@article {pmid41742356,
year = {2026},
author = {Ogbu-Nwobodo, L and Hwong, AR and Murphy, K and Goldman, ML and Dilley, JW},
title = {Long COVID in Populations With Serious Mental Illness: Clinical and Policy Implications.},
journal = {Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.)},
volume = {77},
number = {5},
pages = {449-456},
doi = {10.1176/appi.ps.20240457},
pmid = {41742356},
issn = {1557-9700},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/psychology/epidemiology ; *Mental Disorders/epidemiology/therapy ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Health Policy ; Comorbidity ; },
abstract = {As the world recovers from the height of the COVID-19 pandemic with ongoing plans for a strengthened behavioral health infrastructure-from crisis services to long-term care-one of the health conditions that has emerged is long COVID. This multisystem condition is characterized by persistent symptoms that develop after the acute phase of COVID-19 infection. Although the full clinical and scientific understanding of long COVID's neuropsychiatric impact is still evolving, a sizable cohort of patients has emerged with various long-term and often confusing symptoms, which can include cognitive impairment, mood dysregulation (e.g., anxiety or depression), sleep disturbances, posttraumatic symptoms, and chronic fatigue. Recognizing long COVID's debilitating impact on quality of life and wide-ranging societal consequences, the authors sought to summarize current knowledge about long COVID among individuals with a preexisting serious mental illness and to propose care and treatment recommendations for clinicians and public policy makers.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/psychology/epidemiology
*Mental Disorders/epidemiology/therapy
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Health Policy
Comorbidity

@article {pmid41758742,
year = {2026},
author = {Al-Talhi, AA and AlRajhi, B and Almalki, AHS and Alqazenli, M and AlGhamdi, MA and Munhish, FA and Sumaily, I},
title = {Effectiveness of Intranasal Insulin for the Treatment of Olfactory Dysfunction: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-11},
doi = {10.1159/000550990},
pmid = {41758742},
issn = {1423-0275},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness and safety of intranasal insulin (INI) for the treatment of olfactory dysfunction (OD) in patients with anosmia and/or hyposmia compared to placebo or no treatment.

METHODS: We searched four databases: Medline, Scopus, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), and Springer Nature. The study protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (ID: CRD42023456891). The protocol design was in accordance with the PRISMA. Participants with hyposmia or anosmia aged ≥18 years were included. Patients with an altered sense of smell due to anatomical malformations, trauma, neurodegenerative diseases, surgery, or intranasal lesions were excluded from the study.

RESULTS: Five studies with 131 participants were included. There were 131 participants, of whom 63 were men and 68 were women. The participants' ages ranged from 16 to 56 years. Almost all studies used a dose of 40 IU, except one that used different doses for different participants. Glycemic assessment was performed in three studies, which showed a very slight decrease in glucose, except in one study in which the drop in glucose reached 10.4 mg/dL. All studies agreed that olfactory function improved after INI administration.

CONCLUSION: This systematic review concluded that INI can be an effective treatment option for patients with OD. However, further well-designed clinical trials are required to establish robust clinical recommendations.},
}

@article {pmid41873735,
year = {2026},
author = {Ali, T and McConnell, A and Gill, CR and Powell, T and Stangl, KA},
title = {Healing the Divide: Bridging Physicians and Healthcare Administrators for Value-Based Care.},
journal = {American journal of medical quality : the official journal of the American College of Medical Quality},
volume = {41},
number = {3},
pages = {151-159},
doi = {10.1097/JMQ.0000000000000299},
pmid = {41873735},
issn = {1555-824X},
mesh = {Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Physicians/psychology ; Burnout, Professional/prevention & control ; *Hospital Administrators/psychology/organization & administration ; United States ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Organizational Culture ; },
abstract = {Misalignment between physicians and hospital administrators has long challenged US healthcare systems. The COVID-19 pandemic magnified these tensions, with physicians reporting increased burnout and administrators grappling with severe financial pressures. This narrative review synthesizes findings from peer-reviewed studies, national surveys, organizational case examples, and policy reports to evaluate physician-administrator relationships. The analysis identifies 6 thematic areas: shared vision and transparency, governance engagement, incentive alignment, administrative burden, physician well-being, technology and innovation, and organizational trust and culture. The literature consistently documents the persistence of misalignment: physicians cite loss of autonomy and administrative overload, while administrators must manage costs and ensure compliance. Evidence from health systems such as Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, and rural hospitals demonstrates that structured engagement strategies can mitigate these divides. Bridging the physician-administrator divide is critical for value-based care. In rural areas where hospital closures and workforce shortages are acute, collaborative models are urgently needed. The proposed framework highlights actionable strategies to reduce burnout, enhance retention, and strengthen patient-centered outcomes.},
}

Humans
COVID-19/epidemiology
*Physicians/psychology
Burnout, Professional/prevention & control
*Hospital Administrators/psychology/organization & administration
United States
SARS-CoV-2
Organizational Culture

@article {pmid42066776,
year = {2026},
author = {Akil, H and Maras, PM and Turner, CA},
title = {Stress fitness: A neuroscientific approach to building emotional resilience.},
journal = {Neuron},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2026.03.032},
pmid = {42066776},
issn = {1097-4199},
abstract = {Across the globe, rates of mood and anxiety disorders have been increasing steadily, a trend accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Stress triggers these disorders, precipitating initial episodes and provoking relapses. In this perspective, we argue that the stress system is not merely a threat mechanism but also an ongoing and active monitor of the environment and that resilience is not simply the lack of sensitivity to stress but an active function with an intrinsic neurobiology. Through the interplay of genetic, developmental, and experiential mechanisms, individuals evolve their own "stress-resilience algorithm" that determines their stress reactivity and the resulting adaptive or maladaptive consequences. This algorithm represents a dynamic, lifelong process that is often self-reinforcing. We underscore the importance of focusing on prevention by assessing and enhancing an individual's "stress fitness." This perspective offers a new conceptualization of the neurobiology of stress and resilience as a framework for basic and translational neuroscience research aimed at confronting the challenges of stress disorders.},
}

@article {pmid41527944,
year = {2026},
author = {Wang, QH and Ye, JJ and Chen, ZY and Zhang, CC and Liao, XY and Zheng, L and Chen, K and Tu, X and Liu, LR and Wei, Q and Bao, YG},
title = {Current risk factors for male infertility and semen parameters: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.},
journal = {Asian journal of andrology},
volume = {28},
number = {3},
pages = {284-296},
doi = {10.4103/aja202552},
pmid = {41527944},
issn = {1745-7262},
mesh = {Humans ; Male ; *Infertility, Male/etiology/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; *Semen Analysis ; Meta-Analysis as Topic ; Sperm Motility ; Sperm Count ; Obesity ; Life Style ; },
abstract = {Male infertility poses a substantial healthcare challenge and severely impacts the lives of patients. We aimed to investigate the risk factors for infertility and abnormal semen parameters. We conducted a comprehensive search of the articles published in Web of Science, MEDLINE, and Embase databases from January 2000 to February 2025. Infertility, semen volume, sperm concentration, sperm count, sperm morphology, sperm motility, and sperm progressive motility were used as endpoints to evaluate the relevance of risk factors. A total of 43 studies were included, covering 67 risk factors associated with infertility and abnormal sperm parameters. A total of 249 effect sizes were scored individually using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) tool, of which 136 (54.6%) were classified as "very low", 59 (23.7%) as "low", and 54 (21.7%) as "moderate". Suffering from type 1 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hyperthyroidism, systemic lupus erythematosus, chronic prostatitis, and leukocytospermia may increase the risk of abnormal semen parameters. Poor lifestyle habits (obesity, sleep disorders, and smoking), exposure to pollutants and various compounds (carbon disulfide, organophosphates, and lead), the use of medications (sulfasalazine, mesalazine, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), and even some viral infections (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, human papillomavirus, and hepatitis viruses) were associated with decreased semen quality. Regular physical exercise, nut consumption, and adherence to a healthy dietary pattern may reverse this process. An increasing number of factors are associated with infertility; however, some of the aforementioned studies lack verification of causal relationships. Future studies need to be well designed to further confirm these relationships.},
}

Humans
Male
*Infertility, Male/etiology/epidemiology
Risk Factors
*Semen Analysis
Meta-Analysis as Topic
Sperm Motility
Sperm Count
Obesity
Life Style

@article {pmid41862917,
year = {2026},
author = {Luo, S and Zheng, Z and Karimi, L and Plebanski, M and Lankatillake, C and Sheahan, J and Anderson, K and Jovanovski, N and Seal, EL and Cockshaw, W and Wollersheim, D and Cleary, S and El-Ansary, D and Flanagan, KL and Jessup, R and Abrahamson, S and Whyler, N and Fineberg, D and Scoullar, MJL and Seeley, MC and Tippett, E and Xenos, S and Itsiopoulos, C},
title = {Between silence and solutions: a global guideline review of long COVID care and services in Australia.},
journal = {BMC health services research},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41862917},
issn = {1472-6963},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: As the acute response to the COVID-19 pandemic shifts to long-term management, the lasting effects of infection are becoming increasingly evident. Long COVID continues to challenge healthcare systems, with many healthcare professionals reporting uncertainty about assessment and referral pathways. This updated review examines recent international guidelines alongside Australian services to identify gaps between guidelines and practice.

METHODS: Between April and October 2025, we searched for guidelines on Long COVID published in English and assessed their quality by applying the AGREE II appraisal tool. We also conducted a grey literature search to profile active Australian services providing Long COVID care.

RESULTS: Three new or updated guidelines were published in the United States, Canada, and New South Wales, Australia. Together with the World Health Organisation, United Kingdom and New Zealand guidelines identified in the previous review, all emphasise integrated, primary care-led approaches. Notably, Australian service delivery remains fragmented, with a growing number of primary health practitioner-led private services operating largely under a fee-for-service model, leading to variations in access and affordability. Many hospital-based outpatient clinics have been absorbed into existing chronic-disease services. The most fundamental challenge is statistical invisibility: without an activated diagnostic code, services cannot reliably identify or follow people living with Long COVID. This invisibility limits both surveillance and service planning.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Australia is currently developing national clinical best-practice guidelines for ME/CFS, which may also benefit Long COVID; however, Australia remains behind comparable nations such as Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States in developing and implementing the integrated, multidisciplinary care models recommended internationally. This has significant implications, namely that the rapid transition from hospital-based Long COVID clinics to primary care-led services has resulted in fragmented and uncoordinated care. Strengthening Australia’s response will require national leadership and investment in workforce training, sustainable funding for care coordination, improved public and professional awareness, the establishment of primary care-led multidisciplinary pathways, and the activation of a dedicated diagnostic code. Also importantly, shifting to a patient-centred approach and patient-practitioner collaborative model of care is essential to prepare the health system for managing Long COVID and future complex, multi-system conditions.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-026-14268-w.},
}

@article {pmid42056917,
year = {2026},
author = {Bergqvist, E and Valerio-Shewmaker, M and Swartz, M and Patel, J and Padilla, L and Amavisca, XF and Gandhi, H and Messiah, SE},
title = {Association of race, ethnicity, and pediatric long COVID and MIS-C: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {BMC infectious diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s12879-026-12848-z},
pmid = {42056917},
issn = {1471-2334},
}

@article {pmid42057724,
year = {2026},
author = {Hay, JA and Larremore, DB and Aatresh, AV and Kissler, S},
title = {Integrating viral kinetics into routine outbreak surveillance: challenges, opportunities and lessons from COVID-19.},
journal = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences},
volume = {381},
number = {1949},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1098/rstb.2024.0347},
pmid = {42057724},
issn = {1471-2970},
support = {//National Science Foundation/ ; /WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {*COVID-19/epidemiology/virology ; Humans ; *SARS-CoV-2/physiology ; Kinetics ; *Epidemiological Monitoring ; Disease Outbreaks ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {Viral kinetics provide crucial insights into the biology and epidemiology of infections, with direct implications for basic science, therapeutics development and policy. The COVID-19 pandemic showcased the power of viral kinetics surveillance and modelling; however, our understanding of viral kinetics has been limited to retrospective analyses, convenience samples and bespoke models. To strengthen responses to ongoing and emerging outbreaks, we argue that viral kinetics should be a core component of pathogen surveillance. Building upon insights gained during the COVID-19 pandemic, we review ways that continuous viral kinetic surveillance supports infectious disease response by informing epidemiological parameters, development and deployment of therapeutics, and adaptive policy design. To achieve this, various challenges must be addressed regarding data standards, study design and communication. We advocate for the creation of a global, living library of viral kinetics data, with associated data sharing standards, modelling toolkits and on-demand epidemiological reports. Successfully integrating viral kinetics into active disease surveillance efforts will support both active outbreak response and improve the knowledge base vital for pandemic preparedness. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Evaluating anti-infective drugs'.},
}

*COVID-19/epidemiology/virology
Humans
*SARS-CoV-2/physiology
Kinetics
*Epidemiological Monitoring
Disease Outbreaks
Pandemics

@article {pmid42057741,
year = {2026},
author = {Mtei, M and Hien Trang, TP and Navarro-Torné, A and Douglas, IJ and Schultze, A},
title = {Approaches to observational study designs and analytical options to evaluate the safety of multi-dose vaccines: a systematic review.},
journal = {Expert review of vaccines},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {2667740},
doi = {10.1080/14760584.2026.2667740},
pmid = {42057741},
issn = {1744-8395},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Observational studies require careful considerations when evaluating the safety of multidose vaccines. We reviewed design and analytical approaches in observational studies evaluating the safety of multidose vaccines in the post-licensure phase.

METHODS: EMBASE, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus (2018-2022) were searched for hypothesis-testing studies evaluating multidose vaccine safety. Key features from frequently used designs were extracted.

RESULTS: Among 123 eligible studies, cohort (46%) and self-controlled case series (SCCS)/self-controlled risk interval (SCRI) (40%) followed by case-control (12%) were the most common designs, and 15% used multiple designs. Among cohort studies evaluating multiple doses, vaccination date (36%) and cohort entry with time-updated exposure status (32%) were frequent approaches used to define time zero. 28% did not report time zero; all but one evaluated COVID-19 vaccine effect on post-delivery and fertility-related outcomes. For SCCS/SCRI, 64% of studies accounted for event-dependent exposures, mainly by including pre-exposure periods (53%) and modified SCCS model (48%), while 20% employed multiple correction strategies. Among studies using multiple designs, 68% reached consistent conclusions.

CONCLUSIONS: SCCS/SCRI and cohort designs dominate multidose vaccine safety studies. Clear reporting on time zero in pregnancy and fertility studies and addressing event-dependent exposures is needed, with guidance in interpreting results from multiple designs.},
}

@article {pmid42058503,
year = {2026},
author = {Dimnjaković, J and Buble, T and Brborović, O},
title = {Observational studies on the association of outpatient antidiabetic medication use and COVID-19 outcomes: are the findings more relevant to diabetes management than to COVID-19 pathology? A mini-review.},
journal = {Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {1760695},
pmid = {42058503},
issn = {2673-6616},
abstract = {At the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, there were concerns that some antidiabetic medications might worsen outcomes, though anti-inflammatory properties suggested possible benefits. Many observational studies examined antidiabetic medications use and COVID-19 outcomes. Meta-analyses showed that insulin was linked to worse outcomes, while metformin, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists were associated with better outcomes. Findings on dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, pioglitazone, and sulfonylureas were mixed-showing neutral, beneficial, or negative effects. However, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) testing these medications after SARS-CoV-2 infection found no effect on COVID-19 outcomes, implying that their anti-inflammatory effects do not translate into meaningful clinical benefits during acute infection. This discrepancy prompts questioning what observational studies actually measured. Given that many studies applied robust statistical methods, their results are unlikely solely due to confounding or indication bias. We hypothesize that these studies reveal broader cardiovascular effects and illuminate diabetes management more than they inform COVID-19 pathology. Their findings align with current 2022 American Diabetes Association/European Association for the Study of Diabetes (ADA/EASD) consensus guidelines for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus endorsing metformin, SGLT-2 inhibitors, and GLP-1 agonists as first-line therapies, recommending cautious early insulin use, and reserving DPP-4 inhibitors, sulfonylureas, and pioglitazone for selective cases. This is applicable regardless of COVID-19 status. Further research should determine whether infection-related clinical endpoints, such as mortality or hospitalization from COVID-19 or other infections, might serve as valid surrogate markers for cardiovascular outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid42058812,
year = {2026},
author = {Ibrahim, Y and Qureshi, A and Jackson, M and Zovich, B and Freeland, C and Flomo, M and Alik, K and Yakubov, R and Chen, LH and Yeboah, PK and Cohen, C},
title = {Why does hepatitis B remain underprioritized? A view through lived experience.},
journal = {World journal of methodology},
volume = {16},
number = {2},
pages = {114604},
pmid = {42058812},
issn = {2222-0682},
abstract = {Nearly 259 million people are living with chronic hepatitis B globally, with just 7 million of them receiving life-saving treatment. In 2022, 83% of all viral hepatitis deaths were attributed to hepatitis B. Despite the availability of effective vaccines, diagnostics, and treatments, hepatitis B continues to be underprioritized on the global health agenda. Stigma and discrimination have been pervasive and entrenched in numerous countries, resulting in economic and social setbacks for people living with hepatitis B. Through the personal stories of several individuals living with hepatitis B worldwide, this article explores the question: Why does hepatitis B remain underprioritized? It walks through the roadblocks hindering the progress towards hepatitis B elimination efforts and draws lessons from other diseases - such as human immunodeficiency virus, coronavirus disease 2019, and Ebola, where advocacy, political commitment, and sustained funding led to meaningful progress in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. This evidence-backed perspective is based on decades-long efforts of the Hepatitis B Foundation, collaborating with international partners to prevent new infections, documenting the lived experiences of those living with hepatitis B and supporting them, and advocating for better care and policies affecting those impacted by the disease. Beyond identifying persistent challenges to eliminating hepatitis B, the article succinctly issues a call to action for greater investment, cross-sector collaboration, integration of disease programs to improve efficiency, and inclusion of patient-reported outcomes in hepatitis B management and evaluation, to better support those living with hepatitis B.},
}

@article {pmid42059914,
year = {2026},
author = {Lobaina, D and Llorens, C and Eldawy, N and Kosseifi, G and Puvvala, A and Srivastav, M and Miron, E and Frishman, M and Nasr, M and Jhumkhawala, V and Jimenez, S and Etzel, M and Knecht, M and Mejia, M and Sacca, L},
title = {The Role of Telehealth in Decreasing Barriers in Accessing Primary and Specialized Care Services in U.S. Rural and Underserved Communities: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Telemedicine journal and e-health : the official journal of the American Telemedicine Association},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {15305627261443159},
doi = {10.1177/15305627261443159},
pmid = {42059914},
issn = {1556-3669},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Telehealth has emerged as a promising strategy to mitigate access barriers, particularly following rapid expansion during the COVID-19 pandemic; however, evidence on its role across care settings and populations remains fragmented. This scoping review synthesizes United States (U.S.)-based evidence on the role of telehealth in improving access to primary and specialized medical care for underserved, rural, and hard-to-reach adult populations.

METHODS: Guided by the Arksey and O'Malley framework and PRISMA-ScR guidelines, peer-reviewed studies were identified through PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Eligible studies examined telehealth use in adult U.S. populations and reported outcomes related to health care access, social determinants of health (SDoH), or implementation strategies. Data were charted and synthesized narratively, with implementation approaches categorized using the ERIC framework.

