can lead to more severe cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The gut microbiota also plays a role in the gut-brain axis and interacts with the central nervous system through metabolic and neuroendocrine pathways. The interaction between the microbiota and the host's body involves hormonal, immune, and neural pathways, and any disruption in the balance of gut bacteria can lead to dysbiosis, which contributes to pathogen growth. In this context, we discuss how dysbiosis could contribute to comorbidities that increase susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. Probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation have successfully treated infectious and non-infectious inflammatory-related diseases, the most common comorbidities. These treatments could be adjuvant therapies for COVID-19 infection by restoring gut homeostasis and balancing the gut microbiota.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/therapy/complications
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology
*Dysbiosis
*Brain-Gut Axis/physiology
*Fecal Microbiota Transplantation
*Probiotics/therapeutic use
*SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid37842893,
year = {2024},
author = {Bakhrushina, E and Mikhel, I and Kondratieva, V and Demina, N and Grebennikova, T and Krasnyuk, I and Krasnyuk, I},
title = {Main Aspects of Pharmaceutical Development of In situ Immunobiological Drugs for Intranasal Administration.},
journal = {Current pharmaceutical biotechnology},
volume = {25},
number = {11},
pages = {1394-1405},
pmid = {37842893},
issn = {1873-4316},
mesh = {*Administration, Intranasal ; Humans ; Drug Development/methods ; Animals ; Drug Delivery Systems/methods ; COVID-19/immunology/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The review presents the latest developments in the area of intranasal in situ delivery systems of immunobiological drugs (IBDs). Interest in intranasal administration for IBDs has increased significantly due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, not only intranasal delivery of vaccines is developing, but also bacteriophages, interferons, etc. In situ systems that make a selective phase transition can be a modern solution to intranasal delivery problems caused by mucociliary clearance. In addition, smart-polymers used as the main excipients in in situ systems can be used as specific adjuvants.

METHODS: A scientific search was conducted on the PubMed database of medical publications for the period from 2000 to 2022, using the keywords "intranasal in situ vaccine"; "intranasal in situ immunization". There were analyzed in detail more than 70 scientific studies on intranasal in situ delivery of IBDs.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Despite the large number of new studies, the potential of possibilities of intranasal in situ systems is not being realized. Based on the results of the literature review an algorithm was created for the development of in situ systems for intranasal delivery of IBDs. Such algorithms and the methods of study design organization described in the review will help to facilitate the R&D process and bring the drug to commercial market, which will help to improve the quality of medical care.},
}

*Administration, Intranasal
Humans
Drug Development/methods
Animals
Drug Delivery Systems/methods
COVID-19/immunology/prevention & control
SARS-CoV-2/immunology

@article {pmid39025272,
year = {2024},
author = {Nazir, F and John Kombe Kombe, A and Khalid, Z and Bibi, S and Zhang, H and Wu, S and Jin, T},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 replication and drug discovery.},
journal = {Molecular and cellular probes},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {101973},
doi = {10.1016/j.mcp.2024.101973},
pmid = {39025272},
issn = {1096-1194},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has killed millions of people and continues to wreak havoc across the globe. This sudden and deadly pandemic emphasizes the necessity for anti-viral drug development that can be rapidly administered to reduce morbidity, mortality, and virus propagation. Thus, lacking efficient anti-COVID-19 treatment, and especially given the lengthy drug development process as well as the critical death tool that has been associated with SARS-CoV-2 since its outbreak, drug repurposing (or repositioning) constitutes so far, the ideal and ready-to-go best approach in mitigating viral spread, containing the infection, and reducing the COVID-19-associated death rate. Indeed, based on the molecular similarity approach of SARS-CoV-2 with previous coronaviruses (CoVs), repurposed drugs have been reported to hamper SARS-CoV-2 replication. Therefore, understanding the inhibition mechanisms of viral replication by repurposed anti-viral drugs and chemicals known to block CoV and SARS-CoV-2 multiplication is crucial, and it opens the way for particular treatment options and COVID-19 therapeutics. In this review, we highlighted molecular basics underlying drug-repurposing strategies against SARS-CoV-2. Notably, we discussed inhibition mechanisms of viral replication, involving and including inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 proteases (3C-like protease, 3CL[pro] or Papain-like protease, PL[pro]) by protease inhibitors such as Carmofur, Ebselen, and GRL017, polymerases (RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase, RdRp) by drugs like Suramin, Remdesivir, or Favipiravir, and proteins/peptides inhibiting virus-cell fusion and host cell replication pathways, such as Disulfiram, GC376, and Molnupiravir. When applicable, comparisons with SARS-CoV inhibitors approved for clinical use were made to provide further insights to understand molecular basics in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 replication and draw conclusions for future drug discovery research.},
}

@article {pmid39025089,
year = {2024},
author = {Feys, S and Carvalho, A and Clancy, CJ and Gangneux, JP and Hoenigl, M and Lagrou, K and Rijnders, BJA and Seldeslachts, L and Vanderbeke, L and van de Veerdonk, FL and Verweij, PE and Wauters, J},
title = {Influenza-associated and COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients.},
journal = {The Lancet. Respiratory medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/S2213-2600(24)00151-6},
pmid = {39025089},
issn = {2213-2619},
abstract = {Influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (IAPA) and COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) are increasingly recognised as important complications in patients requiring intensive care for severe viral pneumonia. The diagnosis can typically be made in 10-20% of patients with severe influenza or COVID-19, but only when appropriate diagnostic tools are used. Bronchoalveolar lavage sampling for culture, galactomannan testing, and PCR forms the cornerstone of diagnosis, whereas visual examination of the tracheobronchial tract during bronchoscopy is required to detect invasive Aspergillus tracheobronchitis. Azoles are the first-choice antifungal drugs, with liposomal amphotericin B as an alternative in settings where azole resistance is prevalent. Despite antifungal therapy, IAPA and CAPA are associated with poor outcomes, with fatality rates often exceeding 50%. In this Review, we discuss the mechanistic and clinical aspects of IAPA and CAPA. Moreover, we identify crucial knowledge gaps and formulate directions for future research.},
}

@article {pmid39024905,
year = {2024},
author = {Park, EJ and Seong, J and Shin, JW and Tate, JA and Choi, J},
title = {Communication intervention for families in adult intensive care units during COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review.},
journal = {Heart & lung : the journal of critical care},
volume = {68},
number = {},
pages = {175-190},
doi = {10.1016/j.hrtlng.2024.07.004},
pmid = {39024905},
issn = {1527-3288},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Restrictions on ICU family visitation during COVID-19 pandemic posed communication challenges for families, patients, and healthcare teams. Diverse approaches were used to overcome communication barriers. As ICUs begin to reinstate family visitation, it is timely to review the lessons learned from these interventions during the pandemic.

OBJECTIVES: To identify and evaluate content and qualities of the studies that describe communication interventions for families of adult ICU patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS: Following the PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science for studies that (1) involved communication intervention for families in adult ICU settings, (2) were published between January 2020 and September 2022, and (3) were published in English. We excluded studies that were not from peer-reviewed journal articles or in English.