RESULTS: Of 9,212 records identified, 242 studies met inclusion criteria. Telehealth was associated with comparable or improved access and clinical outcomes across primary care, specialty care, behavioral health, palliative care, and perioperative settings. Commonly addressed SDoH and demographic characteristics included age, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, insurance coverage, geography, and digital access. While telehealth reduced barriers related to transportation, travel burden, and scheduling flexibility, disparities persisted for older adults, individuals with limited English proficiency, and those with low digital literacy or broadband access. Implementation strategies most frequently involved adapting interventions to local context, iterative evaluation, and clinician support, whereas financial and infrastructure-level strategies were less commonly reported.

CONCLUSIONS: Extant literature suggests that telehealth has broad and firm support for its role in reducing access barriers and improving health outcomes across a wide range of conditions and populations. Therefore, future community-based approaches should focus on integrating telehealth into existing care delivery systems, tailoring interventions to the needs and preferences of different populations, and addressing structural barriers such as digital access, health literacy, and reimbursement to ensure sustained implementation.},
}

@article {pmid42060095,
year = {2024},
author = {Baek, J and Lee, S and Lee, J and Park, J and Choi, E and Kang, SS},
title = {Utilization of Probiotic-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Postbiotics and Their Role in Mental Health Therapeutics.},
journal = {Food science of animal resources},
volume = {44},
number = {6},
pages = {1252-1265},
doi = {10.5851/kosfa.2024.e92},
pmid = {42060095},
issn = {2636-0780},
abstract = {As consumers become more interested in healthier lifestyles, the global functional food market is expanding. Probiotics have gained attention because of their numerous health benefits to the host and may even treat various pathological conditions. Probiotics interact with host cells, and particularly, probiotics-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) are key factors in the health benefits of probiotics. Additionally, extracellular vesicles are nano-scaled lipid-bilayer particles that carry various biological molecules, indicating potential as new postbiotics that can provide the same health benefits as probiotics while complementing the side effects associated with probiotics. The importance of mental health care is becoming increasingly prominent considering societal conditions, such as the recent aging population and the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. However, the response to mental health issues among modern individuals is insufficient, and there is a need for the development of new personalized treatments to overcome the limitations of current mental health therapies. PEVs have various physiological functions, including mediating cellular communication in the central nervous system, which indicates associations among mental disorders. Therefore, we focused on the beneficial effects of PEVs on the brain and mental health. Recent research has shown that PEVs can adjust the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factors in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating antidepressant and cognitive function improvement effects. This suggests that PEVs have potential as therapeutic agents for improving mental health and treating brain disorders. Based on this, we review these findings and present the beneficial effects of PEVs on mental health and the challenges that need to be addressed.},
}

@article {pmid42060541,
year = {2026},
author = {Sanchez Villalobos, N and van Loenen, T and Ngongalah, L and Connolly, MA and Stein, ML and Rovers, CP and Timen, A},
title = {Hybrid Care Modifications in the Delivery of Nonpandemic Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Scoping Review.},
journal = {Journal of medical Internet research},
volume = {28},
number = {},
pages = {e84756},
doi = {10.2196/84756},
pmid = {42060541},
issn = {1438-8871},
mesh = {*COVID-19/epidemiology ; Humans ; *Telemedicine/organization & administration ; *Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Europe/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic had an unprecedented impact on the delivery of health care, with digital interventions accelerating more than ever before. However, evidence of how hybrid care models, combining digital health interventions with in-person care, were implemented during the pandemic remains scattered. Understanding hybrid care models is imperative to build resilient health systems that can ensure access to care during crisis situations.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to examine the implementation of hybrid care modifications to support the delivery of nonpandemic health care services in Europe during the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS: A scoping review was conducted following PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines. Systematic searches were conducted in PubMed or MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, and PsycINFO on May 22, 2024, and updated on January 14, 2026. Studies were eligible if they included primary data on the use of digital care modifications implemented or scaled up during the COVID-19 pandemic for the delivery of nonpandemic health care services in Europe. Non-peer-reviewed publications and studies with a primary focus on mental health or pediatric care were excluded. Quality appraisal was conducted using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Descriptions of digital care modifications were inductively analyzed and used to create digital flows, combining telehealth systems, digital interventions, and care functions. Digital care modifications were categorized according to their hybrid care implementation (digital-only or hybrid). Study evaluations were extracted using the Kirkpatrick model.

RESULTS: A total of 189 studies were included for analysis. Studies covered evidence from 2020 to 2024, a total of 23 countries, and 37 health care disciplines. Hybrid care implementation was reported in over 60% (115/189) of the studies, describing various forms of digital and in-person care. Care modifications incorporating in-person and digital care components were more commonly described in specialty care contexts. A total of 68 distinct digital flows were identified, with a limited number of telehealth systems allowing substantial variety in both interventions and care functions. Prominent digital flows included the use of online platforms to support video and messaging for follow-up care. Over half of the studies did not describe any kind of evaluation.

CONCLUSIONS: This review has shown how few telehealth systems were able to support a variety of care functions in the delivery of nonpandemic care throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, underscoring their practical versatility. Integrating digital health as part of hybrid care models is essential in designing care pathways that can adapt to different contexts, including future health crises. Although a comprehensive search was conducted, the heterogeneous reporting of care modifications may have influenced the interpretation of the findings. In the future, research may expand the application of hybrid care models to innovative strategies for effective crisis management.},
}

*COVID-19/epidemiology
Humans
*Telemedicine/organization & administration
*Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration
Pandemics
SARS-CoV-2
Europe/epidemiology

@article {pmid42060609,
year = {2026},
author = {Hashempour, Y and Zazouli, MA and Jaafarzadeh, N and Valadan, R and Golchin, S and Yousefi, Z and Dianati, RA and Atamaleki, A and Mortezazadeh, F and Jabari, A},
title = {Integrated monitoring of enveloped viruses in hospital environments: Detection, persistence, and implications for infection control.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {21},
number = {4},
pages = {e0345644},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0345644},
pmid = {42060609},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Humans ; *SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification/genetics ; *COVID-19/virology/prevention & control/epidemiology ; Hospitals ; *Infection Control/methods ; Wastewater/virology ; RNA, Viral/genetics/isolation & purification ; Iran/epidemiology ; Air Microbiology ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; },
abstract = {Enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses, influenza viruses, and others, pose significant public health risks due to their ability to persist in various environments. This study investigates the persistence of enveloped viruses, particularly SARS-CoV-2, in three key environments: air, surfaces, and wastewater, with a focus on hospital settings. We present a systematic review of the literature on the environmental persistence of these viruses, complemented by a case study conducted in two reference hospitals in northern Iran. A total of 72 wastewater samples, 46 air samples, and 92 surface samples were collected from COVID-19 wards and analyzed using RT-PCR for the presence of viral RNA. Results indicate notable viral persistence, with detection rates of 21.74% in air samples, 26.09% in surface samples, and 63.89% in wastewater samples. This indicates substantial viral shedding from infected patients, particularly in influent samples, where treatment inefficiency contributed to higher detection. It is important to note that RT-PCR detects viral RNA, which does not necessarily indicate infectivity; however, its presence highlights routes of potential transmission and the need for vigilant environmental management. The findings highlight the critical need for enhanced environmental monitoring and the strict implementation of effective disinfection protocols to mitigate the risk of viral transmission in healthcare settings. The persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in hospital environments underscores the importance of addressing fomite transmission and optimizing ventilation strategies. Overall, this comprehensive approach provides valuable insights into the behavior of enveloped viruses in diverse settings and emphasizes the necessity of integrated surveillance strategies to aid infection control efforts and protect public health.},
}

Humans
*SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification/genetics
*COVID-19/virology/prevention & control/epidemiology
Hospitals
*Infection Control/methods
Wastewater/virology
RNA, Viral/genetics/isolation & purification
Iran/epidemiology
Air Microbiology
Environmental Monitoring/methods

@article {pmid42060826,
year = {2026},
author = {Bawne, G and Coenen, L and Nutma, E and Middeldorp, J and Lorenowicz, MJ},
title = {When Viruses Talk through Extracellular Vesicles: a New Perspective on Sars-Cov-2-Induced Neurodegeneration.},
journal = {Journal of extracellular vesicles},
volume = {15},
number = {5},
pages = {e70272},
doi = {10.1002/jev2.70272},
pmid = {42060826},
issn = {2001-3078},
mesh = {*Extracellular Vesicles/metabolism/virology ; Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/virology/metabolism ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; MicroRNAs/metabolism ; *Neurodegenerative Diseases/virology/metabolism ; Alzheimer Disease/virology/metabolism ; Animals ; Parkinson Disease/virology/metabolism ; },
abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 infection is linked to persistent neurological symptoms Post-Acute Sequelae SARS-CoV-2 (neuro-PASC) and elevated risk of neurodegenerative disease, but molecular events connecting acute viral injury to long-term CNS dysfunction remain unclear. Here, we advance a perspective that Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) act as active mediators bridging SARS-CoV-2 infection and neurodegenerative processes. As nanoscale messengers capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier, EVs can transmit post-viral signals and orchestrate multi-target gene regulation in recipient cells through their microRNA (EV-miRNA) cargo. Our integrative analysis suggests that EV-miRNAs dysregulated in acute COVID-19, Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and Parkinson's Disease (PD) converge on pathways governing neurovascular integrity, redox and metabolic homeostasis, and neuronal proteostasis. We propose that sustained dysregulation of these interconnected modules-driven by EV-mediated signalling-may underlie the perpetuation of neuro-PASC and accelerate neurodegeneration in susceptible individuals. Viewing EVs as mechanistic agents that both transmit and amplify pathogenic cues reframes them as actionable targets for intervention and risk stratification. This perspective calls for translational frameworks that leverage EVs to illuminate, predict, and modify the trajectory of post-viral neurodegeneration.},
}

*Extracellular Vesicles/metabolism/virology
Humans
*COVID-19/complications/virology/metabolism
*SARS-CoV-2
MicroRNAs/metabolism
*Neurodegenerative Diseases/virology/metabolism
Alzheimer Disease/virology/metabolism
Animals
Parkinson Disease/virology/metabolism

@article {pmid42061613,
year = {2026},
author = {Kaur, H and Gupta, P and Dhaliwal, M and Chakrabarti, A},
title = {Fungal infections in diabetes mellitus.},
journal = {Indian journal of medical microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {101130},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101130},
pmid = {42061613},
issn = {1998-3646},
abstract = {PURPOSE: Diabetes mellitus is recognised as a global health problem and has increasingly been associated with fungal infections, as an independent risk factor. Diabetic patients are predisposed to both superficial as well as invasive fungal disease, and account for substantial morbidity and mortality. Recent pandemic of COVID-19 underlined the global problem of mucormycosis, however, the burden of fungal infections among diabetics has a much broader horizon. This review aims to summarise the spectrum of fungal infections encountered among diabetic patients, along with elucidating immunopathogenesis and clinical challenges encountered in diagnosis and management of such infections.

METHODS: We conducted a narrative review of all published literature focusing on spectrum of fungal infections, immunopathogenesis and clinical challenges encountered in diagnosis and management, among diabetic patients.

RESULTS: Diabetes mellitus facilitates the acquisition and progression of fungal infections via multiple coordinated mechanisms viz. hyperglycemia, impaired immune (innate and adaptive) response, altered microenvironment and endothelial dysfunction. These changes in the milieu contribute to pervasive clinical presentations, ranging from cutaneous and oral candidiasis to invasive fungal diseases like mucormycosis, aspergillosis and cryptococcosis. Besides predisposing to fungal infections, diabetes also serves as a prognostic factor and has been noted to worsen the outcome. Furthermore, the altered microenvironment affects the pharmacokinetics of antifungal drugs and can also reduce the efficacy of antifungal regime, further convoluting and worsening the progression of disease.

CONCLUSION: Early diagnosis and management of fungal infections is necessary to mitigate the associated morbidity and mortality among diabetic patients. A multidisciplinary approach is imperative as diabetes hampers the effectiveness of conventional antifungal regimens and facilitates antifungal resistance. Regular monitoring of glycaemic index and compliance for drugs, along with lifestyle modifications desired for optimal levels, is pre-requisite for antifungal therapy to exhibit desired action.},
}

@article {pmid42061662,
year = {2026},
author = {Mahooti, M and Safaei, F and Abdolalipour, E and Ahmadbeigi, G and Shokouhi, H and Fallah, T and Zare, D},
title = {Short-chain fatty acid-producing probiotics: an effective approach for modulating gut dysbiosis and mitigating inflammatory responses.},
journal = {Microbial pathogenesis},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {108520},
doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2026.108520},
pmid = {42061662},
issn = {1096-1208},
abstract = {Alterations in the intestinal microbiome participate with inflammatory responses and associate with pathological outcomes, along with changing the production of myriad metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids. A growing body of evidences have indicated that different dietary components, like polyphenols, may also increase short-chain fatty acids production by gut microbiota, playing a preventative role against various diseases, such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and even mitigate inflammation attributed to disorders like those observed in COVID-19 and even cancer. Some infectious illnesses alter the microbiome, resulting in a decrease in the production of fermentative products, such as short-chain fatty acids. Managing the microbiome with probiotics to compensate the changes caused by these diseases leads to improvements in the microbiome and a reduction in inflammation. This reduction may even have positive effects in managing cancer. In this review, we compile cutting-edge discoveries on probiotic-derived SCFAs, highlighting their mechanisms associated with their prophylactic and therapeutic potential and their impact across infectious and non-infectious diseases, particularly in mitigating inflammation. Therefore, this review seeks to facilitate the development, evaluation, and clinical implementation of SCFAs-based interventions in future studies, particularly in preventive and therapeutic clinical settings.},
}

@article {pmid42061834,
year = {2026},
author = {Leonforte, F and Nicosia, V and Comite, P and Morlino, G and Mistretta, A},
title = {Media Exposure and Its Association With Vaccine Attitudes, Intentions, and Hesitancy: Systematic Review.},
journal = {Journal of medical Internet research},
volume = {28},
number = {},
pages = {e74280},
doi = {10.2196/74280},
pmid = {42061834},
issn = {1438-8871},
mesh = {Humans ; *Vaccination Hesitancy/psychology ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; *Mass Media ; *Intention ; *COVID-19 Vaccines ; *Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Adult ; Social Media ; Female ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Media Exposure ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Vaccine hesitancy, amplified by the COVID-19 "infodemic," has emerged as a pressing public health challenge. Communication strategies are pivotal for enhancing vaccine literacy, countering misinformation, and sustaining immunization programs.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review evaluates the association between communication channels and vaccine hesitancy and adherence, while examining the moderating role of sociodemographic factors.

METHODS: A PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses)-compliant search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, yielding 17,407 records screened according to predefined eligibility criteria (peer-reviewed studies with N>1000 adults assessing communication media targeting vaccine hesitancy and adherence, excluding pediatric, health care-specific, and non-English research). After full-text assessment, studies were appraised using the Modified Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument for methodological quality and the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist, ROBIN-I (Risk of Bias in Nonrandomized Studies of Interventions), or RoB 2.0 (Risk-of-Bias 2.0 tool for randomized trials) tools for risk of bias.

RESULTS: Thirty-six studies were included (26 cross-sectional, 4 quasi-experimental, 4 randomized controlled trials, 1 cohort, and 1 global analysis). Randomized and nonrandomized experimental studies demonstrated that tailored communication strategies delivered via radio, web platforms, and social media significantly improved vaccine acceptance. Adaptive public health campaigns achieved up to an 8% weekly increase in uptake in Madagascar (relative risk 1.08; 95% CI 1.01-1.15) and a 7.8% higher vaccination rate among Nigerian adults at first follow-up compared with controls. Digital and social media campaigns effectively reduced hesitancy and enhanced trust among hesitant pregnant women in the United States. Sociodemographic factors significantly moderated communication outcomes: a COVID-19 chatbot proved most effective among individuals with lower education and minority backgrounds, while religiosity (b=0.17; 95% CI 0.05-0.30; t810=2.80; P=.005) and cultural congruence (odds ratio 1.89; P<.01) influenced message credibility and engagement, respectively. The persuasive effect of online memes on COVID-19 vaccine intentions was not significantly influenced by gender (P=.83), age (P=.60), or political orientation (P=.44). Age-specific effects were observed, with greater responsiveness to a social media campaign among adults aged 25-34 years and reduced hesitancy among older groups. Multiple cross-sectional studies indicated higher adherence among audiences exposed to traditional media (television, radio, newspapers) and lower trust among social media users. Other studies suggested significant influences of gender, age, socioeconomic status, education level, and political orientation.

CONCLUSIONS: By synthesizing fragmented evidence, this review provides a systematic examination of the interplay between multichannel media and vaccine acceptance. It diverges from existing literature by integrating both traditional and digital media perspectives through the lens of sociodemographic moderation. This work offers a critical framework for public health interventions, advocating for rigorous longitudinal research to establish definitive causal links between communication and behavior. Consequently, these findings support a "precision" communication model, enabling the development of culturally congruent strategies tailored to specific recipient profiles to bolster vaccine adherence.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42025637441; https://tinyurl.com/4r9w83kw.},
}

Humans
*Vaccination Hesitancy/psychology
*COVID-19/prevention & control
*Mass Media
*Intention
*COVID-19 Vaccines
*Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
Adult
Social Media
Female
SARS-CoV-2
Media Exposure

@article {pmid41790576,
year = {2026},
author = {Morcos, ZL and Theoharides, TC},
title = {Long COVID neuropathy: The role of mast cells.},
journal = {Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology},
volume = {85},
number = {5},
pages = {413-424},
doi = {10.1093/jnen/nlag016},
pmid = {41790576},
issn = {1554-6578},
mesh = {Humans ; *Mast Cells/immunology ; *COVID-19/complications/immunology ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/immunology/etiology ; Animals ; },
abstract = {Postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), or Long COVID, is estimated to affect over 60 million individuals globally, with almost half of COVID-19 survivors experiencing persistent symptoms such as neuropathic pain, fatigue, and autonomic dysfunction. Despite its prevalence, the pathophysiology of PASC remains poorly understood. This narrative review highlights activation of mast cells (MCs), the unique tissue immune cells as a central contributor to neuropathic manifestations in PASC. Mast cell locations near nerves and vessels allows them to regulate neuroimmune and neurovascular processes. Mast cell activation mirrors patterns seen in small-fiber neuropathy and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, suggesting a shared immune-mediated etiology. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein has been shown to activate MCs via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and toll-like receptor 4, triggering release of pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic mediators, including interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, histamine, and tryptase. Such mediators sensitize peripheral nerves, disrupt the blood-brain barrier, and recruit microglia, ultimately contributing to small-fiber injury, neuroinflammation, and dysautonomia. Emerging reports suggest benefit from MC-directed treatments although responses remain variable. Understanding the role of MCs in PASC may offer a plausible mechanism of pathogenesis and guide targeted therapies. Future studies are needed to validate these findings and improve PASC patient outcomes.},
}

Humans
*Mast Cells/immunology
*COVID-19/complications/immunology
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
SARS-CoV-2
*Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/immunology/etiology
Animals

@article {pmid41841644,
year = {2026},
author = {Borst, A and Choorapoikayil, S and Stuhlmann, S and Zacharowski, K and Meybohm, P},
title = {Advances in the understanding and management of hospital-acquired anemia.},
journal = {Current opinion in anaesthesiology},
volume = {39},
number = {3},
pages = {401-408},
pmid = {41841644},
issn = {1473-6500},
mesh = {Humans ; *Anemia/therapy/etiology/epidemiology ; Blood Transfusion ; Incidence ; Iatrogenic Disease/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Length of Stay ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Hospital-acquired anemia (HAA) is a common complication associated with adverse outcomes, including increased transfusion requirements and prolonged hospital length of stay. The precise etiology of HAA remains elusive, and preventive or therapeutic strategies are inconsistently applied or lacking altogether. This review summarizes current evidence on the incidence, underlying mechanism, clinical consequences, and available interventions for HAA.

RECENT FINDINGS: The causes of HAA are multifactorial involving procedural or diagnostic blood loss, impaired erythropoiesis, coagulation abnormalities, nutritional deficiencies, and hemolysis. Measures such as small volume tubes and closed blood collection devices have proven safe and effective for reducing the volume of drawn blood. Recent studies suggest that the incidence of HAA can be diminished by implementing systematic, patient-centered approaches.

SUMMARY: HAA remains prevalent despite long-standing recognition of its clinical consequences. Although awareness has continuously increased, treatment and prevention strategies are still not widely established.},
}

Humans
*Anemia/therapy/etiology/epidemiology
Blood Transfusion
Incidence
Iatrogenic Disease/epidemiology/prevention & control
Length of Stay

@article {pmid41857720,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhang, H and Guo, Z and Peng, Q},
title = {Prevalence of sleep disturbance among chinese college students: an updated meta-analysis.},
journal = {BMC psychiatry},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41857720},
issn = {1471-244X},
support = {sztsjh-2024-8-11//Anhui Provincial Department of Education 2024 Comprehensive Education and Ideological-Political Capacity Enhancement Project: "Ying Shan Hong" Counselor Master Teacher Studio/ ; 2025AHGXSK30457//Anhui Provincial Department of Education 2025 Key Humanities and Social Sciences Project for Higher Education Institutions: Coupling Mechanisms and Optimization Pathways for Cultivating a Sense of Community for the Chinese Nation through Cultural and Museum Research and Study under the Perspective of Cultural Embedding: An Empirical Study Based on Anhui-Xinjiang Practices/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Sleep disturbance is common among college students. However, the prevalence and associated factors among Chinese college students require an updated synthesis. This study aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of sleep disturbance in this population and to examine potential sources of between-study variation.

METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in four Chinese databases (CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and Sinomed) and five international databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO) from inception to December 22, 2025. The study protocol was pre-registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251270413). Cross-sectional studies reporting sleep disturbance among Chinese college students assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were included, with no restrictions on cut-off thresholds. Recall timeframes included the past month, 1–2 weeks, or several months. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool prevalence estimates with 95% confidence intervals, and a 95% prediction interval was additionally reported for the overall pooled estimate to reflect between-study heterogeneity. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore methodological and population-level factors, and between-group differences were tested using chi-square statistics.

RESULTS: A total of 232 studies involving 495,641 undergraduate students were included. The pooled prevalence of sleep disturbance was 26.4% (95% confidence interval: 24.6% to 28.3%, 95% prediction interval: 7.4% to 59.1%), with substantial heterogeneity (I² = 99.57%). Methodological factors were significantly associated with prevalence estimates, particularly the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index cut-off score and the recall timeframe (both P < 0.001). Prevalence was highest during the COVID-19 pandemic (33.5%), compared with the pre-pandemic period (24.1%) and the post-pandemic period (21.0%) (P = 0.001). Higher pooled estimates were observed in more recent publication periods, increasing from 22.9% in 2014 and earlier to 28.7% in 2020 and later (P = 0.018). No statistically significant differences were identified across gender, academic year, major, region, or only-child status. Higher prevalence was observed among smokers, drinkers, and students reporting poorer family economic status, although these differences did not reach statistical significance.

CONCLUSIONS: Sleep disturbance, as defined by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, is prevalent among Chinese college students. Estimates should be interpreted cautiously because of extreme heterogeneity and reliance on self-reported, predominantly cross-sectional data. The findings underscore the public health relevance of sleep health on campuses and support continued monitoring and health promotion, as well as more standardized measurement in future studies.

CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12888-026-07997-z.},
}

@article {pmid41987025,
year = {2026},
author = {Mora Castaño, I and Hasbun, R},
title = {Neurological manifestations of respiratory viral infections.},
journal = {Current opinion in infectious diseases},
volume = {39},
number = {3},
pages = {218-226},
doi = {10.1097/QCO.0000000000001189},
pmid = {41987025},
issn = {1473-6527},
mesh = {Humans ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/complications/virology/epidemiology ; *COVID-19/complications ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Nervous System Diseases/virology/etiology/epidemiology ; *Virus Diseases/complications/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review summarizes current evidence on the general epidemiology, routes of central nervous system (CNS) invasion, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and treatment considerations associated with neurological complications of respiratory viral infections. Greater awareness of the neurological impact of respiratory viral infections is crucial to improving patient outcomes and mitigating long-term burden of these diseases.

RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies have reinforced the association between respiratory viral infections and a broad spectrum of neurological complications. Evidence accumulated during and after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has expanded this awareness, and emerging data suggest that immune-mediated mechanisms such as glial cell activation, rather than direct viral neurotropism alone, play a central role in CNS injury. Although diagnostic limitations still exist, some advances have been made to increase specificity of resources available for clinicians, particularly PCR and immunologic profiling. Furthermore, vaccination against certain respiratory viruses may reduce the risk of subsequent neurodegenerative disease, highlighting the potential impact of preventive strategies on long-term neurological burden.

SUMMARY: Establishing causality between respiratory viral infections and subsequent neurological dysfunction remains challenging given the ubiquitous nature of many respiratory viruses and their capacity to cause lifelong latent or persistent infection. Even though some efforts have been made to optimize diagnosis and treatment, addressing these challenges will require further coordinated efforts across clinicians, researchers and healthcare policymakers.},
}

Humans
*Respiratory Tract Infections/complications/virology/epidemiology
*COVID-19/complications
SARS-CoV-2
*Nervous System Diseases/virology/etiology/epidemiology
*Virus Diseases/complications/epidemiology

@article {pmid42051502,
year = {2026},
author = {Huang, S and Zhang, X and Luo, W and Yao, Y and Hu, J and Wang, X and Xin, H},
title = {Drugs against broad-spectrum of coronaviruses.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1728474},
pmid = {42051502},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; *SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; COVID-19/virology ; Animals ; },
abstract = {The continuous emergence of severe acute respiratory type 2 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) variants (e.g., Omicron) and the threat of future emerging coronavirus pandemics highlight the urgent need for broad-spectrum antiviral strategies. While various therapeutics exist, a systematic integration of diverse treatment modalities remains lacking. This review introduces a comprehensive conceptual framework that compares and integrates four major therapeutic categories: small-molecule drugs (targeting viral enzymes), macromolecular drugs (including peptides and polymers), Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM, focusing on holistic regulation and active ingredients), and carrier vector vaccines. Beyond traditional pharmacology, we further incorporate the emerging role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and computational screening in accelerating the discovery of broad-spectrum inhibitors. The primary goal of this article is to: (1) critically analyze the distinct antiviral mechanisms, advantages, and limitations of each category; (2) explore synergistic combination therapies (e.g., combining antiviral drugs with immunomodulators or TCM) to overcome drug resistance; and (3) provide a strategic reference for developing "pan-coronavirus" therapeutics that are resilient against viral mutations.},
}

Humans
*Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology
*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Medicine, Chinese Traditional
COVID-19/virology
Animals

@article {pmid42051540,
year = {2026},
author = {Jin, H and An, Y and Huang, J and Luo, T and Wu, X},
title = {Pathophysiological mechanisms of post-exertional malaise: an integrative analysis based on the metabolism-immune-neuro interaction model.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1774310},
pmid = {42051540},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/complications/metabolism/physiopathology ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; *Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/immunology/physiopathology/metabolism ; Exercise/physiology ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Neuroimmunomodulation ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Post-exertional malaise (PEM) is a common core symptom in various chronic debilitating conditions, such as Post COVID-19 Condition (PCC, also known as Long COVID) and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). It is characterized by the delayed and persistent exacerbation of symptoms following even mild physical or cognitive activities. This review presents a systematic review of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in PEM, proposing a dynamic framework of multi-system interactions that may lead to homeostatic imbalance. The etiology of PEM is multifactorial, potentially involving factors such as the persistent presence of pathogens, exposure to environmental toxins, and genetic predisposition. Collectively, these factors may establish a vulnerable baseline that heightens the body's physiological response to stressors, such as exercise, potentially triggering a pathological reaction. First, mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic abnormalities may act as potential initiating factors in PEM, manifesting as impaired ATP synthesis, overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the accumulation of metabolic byproducts. It is crucial to emphasize that exercise itself induces a 'toxic excitatory effect,' whereby healthy individuals enhance mitochondrial function and antioxidant defenses through physical activity. However, in individuals predisposed to PEM, due to underlying pathological conditions (e.g., sequelae of viral infections), this adaptive process is disrupted, preventing effective restoration of mitochondrial homeostasis and may initiate a potential vicious cycle of dysfunction. Second, ROS and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), along with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), may activate the NLRP3 inflammasome and induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, potentially transforming localized metabolic stress into a systemic inflammatory response. Subsequently, peripheral inflammation may be transmitted to the central nervous system through disruption of the blood-brain barrier and vagal nerve pathways, activating glial cells and initiating neuroinflammation. This process may ultimately affect the brain's interoceptive network, particularly the insular cortex, resulting in altered perception and processing of signals related to fatigue and pain. Furthermore, mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons may contribute to central energy depletion, which may impair synaptic plasticity and induce cognitive deficits and brain fatigue. Ultimately, this review proposes that PEM may arise from a complex interplay among mitochondrial dysfunction, immune activation, and neuroinflammation, which together form a self-perpetuating loop of "energy exhaustion - inflammation amplification," potentially contributing to the chronic and multi-system nature of PEM symptoms. The integrated "metabolism-immune-neuro" interaction model presented in this article may provide a potential comprehensive framework for understanding PEM and highlights the need for a multi-target, collaborative intervention approach that may help disrupt the pathological cycle.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/immunology/complications/metabolism/physiopathology
*SARS-CoV-2
*Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/immunology/physiopathology/metabolism
Exercise/physiology
Mitochondria/metabolism
Neuroimmunomodulation
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism

@article {pmid42051939,
year = {2026},
author = {do Nascimento, BB and Silva, BGB and de Souza, LA and Andrade, JCBN and de Sá Del Fiol, F},
title = {From Widespread Use to Loss of Effectiveness: The Consequences of Inappropriate Azithromycin Prescriptions During the COVID-19 Pandemic-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {International journal of microbiology},
volume = {2026},
number = {},
pages = {8643896},
pmid = {42051939},
issn = {1687-918X},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: We are aimed at evaluating whether the widespread use of azithromycin during the COVID-19 pandemic led to a significant increase in bacterial resistance compared with the prepandemic period and estimating the magnitude of this effect through a systematic review and meta-analysis.

METHODS: This systematic review followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and Cochrane Handbook (Page,2021). Observational studies published between 2015 and 2025 reporting azithromycin resistance before and after the COVID-19 pandemic were identified. Odds ratios (ORs) were pooled using a random-effects model. Methodological quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale.

RESULTS: Eight studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the quantitative synthesis. The meta-analysis demonstrated a significant increase in azithromycin resistance in the postpandemic period, with a pooled OR of 2.71 (95% CI: 2.04-3.59). Substantial heterogeneity was observed (I [2] = 73.5%), justifying the use of a random-effects model.

CONCLUSIONS: The findings provide robust evidence that the excessive and largely empirical use of azithromycin during the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to a global rise in bacterial resistance. Strengthening antimicrobial stewardship policies is essential to preserve the clinical effectiveness of macrolides during future public health emergencies.},
}

@article {pmid42051949,
year = {2026},
author = {Mugundan, UM and Saravanan, V and Rajanandh, MG},
title = {Could excessive zinc supplementation during pregnancy cause menkes disease? A hypothesis worth investigating.},
journal = {Frontiers in pediatrics},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {1734361},
pmid = {42051949},
issn = {2296-2360},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Copper is an essential micronutrient critical for fetal neurodevelopment, haematopoiesis, angiogenesis, and immune function, with maternal transfer-particularly in the third trimester-playing a key role in establishing fetal copper stores. Disruption of this process, due to genetic defects or micronutrient imbalance, can lead to significant neonatal complications.

OBJECTIVE: This review examines the potential role of excessive maternal zinc supplementation as an underrecognized environmental modifier in Menkes disease (MD), an X-linked disorder caused by mutations in the ATP7A copper transporter. We hypothesize that in fetuses with ATP7A dysfunction, elevated maternal zinc intake may further impair copper absorption and placental transfer through competitive antagonism, thereby exacerbating fetal copper deficiency and influencing disease severity or onset.

EVIDENCE: Limited clinical data in pregnant women demonstrate that zinc supplementation can reduce maternal and fetal copper levels, supported by consistent findings from animal models and case reports indicating disrupted copper homeostasis. However, no large-scale or disease-specific studies have evaluated this interaction in relation to Menkes disease or neonatal outcomes.

CONCLUSION: Given the widespread use of zinc supplementation, particularly during the COVID-19 era, its impact on fetal copper status in genetically susceptible populations warrants urgent investigation. Targeted retrospective analyses and well-designed prospective studies are needed to validate this hypothesis. A re-evaluation of prenatal micronutrient strategies with emphasis on trace element balance may improve risk stratification and optimize maternal-fetal health outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid42052276,
year = {2026},
author = {Han, S and Qin, T and Feng, Z},
title = {Artificial intelligence and synthetic biology in traditional Chinese medicine: revolutionizing public health applications.},
journal = {Frontiers in plant science},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1789960},
pmid = {42052276},
issn = {1664-462X},
abstract = {Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has played a vital role in public health throughout history, particularly evidenced during the COVID-19 pandemic, where it demonstrated both accessibility and clinical efficacy. However, TCM faces critical challenges, including unsustainable medicinal resources, ambiguous multi-target mechanisms, and a lack of standardized clinical evaluation systems. Addressing these issues requires interdisciplinary integration, particularly between synthetic biology and artificial intelligence (AI). Synthetic biology offers solutions to resource scarcity and production standardization by enabling the sustainable biosynthesis of active compounds. Meanwhile, AI enhances TCM research through bioinformatics-driven compound prediction, machine learning-assisted quality control, and network pharmacology-based mechanism elucidation. AI also improves diagnostic reproducibility, aligning with synthetic biology's precision-driven framework. Together, these technologies facilitate the transformation of TCM from an experience-based practice into a standardized, evidence-based public health intervention. This review highlights the synergistic potential of AI and synthetic biology in overcoming TCM's modernization barriers. By leveraging AI for data-driven drug discovery and synthetic biology for scalable production, TCM can achieve sustainable development while retaining its therapeutic value. Future efforts should focus on enhancing AI interpretability, expanding biological databases, and optimizing cross-disciplinary collaboration to fully realize this integration.},
}

@article {pmid42052932,
year = {2024},
author = {Williams, TR and Bass, JE and Swain, M and Jennings, D and Wyatt, WN and Foster, S},
title = {Unpacking the stress of 2020: Black Americans cope with systemic trauma.},
journal = {Clinical psychology & psychotherapy},
volume = {31},
number = {1},
pages = {e2944},
doi = {10.1002/cpp.2944},
pmid = {42052932},
issn = {1099-0879},
support = {//American Association of University Women/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Black or African American/psychology ; *COVID-19/psychology/ethnology ; *Adaptation, Psychological ; *Stress, Psychological/psychology/ethnology ; United States ; *Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology/ethnology ; *Psychological Trauma/ethnology/psychology ; Grief ; Racism/psychology ; White ; },
abstract = {The year 2020 was a challenging and traumatic year for Americans, especially Black Americans. Many Black people quickly succumbed to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). This paper describes systemic trauma as a lens to conceptualize the effects of COVID-19, racial stress and trauma, and grief. A recount of the events during the year 2020 is reviewed. Racism towards Black people was at an all-time high. Complicated and collective grief was ever-present. As a by-product of COVID-19, economic and health disparities resurfaced to further complicate Black people's well-being. Systemic trauma is described as a comprehensive and inclusive framework that captures the intensity and depth of the trauma Black Americans experienced. We argue that culturally appropriate interventions are needed to help Black people continue to heal from the distress of 2020. Race-informed trauma treatment is a culturally appropriate intervention that facilitates healing, improves the quality of life, and fosters posttraumatic growth for Black Americans. We offer race-informed treatment as a theoretical orientation that can facilitate healing and posttraumatic growth for Black people.},
}

Humans
*Black or African American/psychology
*COVID-19/psychology/ethnology
*Adaptation, Psychological
*Stress, Psychological/psychology/ethnology
United States
*Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology/ethnology
*Psychological Trauma/ethnology/psychology
Grief
Racism/psychology
White

@article {pmid42053299,
year = {2026},
author = {Darko, E and Akortia, D and Nkrumah, G and Opoku Agyapong, F and Twumasi-Ankrah, S and Owusu-Ansah, M and Glazik, R and Shaw, A and Grassly, N and Owusu-Dabo, E and Adu-Sarkodie, Y and Owusu, M},
title = {Environmental surveillance of pathogens in Africa.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0193225},
doi = {10.1128/aem.01932-25},
pmid = {42053299},
issn = {1098-5336},
abstract = {The control of infectious diseases depends on effective diagnostics and interventions. In Africa, resource limitations hinder clinical surveillance. Environmental surveillance (ES), particularly wastewater surveillance, offers a cost-effective alternative. While globally expanding, its application in Africa remains limited. This review aimed to describe published studies in Africa that have utilized ES for the detection of infectious pathogens of public health importance in Africa. The study employed a rapid review approach to synthesize evidence on ES of infectious pathogens in Africa, following guidance from the Cochrane Rapid Reviews Methods. Articles from major databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, and Cochrane, were screened using Catchii.org. Duplicates were removed, and data were extracted into Excel, and study quality was appraised using the AXIS tool and a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The search strategy identified 2,189 articles, of which 90 were found to be eligible. We identified 47 microbial species that have been reported across studies. These consisted of 46.8% bacteria (n = 22), 36.2% viruses (n = 17), 4.3% fungi (n = 2), and 12.7% parasites (n = 6). Among viruses identified, SARS-CoV-2 was the most common, followed by rotaviruses and polioviruses. Vibrio cholerae was mostly reported among bacterial pathogens. The most common sampling method was grab sampling (n = 85, 94.4%), while two-phase separation (n = 22, 37.3%) and filtration (n = 11, 39.3%) were the most frequently used concentration methods for viral and bacterial detection, respectively. ES of infectious pathogens in Africa remains limited. There is a need to expand this to enhance pathogen monitoring, transmission insights, and preparedness for emerging variants.},
}

@article {pmid42053373,
year = {2026},
author = {Pfannschmidt, V and Röhren, F and Stollenwerk, A and Leonhardt, S},
title = {A systematic review of pandemic ventilator designs.},
journal = {Biomedizinische Technik. Biomedical engineering},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42053373},
issn = {1862-278X},
abstract = {This paper presents a systematic literature research and review of ventilator systems developed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Peer-reviewed journal and conference articles published through January 16th, 2025 were screened, and eligible systems were classified by actuation principle. Performance criteria were derived from Emergency Use Authorization requirements and used to generate a score-based ranking for each class. Performance was analyzed within and across classes to identify the situations in which each actuation principle is most advantageous. As an indicator of study quality, we evaluated the testing modalities reported for each device. Valve-based ventilators emerged as the most mature class in terms of ventilation functionality and testing. An emerging class of bag-based systems performed remarkably well compared with established valve- and blower-based designs. Across all three classes, the most frequent shortcomings concerned oxygen dosage of the inspired gas and the implementation of monitoring and alarm functions. Finally, we provide recommendations on development processes, testing procedures, and mitigation of supply-chain vulnerabilities that may support ventilator development in future pandemics.},
}

@article {pmid42053725,
year = {2026},
author = {Ardizzone, A and Agoy, CA and Carota, G and Altruda, I and Erba, I and Del Re, M and Esposito, E and Caruso, G},
title = {Assessing the Risk of Myocarditis Post-COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review of Case Reports from 2023 to 2025.},
journal = {Cardiovascular toxicology},
volume = {26},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {42053725},
issn = {1559-0259},
}

@article {pmid42054706,
year = {2026},
author = {Vilaseca, A and Toledano, M and Flanagan, EP},
title = {Complexities in evaluation and management of infectious myelopathies.},
journal = {Current opinion in infectious diseases},
volume = {39},
number = {3},
pages = {227-239},
doi = {10.1097/QCO.0000000000001204},
pmid = {42054706},
issn = {1473-6527},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications ; *Spinal Cord Diseases/diagnosis/virology/therapy/etiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Myelitis/diagnosis/virology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To review recent advances in infectious myelopathies and integrate them into a practical, syndrome-based approach that supports early recognition, guides testing, and avoids pitfalls.