RESULTS: Of 2,628 articles initially identified, we reviewed the 23 selected studies (20 non-experimental and 3 experimental studies). Most of the studies were published in 2022 (n = 14, 60.9 %) and conducted in Europe (n = 13, 56.5 %). Various communication methods (e.g., video calls, telephone, applications) were used to provide information, emotional support, and virtual access to patients and their families. Video calls were the most frequently used intervention. Many interventions included healthcare teams providing updates on the patient's condition or treatment to the family.

CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic prompted the adoption of diverse communication approaches for families in ICU settings, despite many limitations, including technical challenges. Insights gained from this experience will help expedite flexibility and diversity in designing communication interventions for ICU family members.},
}

@article {pmid39024833,
year = {2024},
author = {Alonzi, T and Aiello, A and Sali, M and Delogu, G and Villella, VR and Raia, V and Nicastri, E and Piacentini, M and Goletti, D},
title = {Multiple antimicrobial and immune-modulating activities of cysteamine in infectious diseases.},
journal = {Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie},
volume = {178},
number = {},
pages = {117153},
doi = {10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117153},
pmid = {39024833},
issn = {1950-6007},
abstract = {Infectious diseases are a major threat to global health and cause millions of deaths every year, particularly in developing countries. The emergence of multidrug resistance challenges current antimicrobial treatments, inducing uncertainty in therapeutic protocols. New compounds are therefore necessary. A drug repurposing approach could play a critical role in developing new treatments used either alone or in combination with standard therapy regimens. Herein, we focused on cysteamine, an aminothiol endogenously synthesized by human cells during the degradation of coenzyme-A, which is a drug approved for the treatment of nephropathic cystinosis. Cysteamine influences many biological processes due to the presence of the highly reactive thiol group. This review provides an overview of cysteamine-mediated effects on different viruses, bacteria and parasites, with a particular focus on infections caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Evidences for a potential use of cysteamine as a direct antimicrobial agent and/or a host-directed therapy, either alone or in combination with other antimicrobial drugs, are described.},
}

@article {pmid39024322,
year = {2024},
author = {Nowrouzi-Kia, B and Haritos, AM and Long, BS and Atikian, C and Fiorini, LA and Gohar, B and Howe, A and Li, Y and Bani-Fatemi, A},
title = {Remote work transition amidst COVID-19: Impacts on presenteeism, absenteeism, and worker well-being-A scoping review.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {19},
number = {7},
pages = {e0307087},
pmid = {39024322},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology ; *Absenteeism ; *Presenteeism ; *Teleworking ; SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity ; Pandemics ; Occupational Health ; Mental Health ; Male ; Female ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the transition to remote work, leading to increased attention on presenteeism and absenteeism among remote workers. Understanding the implications of these phenomena on worker health and productivity is crucial for optimizing remote work arrangements and developing policies to improve employee well-being.

OBJECTIVES: This scoping review aims to examine the occurrence of presenteeism and absenteeism among remote workers during the COVID-19 pandemic and the interrelated physical and mental health issues during these periods.

METHODS: PsycINFO, Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Eric, Business Source Premier, SCOPUS, and sociological abstracts were searched resulting in 1792 articles. Articles were included if the population of interest was 18+ (i.e., working age), engaged in full or part-time work, and the employees shifted from in-person to remote work due to the COVID-19 pandemic. All study designs, geographical areas, and papers written post-onset of the COVID-19 pandemic were included; however, systematic reviews were excluded. Data was charted into Microsoft Excel by 2 independent reviewers.

RESULTS: The literature search identified 10 studies (i.e., seven cross-sectional studies, two qualitative studies, and one observational study). Five major overarching themes were identified specifically (1) telework and mental health (2) telework and physical health (3) worker benefits (4) gender dynamics and (5) difficulty navigating the teleworking environment. While remote work offers flexibility in terms of saved commute time and flexible work schedules, it also exacerbates challenges related to presenteeism, absenteeism, and work-life balance. These challenges include experiencing psychological distress, depression, anxiety, stress, sleep deprivation, musculoskeletal pain, difficulties concentrating at work for both women and working parents, struggles disconnecting after hours, and the inability to delineate between the work and home environment.

DISCUSSION: The findings suggest that remote work during the COVID-19 pandemic has both positive and negative implications for worker well-being and productivity. However, future research needs to incorporate the potential effects of telework frequency (full time vs. part time) on employee productivity and its role on presenteeism and absenteeism, to gain a more comprehensive understanding on remote work difficulties. Addressing these challenges requires proactive interventions and support mechanisms to promote worker health and productivity in remote settings.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology
*Absenteeism
*Presenteeism
*Teleworking
SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
Pandemics
Occupational Health
Mental Health
Male
Female

@article {pmid39024175,
year = {2024},
author = {Lopes Vendrami, C and Thorson, DL and Borhani, AA and Mittal, PK and Hammond, NA and Escobar, DJ and Gabriel, H and Recht, HS and Horowitz, JM and Kelahan, LC and Wood, CG and Nikolaidis, P and Venkatesh, SK and Miller, FH},
title = {Imaging of Biliary Tree Abnormalities.},
journal = {Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc},
volume = {44},
number = {8},
pages = {e230174},
doi = {10.1148/rg.230174},
pmid = {39024175},
issn = {1527-1323},
mesh = {Humans ; *Biliary Tract/diagnostic imaging/pathology ; Biliary Tract Diseases/diagnostic imaging ; Diagnosis, Differential ; },
abstract = {Pathologic conditions of the biliary system, although common, can be difficult to diagnose clinically. Challenges in biliary imaging include anatomic variants and the dynamic nature of the biliary tract, which can change with age and intervention, blurring the boundaries of normal and abnormal. Choledochal cysts can have numerous appearances and are important to diagnose given the risk of cholangiocarcinoma potentially requiring surgical resection. Choledocholithiasis, the most common cause of biliary dilatation, can be difficult to detect at US and CT, with MRI having the highest sensitivity. However, knowledge of the imaging pitfalls of MRI and MR cholangiopancreatography is crucial to avoid misinterpretation. Newer concepts in biliary tract malignancy include intraductal papillary biliary neoplasms that may develop into cholangiocarcinoma. New paradigms in the classification of cholangiocarcinoma correspond to the wide range of imaging appearances of the disease and have implications for prognosis. Accurately staging cholangiocarcinoma is imperative, given expanding curative options including transplant and more aggressive surgical options. Infections of the biliary tree include acute cholangitis or recurrent pyogenic cholangitis, characterized by obstruction, strictures, and central biliary dilatation. Inflammatory conditions include primary sclerosing cholangitis, which features strictures and fibrosis but can be difficult to differentiate from secondary causes of sclerosing cholangitis, including more recently described entities such as immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing cholangitis and COVID-19 secondary sclerosing cholangitis. The authors describe a wide variety of benign and malignant biliary tract abnormalities, highlight differentiating features of the cholangitides, provide an approach to interpretation based on the pattern of imaging findings, and discuss pearls and pitfalls of imaging to facilitate accurate diagnosis. [©]RSNA, 2024 Supplemental material is available for this article.},
}

Humans
*Biliary Tract/diagnostic imaging/pathology
Biliary Tract Diseases/diagnostic imaging
Diagnosis, Differential