RECENT FINDINGS: Advances in MRI pattern recognition and pathogen-specific diagnostics have refined the evaluation of infectious myelopathies, with strategies tailored to geographic epidemiology, host susceptibility, and distinction from immune-mediated causes. During the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2-associated myelopathy emerged as a rare para- or postinfectious cause of myelitis. The pandemic coincided with a decline in enterovirus outbreaks and acute flaccid myelitis, which are now re-emerging, underscoring the importance of epidemiologic surveillance. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing is useful in suspected infectious myelopathy because it can identify unexpected pathogens from cerebrospinal fluid, but its imperfect sensitivity and contamination risk mean it should complement rather than replace conventional testing. Growing recognition of compartmentalized central nervous system inflammation and cerebrospinal fluid viral escape in HIV myelopathy has shifted management toward antiretroviral resistance patterns and treatment optimization. Therapeutic advances remain limited and largely pathogen-specific, although targeted approaches such as mogamulizumab for HTLV-1-associated myelopathy are promising.

SUMMARY: Recent progress in infectious myelopathies has been driven by improved pathogen detection and more tailored diagnostic strategies, although treatment advances are beginning to emerge.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications
*Spinal Cord Diseases/diagnosis/virology/therapy/etiology
SARS-CoV-2
*Myelitis/diagnosis/virology
Magnetic Resonance Imaging

@article {pmid42055480,
year = {2026},
author = {Lu, X and Shi, Y and Chen, L and Jiang, X and Wang, Z and Tu, Y},
title = {Recombinant human interleukin-7 for patients with infection-associated lymphopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Respiratory medicine},
volume = {257},
number = {},
pages = {108858},
doi = {10.1016/j.rmed.2026.108858},
pmid = {42055480},
issn = {1532-3064},
abstract = {PURPOSE: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of recombinant human interleukin-7 (rhIL-7) in treating lymphopenia and related clinical outcomes in patients with infection-associated lymphopenia through a meta-analysis.

METHODS: A Literature retrieval was conducted across databases, including the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, SinoMed, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP from the inception until October 2025. Randomized controlled trials of rhIL-7 for the treatment of lymphopenia were screened and identified for eligibility. Primary outcomes included absolute lymphocyte counts (ALC), mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay, and incidence of secondary infections.

RESULTS: Four studies were included, covering sepsis and COVID-19. In septic patients, rhIL-7 significantly increased ALC (MD = 1.33 at 3 weeks; 95% CI [0.29, 2.38]; MD = 1.14 at 4 weeks; 95% CI [0.02, 2.25]), CD4[+] T-cell counts (MD = 0.56 at 3 weeks; 95% CI [0.08, 1.05]) and CD8[+] T-cell counts (MD = 0.40 at 2 weeks; 95% CI [0.05, 0.76]). However, rhIL-7 failed to reduce mortality (RR = 1.01; 95% CI [0.36, 2.81]) or the incidence of secondary infections (RR = 1.05; 95% CI [0.48, 2.30]) in patients with sepsis. In patients with COVID-19, rhIL-7 did not significantly increase ALC at 30 days (MD = 0.46; 95% CI [-0.15, 1.08]) or reduce mortality (RR = 0.85; 95% CI [0.55, 1.33]), but it did significantly reduce the incidence of secondary infections (RR = 0.58; 95% CI [0.46, 0.74]; p < 0.0001). A combined analysis revealed that rhIL-7 significantly increased ALC (MD = 1.15 at 3 weeks; 95% CI [0.47, 1.84]; MD = 0.80 at 4 weeks; 95% CI [0.24, 1.36]) and reduced the risk of secondary infections (RR = 0.64; 95% CI [0.50, 0.81]), but had no effect on mortality or ICU length of stay.

CONCLUSION: RhIL-7 effectively ameliorates sepsis-associated lymphopenia but does not improve prognosis. Although rhIL-7 reduces the incidence of secondary infections in COVID-19 patients, confounding factors related to the pandemic context must be taken into account.},
}

@article {pmid42055829,
year = {2026},
author = {Shammout, M and Abdullah, J and Shammout, A and Williams, R and Mcmillan, K},
title = {A call for fixed standards: a decade of orthognathic surgery, biting into revision rates and metalwork removal.},
journal = {The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.bjoms.2026.03.011},
pmid = {42055829},
issn = {1532-1940},
abstract = {The removal rate of titanium miniplates following orthognathic surgery varies widely (3.2-27.5%) due to inconsistent study designs and mixed samples. Plate removal is not routinely conducted in the UK. A 2019-2020 meta-analysis reported a 13.4% removal rate, though regular audits are uncommon. This study evaluates whether audit of local plate removal rates against established benchmarks merits encouragement. A retrospective review was conducted of orthognathic surgery at a tertiary centre (2014-2024). Procedures included Le Fort osteotomy, bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO), bimaxillary osteotomy (BIMAX), genioplasty, and other mandibular osteotomies. All patients received two postoperative doses of dexamethasone and intravenous antibiotics. Data collected included demographics, smoking status, surgical site, re-plating, and antibiotic use. The primary outcome was return to theatre (RTT) for plate removal or replacement. Chi squared, Fisher's exact, and binomial tests were used to assess statistical significance. Over 10 years, 417 patients underwent 429 orthognathic procedures, including 12 revisions to achieve the desired skeletal and orthodontic outcome. Overall, metalwork removal/adjustment occurred in 46 cases, predominantly within the first year, with infection identified as the leading cause. The removal rate was 10.7% (46/429), consistent with the 13.4% benchmark (p = 0.12). Yearly rates generally aligned with the benchmark, except in 2021, when deviations were likely to have been influenced by COVID-19-related disruptions. Smoking (p = 1.0) and oral antibiotics on discharge (p = 0.09) were not significantly associated with plate removal rates. These findings validate the 13.4% benchmark for metalwork removal. Routine audit and inter-unit collaboration are vital for refining benchmarks and improving patient care.},
}

@article {pmid41758637,
year = {2026},
author = {Kozdrowicki, M and Szczepaniak, P and Kyslyi, V and Carnevale, L and Carnevale, D and Lembo, G and Guzik, TJ and Mikołajczyk, TP},
title = {The impact of inflammation, neuromodulation, and gut microbiota on developing cardiac fibrosis and hypertension.},
journal = {Cardiovascular research},
volume = {122},
number = {6},
pages = {681-706},
doi = {10.1093/cvr/cvag054},
pmid = {41758637},
issn = {1755-3245},
support = {ERA-CVD/NEMO/7/2019//Polish National Centre for Research and Development/ ; ERA-CVD/Gut-brain/8/2021//Polish National Centre for Research and Development/ ; ERA-CVD/JTC2020/25/ImmuneHyper/Cog/2022//Polish National Centre for Research and Development/ ; //Ministry of Health/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Hypertension/physiopathology/metabolism/microbiology/immunology/therapy/pathology ; Fibrosis ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Animals ; COVID-19 ; *Myocardium/pathology/metabolism/immunology ; *Inflammation/physiopathology/metabolism/immunology ; Myofibroblasts/metabolism/pathology ; Inflammation Mediators/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of premature mortality worldwide. Due to pressure overload and cardiac fibrosis, CVD often begin with hypertension and gradually progress to heart failure. Cardiac fibrosis reduces the number of functional cardiomyocytes and the force of contraction while increasing oxygen demand. It has been noted that myofibroblasts, which produce excessive amounts of extracellular matrix in the failing heart, express specific proteins such as periostin, tenascin C, thrombospondin, and osteopontin. Their activation involves immune cells that have a well-documented effect on the pathogenesis of hypertension. Moreover, dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system and sympathetic hyperactivity heightens peripheral inflammation and fosters fibrosis. In this review, we outline and summarize the most significant and recent findings concerning the molecular pathways of immune activation, neuromodulation, epigenetic modifications, and the impact of gut microbiota on myofibroblast activation and fibrosis in the heart, as well as potential therapeutic options (e.g. experimental anti-inflammatory treatments, epigenetic modulators, and vagus nerve stimulation). We will also highlight how current heart failure treatments, including renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAA) inhibitors, β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) antagonists, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and the Mediterranean diet, affect these processes at a molecular level. A comprehensive understanding of the neuroimmune mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of heart failure and hypertension is particularly crucial in light of the increased risk of CVD following the COVID-19 pandemic, which resulted from the 'cytokine storm' during SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
}

Humans
*Hypertension/physiopathology/metabolism/microbiology/immunology/therapy/pathology
Fibrosis
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Animals
COVID-19
*Myocardium/pathology/metabolism/immunology
*Inflammation/physiopathology/metabolism/immunology
Myofibroblasts/metabolism/pathology
Inflammation Mediators/metabolism

@article {pmid41851644,
year = {2026},
author = {Doran, C and Sheku, M and Nakada, Y and Lopman, B and Nelson, K},
title = {Relevance of social contact definitions for use in infectious disease transmission modeling: a systematic review and recommendations.},
journal = {BMC infectious diseases},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41851644},
issn = {1471-2334},
support = {CDC-RFA-FT-23-0069//Insight Net Cooperative Agreement, CDC Center for Forecasting and Analytics/ ; K01AI166093-01A1//NIH/NIAID/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Social mixing studies provide crucial evidence for parameterizing mathematical models of infectious disease transmission, and their validity for use in models is dependent on their study design and how well the contacts they capture map to the transmission routes of the pathogen of interest. This systematic review aims to catalogue contact definitions used in social mixing studies from 2005 to 2024 and evaluate their conceptual alignment to three archetypal pathogens.

METHODS: We searched Ovid Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Global Index Medicus for studies of human-to-human interactions that collected data via survey, diary, or interview published between January 2005 and August 2024. We excluded studies that focused on sexually-transmitted or food/water/vector-borne pathogens or used only GPS or sensor data. We excluded studies of contact tracing as a public health effort. Screening and data collection were conducted in Covidence. Contact definitions were presented verbatim and qualitatively coded to identify key elements. Results were stratified by prospective or retrospective design. We used the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool to evaluate risk of bias.

RESULTS: We included 112 eligible studies, half (52.7%) of which began during pandemic periods (H1N1 [2009] or COVID-19 [2020]), commonly in the United States (18%) or United Kingdom (16%). Most (68%) had a retrospective design in which participants were asked to recall contacts that occurred prior to survey administration and 73% used a single-survey cross sectional design using random (16%) or stratified random (44%) sampling. Relevant contacts were often defined by an exchange of words (77%) or physical touch (59%). A minority of studies differentiated between contacts that occurred outdoors vs. indoors (28%) or allowed participants to report large group contacts separately from individually named contacts (28%). Contact definitions and attributes conceptually aligned with the transmission biology of influenza, tuberculosis, and norovirus in 77%, 6%, and 50% of studies respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: Contact studies were limited in their global scope and non-pandemic representativeness. Critical modifiers of transmission risk such as location, household membership, and shared space with large numbers of people were under-measured. Future modeling and social mixing studies should align measured contact rates to the target transmission routes by incorporating these elements.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-026-12938-y.},
}

@article {pmid41949759,
year = {2026},
author = {Kleinert, S},
title = {[Cardiovascular risk in inflammatory rheumatic diseases : Evidence-based strategies for risk reduction in rheumatologic practice].},
journal = {Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie},
volume = {85},
number = {4},
pages = {307-316},
pmid = {41949759},
issn = {1435-1250},
mesh = {Humans ; *Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control/mortality/diagnosis ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; *Rheumatic Diseases/drug therapy/mortality ; Antirheumatic Agents/therapeutic use/adverse effects ; Heart Disease Risk Factors ; *Risk Reduction Behavior ; Rheumatology/standards ; Comorbidity ; Risk Assessment ; },
abstract = {Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) have a persistently increased cardiovascular (CV) risk and higher mortality, independently of traditional CV risk factors. Effective control of inflammation reduces CV events, whereas glucocorticoids increase the risk in a dose- and duration-dependent manner, even at ≤ 5 mg prednisolone/day. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs especially tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, are largely protective through the reduction of systemic inflammation. For patients receiving Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors or long-term glucocorticoid therapy, a structured CV risk assessment and guideline-based management of modifiable risk factors (including lipid optimization/statin therapy) are essential. Primary prevention should be based on the cardiovascular prevention guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Vaccinations (influenza, COVID-19, pneumococcus, respiratory syncytial virus, zoster) represent an effective pillar of CV prevention in populations at cardiovascular risk; however, evidence in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases is still lacking. The main challenge for CV prevention remains implementation: digital clinical reminders/decision support systems and multicomponent strategies can improve the implementation of recommendations.},
}

Humans
*Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control/mortality/diagnosis
Evidence-Based Medicine
*Rheumatic Diseases/drug therapy/mortality
Antirheumatic Agents/therapeutic use/adverse effects
Heart Disease Risk Factors
*Risk Reduction Behavior
Rheumatology/standards
Comorbidity
Risk Assessment

@article {pmid42046671,
year = {2026},
author = {Hudu, SA and Jimoh, AO},
title = {Operational zoonotic containment of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in Saudi Arabia: An implementation-oriented One Health genomic framework.},
journal = {Veterinary world},
volume = {19},
number = {3},
pages = {1322-1341},
pmid = {42046671},
issn = {0972-8988},
abstract = {Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) remains a persistent zoonotic threat more than a decade after its first detection, with Saudi Arabia continuing to be the global epicenter of human infections and the main reservoir interface through dromedary camels. Despite ongoing surveillance, advances in molecular diagnostics, and research on vaccines and therapeutics, sporadic zoonotic spillovers and healthcare-associated outbreaks still occur, showing that current prevention strategies are still not enough. This review compiles current evidence from epidemiological studies, camel reservoir research, genomic monitoring, and public health reports published between 2012 and April 2025 to identify the key gaps preventing effective containment. Special focus is given to recent genomic discoveries, including post-2022 clade B sublineages, recombination events, and spike protein changes that might affect transmission and the effectiveness of countermeasures. Available data suggest that MERS-CoV epidemiology is driven by repeated camel-to-human transmission, followed by occasional amplification in healthcare settings rather than sustained community spread. High seroprevalence and frequent detection of viral RNA in juvenile camels, seasonal gathering in markets, and extensive animal movement networks contribute to ongoing viral circulation at the animal-human interface. Genomic studies consistently show close phylogenetic relationships between camel and human isolates, confirming recurrent zoonotic transmissions. However, fragmented surveillance systems, delayed genomic data integration, inconsistent biosecurity practices, and limited field evidence for camel vaccination pose major barriers to control. Additionally, hospital outbreaks continue to occur due to delayed diagnosis, overcrowding, and incomplete adherence to infection-prevention protocols, underscoring the need for improved clinical preparedness. Based on the integrated synthesis of epidemiological, veterinary, and genomic evidence, this review proposes an implementation-focused One Health genomic framework tailored to the Saudi context. The proposed roadmap highlights real-time connection of human and camel surveillance, expands genomic sequencing capacity, targets vaccination strategies in camels and high-risk human populations, standardizes biosecurity measures in markets and abattoirs, and strengthens infection control systems in healthcare facilities. Alignment with national governance structures and Saudi Vision 2030 offers a practical pathway for coordinated multi-sectoral action. This review concludes that MERS-CoV is unlikely to be eradicated soon, but it can be effectively managed through a genomics-enabled, operational One Health approach that combines surveillance, vaccination, clinical preparedness, and policy coordination. The model outlined here provides a scalable way to reduce zoonotic spillover risk and strengthen readiness against future coronavirus and emerging zoonotic threats.},
}

@article {pmid42046765,
year = {2026},
author = {Matenga-Ikihele, A and Asafo, F and Tuesday, R and Netzler, N and Puliuvea, C and Percival, T},
title = {Pacific-Led Responses to COVID-19: Lessons for Future Pandemic Preparedness.},
journal = {Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand},
volume = {56},
number = {2},
pages = {e70049},
pmid = {42046765},
issn = {1175-8899},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic exposed deep inequities in health systems globally and in Aotearoa New Zealand, with Pacific communities experiencing a disproportionate burden of illness, economic hardship, and social disruption. Despite these challenges, Pacific communities demonstrated resilience, culturally grounded leadership, and the ability to meet community needs through collective action. This qualitative review of peer-reviewed literature, government reports, and community-led research identified five interconnected themes: (1) community partnerships; (2) Pacific-centred approaches; (3) clear and trusted communication; (4) digital inclusion and literacy skills; and (5) economic support and sustainability. From these themes, key enablers were identified, which included community leadership, trusted communication strategies, and agile local systems, alongside barriers such as underinvestment, digital exclusion, reliance on unpaid labour, and limited inclusion of Pacific leadership in early planning. The findings highlight that Pacific-led systems are not supplementary but an essential public health infrastructure. Embedding these approaches within national emergency planning, through sustainable funding, formal governance roles, and strengthened digital inclusion, offers a pathway to a more equitable, trusted, and resilient pandemic response.},
}

@article {pmid42047168,
year = {2026},
author = {Uzer, F and Erendor, F and Sanlioglu, S},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Immune Evasion: Mapping the Future of Vaccine Design.},
journal = {Reviews in medical virology},
volume = {36},
number = {3},
pages = {e70157},
doi = {10.1002/rmv.70157},
pmid = {42047168},
issn = {1099-1654},
mesh = {Humans ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology/genetics ; *Immune Evasion ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology ; *COVID-19/immunology/prevention & control/virology ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics/immunology/chemistry ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology ; Mutation ; Vaccine Development ; Evolution, Molecular ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; },
abstract = {The evolutionary trajectory of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has progressed through several distinct phases since its zoonotic emergence, transitioning from initial human adaptation to an era of rapid antigenic drift and complex immune evasion. As of early 2026, the global landscape is dominated by highly evolved sublineages of the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant, including the JN.1-descendent subvariants NB.1.8.1 and XFG. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms driving viral fitness, with a primary focus on the structural transformations within the spike (S) protein's receptor-binding domain (RBD), N-terminal domain (NTD), and S2 subunit. We examine the biophysical impacts of pivotal mutations, such as E484 K, K417 N, and F486P, alongside the phenomenon of convergent evolution and epistatic compensation. Furthermore, we provide an integrated analysis of current knowledge regarding the evolving dynamics of humoral and cellular immunity, exploring the challenges posed by immune imprinting and the decline of neutralizing antibody titers against antigenically distant strains. A comparative discussion of SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal influenza highlights divergent evolutionary paces but converging regulatory frameworks for annual vaccine updates. Finally, the current status of next-generation vaccine platforms is evaluated, specifically mosaic nanoparticles and mucosal delivery systems, which aim to provide pan-sarbecovirus protection and interrupt transmission. These insights are integrated into a policy framework focused on annual strain selection and enhanced genomic surveillance for sustainable long-term pandemic management.},
}

Humans
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology/genetics
*Immune Evasion
*COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
*COVID-19/immunology/prevention & control/virology
Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics/immunology/chemistry
Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
Mutation
Vaccine Development
Evolution, Molecular
Antibodies, Viral/immunology

@article {pmid42047233,
year = {2026},
author = {Bashir, HM and Ciftci, D},
title = {Impact of COVID-19 on female reproductive health and communication post-pandemic: A scoping review.},
journal = {African journal of reproductive health},
volume = {30},
number = {8},
pages = {102-118},
doi = {10.29063/ajrh2026/v30i8.10},
pmid = {42047233},
issn = {1118-4841},
mesh = {Humans ; Female ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology ; *Reproductive Health ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Adult ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; Middle Aged ; *Communication ; *Health Communication ; *Women's Health ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic significantly affected Female Reproductive Health (FRH), intensifying physiological and psychological conditions such as amenorrhea and postpartum related issues. While clinical studies have well-documented these impacts on FRH, no studies empirically tested health communication interventions, revealing a significant research gap. This scoping review bridges this gap, mapping evidence on the impact of COVID-19 on FRH and probing the untapped potential of communication strategies to mitigate these impacts. Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, we systematically searched PubMed, PsycINFO, BMJ Global Health, and Frontiers (2021-2024) for peer-reviewed studies. The 13 included studies documented menstrual irregularities in 50-67% of women post-infection/vaccination, fertility rate declines of 18 per 100,000 women, and postpartum depression prevalence of 25.27%. Eligibility criteria included Women of reproductive age (15-49 years) affected by COVID-19's impact and implemented strategies addressing these impacts post-pandemic. We proposed integrating robust trauma-informed communication road map such as digital health literacy programs and community-led strategic initiatives.},
}

Humans
Female
*COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology
*Reproductive Health
SARS-CoV-2
Adult
Adolescent
Young Adult
Middle Aged
*Communication
*Health Communication
*Women's Health

@article {pmid42047332,
year = {2026},
author = {Paik, S and Um, S and Kim, IS and Park, EJ and Kim, KT and Basu, J and Oh, DC and Jo, EK},
title = {Exploiting autophagy-targeting natural compounds for potential antimicrobial actions.},
journal = {Autophagy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-26},
doi = {10.1080/15548627.2026.2662426},
pmid = {42047332},
issn = {1554-8635},
abstract = {Natural products are biologically active compounds used for therapeutic interventions for various diseases, particularly infections. Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic pathway involving lysosomal degradation and is closely associated with immunological pathways, effectively combating bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections. Accumulating evidence suggests that autophagy activation or inhibition by natural products promotes antimicrobial responses against various pathogens. Numerous natural products can modulate autophagy through diverse signaling pathways, suggesting their potential as a host-directed therapeutic strategy that may complement conventional drug regimens or help mitigate drug resistance in various infectious diseases. However, it remains largely unclear whether these effects are mediated by direct modulation of autophagy or indirectly through associated mechanisms, including enhanced immune defense, attenuation of pathological inflammation, or crosstalk with other organelle functions. Additionally, multiple pathogens can evade host responses; thus, autophagy activation may inadvertently create favorable conditions for certain pathogens. This review discusses the current knowledge of natural products in terms of their antimicrobial actions through autophagy regulation, particularly the roles of distinct natural product classes, such as polyphenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, quinones, peptides, and macrolides in modulating autophagy for potentially contributing to control various infectious diseases. Exploring the intricate molecular interplay between natural products and autophagy in limiting infections may provide valuable insights that could inform the development of innovative host-directed antimicrobial treatments based on autophagy regulation.Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; AM: alveolar macrophages; AMP: antimicrobial peptides; AMPK: 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; ART: artemisinin; ASFV: African swine fever virus; ATG: autophagy related; AZM: azithromycin; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; BECN1: beclin 1; BMDM: bone marrow-derived macrophage; BNIP3: BCL2 interacting protein 3; BNIP3L: BCL2 interacting protein 3 like; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CAMKK2: calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2; CBD: cannabidiol; CF: cystic fibrosis; CGA: chlorogenic acid; CGAS: cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; CHUK/IKKα: component of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase complex; CLP: cecal ligation and puncture; CLR: clarithromycin; CMA: chaperone-mediated autophagy; CoV: coronavirus; DHT: dihydrotanshinone I; EGCG: epigallocatechin-3-gallate; EIF2A: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A; EIF2AK2: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 2; ESKAPE: Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.; ESRRA: estrogen related receptor alpha; FOXO1: forkhead box O1; FUNDC1: FUN14 domain containing 1; HBV: hepatitis B virus; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HDT: host-directed therapy; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; HMGB1: high mobility group box 1; HSV: herpes simplex virus; IAV: influenza A virus; ICT: isocryptotanshinone; IFN: interferon; IKBKB/IKKβ: inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit beta; IL: interleukin; INH: isoniazid; IRF3: IFN regulatory factor 3; KEAP1: kelch like ECH associated protein 1; LAMP: lysosomal associated membrane protein; LAP: LC3-associated phagocytosis; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MDM: monocyte-derived macrophage; MDR: multidrug-resistant; MON: monotropein; Mtb: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; mtROS: mitochondrial ROS; NET: neutrophil extracellular trap; NFE2L2/Nrf2: NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2; NFKB/NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B; NLRP3: NLR family pyrin domain containing 3; NLRX1: NLR family member X1; NOTCH1: notch receptor 1; NTM: nontuberculous mycobacteria; OMS: ohmyungsamycin; PAK1: p21 (RAC1) activated kinase 1; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; PKM/PKM2: pyruvate kinase M1/2; PLD: phospholipase D; PM: peritoneal macrophage; PPM1A: protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+ dependent 1A; PRKN/parkin: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog; RB1CC1/FIP200: RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; RELA/p65: RELA proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit; RIF: rifampicin; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RSV: resveratrol; RUBCN/rubicon: rubicon autophagy regulator; SAR: selective autophagy receptor; SIRT: sirtuin; STING1: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; STX17: syntaxin 17; Tat: trans-activator of transcription; TB: tuberculosis; TBK1: TANK binding kinase 1; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TLR: toll like receptor; TNA: tanshinone IIA; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; UA: ursolic acid; ULK1/Atg1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; UPR: unfolded protein response; UVRAG: UV radiation resistance associated; VAMP8: vesicle associated membrane protein 8; VDR: vitamin D receptor; WIPI2: WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 2; ZFYVE1/DFCP1: zinc finger FYVE-type containing 1; ZIKV: Zika virus.},
}

@article {pmid42048372,
year = {2026},
author = {Braga, A and Fialho, SCAV and Martins, CAO and Duvivier, KM and Callado, GY and Araujo Júnior, E and de Rezende-Filho, J},
title = {Maternal vaccination in the immunization era: implementation, uptake, and emerging vaccines.},
journal = {Journal of perinatal medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42048372},
issn = {1619-3997},
abstract = {Maternal immunization has ascended as a cornerstone of contemporary strategies aimed at safeguarding pregnant women, fetuses, and children in early childhood against vaccine-preventable diseases. The profound physiological and immunological adaptations inherent to gestation heighten maternal susceptibility to infectious morbidity, while several pathogens, including influenza, pertussis, COVID-19, rubella, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), pose significant risks of adverse maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes. Although an extensive body of evidence attests to the safety and effectiveness of maternal vaccines, global uptake among pregnant people remains markedly uneven and, in many settings, critically suboptimal. A nuanced understanding of national and international immunization programs, along with their structural and sociocultural challenges, is imperative to strengthen perinatal health protection. This narrative review synthesizes evidence drawn from peer-reviewed scientific literature, global health agency publications, and official national immunization guidelines. Extracted data were complemented by analyses of the immunological landscape of pregnancy, current vaccine recommendations, established safety profiles, and maternal immunization schedules across high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Particular emphasis was placed on the vaccines most consistently recommended during pregnancy, namely influenza, Tdap, COVID-19, and RSV, as well as on contextual determinants influencing vaccine hesitancy, access barriers, and global disparities in coverage.},
}

@article {pmid42048529,
year = {2026},
author = {Ventriglio, A and Torales, J and Castaldelli-Maia, JM and Caycho-Rodríguez, T and Hualparuca-Olivera, L and Bhugra, D},
title = {The past, present and future of Social Psychiatry.},
journal = {International review of psychiatry (Abingdon, England)},
volume = {38},
number = {1-3},
pages = {6-16},
doi = {10.1080/09540261.2025.2523454},
pmid = {42048529},
issn = {1369-1627},
mesh = {Humans ; *Community Psychiatry/trends/history ; *Social Determinants of Health ; COVID-19/psychology ; *Mental Disorders/therapy ; },
abstract = {In psychiatry, tensions have often arisen between biological and social approaches, despite their interconnection. Social psychiatry has evolved alongside changing understandings of mental health and its ties to broader social and geopolitical determinants. Global factors such as economic inequality, migration, and social exclusion are increasingly recognized as key influences on mental health outcomes. Nonetheless, challenges like stigma, lack of access, and resource limitations persist. The Biopsychosocial Model remains central to social psychiatry, offering an integrated framework that considers biological, psychological, and social dimensions. This comprehensive perspective ensures that interventions target not only symptoms but also contextual factors contributing to mental illness. The future of social psychiatry will be shaped by heightened awareness of social determinants, particularly amid global crises like war or COVID-19. Consistent application of the biopsychosocial model in clinical settings is essential. Policy advocacy focused on housing, employment, and inclusive care-alongside cultural sensitivity and the use of digital tools-will be vital. Moreover, enhancing psychiatric education and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration will be key to addressing social determinants across all levels of mental health care.},
}

Humans
*Community Psychiatry/trends/history
*Social Determinants of Health
COVID-19/psychology
*Mental Disorders/therapy

@article {pmid42048993,
year = {2026},
author = {Amiral, J and Seghatchian, J},
title = {An in-depth synthetic wrap on the immune-hemostatic axis in human disease.},
journal = {Transfusion and apheresis science : official journal of the World Apheresis Association : official journal of the European Society for Haemapheresis},
volume = {65},
number = {3},
pages = {104441},
doi = {10.1016/j.transci.2026.104441},
pmid = {42048993},
issn = {1473-0502},
abstract = {Human defense systems (immunity, inflammation, hemostasis, fibrinolysis, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system) have co-evolved to provide multilayered protection against infections, trauma, malignancies, and metabolic disturbances. In humans, these systems reach exceptional regulatory sophistication and are coordinated through integrated immunological and hemostatic mechanisms forming the frontline of defense. While highly efficient under physiological conditions, these networks can become dysregulated when challenged by overwhelming pathological stimuli. The COVID-19 pandemic exemplified these vulnerabilities, revealing profound inter-individual variability in immune activation that shaped susceptibility, disease progression, and outcomes. Similar variability extends to autoimmune disorders, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases, where immunity and hemostasis govern detection, response, and chronicity. Artificial-intelligence models now propose an "immunological age," reflecting cumulative immune behavior and predictive disease risk. Nevertheless, pathologies may escape immune-hemostatic control and become refractory to therapy, leading to severe complications or fatal outcomes, as emphasized previously. This review synthesizes current understanding of the molecular, cellular, and systemic interplays linking immunity, inflammation, hemostasis, fibrinolysis, and RAAS. We highlight how these interdependent pathways shape disease expression across infections, autoimmunity, sepsis, malignancy, and cardiometabolic syndromes. In addition, we examine emerging laboratory biomarkers, such as NETs, Annexin A1, micro-RNAs, sACE2, and procoagulant platelets, that now provide unprecedented insights into immunothrombosis and thrombo-inflammation. By integrating mechanistic biology with diagnostic innovation, this narrative presents a unified perspective on immune-hemostatic interactions and outlines how these insights may reshape therapeutic strategies and precision medicine.},
}

@article {pmid42049130,
year = {2026},
author = {de la Mota, S and Suchet, L and van Wijk, M and Stibbs, DJ and Couto, PS and Rafiq, QA},
title = {On the road to in vivo CAR-T success: Comparing promising viral and non-viral vectors.},
journal = {Biotechnology advances},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {108907},
doi = {10.1016/j.biotechadv.2026.108907},
pmid = {42049130},
issn = {1873-1899},
abstract = {Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-cell therapies have demonstrated substantial efficacy in haematological malignancies, with multiple products approved for clinical use. However, broader application remains limited by severe toxicities, reduced efficacy toward solid tumours, and the high cost and complexity of ex vivo manufacturing. The autologous nature of most current therapies contributes to variable product quality, lengthy vein-to-vein times, and restricted patient access. In vivo CAR-T therapy has emerged as a potential solution, aiming to generate functional CAR-T-cells within the patient, with several platforms progressing into early Phase I clinical trials. This approach eliminates reliance on patient-derived starting material, reduces manufacturing failure rates, and offers the prospect of off-the-shelf availability at lower cost. Central to in vivo CAR-T development is selecting an appropriate gene delivery platform. Viral vectors, including lentiviral, adenoviral, and adeno-associated viral systems, have an established role in ex vivo CAR-T manufacturing and in vivo gene therapies. Non-viral vectors, such as lipid nanoparticles (LNP) and polyplexes, have garnered increasing attention due to their high packaging capacity, potential for redosing, and validation in large-scale production, as exemplified by mRNA-LNP vaccines against COVID-19. Recently, the in vivo CAR-T engineering toolbox has expanded with DNA-based LNP platforms capable of stably integrating CAR transgenes via transposon systems, fourth-generation T-cell-targeted lentiviral systems that minimise CAR display on vector particles and aberrant splicing, and emerging genome-editing technologies. This review compares viral and non-viral vectors for in vivo CAR-T therapy, evaluating their relative advantages and limitations in terms of safety, efficacy, scalability, analytical methods, regulatory implementation and commercial feasibility.},
}

@article {pmid42049507,
year = {2026},
author = {Morello, CM and Mnatzaganian, CL and Painter, NA},
title = {Emerging and Off-Label Uses Of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP1-RA) and Dual GIP/GLP1-RAs.},
journal = {Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine : JABFM},
volume = {39},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3122/jabfm.2025.250158R1},
pmid = {42049507},
issn = {1558-7118},
mesh = {Humans ; *Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists ; *Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy ; *Off-Label Use ; *Obesity/drug therapy ; *Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide/therapeutic use ; *Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RAs) and the glucagon-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)/GLP1-RA are approved for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity given their profound impact on glycemic weight management. Additional indications include reducing cardiovascular disease risk and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in T2D as well as obstructive sleep apnea in patients with obesity. These enhanced effects are likely due to their pleiotropic effects, leading to decreased inflammation and other benefits. This review explored emerging evidence for uses of GLP1-RAs and GIP/GLP1-RA that have been researched but not yet approved. Clinicians may use this information to guide treatment decisions.

REVIEW PROCESS: PubMed and Embase literature searches were conducted using Medical Subject Heading terms. Studies referencing GLP1-RAs and GIP/GLP1-RA were included if they were published in approximately the last decade, included adults, and were either a randomized controlled trial, meta-analysis, or observational study. Of 319 articles reviewed, 27 met inclusion criteria.

EMERGING AND COMPELLING USES: Initial positive impacts have been noted for the following conditions: liver disease/liver transplant, CKD/kidney transplant, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, substance use disorders, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, COVID-19 virus, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and short bowel syndrome.

CONSIDERATIONS: Large randomized controlled trials may lead to approvals of these conditions and are encouraged. Safety and adverse effects of these medications must be assessed when initiating or modifying doses.

CONCLUSION: GLP1-RAs and GIP/GLP1-RA have demonstrated early benefits to several conditions beyond their current approved indications. Clinicians can use this information to determine treatment options for patients, particularly in those with T2D, cardiovascular disease, and/or obesity.},
}

Humans
*Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists
*Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
*Off-Label Use
*Obesity/drug therapy
*Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide/therapeutic use
*Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use

@article {pmid38476083,
year = {2026},
author = {Abugamza, A and Kaskirbayeva, D and Charlwood, A and Nikolova, S and Martin, A},
title = {Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on employment and inequalities: a systematic review of international evidence and critical appraisal of statistical methods.},
journal = {Perspectives in public health},
volume = {146},
number = {2},
pages = {85-94},
pmid = {38476083},
issn = {1757-9147},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Employment/statistics & numerical data ; Socioeconomic Factors ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; *Health Status Disparities ; Female ; },
abstract = {AIMS: To assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on individual labour market outcomes and how these vary over time and between different groups of individuals.

METHODS: Searches were conducted using Medline, Scopus and EconLit. Grey literature searches used Google Scholar and Econpapers. Study quality was assessed using the risk of bias in non-randomised studies of exposure tool (ROBINS-E), accompanied by a directed acyclic graph (DAG) to identify relevant mediators, moderators and confounders.

RESULTS: A total of 85 studies (77 peer-reviewed articles, 8 working papers) were included. The ROBINS-E showed that the overall risk of bias varied between studies from low (n = 14), moderate (n = 56) to serious (n = 15). Studies also varied in terms of outcome measures, study designs and the academic disciplines of researchers. Generally, studies using data collected before and during the pandemic showed large negative effects on employment, working hours and income. Studies that assessed moderators (e.g. by industry, occupation, age, gender, race and country of birth) indicated the pandemic has likely worsened pre-existing disparities in health and work. Generally, women, less educated, non-whites and young workers were affected the most, perhaps due to their jobs involving high levels of personal contact (e.g. hospitality, sales and entertainment) and being less amenable to remote working. The DAG highlighted methodological challenges in drawing robust inferences about COVID-19's impact on employment, including the lack of an unexposed control group.

CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 health crisis caused unanticipated and unprecedented changes to employment opportunities around the world, with potential long-term health consequences. Further research should investigate the longer-term impact of COVID-19, with greater attention given to low- and middle-income countries. Our study provides guidance on the design and critical appraisal of future studies.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
*Employment/statistics & numerical data
Socioeconomic Factors
SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics
*Health Status Disparities
Female

@article {pmid39087388,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhang, J and Bloom, I and Westbury, LD and Bevilacqua, G and Ward, KA and Barker, M and Lawrence, W and Cooper, C and Dennison, EM},
title = {A Healthy Conversation Skills intervention to support changes to physical activity and dietary behaviours in community-dwelling older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic.},
journal = {Perspectives in public health},
volume = {146},
number = {2},
pages = {104-112},
pmid = {39087388},
issn = {1757-9147},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Female ; Male ; *Exercise/psychology ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; *Independent Living ; *Diet ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Health Behavior ; United Kingdom ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; *Health Promotion/methods ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {AIMS: Physical activity (PA) and nutrition are important determinants of health in late adulthood. However, low levels of PA and poor nutrition are common in older adults and have become more prevalent during the COVID-19 pandemic. We hypothesised that Healthy Conversation Skills could be used to support health behaviour changes beneficial for health in older adults and thus conducted a study nested within the UK Hertfordshire Cohort Study.

METHODS: Between November 2019 and March 2020, 176 participants were visited at home. A trained researcher administered a questionnaire and undertook anthropometric and physical performance tests. A total of 89 participants were randomised to the control group and received a healthy living leaflet; 87 participants in the intervention group were interviewed using Healthy Conversation Skills at the initial visit with follow-up telephone calls at 1, 3, 6 and 9 months. Follow-up at 1 year by postal questionnaire assessed change in PA and diet. In total, 155 participants (79 control and 76 intervention) completed the baseline and 1-year follow-up.

RESULTS: At baseline, median (lower quartile, upper quartile) age (years) was 83.1 (81.5, 85.5) and median PA time (min/day) from walking, cycling and sports was 30.0 (15.0, 60.0). In total, 95% of participants completed the intervention; the total response rate for postal questionnaires was 94%. There were no statistically significant differences in outcomes between the trial arms. In women, there was a tendency for greater increases in diet quality in the intervention group compared to the control group (p = 0.075), while among men, there was a tendency for reduced decline in self-reported physical function in the intervention group compared to the control group (p = 0.081).