@article {pmid39023293,
year = {2024},
author = {Altintas, L and Sahiner, M},
title = {Transformations in postgraduate medical education following the COVID-19 pandemic: lessons learned from advances and challenges.},
journal = {Postgraduate medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-12},
doi = {10.1080/00325481.2024.2379235},
pmid = {39023293},
issn = {1941-9260},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly reshaped postgraduate medical education, driving immediate and significant adaptations in teaching methodologies and educational frameworks. This review examines the multifaceted transformations within medical education environments, particularly in response to the pandemic. Through a structured narrative review of recent literature, we identify key lessons learned and the subsequent shifts in educational practices. Our analysis underscores the critical importance of flexibility in educational delivery, the integration of technology, and the emphasis on mental health and resilience among medical trainees. We also explore the challenges and successes associated with maintaining equality and diversity in a rapidly evolving educational landscape. The findings highlight the necessity for continuous professional development and robust support systems to navigate future challenges effectively. Recommendations are provided for educational institutions to enhance adaptability, foster inclusive learning environments, and prepare for unforeseen global health emergencies. This study aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on optimizing postgraduate medical education to better prepare health professionals for a dynamic and uncertain future.},
}

@article {pmid39022666,
year = {2024},
author = {Zheng, C and Chen, JJ and Dai, ZH and Wan, KW and Sun, FH and Huang, JH and Chen, XK},
title = {Physical exercise-related manifestations of long COVID: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Journal of exercise science and fitness},
volume = {22},
number = {4},
pages = {341-349},
pmid = {39022666},
issn = {1728-869X},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This study aims to systematically assess physical exercise-related symptoms of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC or long COVID) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) survivors.

METHODS: Eight databases were systematically searched on March 03, 2024. Original studies that compared physical exercise-related parameters measured by exercise testing between COVID-19 survivors who recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection over 3 months and non-COVID-19 controls were included. A random-effects model was utilized to determine the mean differences (MDs) or standardized MDs in the meta-analysis.

RESULTS: A total of 40 studies with 6241 COVID-19 survivors were included. The 6-min walk test, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), and anaerobic threshold were impaired in COVID-19 survivors 3 months post-infection compared with non-COVID-19 controls in exercise testing, while VO2 were comparable between the two groups at rest. In contrast, no differences were observed in SpO2, heart rate, blood pressure, fatigue, and dyspnea between COVID-19 survivors and non-COVID-19 controls in exercise testing.

CONCLUSION: The findings suggest an underestimation of the manifestations of PASC. COVID-19 survivors also harbor physical exercise-related symptoms of PASC that can be determined by the exercise testing and are distinct from those observed at rest. Exercise testing should be included while evaluating the symptoms of PASC in COVID-19 survivors.},
}

@article {pmid39022423,
year = {2024},
author = {Herrmann, K and Beese, F and Wollgast, L and Mauz, E and Kersjes, C and Hoebel, J and Wachtler, B},
title = {Temporal dynamics of socioeconomic inequalities in depressive and anxiety symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {1397392},
pmid = {39022423},
issn = {2296-2565},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology ; *Depression/epidemiology ; *Anxiety/epidemiology ; *Socioeconomic Factors ; *Health Status Disparities ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Prevalence ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The existence of socioeconomic inequalities in the prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety is widely acknowledged, and individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds tend to exhibit higher rates of symptoms. However, the direction in which the COVID-19 pandemic has influenced these disparities remains uncertain. We therefore aimed to systematically outline the available evidence on the temporal dynamics of socioeconomic inequalities in symptoms related to depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic across high-income countries.

METHODS: A scoping review was conducted by searching the databases Embase, Scopus and PsycINFO. According to pre-defined eligibility criteria, two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts as well as full texts of the compiled records. Data from the included studies were extracted using a standardised data-extraction form and analysed numerically and narratively. The scoping review followed the PRISMA-ScR guidelines.

RESULTS: A total of 49 studies comprising 149 analyses of socioeconomic indicators in relation to symptoms of depression and anxiety were included. Despite heterogeneous study designs and results, there was a tendency of increasing (40.9%; n = 61) or persistent (38.2%; n = 57) inequality trends to the detriment of those in socially more disadvantaged positions. Increasing inequalities were most pronounced when income was used as a socioeconomic indicator. Groups with lower socioeconomic status appeared most vulnerable in the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Throughout the pandemic, dynamics were diverse, with persistent trends most frequently reported.

CONCLUSION: Overall, to the detriment of those with lower socioeconomic status, mental-health inequalities persisted or increased in most analyses. Continually monitoring socioeconomic inequalities over time is crucial, since this makes it possible to adapt prevention and intervention strategies to specific pandemic phases. Interventions targeting job security, income security and educational attainment could reduce mental-health inequalities. The results can contribute to preparedness plans for future pandemics and crises.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology
*Depression/epidemiology
*Anxiety/epidemiology
*Socioeconomic Factors
*Health Status Disparities
Pandemics
SARS-CoV-2
Prevalence

@article {pmid39022174,
year = {2024},
author = {Lu, X and Teng, C and Cai, P and Liang, J and Wang, Y and Abu, H and Wang, YJ and Madias, JE and Liu, K and Liu, Q and Li, P},
title = {Takotsubo Syndrome in Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {CJC open},
volume = {6},
number = {6},
pages = {818-825},
pmid = {39022174},
issn = {2589-790X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Respiratory conditions are major physical triggers of takotsubo syndrome (TTS) and portend worse outcomes. However, data on TTS in patients with coronavirus disease-2019 infection (COVID-19) are limited.

METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases for case reports for the period 2019-2022 describing TTS in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia (TTS-COVID). We summarized the clinical data and outcomes and compared them to those in patients with TTS with an acute respiratory disease other than COVID-19 as a trigger (TTS-acute respiratory disease) and those with TTS with no respiratory disease (TTS-no respiratory disease).

RESULTS: The mortality rate was higher in those with TTS-COVID (26.0%) than those with TTS-acute respiratory disease (5.7%) or TTS-no respiratory disease (4.2%; P < 0.001 for both). The proportion of men was higher in TTS-COVID (33.3%) than it was in TTS-no respiratory disease (9.1%; P < 0.001). The manifestations of TTS in COVID patients were atypical (dyspnea [70.3%] and cough [40.6%]); few had chest pain (23.4%). Cardiovascular risk factors were common in the TTS-COVID cohort, but fewer patients were on cardioprotective medications in this group than in the other 2 groups. Level of catecholamine use was higher in the TTS-COVID group (37.7%) than it was in the TTS-no respiratory disease (10.9%; P < 0.001) group. Apical ballooning (72.6%) was the most common TTS subtype, and basal segment type was seen in 11.0% of TTS-COVID patients.

CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 patients who developed TTS had high mortality rates and unique features, compared with those in the TTS-acute respiratory disease group or the TTS-no respiratory disease group. Understanding the pathophysiology of TTS in COVID-19 may help prevent TTS and direct therapy in this setting.},
}

@article {pmid39021908,
year = {2024},
author = {Li, Y and Lu, SM and Wang, JL and Yao, HP and Liang, LG},
title = {Progress in SARS-CoV-2, diagnostic and clinical treatment of COVID-19.},
journal = {Heliyon},
volume = {10},
number = {12},
pages = {e33179},
pmid = {39021908},
issn = {2405-8440},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19)is a global pandemic novel coronavirus infection disease caused by Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although rapid, large-scale testing plays an important role in patient management and slowing the spread of the disease. However, there has been no good and widely used drug treatment for infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2.