CONCLUSION: We have shown that it is viable to utilise Healthy Conversation Skills via telephone to promote healthier lifestyles in older adults. Larger appropriately powered studies to determine the efficacy of such an intervention are now warranted.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
Female
Male
*Exercise/psychology
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
*Independent Living
*Diet
SARS-CoV-2
*Health Behavior
United Kingdom
Surveys and Questionnaires
*Health Promotion/methods
Pandemics

@article {pmid39899304,
year = {2025},
author = {Hanlon, P and Butterly, E and Wei, L and Wightman, H and Almazam, SAM and Alsallumi, K and Crowther, J and McChrystal, R and Rennison, H and Hughes, K and Lewsey, J and Lindsay, R and McGurnaghan, S and Petrie, J and Tomlinson, LA and Wild, S and Adler, A and Sattar, N and Phillippo, DM and Dias, S and Welton, NJ and McAllister, DA},
title = {Age and Sex Differences in Efficacy of Treatments for Type 2 Diabetes: A Network Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {JAMA},
volume = {333},
number = {12},
pages = {1062-1073},
pmid = {39899304},
issn = {1538-3598},
support = {MR/W016648/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Age Factors ; Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology/etiology/prevention & control ; *Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood/complications/drug therapy ; *Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors/administration & dosage/adverse effects ; *Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists/administration & dosage/adverse effects ; Glycated Hemoglobin/analysis ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Sex Factors ; *Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors/administration & dosage/adverse effects ; Treatment Outcome ; Glycemic Control/adverse effects/methods/statistics & numerical data ; Adult ; Aged, 80 and over ; Drug Therapy, Combination/adverse effects/methods ; Incidence ; },
abstract = {IMPORTANCE: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors improve hyperglycemia, and SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists reduce the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) among individuals with type 2 diabetes. It is not clear whether efficacy varies by age or sex.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether age or sex are associated with differences in the efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and DPP4 inhibitors.

The MEDLINE and Embase databases and US and Chinese clinical trial registries were searched for articles published from inception to November 2022; in August 2024, the search was updated to capture the trial results. Two reviewers screened for randomized clinical trials of SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, or DPP4 inhibitors vs a placebo or active comparator in adults with type 2 diabetes.

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Individual participant data and aggregate data were used to estimate age × treatment interactions and sex × treatment interactions in multilevel network meta-regression models.

MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURES: Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and MACEs.

RESULTS: Of the 601 eligible trials identified (592 trials with 309 503 participants reported HbA1c; mean age, 58.9 [SD, 10.8] years; 42.3% were female and 23 trials with 168 489 participants reported MACEs; mean age, 64.0 [SD, 8.6] years; 35.3% were female), individual participant data were obtained for 103 trials (103 reported HbA1c and 6 reported MACEs). The use of SGLT2 inhibitors (vs placebo) was associated with less HbA1c lowering with increasing age for monotherapy (absolute reduction [AR], 0.24% [95% credible interval {CrI},
0.10% to 0.38%] per 30-year increment in age), for dual therapy (AR, 0.17% [95% CrI, 0.10% to 0.24%]), and for triple therapy (AR, 0.25% [95% CrI, 0.20% to 0.30%]). The use of GLP-1 receptor agonists was associated with greater HbA1c lowering with increasing age for monotherapy (AR, -0.18% [95% CrI, -0.31% to -0.05%] per 30-year increment in age) and for dual therapy (AR, -0.24% [95% CrI, -0.40% to -0.07%]), but not for triple therapy (AR, 0.04% [95% CrI, -0.02% to 0.11%]). The use of DPP4 inhibitors was associated with slightly better HbA1c lowering in older people for dual therapy (AR, -0.09% [95% CrI, -0.15% to -0.03%] per 30-year increment in age), but not for monotherapy (AR, -0.08% [95% CrI, -0.18% to 0.01%]) or triple therapy (AR, -0.01% [95% CrI, -0.06% to 0.05%]). The relative reduction in MACEs with use of SGLT2 inhibitors was greater in older vs younger participants per 30-year increment in age (hazard ratio, 0.76 [95% CrI, 0.62 to 0.93]), and the relative reduction in MACEs with use of GLP-1 receptor agonists was less in older vs younger participants (hazard ratio, 1.47 [95% CrI, 1.07 to 2.02]). There was no consistent evidence for sex × treatment interactions with use of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists were associated with lower risk of MACEs. Analysis of age × treatment interactions suggested that SGLT2 inhibitors were more cardioprotective in older than in younger people despite smaller reductions in HbA1c; GLP-1 receptor agonists were more cardioprotective in younger people.},
}

Aged
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Age Factors
Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology/etiology/prevention & control
*Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood/complications/drug therapy
*Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors/administration & dosage/adverse effects
*Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists/administration & dosage/adverse effects
Glycated Hemoglobin/analysis
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Sex Factors
*Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors/administration & dosage/adverse effects
Treatment Outcome
Glycemic Control/adverse effects/methods/statistics & numerical data
Adult
Aged, 80 and over
Drug Therapy, Combination/adverse effects/methods
Incidence

@article {pmid40720955,
year = {2026},
author = {Miglani, A and Manchanda, RK and Rutten, L},
title = {Prognostic Factor Research in Homeopathy: Overview of the Method, with Insights from Condition-Confined Studies.},
journal = {Homeopathy : the journal of the Faculty of Homeopathy},
volume = {115},
number = {2},
pages = {60-70},
doi = {10.1055/a-2562-8734},
pmid = {40720955},
issn = {1476-4245},
mesh = {Humans ; *Homeopathy/methods ; *COVID-19/therapy ; Prognosis ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Research Design ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: A prognostic factor (PF) refers to any feature of a disease or a characteristic of a patient that can be used to predict the likely outcome or course of a disease in an individual. Prognostic factor research (PFR), which is relatively new in homeopathy, focuses on investigating PFs and helps in therapeutic decision-making. The main challenge is the large number of eligible symptoms, but these can be reduced by condition-confined assessment, in which PFR is restricted to sub-populations of patients suffering from the same disease or condition. Condition-confined PFR (CC-PFR) identifies useful medicines for a given disease and compares with great precision different medicines regarding their relationship with common symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: To overview PFR and the findings from CC-PFR studies in homeopathy to date.

METHODS: A review of PFR, followed by a summary of six CC-PFR studies in homeopathy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was performed, outlining the methods, the challenges, the interpretation of outcomes and the lessons learned from each of the six studies in considering the further development of this model.

FINDINGS: The six CC-PFR studies during COVID-19 identified PFs for the 10 most frequently used medicines: Bry, Ars, Puls, Gels, Bell, Hep, Nux-v, Phos, Puls and Rhus-t. These PFs usually contain common symptoms, which in combination become 'specific' enough to select a medicine. These PFs or symptoms also helped to differentiate between these 10 medicines. This model was reproducible and the outcomes were verifiable in the subsequent waves of COVID-19. The outcomes of CC-PFR studies were mostly generalisable and resulted in the preparation of a mini-repertory and repertorisation app. However, these studies revealed key issues. The main problems were the reliability of observations, identification of biases and assessing causality. The quality of PFR data depends on the scientific skills of practitioners, who are typically not trained researchers. Thus, they require additional training in data collection, methods, management of bias and causal analysis.

CONCLUSION: CC-PFR improves the reliable use of common symptoms and thus reduces the inappropriate use of peculiar symptoms based on confirmation bias. CC-PFR studies may be helpful in diseases where rare and peculiar symptoms are difficult to find, for example in one-sided ailments, and in epidemic diseases. PFR, however, requires reliable observations by the participating practitioners. Hence, training and encouragement of clinicians is needed to develop the existing data and integrate research into everyday clinical practice.},
}

Humans
*Homeopathy/methods
*COVID-19/therapy
Prognosis
SARS-CoV-2
Research Design

@article {pmid41744170,
year = {2026},
author = {Domnich, A and Pariani, E},
title = {Beyond the laboratory: how COVID-19 reshaped specimen collection, testing workflows, and diagnostic algorithms.},
journal = {Expert review of molecular diagnostics},
volume = {26},
number = {2},
pages = {127-139},
doi = {10.1080/14737159.2026.2638743},
pmid = {41744170},
issn = {1744-8352},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/diagnosis/virology/epidemiology ; *Specimen Handling/methods ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification ; Algorithms ; Workflow ; *COVID-19 Testing/methods ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic forced a radical expansion of essential public health laboratory services that went beyond basic testing. This perspective highlights key shifts in laboratory function, specifically toward decentralized testing, self-sampling, less invasive specimen types, point-of-care devices, and novel surveillance strategies.

AREAS COVERED: The surge in testing demand favored decentralized solutions, including rapid lateral flow tests, due to their flexibility, speed, and affordability. However, several challenges arose from the variable diagnostic accuracy of rapid self-tests and alternative specimen types when compared to reference laboratory-based molecular assays using nasopharyngeal swabs. For instance, the use of self-collected saliva, which is often preferred by patients, was hindered by a lack of internationally standardized processing protocols. A post-pandemic rebound in the circulation of respiratory pathogens other than SARS-CoV-2 was likely driven by both immunity debt and increased testing, including of less severe cases, commonly performed through more costly multiplex respiratory panels.

EXPERT OPINION: Moving forward, while over-the-counter self-tests for common respiratory viruses are now common, stricter regulatory oversight and improved data connectivity are essential. Local decision-makers must weigh the trade-offs between broad testing access and clinical performance, and implement robust diagnostic stewardship programs for acute respiratory infections.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/diagnosis/virology/epidemiology
*Specimen Handling/methods
SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification
Algorithms
Workflow
*COVID-19 Testing/methods
Pandemics

@article {pmid42038565,
year = {2026},
author = {Baldo, KAT and King, RAN and San Juan, FGF and Dungog, CC and Solidum, JGN and Ceriales, JA and Dela Cruz, MCP and Ho, FDV and Picart, N and Plantado, ANR and Perez, J and Garcia, JP and Lapeña, JFF and Paz-Pacheco, E and Tantengco, OAG},
title = {Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Thyroid Cancer in the Philippines.},
journal = {Indian journal of surgical oncology},
volume = {17},
number = {3},
pages = {484-498},
pmid = {42038565},
issn = {0975-7651},
abstract = {Thyroid cancer incidence is rising in the Philippines, warranting attention due to unique risk factors and growing economic implications. This review examines the epidemiological trends, diagnosis, treatment, impact of COVID-19, and economic burden associated with thyroid cancer in the Philippines. We conducted a literature search in Scopus and HERDIN to synthesize the existing data on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of thyroid cancer in the Philippines. Filipinos exhibit a higher prevalence of BRAFV600E mutations, and thyroid cancer is more common among females and older individuals. Diagnostic procedures include risk assessment, family history evaluation, neck examination, hormone tests, neck ultrasonograms, thyroid scans, and biopsies guided by the Bethesda System. Treatment primarily involves surgery, which is determined by risk classification and disease extent. Total or near-total thyroidectomy is recommended for most cases, followed by postoperative management tailored to individual patient factors. Anaplastic thyroid cancer may require multimodal approaches. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted healthcare access, leading to delays in thyroid cancer treatment and challenges in monitoring, prompting the adoption of telemedicine. However, the pandemic's psychological impact on thyroid cancer survivors is concerning. The economic burden remains substantial despite health insurance programs. In conclusion, thyroid cancer in the Philippines necessitates enhanced prevention, early detection, determination of risk factors, risk stratification, and treatment strategies. The COVID-19 pandemic emphasized the need for adaptable healthcare systems. This study summarized the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of thyroid cancer in the Philippines. Implementation of existing policies and further research on the Filipino population is vital to address this growing health concern and ensure improved outcomes for thyroid cancer patients.},
}

@article {pmid42038922,
year = {2025},
author = {Kiran, MA and Saeed, S and Bin Nafisah, A and Alqarni, A and Alotaibi, AH and Alqahtan, AS and Aljadaan, H and Osayl, HB and Alsane, M and Alsuhail, N and Alrawaf, N and Albalawi, RS and Alanazi, SA and Aloufi, R},
title = {Impact of The COVID-19 Pandemic on Salivary Gland-related Healthcare Interventions; A Systematic Review And Meta-analysis :.},
journal = {Galen medical journal},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {e3970},
pmid = {42038922},
issn = {2322-2379},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants has raised concerns regarding their potential impact on perioperative outcomes. Its effect on patients undergoing surgery for salivary gland diseases remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on salivary gland-related healthcare interventions, including cancer treatments, sialendoscopy procedures, and parotid surgery outcomes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science (2019-2025) for studies reporting pre- and during-COVID data. Two reviewers independently screened records, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed to pool odds ratios (ORs) for intervention outcomes.

RESULTS: Four studies (n=7,740 participants) were included. The pooled OR for salivary gland interventions during versus pre-COVID was 1.08 (95% CI: 0.88-1.33, P=0.45), indicating no significant change, with moderate heterogeneity (I²=46%). Subgroup analyses revealed increased odds of wound dehiscence post-parotid surgery (OR=4.40, 95% CI: 1.18-16.40) but no significant differences in delayed cancer diagnosis or urgent sialendoscopy.

CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic did not significantly alter overall salivary gland intervention rates or adverse events, though some procedural complications increased non-significantly. Limited evidence underscores the need for larger, standardized studies. While this shows that surgeons maintained quality of practice in this era during the COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid42039182,
year = {2026},
author = {Lap, CR and van Houten, M and Bogaert, D and Biesbroek, G},
title = {A perfect storm: the immunological and pathophysiological landscape of pediatric post-COVID-19 condition.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1794596},
pmid = {42039182},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/complications/virology/epidemiology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Child ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology ; Dysbiosis/immunology ; Adolescent ; Immunity, Innate ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; },
abstract = {Pediatric Post-COVID Condition (PPCC) represents a significant and complex long-term sequela of SARS-CoV-2 infection, affecting a subset of children and adolescents even after mild acute disease. While acute COVID-19 is generally milder in children due to a more robust innate immune response, the mechanisms driving the persistence of symptoms in PPCC remain incompletely understood and likely multifactorial. This narrative review synthesizes current epidemiological data and explores the "perfect storm" of immunological and pathophysiological alterations underpinning the condition. We examine critical hypotheses including a dysregulated immune response characterized by altered T-cell subsets, monocyte activation, and autoantibody production. We discuss the potential role of persistent SARS-CoV-2 viral reservoirs in "sanctuary sites" like the gastrointestinal tract and the reactivation of latent viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Furthermore, the review details downstream pathogenic pathways, including vascular endothelial inflammation (thrombo-inflammation), neuroinflammation, and metabolic dysfunctions affecting the mitochondria and tryptophan-kynurenine pathway. Finally, we address the role of microbiome dysbiosis in perpetuating systemic inflammation and the gut-lung axis dysfunction. Given the heterogeneity of clinical presentations, we conclude that PPCC is likely a syndrome of overlapping biological phenotypes. Future research must prioritize identifying these specific biological endotypes to develop targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for the pediatric population.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/immunology/complications/virology/epidemiology
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Child
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology
Dysbiosis/immunology
Adolescent
Immunity, Innate
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome

@article {pmid42040795,
year = {2022},
author = {Najafi Kashkooli, A and Jooya, P and Navari, F and Gorjizadeh, N and Poudineh, M and Pouralimohamadi, N and Asadian, A and Sabet, H},
title = {Digestive System Involvement During Coronavirus Disease 2019; the Newest Clinical Features and Potential Mechanisms : Digestive System Involvements and COVID-19.},
journal = {Galen medical journal},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {e2569},
pmid = {42040795},
issn = {2322-2379},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been recognized as a worldwide pandemic and mostly affects the respiratory system. A considerable proportion of patients; however, might also experience gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations. Several investigations have assessed GI and hepatic involvement in this disease, although the mechanisms of these involvements in relation to the progression of COVID-19 remain unclear. This review summarized the clinical observations and the main mechanisms behind GI, liver, and pancreatic involvement among COVID-19 patients.},
}

@article {pmid42040796,
year = {2022},
author = {Bagheri Lankarani, K and Akbari, M and Homayounfar, R and Tabrizi, R and Vali, M and Zakeri, MR and Farjam, M and Khodadost, M and Ahmadizar, F},
title = {Therapeutic Efficacy of Melatonin in Patients with Coronavirus 2019: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials : Melatonin in COVID-19 Patients.},
journal = {Galen medical journal},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {e2562},
pmid = {42040796},
issn = {2322-2379},
abstract = {The efficacy of melatonin in the treatment of patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is controversial. This review has summarized the evidence on the efficacy of oral melatonin compared to placebo in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 infection. We searched four international online databases and all randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that investigated the effects of melatonin compared with the placebo on clinical outcomes, including mortality, discharge time, O2 saturation (SaO2), and c-reactive protein (CRP) levels in patients with COVID-19 infection, were included. The standard random-effects model with hybrid continuity correction was used to pool the risk ratio (RR), weighted mean difference (WMD), and the I2 index to assess the heterogeneity. A total of 272 patients from five RCTs were included. Our meta-analysis showed melatonin compared to placebo, decreased discharge time (WMD=-0.93 days; 95% confidence interval [CI]:-2.94 to 1.07, P=0.36; I2=56.78%) and the risk of mortality (RR=0.72; 95% CI:0.25 to 2.13, P=0.56; I2=0.0%) in COVID-19 patients. Melatonin intake compared to placebo significantly increased SaO2 (WMD=1.38%; 95% CI:0.09 to 2.68, P=0.04; I2=49.82%) and decreased the CRP levels (WMD=-7.24 mg/l; 95% CI:-11.28 to -3.21, P0.001) in a sensitivity analysis. Our findings showed the efficacy of melatonin compared to placebo in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 infection.},
}

@article {pmid42041273,
year = {2026},
author = {Silveira, JM and Nakaishi, APM and da Silva, MG and Dos Santos, DO and Gastaldi, AC},
title = {Effects of Exercise-Based Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Patients with Long COVID: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Advances in respiratory medicine},
volume = {94},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/arm94020025},
pmid = {42041273},
issn = {2543-6031},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/rehabilitation/complications/physiopathology ; *Exercise Therapy/methods ; Quality of Life ; Exercise Tolerance ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; },
abstract = {Background/Objective: A substantial proportion of infected individuals develop persistent symptoms after the acute phase of COVID-19, regardless of initial disease severity. Long COVID (LC) remains a public health challenge characterized by impaired functional exercise capacity (FEC) and quality of life (QoL). We systematically synthesized evidence on the effects of in-person outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation (OPR) with individualized and supervised exercise in adults with LC. Methods: Following PROSPERO (CRD42023389365), this study reviewed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational cohort studies (OCSs) published between November 2019 and January 2026 in MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, PEDro, and EMBASE. Results: Fifteen studies (n = 803) were included. OPR improved FEC (6MWT; MD: 53.72 m, 95% CI 43.69-63.75) and 30″SST (MD: 4.68, 95% CI 3.59-5.77) and reduced exertional dyspnea. RCTs showed benefits in physical (MD: 8.04, 95% CI 3.02-13.05) and mental QoL (MD: 6.60, 95% CI 2.01-11.18) and dyspnea impact, with inconsistent PF findings. Fatigue showed a trend toward improvement but was measured using heterogeneous patient-reported tools in RCTs and OCSs. Conclusions: Supervised PR improves FEC, QoL, and dyspnea in individuals with LC. In patients with fatigue/PEM, systematic assessment and continuous symptom monitoring are essential. High-quality controlled studies are needed to strengthen evidence and clinical guide.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/rehabilitation/complications/physiopathology
*Exercise Therapy/methods
Quality of Life
Exercise Tolerance
SARS-CoV-2
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