KEY FINDINGS: Therefore, this review updates the body of knowledge on viral structure, infection routes, detection methods, and clinical treatment, with the aim of responding to the large-section caused by SARS-CoV-2. This paper focuses on the structure of SARS-CoV-2 viral protease, RNA polymerase, serine protease and main proteinase-like protease as well as targeted antiviral drugs.

CONCLUSION: In vitro or clinical trials have been carried out to provide deeper thinking for the pathogenesis, clinical diagnosis, vaccine development and treatment of SARS-CoV-2.},
}

@article {pmid37986554,
year = {2024},
author = {Shukla, N and Shamim, U and Agarwal, P and Pandey, R and Narayan, J},
title = {From bench to bedside: potential of translational research in COVID-19 and beyond.},
journal = {Briefings in functional genomics},
volume = {23},
number = {4},
pages = {349-362},
doi = {10.1093/bfgp/elad051},
pmid = {37986554},
issn = {2041-2657},
support = {CLP-0042//Rockefeller Foundation/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/virology ; *Translational Research, Biomedical ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; },
abstract = {The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been around for more than 3 years now. However, due to constant viral evolution, novel variants are emerging, leaving old treatment protocols redundant. As treatment options dwindle, infection rates continue to rise and seasonal infection surges become progressively common across the world, rapid solutions are required. With genomic and proteomic methods generating enormous amounts of data to expand our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 biology, there is an urgent requirement for the development of novel therapeutic methods that can allow translational research to flourish. In this review, we highlight the current state of COVID-19 in the world and the effects of post-infection sequelae. We present the contribution of translational research in COVID-19, with various current and novel therapeutic approaches, including antivirals, monoclonal antibodies and vaccines, as well as alternate treatment methods such as immunomodulators, currently being studied and reiterate the importance of translational research in the development of various strategies to contain COVID-19.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/virology
*Translational Research, Biomedical
*SARS-CoV-2
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
COVID-19 Vaccines
COVID-19 Drug Treatment

@article {pmid39021569,
year = {2024},
author = {Xie, Y and Lv, S and Luo, S and Chen, Y and Du, M and Xu, Y and Yang, D},
title = {The correlation between corona virus disease 2019 and alopecia areata: a literature review.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1347311},
pmid = {39021569},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {*Alopecia Areata/epidemiology/immunology ; Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/epidemiology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology ; },
abstract = {Corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19) is one of the most serious respiratory pandemic diseases threatening human health for centuries. Alopecia areata (AA) is a sudden patchy hair loss, an autoimmune disease, which seriously affects the image and mental health of patients. Evidence shows that the risk of autoimmune diseases significantly increases after COVID-19, and is positively correlated with the severity, with a significant increase in the risk of alopecia in those over 40 years old. The relationship between COVID-19 and AA has become a hot topic of current research. Strengthening the research on the correlation between COVID-19 and AA can help to identify and protect susceptible populations at an early stage. This article reviews the research progress on the epidemiological background of COVID-19 and AA, the situation and possible mechanisms of AA induced by COVID-19 or COVID-19 vaccination, and potential treatment methods.},
}

*Alopecia Areata/epidemiology/immunology
Humans
*COVID-19/immunology/epidemiology
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology

@article {pmid39020333,
year = {2024},
author = {Negarandeh, R and Shahmari, M and Zare, L},
title = {Stigmatization experiences of healthcare workers in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review.},
journal = {BMC health services research},
volume = {24},
number = {1},
pages = {823},
pmid = {39020333},
issn = {1472-6963},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology ; *Health Personnel/psychology ; *Social Stigma ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; Stereotyping ; Attitude of Health Personnel ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers face the stigmatization of those caring for COVID-19 patients, creating a significant social problem. Therefore, this study investigated the stigmatization of healthcare workers in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS: In this scoping review study, searches were conducted from December 2019 to August 2023 in Persian and English using various databases and search engines including PubMed (Medline), Embase, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, ProQuest, Science Direct, Springer, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and national databases. The study used English keywords such as Social Stigma, Health Personnel, Healthcare Worker, Medical Staff, Medical Personal, Physicians, doctors, Nurses, nursing staff, COVID-19, and coronavirus disease 2019, and their Persian equivalents, and their Persian equivalents to explore healthcare workers' experiences of COVID-19-related stigma.

RESULTS: From a total of 12,200 search results, 77 eligible studies were included in this study. stigmatization of healthcare workers caring for COVID-19 patients was evident from the literature because of fear, misinformation, and negative self-image. Manifestations were violence and deprivation of social rights, resulting in adverse biopsychosocial, occupational, and economic consequences. This condition can affect negatively health staff themselves, their families, and society as well. Anti-stigmatization measures include informing society about the realities faced by healthcare workers, presenting an accurate and empathetic image of health workers, providing psychosocial support to health workers, and encouraging them to turn to spirituality as a coping mechanism. There are notable research gaps in comprehending the phenomenon, exploring its variations across diverse healthcare roles and cultural contexts, examining its long-term effects, and monitoring shifts in stigma perceptions over time.

CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in the stigmatization of healthcare workers, causing mistreatment and rights violations. This stigma persists even post-pandemic, posing a psychological dilemma for caregivers. Addressing this requires comprehensive strategies, including tailored stigma prevention programs and research to understand its psychological impact.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology
*Health Personnel/psychology
*Social Stigma
*SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics
Stereotyping
Attitude of Health Personnel

@article {pmid39019510,
year = {2024},
author = {Jean Simon, D and Lessard, G and Lévesque, S},
title = {[Domestic violence among Quebec women during the health crisis: Trends and risk factors].},
journal = {Soins; la revue de reference infirmiere},
volume = {69},
number = {887},
pages = {15-19},
doi = {10.1016/j.soin.2024.05.007},
pmid = {39019510},
issn = {0038-0814},
mesh = {Humans ; Quebec/epidemiology ; Female ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology ; Risk Factors ; *Domestic Violence/statistics & numerical data ; Pandemics ; Social Isolation/psychology ; Adult ; },
abstract = {This article examines the evolution of domestic violence (DV) among Quebec women during the Covid-19 pandemic and the factors associated with this phenomenon. Based on the literature, we observed that DV increased significantly in Quebec during the health crisis. Furthermore, it appears that job loss, which affected more women than men, increased social isolation, deterioration of the mental health of spouses, increased alcohol and cannabis consumption, and difficulties in reconciling work and family life are the factors that contribute most to the increase in DV in Quebec during this period.},
}

Humans
Quebec/epidemiology
Female
*COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology
Risk Factors
*Domestic Violence/statistics & numerical data
Pandemics
Social Isolation/psychology
Adult

@article {pmid39019390,
year = {2024},
author = {Lee, S and Williams, ZM},
title = {Role of Prefrontal Cortex Circuitry in Maintaining Social Homeostasis.},
journal = {Biological psychiatry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.07.007},
pmid = {39019390},
issn = {1873-2402},
abstract = {Homeostasis is a fundamental concept in biology and ensures the stability of life by maintaining the constancy of physiological processes. Recent years have witnessed a surge in research interest in these physiological processes, with a growing focus on understanding the mechanisms underlying social homeostasis. This shift in focus underscores our increasing understanding of the importance of social interactions and their impact on individual well-being. In this review, we explore the interconnected research across three primary categories: understanding the neural mechanisms influencing set-points, defining contemporary factors that can disrupt social homeostasis, and identifying the potential contributions of social homeostatic failure in the development of psychiatric diseases. We also delve into the role of the prefrontal cortex and its circuitry in regulating social behavior, decision-making processes, and the manifestation of neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety. Finally, we examine the influence of more recent factors such as growing social media exposure and the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, highlighting their disruptive effects. We also identify gaps in current literature through the analysis of research trends and propose future research directions to advance our understanding of social homeostasis, with implications for mental health interventions.},
}

@article {pmid39016564,
year = {2024},
author = {Ahmed, S and Herschhorn, A},
title = {mRNA-based HIV-1 vaccines.},
journal = {Clinical microbiology reviews},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0004124},
doi = {10.1128/cmr.00041-24},
pmid = {39016564},
issn = {1098-6618},
abstract = {SUMMARYThe success of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 mRNA vaccines to lessen/prevent severe COVID-19 opened new opportunities to develop RNA vaccines to fight other infectious agents. HIV-1 is a lentivirus that integrates into the host cell genome and persists for the lifetime of infected cells. Multiple mechanisms of immune evasion have posed significant obstacles to the development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine over the last four decades since the identification of HIV-1. Recently, attempts to address some of these challenges have led to multiple studies that manufactured, optimized, and tested, in different animal models, mRNA-based HIV-1 vaccines. Several clinical trials have also been initiated or are planned to start soon. Here, we review the current strategies applied to HIV-1 mRNA vaccines, discuss different targeting approaches, summarize the latest findings, and offer insights into the challenges and future of HIV-1 mRNA vaccines.},
}

@article {pmid39016172,
year = {2024},
author = {MacIntyre, CR and de Sousa, JC and Heininger, U and Kardos, P and Konstantopoulos, A and Middleton, D and Nolan, T and Papi, A and Rendon, A and Rizzo, A and Sampson, K and Sette, A and Sobczyk, E and Tan, T and Weil-Olivier, C and Weinberger, B and Wilkinson, T and von König, CHW},
title = {Public health management of pertussis in adults: Practical challenges and future strategies.},
journal = {Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {2377904},
pmid = {39016172},
issn = {2164-554X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Whooping Cough/prevention & control/epidemiology/diagnosis ; Adult ; *Vaccination ; Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage ; Pertussis Vaccine/immunology/administration & dosage ; Public Health Administration/methods ; Public Health ; },
abstract = {A panel of 24 international experts met in July 2022 to discuss challenges associated with pertussis detection, monitoring, and vaccination in adults; conclusions from this meeting are presented. There has been a shift in the epidemiology of pertussis toward older children and adults. This shift has been attributed to the waning of infection- or vaccine-induced immunity, newer detection techniques causing detection bias, and possibly the replacement of whole-cell pertussis with acellular vaccines in high-income countries, which may lead to immunity waning more quickly. The burden of adult pertussis is still likely under-ascertained due to widespread under-recognition by healthcare professionals (HCPs), under-diagnosis, and under-reporting in this age group. Non-standardized testing guidance and varied case definitions have contributed to under-reporting. Key barriers to HCP engagement with the tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (Tdap) vaccine include low awareness, lack of time/funding, and lack of motivation due to low prioritization of Tdap.},
}

Humans
*Whooping Cough/prevention & control/epidemiology/diagnosis
Adult
*Vaccination
Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage
Pertussis Vaccine/immunology/administration & dosage
Public Health Administration/methods
Public Health

@article {pmid39016519,
year = {2024},
author = {Hussain, A and Wang, M and Yu, D and Zhang, J and Naseer, QA and Ullah, A and Milon Essola, J and Zhang, X},
title = {Medical and molecular biophysical techniques as substantial tools in the era of mRNA-based vaccine technology.},
journal = {Biomaterials science},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1039/d4bm00561a},
pmid = {39016519},
issn = {2047-4849},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic prompted the advancement of vaccine technology using mRNA delivery into the host cells. Consequently, mRNA-based vaccines have emerged as a practical approach against SARS-CoV-2 owing to their inherent properties, such as cost-effectiveness, rapid manufacturing, and preservation. These features are vital, especially in resource-constrained regions. Nevertheless, the design of mRNA-based vaccines is intricately intertwined with the refinement of biophysical technologies, thereby establishing their high potential. The preparation of mRNA-based vaccines involves a sequence of phases combining medical and molecular biophysical technologies. Furthermore, their efficiency depends on the capability to optimize their positive attributes, thus paving the way for their subsequent preclinical and clinical evaluations. Using biophysical techniques, the characterization of nucleic acids extends from their initial formulation to their cellular internalization abilities and encapsulation in biomolecule complexes, such as lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), for designing mRNA-based LNPs. Furthermore, nanoparticles are subjected to a series of careful screening steps to assess their physical and chemical characteristics before achieving an optimum formulation suitable for preclinical and clinical studies. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental role of biophysical techniques in the complex development of mRNA-based vaccines and their role in the recent success during the COVID-19 pandemic.},
}

@article {pmid39015690,
year = {2024},
author = {Pyarali, M and Adeel, M and Nawaz, A and Uneeb, S and Fazal Dad, AB and Amir, S},
title = {Bell's Palsy, an Adverse Event Following COVID Vaccines.},
journal = {Iranian journal of otorhinolaryngology},
volume = {36},
number = {4},
pages = {527-535},
pmid = {39015690},
issn = {2251-7251},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Bell's palsy is one of the most concerning complications of the COVID vaccine that has impacted vaccine acceptance among the general population. These vaccines were introduced to provide immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and have been found to be quite effective. Little did we know that Bell's palsy could be one of its serious complications.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used various search engines to gather data in the form of a case series and case reports related to patients who were affected by the vaccine and had developed Bell's palsy.

RESULTS: A total of eleven case reports and 4 case series were included in the analysis. The vaccines mentioned in the case reports were Pfizer, Moderna, Sinovac, AstraZeneca, and Janssen, while the case series included Pfizer and Sinovac. The majority of patients were female and aged between 31-40 years. Right-sided laterality was observed in 45.45% of patients, left-sided laterality in 45.45% of patients, and bilateral laterality in 9.1% of patients. Three patients had a history of Bell's palsy or stroke. After treatment, three patients showed partial improvement, six patients fully recovered, and the status of two patients was unknown.

CONCLUSIONS: Bell's palsy is a rare complication that can occur after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine. This review aims to increase awareness about this rare adverse event of the vaccine so that it can be properly addressed and managed. Additionally, it will serve as a foundation for future research on the administration of the COVID-19 vaccine.},
}

@article {pmid39012917,
year = {2024},
author = {Utunen, H and Balaciano, G and Arabi, E and Tokar, A and Bhatiasevi, A and Noyes, J},
title = {Learning interventions and training methods in health emergencies: A scoping review.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {19},
number = {7},
pages = {e0290208},
pmid = {39012917},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Humans ; *Emergencies ; Health Personnel/education ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Learning ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Keeping the health workforce and the public informed about the latest evolving health information during a health emergency is critical to preventing, detecting and responding to infectious disease outbreaks or other health emergencies. Having a well-informed, ready, willing, and skilled workforce and an informed public can help save lives, reduce diseases and suffering, and minimize socio-economic loss in affected communities and countries. Providing "just in time" support and opportunities for learning in health emergencies is much needed for capacity building. In this paper, 'learning intervention' refers to the provision of ad-hoc, focused, or personalized training sessions with the goal of preparing the health workers for emergencies or filling specific knowledge or skill gaps. We refer to 'training methods' as instructional design strategies used to teach someone the necessary knowledge and skills to perform a task.