@article {pmid42041392,
year = {2026},
author = {Markwitz, M and Welc, N and Kępińska, K and Bowszyc-Dmochowska, M and Dmochowski, M},
title = {Non-COVID-19 Vaccinations and the Induction of Autoantibodies in Pemphigus Diseases: A Review of the Speculative Issue and Our Clinical-Laboratory Experience.},
journal = {Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/antib15020033},
pmid = {42041392},
issn = {2073-4468},
abstract = {Background: Pemphigus diseases are rare autoimmune blistering disorders mediated by pathogenic autoantibodies directed mainly against desmoglein 1 and desmoglein 3. Although most cases are considered idiopathic, external triggers that can disrupt immune tolerance have been described. Vaccination has been discussed as a potential precipitating factor in autoimmune skin diseases. However, the relationship between vaccination and the induction of pemphigus-related autoantibodies has not been comprehensively summarized. Methods: We conducted a narrative review of all available studies published in the last 25 years identified through medical databases, excluding studies on COVID-19 vaccinations. Reports describing either new-onset pemphigus or exacerbation of preexisting pemphigus with a temporal association to vaccination were included. Clinical characteristics, vaccine type, latency period, direct immunofluorescence findings, and ELISA results for desmoglein autoantibodies were analyzed. In addition, we present our own clinical-laboratory experience illustrating this issue. Results: The current evidence consists predominantly of case reports and small case series. Published cases describe pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus occurring after vaccinations against influenza, hepatitis B, tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, rabies, and other routinely administered immunizations. The latency period most often ranged from several days to a few weeks. Immunopathological findings were consistent with classical pemphigus diseases, including intercellular IgG deposits in the epidermis and circulating autoantibodies against desmoglein 1 and/or desmoglein 3. Our patient was a 78-year-old woman who developed cutaneous form of pemphigus vulgaris, diagnosed with direct immunofluorescence (DIF) and multiplex ELISA, 10 days after diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccination. The patient had a positive family history of autoimmune blistering disease, namely mucous membrane pemphigoid. Conclusions: Based on the currently available evidence, a direct causal relationship between vaccination and pemphigus diseases cannot be established. Nevertheless, accumulated clinical and serological observations suggest that vaccination may act as a triggering factor in genetically or immunologically predisposed individuals, possibly by amplifying pre-existing subclinical autoreactive immune responses. Further population-based and mechanistic studies are required to clarify this association, while the overall benefits of vaccination remain substantial.},
}

@article {pmid42041609,
year = {2026},
author = {Breaux, AM and Miller, GR and Cooper, HD and Bembenick, KN and Reddy, A and Ahmadzadeh, S and Shekoohi, S and Kaye, AD},
title = {Critical Care Sedation: Emerging Clinical Considerations and Risks of Volatile Anesthetics for Sedation: A Narrative Review.},
journal = {Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/diseases14040117},
pmid = {42041609},
issn = {2079-9721},
abstract = {Volatile anesthetics have steadily become more popular in intensive care units for sedation for reasons related to their beneficial pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Common anesthetics such as isoflurane and sevoflurane rapidly reach sedative levels in the body, but they are also rapidly eliminated, allowing for quick recovery. These agents have minimal impact on the liver and kidneys, which makes them attractive options when compared to other agents including opioids, benzodiazepines, ketamine, and propofol. Use of delivery systems like AnaConDa[®] (Anaesthetic Conserving Device; Sedana Medical AB, Danderyd, Sweden) has enabled providers to easily use these agents in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). In this regard, they have recently provided additional beneficial consideration during intravenous drug shortages seen during the COVID-19 pandemic and at other times. These agents have shown organ-protective effects in the kidneys and lungs, which may even reduce the total time spent in the ICU. Pharmacodynamically, these anesthetics mediate their effects through central nervous system ion channels to exert analgesic and anxiolytic actions, thereby minimizing effects in the kidneys and lungs. These agents are primarily eliminated via exhalation, which makes them potential options for those with liver or kidney failure. This narrative review examines current efficacy and risks of using volatile anesthetics for sedation in the ICU setting and clinical roles for the future.},
}

@article {pmid42041712,
year = {2026},
author = {Vo, AH and Libmann, M and Carson, D and Wang, K and Puri, S and Butowski, N and Winters-Stone, K},
title = {A Scoping Review of Exercise Oncology in the Primary Brain Tumor Patient-Caregiver Dyad.},
journal = {Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.)},
volume = {33},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/curroncol33040193},
pmid = {42041712},
issn = {1718-7729},
mesh = {Humans ; *Brain Neoplasms/therapy/psychology ; *Caregivers/psychology ; *Exercise Therapy/methods ; *Exercise ; Quality of Life ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Primary malignant brain tumors (PBT) impose substantial burdens on patients and caregivers. Caregivers are essential in the delivery of outpatient care for patients with PBT but experience high levels of fatigue, distress, and health decline. Although exercise is known to improve outcomes in cancer patients, interventions tailored specifically to the PBT patient-caregiver dyad remain limited. Dyadic intervention, as well as exercise oncology, are emerging areas of active research in neuro-oncology. This scoping review incorporates both principles to evaluate the existing literature on exercise interventions on primary brain tumor patient-caregiver dyads.

METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive search of MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, CINAHL (EBSCO), Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine (EBSCO), and Cochrane Central (Ovid) in December 2025 for studies involving exercise interventions that included adult PBT patients and caregivers.

RESULTS: Of the 1126 records screened, eight studies were included: four yoga-based interventions (three feasibility trials and one ongoing multicenter RCT), one pilot ski-based intervention, and three aerobic and resistance training-based interventions (two qualitative and one ongoing trial). The interventions were safe and feasible, with high adherence and retention. The preliminary reported benefits included improvements in fatigue, sleep, quality of life, and caregiver distress for the dyads. Videoconference delivery was effective, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. The eight included studies comprised 5-67 dyads, with four being single-arm feasibility studies.

CONCLUSIONS: Current literature on dyadic exercise intervention in neuro-oncology consists primarily of small-scale feasibility and pilot studies. Initial findings have demonstrated that such interventions are safe. However, preliminary efficacy remains limited due to the risk of bias and lack of statistical power. Larger randomized clinical trials with objective endpoints are needed to define efficacy and guide evidence-based protocols.},
}

Humans
*Brain Neoplasms/therapy/psychology
*Caregivers/psychology
*Exercise Therapy/methods
*Exercise
Quality of Life

@article {pmid42041941,
year = {2026},
author = {Ramos-Nino, ME},
title = {Triple Latency as a Driver of Chronic Inflammation: An Integrative View of HSV, EBV, and CMV Persistence in Immunocompetent Hosts.},
journal = {Clinics and practice},
volume = {16},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/clinpract16040064},
pmid = {42041941},
issn = {2039-7275},
abstract = {Background: Herpes simplex virus (HSV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) establish lifelong latency in sensory neurons, lymphoid tissue, and myeloid-endothelial cells, respectively. A substantial proportion of adults worldwide are infected with all three viruses and may experience concurrent herpesvirus latency, yet they have largely been studied independently. This review examined whether latent and intermittently reactivating herpesviruses share overlapping inflammatory signatures and whether their combined presence contributes to chronic inflammatory burden. Methods: A narrative integrative review was conducted using MEDLINE, Embase, and Google Scholar (inception-October 2025). Evidence from thirty-one cohort studies and mechanistic investigations spanning virology, immunology, neurology, and clinical medicine was synthesized. Results: Herpesvirus reactivation rates ranged from 23% in general Intensive Care Unit (ICU) populations to 85% in severe COVID-19. Concurrent reactivation of multiple viruses occurred in 34-63% of critically ill patients and was associated with worse clinical outcomes. Notably, simultaneous CMV and EBV reactivation independently predicted mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.17; 95% CI, 1.41-7.13). Across infections, overlapping inflammatory biomarkers, including IL-6, TNF-α, CRP, and PGE2, were consistently elevated, reflecting convergent activation of IFN and NF-κB signaling pathways. Mechanistic studies suggest cross-compartment immune priming, where CMV-driven T-cell exhaustion facilitates EBV reactivation, and viral cytokine signaling enhances HSV-associated neuroinflammation. Conclusions: HSV, EBV, and CMV triple latency may represent an underrecognized contributor to chronic inflammation in immunocompetent hosts. Understanding this multi-virus inflammatory network may inform mechanistic research, biomarker-guided risk stratification, and therapeutic strategies targeting convergent inflammatory pathways. Prospective interventional studies incorporating concurrent multi-virus monitoring are needed to clarify causal relationships.},
}

@article {pmid42041954,
year = {2026},
author = {Liu, Y and Khatchadourian, C and Sanders, L and Eweroke, Q and Warner-McCutcheon, C and Lewis, J and Santos, J and Venketaraman, V},
title = {Systematic Review: The Impact of COVID-19 Vaccination on Myocarditis Risk and Recovery.},
journal = {Clinics and practice},
volume = {16},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/clinpract16040077},
pmid = {42041954},
issn = {2039-7275},
abstract = {Background: Myocarditis is an uncommon but recognized adverse event following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination, with risk varying by age, sex, dose number, and vaccine product. Clarifying the magnitude of risk, clinical course, and recovery-relative to myocarditis following SARS-CoV-2 infection-is essential for risk-benefit assessment and public health guidance. Methods: We performed a systematic PubMed and Embase search (January 2020-December 2024) and synthesized cohort, registry, and surveillance data on myocarditis incidence and outcomes following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. Outcomes included incidence, observed-to-expected (OE) or incidence rate (IRRs) ratios, hospitalization, and short-term recovery. Study selection followed PRISMA 2020 systematic review guidelines. Results: Myocarditis following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination was identified as a rare adverse event, most commonly occurring after the second dose and in younger male individuals. Across multiple cohort and registry-based studies, cases were generally mild and self-limited, with most patients recovering without complication. In contrast, myocarditis following SARS-CoV-2 infection was consistently associated with more severe outcomes, including higher rates of hospitalization and mortality. Conclusions: Vaccine-associated myocarditis is rare, typically mild, and self-limited, with excellent short-term recovery; vaccinated individuals also exhibit lower odds of in-hospital death and intubation. In contrast, infection-associated myocarditis is more frequent and severe. Overall, the benefit-risk profile of mRNA vaccination remains strongly favorable.},
}

@article {pmid42042039,
year = {2026},
author = {Chang, H and Wu, CS and Yeh, TY and Ko, WC},
title = {Tea Polyphenols in the COVID-19 Era: Mechanistic Insights and Translational Challenges.},
journal = {Current issues in molecular biology},
volume = {48},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/cimb48040379},
pmid = {42042039},
issn = {1467-3045},
support = {Not applicable//Renal Care Research and Health Promotion Association, New Taipei City/ ; },
abstract = {The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has driven the global COVID-19 pandemic, imposing a tremendous burden on public health. As the virus continually evolves through rapid mutations, the pandemic has transitioned into a prolonged endemic phase. Despite the development of novel drugs and vaccines, clinical outcomes remain suboptimal for vulnerable populations, including the elderly and those with comorbidities or compromised immunity. Tea polyphenols, a class of structurally diverse and bioactive nutraceuticals, may modulate viral entry, replication, and host inflammatory pathways implicated in disease progression through pleiotropic effects on viral attachment, membrane fusion, intracellular replication, and proteolytic processing. Here, we provide an updated chemo-biological perspective on the antiviral and immunomodulatory mechanisms of tea polyphenols against SARS-CoV-2. Current evidence highlights their potential to serve as promising candidates for further mechanistic and translational investigation as adjunctive strategies and nutraceuticals for COVID-19 management. Importantly, no large-scale randomized controlled trials have yet demonstrated clinical benefit of tea polyphenols in COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid42042775,
year = {2026},
author = {Damnjanović, K and Djurov, K and Galic, M and Lisul, B and Mocanu, IV and Shukla, S and Enstone, A and Dai, L and Vrdelja, M and Batselova, H and Drăgănescu, A and Tešović, G},
title = {Vaccine Confidence and Vaccine Hesitancy in Several Countries in Southeastern Europe in Past 10 Years: A Structured Review of Published Literature.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {14},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/vaccines14040299},
pmid = {42042775},
issn = {2076-393X},
support = {N/A//Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC/ ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Despite vaccination being the most effective way of preventing infections and vaccination rates recovering worldwide after the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccine hesitancy persists. Some factors, such as psychological and social barriers, can negatively impact views on vaccines and can contribute to vaccine hesitancy. The primary objective of this structured literature review is to investigate the available evidence relating to factors affecting vaccine hesitancy within several countries in Southeastern Europe.

METHODS: An electronic database search was conducted to identify studies assessing the public and healthcare professionals' (HCPs) attitudes towards vaccination in Southeastern Europe. These searches were supplemented with grey literature searches. Included studies were conducted in Bulgaria, Croatia, Romania, Serbia, and Slovenia between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2022.

RESULTS: Of the 35 studies identified from the database searches, the most prominent theme observed across Romania, Croatia, and Bulgaria was low confidence in COVID-19 vaccines. Across all age groups, COVID-19 vaccine confidence in these regions was highly dependent on whether individuals thought vaccines were safe and effective, as well as their general trust in vaccines. Confidence in COVID-19 vaccines was seen as relatively high, with attitudes towards routine and elective vaccines being generally positive amongst the general public and HCPs, in Romania, Croatia, Serbia and Slovenia. However, uncertainty around the effectiveness of the vaccine still exists. In Bulgaria, trust in routine and elective vaccines remained low in the general public. Complacency and financial constraints were also identified as underlying causes of vaccine hesitancy.

CONCLUSIONS: The main cause behind vaccine hesitancy in several countries in Southeastern Europe is distrust in vaccine effectiveness and safety. These key findings can be utilised to support evidence-based decisions regarding where to focus resources to improve public and HCP perception of vaccines in Southeastern Europe.},
}

@article {pmid42042784,
year = {2026},
author = {Runzer-Colmenares, FM and Cahuapaza-Gutierrez, NL and Calderon-Hernandez, CC and Umeres-Bravo, MM},
title = {Effects of Respiratory Vaccines in Older Adults with Cardiovascular Diseases: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {14},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/vaccines14040308},
pmid = {42042784},
issn = {2076-393X},
abstract = {Background/Objectives: Vaccination against respiratory viruses-such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), pneumococcal disease, influenza, and COVID-19-may reduce the risk of adverse outcomes in older adults with cardiovascular disease. This study conducted a scoping review of the effects of respiratory vaccines in older adults with cardiovascular disease. Methods: We included studies evaluating adults aged ≥ 60 years with cardiovascular disease who received different types of respiratory vaccines. Eligible designs comprised clinical trials, observational cohort studies, and other relevant studies. Editorials, commentaries, and non-original publications were excluded. A comprehensive and targeted literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science from database inception through January 2026. Results: A total of 25 studies were included, encompassing 1,782,787 adults aged ≥ 60 years with cardiovascular disease who received various respiratory vaccines. RSV vaccines were associated with a lower incidence of cardiorespiratory hospitalization and stroke among vaccinated individuals. Pneumococcal vaccines showed that sequential dual vaccination strategies were associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular events. Influenza vaccination was associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes, lower mortality, and reduced adverse events. COVID-19 vaccines were associated with reductions in mortality and hospitalizations. These benefits are particularly relevant in an older population with a high burden of comorbidities; therefore, complete vaccination schedules, including booster doses, should be considered a central strategy for prevention and comprehensive management in this high-risk group. Conclusions: Vaccination against respiratory viruses in older adults with cardiovascular disease demonstrates an overall favorable/acceptable profile of efficacy and safety, with reductions in mortality, hospitalizations, and cardiovascular events, without a significant increase in serious adverse events.},
}

@article {pmid42042800,
year = {2026},
author = {Lopes de Abreu, AJ and Mpande, CAM and Song, Y and Nicholson, MW and Nannei, C and Friede, M},
title = {Unpacking the mRNA Supply Chain: Challenges and Opportunities for Global Health.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {14},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/vaccines14040324},
pmid = {42042800},
issn = {2076-393X},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted both the transformative potential of mRNA vaccines and the structural challenges associated with their supply chains. Unlike traditional vaccine platforms, mRNA vaccines depend on highly specialized raw materials, including plasmid DNA (pDNA), nucleotides, enzymes, and lipid nanoparticles (LNP), that are produced by a limited number of global suppliers. These dependencies, combined with platform-specific manufacturing processes and stringent cold chain requirements, introduce vulnerabilities across production, distribution, and regulatory oversight. This narrative review examines the distinctive features of mRNA vaccine supply chains and identifies key challenges and opportunities across three interconnected domains: manufacturing systems, logistics and distribution, and regulatory governance. Drawing on literature published between January 2021 and March 2026, the review synthesizes evidence on supply chain bottlenecks revealed during the COVID-19 pandemic, including upstream raw-material dependencies, limitations in manufacturing scale-up, cold chain constraints, and regulatory fragmentation. Particular attention is given to the implications of these challenges for low- and middle-income countries, where infrastructure, technical capacity, and regulatory resources may limit participation in mRNA vaccine production and deployment. The review also highlights emerging strategies to strengthen supply chain resilience, including diversification of input suppliers, development of regional manufacturing hubs, improvements in vaccine thermostability, regulatory harmonization initiatives, and the use of digital technologies for supply chain management. By integrating insights from manufacturing, logistics, and regulatory perspectives, this study contributes to a better understanding of the structural characteristics shaping mRNA vaccine supply chains and identifies priority areas for strengthening global preparedness for future health emergencies.},
}

@article {pmid42042827,
year = {2026},
author = {Aljohani, M},
title = {Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Uptake, Acceptance and Willingness to Vaccinate in Post-COVID-19 Vaccine Era Among Adult High-Risk Groups in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries (GCC): A Narrative Review of the Literature.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {14},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/vaccines14040351},
pmid = {42042827},
issn = {2076-393X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Reports on seasonal influenza vaccine (SIV) coverage in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries showed lower than targeted coverage among high-risk populations both before and after the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent COVID-19 vaccine release. This narrative review aims to synthesise SIV coverage following the introduction of COVID-19 vaccines among at-risk groups in the GCC region.

METHODS: Database searches included PubMed and Google Scholar for articles assessing SIV uptake, acceptance, hesitancy, and intention to vaccinate among adults in high-risk groups in GCC countries, with data collected after the introduction of COVID-19 vaccines.

RESULTS: SIV uptake ranged from 1.8% among pregnant women to 64.1% among dialysis patients in Saudi Arabia. Healthcare workers (HCWs) demonstrated the highest overall coverage, reaching 64.5% for annual uptake in Bahrain, with 79% of HCWs in Saudi Arabia intending to vaccinate. Prevalent barriers included low risk perception and consideration of influenza as a mild disease not necessitating SIV uptake, as well as vaccine effectiveness and safety concerns. Previous vaccination, physician advice, and policy or mandates for HCWs were identified as frequent facilitators of uptake.