METHODS: We conducted a scoping review to map and better understand what learning interventions and training methods have been used in different types of health emergencies and by whom. Studies were identified using six databases (Pubmed/Medline, Embase, Hinari, WorldCat, CABI and Web of Science) and by consulting with experts. Characteristics of studies were mapped and displayed and major topic areas were identified.

RESULTS: Of the 319 records that were included, contexts most frequently covered were COVID-19, disasters in general, Ebola and wars. Four prominent topic areas were identified: 1) Knowledge acquisition, 2) Emergency plans, 3) Impact of the learning intervention, and 4) Training methods. Much of the evidence was based on observational methods with few trials, which likely reflects the unique context of each health emergency. Evolution of methods was apparent, particularly in virtual learning. Learning during health emergencies appeared to improve knowledge, general management of the situation, quality of life of both trainers and affected population, satisfaction and clinical outcomes.

CONCLUSION: This is the first scoping review to map the evidence, which serves as a first step in developing urgently needed global guidance to further improve the quality and reach of learning interventions and training methods in this context.},
}

Humans
*Emergencies
Health Personnel/education
COVID-19/epidemiology
Learning
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid39012087,
year = {2024},
author = {Du, Z and Liu, C and Bai, Y and Wang, L and Lim, WW and Lau, EHY and Cowling, BJ},
title = {Predicting Efficacies of Fractional Doses of Vaccines by Using Neutralizing Antibody Levels: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {JMIR public health and surveillance},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {e49812},
doi = {10.2196/49812},
pmid = {39012087},
issn = {2369-2960},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/immunology ; *Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; *Vaccine Efficacy/statistics & numerical data ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Immunogenicity, Vaccine ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants that have eluded immunity from vaccines and prior infections, vaccine shortages and vaccine effectiveness pose unprecedented challenges for governments in expanding booster vaccination programs. The fractionation of vaccine doses might be an effective strategy for helping society to face these challenges, as fractional doses may have efficacies comparable with those of the standard doses.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the relationship between vaccine immunogenicity and protection and to project efficacies of fractional doses of vaccines for COVID-19 by using neutralizing antibody levels.

METHODS: In this study, we analyzed the relationship between in vitro neutralization levels and the observed efficacies against both asymptomatic infection and symptomatic infection, using data from 13 studies of 10 COVID-19 vaccines and from convalescent cohorts. We further projected efficacies for fractional doses, using neutralization as an intermediate variable, based on immunogenicity data from 51 studies included in our systematic review.

RESULTS: In comparisons with the convalescent level, vaccine efficacy against asymptomatic infection and symptomatic infection increased from 8.8% (95% CI 1.4%-16.1%) to 71.8% (95% CI 63%-80.7%) and from 33.6% (95% CI 23.6%-43.6%) to 98.6% (95% CI 97.6%-99.7%), respectively, as the mean neutralization level increased from 0.1 to 10 folds of the convalescent level. Additionally, mRNA vaccines provided the strongest protection, which decreased slowly for fractional dosing with dosages between 50% and 100% of the standard dose. We also observed that although vaccine efficacy increased with the mean neutralization level, the rate of this increase was slower for vaccine efficacy against asymptomatic infection than for vaccine efficacy against symptomatic infection.

CONCLUSIONS: Our results are consistent with studies on immune protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Based on our study, we expect that fractional-dose vaccination could provide partial immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for the efficacy of fractional-dose vaccines, serving as reference evidence for implementing fractional dosing vaccine policies in areas facing vaccine shortages and thereby mitigating disease burden. Fractional-dose vaccination could be a viable vaccination strategy comparable to full-dose vaccination and deserves further exploration.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/immunology
*Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
*COVID-19/prevention & control
*Vaccine Efficacy/statistics & numerical data
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Immunogenicity, Vaccine
Antibodies, Viral/blood

@article {pmid38415433,
year = {2024},
author = {Eftekhar, Z and Haybar, H and Mohebbi, A and Saki, N},
title = {Cardiac Complications and COVID-19: A Review of Life-threatening Co-morbidities.},
journal = {Current cardiology reviews},
volume = {20},
number = {3},
pages = {1-12},
pmid = {38415433},
issn = {1875-6557},
mesh = {*COVID-19/complications ; Humans ; *Comorbidity ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac/etiology ; },
abstract = {The novel 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was first reported in the last days of December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The presence of certain co-morbidities, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), are the basis for worse outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Relevant English-language literature was searched and retrieved from the Google Scholar search engine and PubMed database up to 2023 using COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Heart failure, Myocardial infarction, and Arrhythmia and Cardiac complication as keywords. Increased hemodynamic load, ischemia-related dysfunction, ventricular remodeling, excessive neurohumoral stimulation, abnormal myocyte calcium cycling, and excessive or insufficient extracellular matrix proliferation are associated with heart failure (HF) in COVID-19 patients. Inflammatory reaction due to the excessive release of inflammatory cytokines, leads to myocardial infarction (MI) in these patients. The virus can induce heart arrhythmia through cardiac complications, hypoxia, decreased heart hemodynamics, and remarkable inflammatory markers. Moreover, studies have linked cardiac complications in COVID-19 with poor outcomes, extended hospitalization time, and increased mortality rate. Patients with COVID-19 and CVDs are at higher mortality risk and they should be given high priority when receiving the treatment and intensive care during hospitalization.},
}

*COVID-19/complications
Humans
*Comorbidity
*SARS-CoV-2
Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology
Arrhythmias, Cardiac/etiology

@article {pmid38318833,
year = {2024},
author = {Dobhal, K and Garg, R and Singh, A and Semwal, A},
title = {Insight into the Natural Biomolecules (BMs): Promising Candidates as Zika Virus Inhibitors.},
journal = {Infectious disorders drug targets},
volume = {24},
number = {7},
pages = {e020224226681},
pmid = {38318833},
issn = {2212-3989},
mesh = {Humans ; *Zika Virus/drug effects ; *Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; *Zika Virus Infection/drug therapy/virology ; Animals ; Biological Products/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {Zika virus (ZIKV) is among the relatively new infectious disease threats that include SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus, monkeypox (Mpox) virus, etc. ZIKV has been reported to cause severe health risks to the fetus. To date, satisfactory treatment is still not available for the treatment of ZIKV infection. This review examines the last five years of work using natural biomolecules (BMs) to counteract the ZIKV through virtual screening and in vitro investigations. Virtual screening has identified doramectin, pinocembrin, hesperidins, epigallocatechin gallate, pedalitin, and quercetin as potentially active versus ZIKV infection. In vitro, testing has shown that nordihydroguaiaretic acid, mefloquine, isoquercitrin, glycyrrhetinic acid, patentiflorin-A, rottlerin, and harringtonine can reduce ZIKV infections in cell lines. However, in vivo, testing is limited, fortunately, emetine, rottlerin, patentiflorin-A, and lycorine have shown in vivo anti- ZIKV potential. This review focuses on natural biomolecules that show a particularly high selective index (>10). There is limited in vivo and clinical trial data for natural BMs, which needs to be an active area of investigation. This review aims to compile the known reference data and discuss the barriers associated with discovering and using natural BM agents to control ZIKV infection.},
}

Humans
*Zika Virus/drug effects
*Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
*Zika Virus Infection/drug therapy/virology
Animals
Biological Products/pharmacology

@article {pmid38251692,
year = {2024},
author = {Kaur, G and Kaur, R and Sumanpreet, and Kaur, M},
title = {Association of COVID with Mycosis in General.},
journal = {Infectious disorders drug targets},
volume = {24},
number = {6},
pages = {e190124225866},
pmid = {38251692},
issn = {2212-3989},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/epidemiology ; *Mucormycosis/epidemiology/complications ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; India/epidemiology ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP ; Hyperglycemia/complications/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is a respiratory disease which created havoc worldwide, was accompanied by another peculiar, otherwise rare, secondary fungal infection Mucormycosis which was observed at exceptionally high incidence in India during the second wave of COVID-19. The article explores possible links between the two infectious diseases to understand a higher-than-normal occurrence of Mucormycosis in COVID-19 patients. Coronavirus enters the patients through ACE-2 and many other receptors like- NRP-1, TfR, CD-126, and CD-26. Virus bind to cells possessing these receptors and affect their proper functioning, disturbing homeostatic metabolism and resulting in conditions like hyperglycemia, Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA), low serum pH, iron overload, anemia, hypoxia, and immunosuppression as explained in the article. All these outcomes provide a very supportive environment for the attack and spread of Mucormycosis fungi. The major receptor for Mucormycosis in humans is the GRP-78. Its expression is upregulated by coronavirus entry and by hyperferritinemia, hyperglycemia, and acidic conditions prevalent in COVID patients, thus providing an easy entry for the fungal species. Upregulation of GRP-78 furthermore damages pancreatic β-cells and intensifies hyperglycemia, showing quite a synergic relationship. Inordinate rise of Mucormycosis cases in India might be explained by facts like- India possessing a large proportion of diabetic patients, emergence of a very deadly strain of coronavirus- Delta strain, higher doses of steroids and antibodies used to treat patients against this strain, overburdened health care services, sudden much higher need of oxygen supply and use of industrial oxygen could explain the Mucormycosis outbreak observed in India during the second wave of COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: The present review discusses the functional interdependence between COVID-19 and Mucormycosis and summarizes the possible synergic links between COVID and Mucormycosis.

CONCLUSION: The receptors and metabolic pathways affected by COVID-19 result in severe physiological conditions- hyperglycemia, DKA, anemia, iron overload, immunosuppression, and hypoxia. All these conditions not only increase the expression of GRP-78, the major receptor for entry of fungi but also play a crucial role in providing quality media for Mucormycosis fungus to establish and grow. Hence explains the fungal epidemic observed in India during the second wave of COVID-19 in India.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/epidemiology
*Mucormycosis/epidemiology/complications
*SARS-CoV-2
India/epidemiology
Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP
Hyperglycemia/complications/epidemiology

@article {pmid39010851,
year = {2024},
author = {Leonard, R and O'Connor, SR and Hanratty, J and Keenan, C and Chi, Y and Ferguson, J and Axiaq, A and Volz, A and Welsh, C and Campbell, K and Hawkins, V and Miller, S and Bradley, D and Dempster, M},
title = {Psychological and psychosocial determinants of COVID-related handwashing behaviours: A systematic review.},
journal = {Campbell systematic reviews},
volume = {20},
number = {3},
pages = {e1421},
pmid = {39010851},
issn = {1891-1803},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has resulted in illness, deaths and societal disruption on a global scale. Societies have implemented various control measures to reduce transmission of the virus and mitigate its impact. Individual behavioural changes are crucial to the successful implementation of these measures. One commonly recommended measure to limit risk of infection is frequent handwashing. It is important to identify those factors that can predict the uptake and maintenance of handwashing.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to identify and synthesise the evidence on malleable psychological and psychosocial factors that determine uptake and adherence to handwashing aimed at reducing the risk of infection or transmission of COVID-19.

SEARCH METHODS: We searched various literature sources including electronic databases (Medline ALL, Child Development & Adolescent Studies, ERIC, PsycInfo, CINAHL and Web of Science), web searches, conference proceedings, government reports, other repositories of literature and grey literature. The search strategy was built around three concepts of interest including (1) context (terms relating to COVID-19), (2) behaviour of interest and (3) terms related to psychological and psychosocial determinants of COVID Health-Related Behaviours and adherence or compliance with handwashing, to capture malleable determines. Searches capture studies up until October 2021.

SELECTION CRITERIA: Eligibility criteria included observational studies (both retrospective and prospective) and experimental studies that measure and report malleable psychological and psychosocial determinants and handwashing at an individual level, amongst the general public. Screening was supported by the Cochrane Crowd. Titles and abstracts were screened against the eligibility criteria by three independent screeners. Following this, all potentially relevant studies were screened at full-text level by the research team. All conflicts between screeners were resolved by discussion between the core research team.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: All data extraction was managed in EPPI-Reviewer software. All eligible studies, identified through full-text screening were extracted by one author. We extracted data on study information, population, determinant, behaviour and effects. A second author checked data extraction on 20% of all included papers. All conflicts were discussed by the two authors until consensus was reached.We assessed methodological quality of all included studies using an adapted version of the Joanna Briggs Institute Quality appraisal tool for cross-sectional studies.

MAIN RESULTS: Our initial searches yielded 23,587 results, of which 56 studies were included in this review. The included studies were cross sectional in design, came from 22 countries and had a combined sample of 199,376 participants. The vast majority of studies had samples from the general public, with eight of the studies focusing on specific samples. All included studies considered people over the age of 18. The quality of the majority of the studies was good (n = 30 rated low risk of bias), with 8 rated high risk of bias, predominately due to lack of reporting of recruitment, sample characteristics and methodology. Thirty-four studies were included in the narrative synthesis and 28 in the meta-analysis.Findings indicated that emotions about COVID-19 (worry [0.381, confidence interval [CI] = 0.270-0.482, I [2] = 92%) and anxiety (0.308, CI = 0.154-0.448, I [2] = 91%]), knowledge of COVID-19 (0.323, CI = 0.223-0.417, I [2] = 94%), and perceived social norms (0.303, CI = 0.184-0.413, I [2] = 92%) were among the malleable determinants most associated with handwashing. Perceived severity (0.006, CI = -0.011-0.023) and susceptibility of COVID-19 (0.041, CI = -0.034 to 0.115) had little to no effect on handwashing behaviour.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the effects of various malleable determinants on COVID-related handwashing can aid in the development and implementation of interventions and public health campaigns to promote handwashing behaviour in potential new waves of COVID-19 or other respiratory infections. Emotions about COVID, knowledge of COVID and perceived social norms warrant further consideration in future research and policy.},
}

@article {pmid39010718,
year = {2024},
author = {Gray, B and Lubbock, K and Love, C and Ryder, E and Hudson, S and Scarth, J},
title = {Analytical advances in horseracing medication and doping control from 2018 to 2023.},
journal = {Drug testing and analysis},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/dta.3760},
pmid = {39010718},
issn = {1942-7611},
abstract = {The analytical approaches taken by laboratories to implement robust and efficient regulation of horseracing medication and doping control are complex and constantly evolving. Each laboratory's approach will be dictated by differences in regulatory, economic and scientific drivers specific to their local environment. However, in general, laboratories will all be undertaking developments and improvements to their screening strategies in order to meet new and emerging threats as well as provide improved service to their customers. In this paper, the published analytical advances in horseracing medication and doping control since the 22nd International Conference of Racing Analysts and Veterinarians will be reviewed. Due to the unprecedented impact of COVID-19 on the worldwide economy, the normal 2-year period of this review was extended to over 5 years. As such, there was considerable ground to cover, resulting in an increase in the number of relevant publications included from 107 to 307. Major trends in publications will be summarised and possible future directions highlighted. This will cover developments in the detection of 'small' and 'large' molecule drugs, sample preparation procedures and the use of alternative matrices, instrumental advances/applications, drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, the detection and prevalence of 'endogenous' compounds and biomarker and OMICs approaches. Particular emphasis will be given to research into the potential threat of gene doping, which is a significant area of new and continued research for many laboratories. Furthermore, developments in analytical instrumentation relevant to equine medication and doping control will be discussed.},
}

@article {pmid39009199,
year = {2024},
author = {Nithya Shree, J and Premika, T and Sharlin, S and Annie Aglin, A},
title = {Diverse approaches to express recombinant spike protein: A comprehensive review.},
journal = {Protein expression and purification},
volume = {223},
number = {},
pages = {106556},
doi = {10.1016/j.pep.2024.106556},
pmid = {39009199},
issn = {1096-0279},
abstract = {The spike protein of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for infecting host cells. It has two segments, S1 and S2. The S1 segment has a receptor-binding domain (RBD) that attaches to the host receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The S2 segment helps in the fusion of the viral cell membrane by creating a six-helical bundle through the two-heptad repeat domain. To develop effective vaccines and therapeutics against COVID-19, it is critical to express and purify the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. Extensive studies have been conducted on expression of a complete recombinant spike protein or its fragments. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the different expression systems employed for spike protein expression, along with their advantages and disadvantages.},
}

@article {pmid39009118,
year = {2024},
author = {Choinski, K and Smolock, C and Phair, J},
title = {The Top One Hundred Most Cited Articles in Venous Disease and Management.},
journal = {Annals of vascular surgery},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.avsg.2024.05.028},
pmid = {39009118},
issn = {1615-5947},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Advancements in the management of venous disease have been documented in scientific literature. We performed a bibliometric analysis using citations as an indication of impact to analyze the most influential articles on venous disease and treatment.

METHODS: A retrospective search of the Web of Science database was conducted in May 2023. Key search terms were queried to generate relevant articles. Articles were ranked on total number of citations and average number of citations per year. Metrics analyzed included top journals, impact factor, journal discipline, institution and country of publication, author degree and gender, number of publications per year, level of evidence, and article topic area.

RESULTS: The top 100 articles on venous disease were published between 1994 and 2020, with a total of 102,856 citations, average 1028 citations/article, and mean of 70 citations/year. The most popular article was "Incidence of thrombotic complications of in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19" with 3,482 citations in total. The most popular journals were New England Journal of Medicine (22 articles), Lancet (14 articles), and CHEST (13 articles), pertaining to management of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). The Journal of Vascular surgery had 2 influential articles, focused on management of chronic venous disease. Many articles were published in the United States (52), Canada (38), and Netherlands (25). Prolific authors were predominantly male (96%) and 59% were MDs versus 29% combined MD/PhD and 12% PhDs. Popular venous articles included guidelines/standards for DVT management (12%), epidemiology of venous thromboembolism (VTE) (12%), and anticoagulation for DVT (12%). Specific VTE risk factors within popular literature included prothrombotic genes, malignancy, pregnancy, trauma, and COVID-19. Articles on surgical interventions included inferior vena cava filter placement, catheter-directed thrombolysis, and risks of femoral and subclavian vein catheterization. Venous stenting and mechanical thrombectomy were not within the top articles.

CONCLUSIONS: Top cited articles on venous disease emphasized management of DVT, followed by chronic venous disease, through the collaboration of multiple medical and surgical specialties. The largest number of citations in recent DVT literature was driven by COVID-19 complications.},
}

@article {pmid39008602,
year = {2024},
author = {Sotnikova-Meleshkina, ZV and Yatsyk, YO and Bobrova, OV and Kryvonos, KA},
title = {The influence of vitamin and mineral consumption on the course of coronavirus disease (COVID-19).},
journal = {Wiadomosci lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland : 1960)},
volume = {77},
number = {5},
pages = {1086-1092},
doi = {10.36740/WLek202405132},
pmid = {39008602},
issn = {0043-5147},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; *Vitamins/therapeutic use/administration & dosage ; *Minerals/therapeutic use ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Dietary Supplements ; Micronutrients/therapeutic use ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Aim: The study of the role of micronutrients in the prevention of the severe course of the coronavirus disease.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and Methods: In order to fulfill the task, there was conducted an analytical review of medical and biological publications in English in the electronic databases PubMed Medline of the US National Library of Medicine (NLM), Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for the period from 2015 to November 2023, where included 50 published articles, 28 preprints and 109 trials. In the course of the study, the bibliographic-semantic research method was used according to the "Preferred Reporting Elements for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses" (PRISMA) protocol. According to this protocol, identified literary sources were sequentially analyzed by title, keywords, abstract and full text of articles. Based on the results of 16 searches, 2650 articles from PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Embase, 3162 articles from preprint servers and 237 trials were rejected. In the final article synthesis, we included 50 published articles, 28 preprints, and 109 trials.

CONCLUSION: Conclusions: The most effective in preventing complications of the coronavirus disease are vitamins A, D, E, K, C, B3, B6, B9, B12 and such mineral substances as Mg, Se and Zn. The consumption of appropriate bioactive complexes and source products can be considered a clinically and economically effective strategy for the prevention of a severe course of the coronavirus disease.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology
*Vitamins/therapeutic use/administration & dosage
*Minerals/therapeutic use
SARS-CoV-2
Dietary Supplements
Micronutrients/therapeutic use

@article {pmid39008244,
year = {2024},
author = {da Silva, MBF and Teixeira, CMLL},
title = {Cyanobacterial and microalgae polymers: antiviral activity and applications.},
journal = {Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {39008244},
issn = {1678-4405},
abstract = {At the end of 2019, the world witnessed the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. As an aggressive viral infection, the entire world remained attentive to new discoveries about the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its effects in the human body. The search for new antivirals capable of preventing and/or controlling the infection became one of the main goals of research during this time. New biocompounds from marine sources, especially microalgae and cyanobacteria, with pharmacological benefits, such as anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory and antiviral attracted particular interest. Polysaccharides (PS) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), especially those containing sulfated groups in their structure, have potential antiviral activity against several types of viruses including HIV-1, herpes simplex virus type 1, and SARS-CoV-2. We review the main characteristics of PS and EPS with antiviral activity, the mechanisms of action, and the different extraction methodologies from microalgae and cyanobacteria biomass.},
}