CONCLUSION: Suboptimal uptake was reported among most high-risk groups in GCC countries. Health Belief Model components and physician involvement appear to have a significant impact on vaccine uptake among the intended population. More emphasis should be directed toward effective risk communication and action cues methods to enhance uptake among high-risk groups. Future research is needed to cover understudied areas like the elderly aged ≥ 65 years, cancer and other high-risk groups, in addition to further studies for GCC countries other than Saudi Arabia in the post-COVID-19 vaccine period.},
}

@article {pmid42042830,
year = {2026},
author = {Bellavite, P and Di Fede, G and Mantovani, M and Zanolin, E},
title = {Autoimmune Features of Post-COVID-19 Vaccination Syndrome and Their Impacts on the Renin-Angiotensin System.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {14},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/vaccines14040354},
pmid = {42042830},
issn = {2076-393X},
abstract = {One of the most critical aspects of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS) and post-acute COVID-19 vaccination syndrome (PACVS) is the presence of autoantibodies. These autoantibodies are directed against various receptors in the autonomic and cardiovascular systems, including those targeting proteins of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The RAS plays a central role in regulating vascular homeostasis, inflammation, and endothelial function. During SARS-CoV-2 infection, the interaction of the spike (S) protein with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) can alter the balance of the RAS, favoring an imbalance towards the ACE/Angiotensin II/AT1R axis, known for its pro-inflammatory, pro-thrombotic, and vasoconstrictive properties. Similar pathological mechanisms also come into play in response to vaccinations that use the S protein as an antigen. Studies conducted by other groups and us on patients with PACS and PACVS have revealed the presence of autoantibodies directed against these RAS components and the mechanisms by which these antibodies can worsen the clinical situation. In particular, anti-ACE2, presumably formed by the anti-idiotype network or molecular mimicry, is correlated with PACVS symptoms in many patients. Furthermore, the presence of anti-MAS1 antibodies can reduce the efficiency of the ACE2/Angiotensin-(1-7)/MAS1 axis, which normally acts as a counter-regulator. Considering this evidence, an analysis of RAS molecules and the autoantibodies implicated in reactions to them may be useful for evaluating a state of persistent dysregulation associated with post-vaccination symptoms such as asthenia, headache, skin edema and bruising, cardiovascular alterations, and neurovegetative manifestations. Finally, we offer insights into diagnosing these multifaceted syndromes and working hypotheses to guide research into possible therapeutic approaches.},
}

@article {pmid42043214,
year = {2026},
author = {Natarajan, M and Jayashankar, B and Nataraj, R},
title = {Placental Vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2: Viral Entry Pathways and Immune Activation.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {18},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/v18040426},
pmid = {42043214},
issn = {1999-4915},
mesh = {Humans ; Pregnancy ; *COVID-19/immunology/virology/transmission ; Female ; *Placenta/virology/immunology ; *SARS-CoV-2/physiology/immunology ; *Virus Internalization ; *Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/immunology/virology ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; Serine Endopeptidases ; },
abstract = {Pregnancy represents a distinct immunological and physiological state that modifies maternal susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and influences the clinical and biological course of COVID-19. Accumulating evidence indicates that the interaction between viral entry determinants, gestation-specific immune modulation, placental endocrine-angiogenic pathways, and systemic inflammatory responses underlies the characteristic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. This review consolidates current understanding of SARS-CoV-2 viral structure, receptor biology, and the gestational regulation of key entry cofactors, including ACE2, TMPRSS2, NRP1, CTSL and FURIN, within reproductive and placental tissues. The review further integrates documented mechanisms of cytokine-mediated immune dysregulation, endothelial injury, thrombo-inflammation, and steroidogenic alteration observed in affected pregnancies, and examines their contribution to placental malperfusion, preeclampsia-like presentations, fetal growth abnormalities and preterm birth. Published molecular and computational studies characterising trophoblast antiviral defenses, receptor expression patterns, and structural determinants of Spike-ACE2 affinity are synthesised to contextualise the biological basis of placental susceptibility and the rarity of confirmed transplacental transmission. Current evidence on maternal clinical outcomes, fetal and neonatal consequences, vaccination efficacy, therapeutic considerations and contemporary management guidelines is also critically reviewed. By integrating molecular, immunological, pathological and clinical insights, this article provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 infection and pregnancy-specific physiology, with implications for risk assessment, preventive strategies and maternal-fetal care.},
}

Humans
Pregnancy
*COVID-19/immunology/virology/transmission
Female
*Placenta/virology/immunology
*SARS-CoV-2/physiology/immunology
*Virus Internalization
*Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/immunology/virology
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical
Serine Endopeptidases

@article {pmid42043241,
year = {2026},
author = {Tasker, S and Spiri, AM and Hartmann, K and Addie, DD and Belák, S and Bergmann, M and Egberink, H and Frymus, T and Hofmann-Lehmann, R and Marsilio, F and Pennisi, MG and Thiry, E and Truyen, U and Boucraut-Baralon, C and Möstl, K and Hosie, MJ},
title = {Update on Treatment of Feline Infectious Peritonitis: European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD) Guidelines.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {18},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/v18040452},
pmid = {42043241},
issn = {1999-4915},
mesh = {Animals ; Cats ; *Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use/administration & dosage ; *Feline Infectious Peritonitis/drug therapy/virology ; Adenosine Monophosphate/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use/administration & dosage ; Coronavirus, Feline/drug effects ; Alanine/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use/administration & dosage ; Europe ; Adenosine/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Hydroxylamines/therapeutic use ; Cytidine/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Morpholines/therapeutic use ; },
abstract = {Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a disease arising as a result of feline coronavirus infection. It used to be regarded a fatal disease, with euthanasia commonly recommended following diagnosis due to its very poor prognosis. The availability of effective antiviral therapies, particularly nucleoside analogues such as oral GS-441524, has fundamentally changed the outlook for cats with FIP. FIP is now a treatable and frequently curable disease. In these revised guidelines, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD) presents an update on the treatment of FIP, incorporating the findings of new studies including the range of available treatments (such as GS-441524, remdesivir and molnupiravir (EIDD-2801) and its active metabolite EIDD-1931), which varies globally, as well as suggestions for monitoring and prognostic indicators. Tables are used to present easy-to-find information on antiviral and supportive treatments for cats with FIP. GS-441524 is the most extensively studied antiviral for FIP with treatment success rates often exceeding 90%. Remdesivir is primarily reserved as an injectable antiviral for severely affected cats unable to tolerate oral medication; it is usually replaced by oral medication as soon as, and when, possible. Although 84-day treatment courses have historically been used, emerging evidence suggests that shorter regimens of 42 days can be equally effective.},
}

Animals
Cats
*Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use/administration & dosage
*Feline Infectious Peritonitis/drug therapy/virology
Adenosine Monophosphate/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use/administration & dosage
Coronavirus, Feline/drug effects
Alanine/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use/administration & dosage
Europe
Adenosine/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
Hydroxylamines/therapeutic use
Cytidine/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
Morpholines/therapeutic use

@article {pmid42043247,
year = {2026},
author = {Mahajan, S and Mahajan, S and Kaushik, N},
title = {Integrative Insights into the Immunopathogenesis and Organ-Specific Immunological Mechanisms of Long COVID: A Narrative Review.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {18},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/v18040458},
pmid = {42043247},
issn = {1999-4915},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/pathology/complications/virology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Immunity, Innate ; Adaptive Immunity ; Organ Specificity ; Autoimmunity ; },
abstract = {Long COVID (LC), also referred to as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, is characterized by persistent symptoms originating 3 months following acute COVID-19, lasting for at least two months and frequently affecting individuals who initially experienced mild to moderate disease. The clinical spectrum is heterogeneous, involving respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, renal, gastrointestinal, and endocrine systems, thereby posing substantial diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Despite extensive investigation, the precise immunopathogenic mechanisms underlying LC remain incompletely defined. Accumulating evidence suggests that LC is driven by a multifactorial interplay of persistent viral antigen reservoirs, chronic immune activation, dysregulated innate and adaptive immune responses, autoimmunity, endothelial dysfunction, microvascular injury, and aberrant tissue repair. These systemic immune perturbations manifest variably across different organs, contributing to the diverse clinical phenotypes observed. However, mechanistic clarity is hindered by heterogeneity in study designs, limited longitudinal data, and the absence of standardized immunological profiling. This narrative review provides integrative insights into the immunopathogenesis of LC, synthesizing current evidence on systemic immune dysregulation and organ-specific immunological mechanisms. A conceptual framework is proposed to facilitate a structured understanding of this complex syndrome and to guide future research toward targeted immunomodulatory strategies.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/immunology/pathology/complications/virology
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Immunity, Innate
Adaptive Immunity
Organ Specificity
Autoimmunity

@article {pmid42044369,
year = {2026},
author = {Banerjee, P and Holly, L},
title = {Everyday Digital Technology Use and Youth Health: Scoping Review of Longitudinal Studies.},
journal = {JMIR public health and surveillance},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {e85094},
doi = {10.2196/85094},
pmid = {42044369},
issn = {2369-2960},
mesh = {Humans ; Adolescent ; Longitudinal Studies ; *Digital Technology/statistics & numerical data ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Social Media/statistics & numerical data ; Young Adult ; *Adolescent Health/statistics & numerical data ; Child ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Everyday digital technologies such as social media, gaming, and internet use are deeply integrated into the lives of children, adolescents, and young adults. While these platforms can foster connection, learning, and entertainment, concerns have grown about their potential to influence mental, physical, and social well-being. Research on this topic has expanded rapidly over the past decade, yet much of it remains cross-sectional, limiting insights into long-term outcomes. Longitudinal studies are essential to capture evolving patterns of digital engagement, identify causal relationships, and guide effective policies and interventions that support youth in navigating digital environments. In particular, evidence is needed to distinguish between beneficial and harmful forms of digital engagement, such as social connection versus problematic use, and to understand how these impacts differ across diverse populations and contexts. The COVID-19 pandemic further accelerated young people's technology use, underscoring the urgency of examining both risks and opportunities. This review, therefore, synthesizes longitudinal research to map trends, identify knowledge gaps, and inform future directions.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to systematically identify and map longitudinal studies examining associations between everyday digital technology use (eg, social media, gaming, and internet use) and the health and well-being of youth (25 years or younger) and to chart the types of evidence available by technology category, outcomes, and geographical setting in order to highlight key gaps for future research.

METHODS: A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and PsycArticles (2014-2024) was conducted and reported in accordance with PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews). Data extraction covered demographics, digital technology categories, and health outcomes. Studies were grouped into 6 key themes: social media use and mental health, digital addiction and behavioral outcomes, physical activity and digital technology, digital health technologies and cognitive development, parental influence and digital technology, and digital well-being and risk behaviors.

RESULTS: Of the 456 studies identified, 267 were longitudinal studies relevant to our research aims. Internet use (n=201 studies), social media (n=140 studies), and gaming (n=83 studies) dominated the themes. Mental health was the most frequently assessed outcome, with a focus on anxiety and depression. Geographically, 15% (40/267) of studies originated from low- and middle-income countries, with the majority from high-income settings such as the United States (n=76 studies) and Australia (n=15 studies). Nearly half (131/267, 49%) were published post 2020, reflecting heightened interest during the COVID-19 pandemic.

CONCLUSIONS: Longitudinal evidence on everyday digital technology use and youth health is growing but remains concentrated in mental health outcomes and high-income settings, with notable gaps in physical health, educational outcomes, and equity-focused research. These findings highlight the need for more diverse, methodologically robust longitudinal studies to inform context-sensitive policies and interventions that balance the risks and benefits of digital engagement for young people.},
}

Humans
Adolescent
Longitudinal Studies
*Digital Technology/statistics & numerical data
COVID-19/epidemiology
Social Media/statistics & numerical data
Young Adult
*Adolescent Health/statistics & numerical data
Child

@article {pmid42044651,
year = {2026},
author = {Agyemang, C and Tetteh, J and Mbaye, MN and Lamptey, R and Seidu, S and Khunti, K and Kengne, AP},
title = {Burden and determinants of diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa.},
journal = {The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/S2213-8587(26)00065-3},
pmid = {42044651},
issn = {2213-8595},
abstract = {The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is rising rapidly across sub-Saharan Africa; however, its epidemiology, clinical phenotypes, and underlying mechanisms remain insufficiently characterised. This first paper in a Series on diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa synthesises current evidence on the burden, distribution, and determinants of diabetes, including emerging phenotypes and the roles of early life adversity, psychosocial stress, and interactions with infectious disease. We also identify major gaps in surveillance systems, research capacity, prevention, and clinical management across the region. Sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing one of the fastest global increases in diabetes, with the highest proportion of undiagnosed cases and a projected steep rise in intermediate hyperglycaemia and diabetes by 2050. Urbanisation, ageing, obesity, and lifestyle transitions are major contributors; however, a substantial proportion of type 2 diabetes occurs in lean individuals (BMI <25 kg/m[2]), particularly in rural settings, suggesting distinct metabolic and developmental pathways not captured by models derived from high-income countries. Bidirectional interactions between diabetes and malaria, tuberculosis, HIV, or COVID-19 make disease trajectories complex. Persistent gaps in surveillance, a reliance on modelled estimates, low genomic representation, and constrained access to modern diabetes medications hinder progress. Strengthening health system capacity, improving data infrastructure, and investing in regionally driven research are essential to develop effective, context-specific interventions and advance precision medicine tailored to sub-Saharan African populations.},
}

@article {pmid42045685,
year = {2026},
author = {Mehdizadeh, M and Zhang, FW and Yu, LC and Li, JH and Posso, AN and Mustoe, AK and Escobar-Domingo, MJ and Foppiani, J and Karinja, S and Lee, BT},
title = {Telemedicine in Plastic Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Utilization and Outcomes Pre- and Post-pandemic.},
journal = {Aesthetic plastic surgery},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {42045685},
issn = {1432-5241},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Telemedicine revolutionized healthcare post-COVID-19 by expanding virtual care across consultations, post-operative care, and inter-physician collaboration. However, its impact on adoption and effectiveness in plastic surgery remains underexplored. This study systematically compares pre- and post-pandemic telemedicine in plastic surgery, focusing on outcomes, accessibility, and patient satisfaction to inform best practices.

METHODS: A systematic review was conducted using PubMed, Medline, and Web of Science, following PRISMA guidelines, for articles published through November 2024. Extracted data included author, year, country, subspecialty, pandemic classification, sample size, demographics, utilization, barriers, travel time/distance, satisfaction, complications, and appointment duration. Meta-analyses calculated pooled estimates with 95% confidence intervals. Meta-regression and Welch's t-test assessed pre- versus post-pandemic differences. Analyses were performed in R 4.4.1.

RESULTS: Of 450 identified publications, 72 met inclusion criteria, encompassing 9435 subjects (mean age: 47.99). 89.3% (95% CI 59.3-96.2%) of patients reported willingness to reuse telemedicine, and the pooled satisfaction rate was 83.9% (95% CI 79.4-88.5; p < 0.05). Meta-analysis showed significant reductions in travel time (120 min; p < 0.05) and distance (187.1 km; p < 0.05). Five studies reported a mean appointment duration of 16.07 min. Complications were rare (7.7%; 95% CI 2.9-18.6%; p < 0.05). Post-pandemic satisfaction score was lower (81.1 vs. 91.2; p = 0.0315), likely reflecting increased utilization and technological barriers. Other outcomes, including complication rates and willingness to reuse telemedicine, showed no significant difference (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION: Telemedicine plays an evolving role in plastic surgery, reducing travel burden and maintaining safety. However, lower post-pandemic satisfaction highlights the need to improve accessibility and technology to optimize outcomes.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .},
}

@article {pmid41486438,
year = {2025},
author = {Seo, JW and Seo, YB and Kim, SE and Kim, Y and Kim, EJ and Kim, T and Kim, T and Lee, SH and Lee, E and Lee, J and Jeong, YH and Jung, YH and Choi, YJ and Song, JY},
title = {Clinical Practice Guideline Recommendations for Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19.},
journal = {Infection & chemotherapy},
volume = {57},
number = {4},
pages = {478-521},
pmid = {41486438},
issn = {2093-2340},
support = {HD22C2045//Korea Health Industry Development Institute/Republic of Korea ; },
abstract = {The guidelines presented herewith are based on the "Clinical Practice Guideline Recommendations for Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC)" published in Infection & Chemotherapy in March 2024; these guidelines have been refined by incorporating the most recent Korean and international research findings and clinical evidence published since then. In the context of patients experiencing various physical and mental symptoms that persist long after the acute phase of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, the diagnosis and management of PASC has emerged as a novel public health challenge. These guidelines are intended to provide standardized diagnostic and management recommendations applicable to the Korean healthcare setting and were developed through a comprehensive review of existing guidelines from organizations such as the World Health Organization, the United States National Institutes of Health, the United Kingdom National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, and the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, along with the latest meta-analyses and Korean cohort studies. PASC is defined as the persistent presence of symptoms and signs lasting more than 3 months after COVID-19 diagnosis for which the symptoms cannot be explained by alternative diagnoses. The revised guidelines emphasize the importance of integrated management for patients with PASC, including a multidisciplinary approach considering risk groups, symptom-specific assessment, and rehabilitation and psychological interventions, based on a total of 32 key questions. This revision reflects rapidly evolving research trends regarding the long-term effects of COVID-19 and is expected to serve as an evidence-based standard guideline for future patient care, clinical research, and health policy development in Korea.},
}

@article {pmid41486819,
year = {2026},
author = {Gupta, T and Verma, JK},
title = {Critical appraisal of methodological rigor in a systematic review on post-COVID-19 vaccination-associated olfactory dysfunction.},
journal = {Rhinology},
volume = {64},
number = {2},
pages = {285-286},
doi = {10.4193/Rhin25.440},
pmid = {41486819},
issn = {0300-0729},
mesh = {Humans ; *Olfaction Disorders/etiology ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Vaccination/adverse effects ; },
abstract = {We read with keen interest the article by Kawabata et al. titled "Olfactory disorder after COVID-19 vaccination" which explores 16 cases of olfactory dysfunction temporally associated with vaccination. The paper addresses an important and under-recognized topic; however, several methodological aspects warrant clarification to aid accurate interpretation. First, the inclusion of five institutional cases within a review otherwise presented as PRISMA-compliant raises questions regarding methodological consistency. Under PRISMA, all included studies should be identified through transparent and reproducible database searches. Clarifying whether institutional data were processed separately from literature-derived cases would strengthen transparency and avoid confusion about the evidence level.},
}

Humans
*Olfaction Disorders/etiology
*COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects
*COVID-19/prevention & control
SARS-CoV-2
*Vaccination/adverse effects

@article {pmid41487586,
year = {2025},
author = {Fan, H and Wang, L and Zhai, L and Deng, S and Li, Y and Niu, H and Zhao, B and Gao, J and Gao, X},
title = {Mapping three decades of air pollution-lung cancer research: trends, hotspots, and networks (1990-2025).},
journal = {Frontiers in oncology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1698246},
pmid = {41487586},
issn = {2234-943X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The relationship between air pollution and lung cancer has attracted considerable attention from researchers worldwide. To systematically assess the scholarly landscape and pinpoint research fronts, this study employs bibliometric analysis to delineate global trends, collaborative networks, and key publications within this field.

METHODS: Publications from 1990 to 2025 were extracted from Web of Science Core Collection and Scopus databases. Bibliometric tools including VOSViewer, Citespace, and Bibliometrix R were used to examine trends, key contributors, research themes, and prominent journals.

RESULTS: Among 4,238 publications, citation rates rose significantly. China produced the most publications, with leading institutions such as Harvard University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Key researchers included Lan Q, Rothman N, and Vermeulen R. Major journals were Environmental Health Perspectives and Atmospheric Environment. Frequently used keywords like "Lung Cancer" and "Particulate Matter" indicate core themes, while emerging terms such as "Covid-19" and "Machine Learning" reflect evolving interests.

CONCLUSION: Fine particulate matter is an established environmental risk factor for lung cancer, and research on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and asbestos remains active. The field has shifted from exposure assessment to mechanistic investigations focusing on oxidative stress, gene expression, and machine learning applications, defining key future research directions.},
}

@article {pmid41488032,
year = {2026},
author = {Suresh, RR and Abuduani, T and Kasthuri, M and Chen, Z and Tber, Z and Loubidi, M and Zhang, H and Zhou, L and Zhou, S and Li, C and Kumari, A and Tao, S and Wiseman, JM and Hurwitz, SJ and Amblard, F and Schinazi, RF},
title = {Prodrug strategies in developing antiviral nucleoside analogs.},
journal = {RSC medicinal chemistry},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {105-131},
pmid = {41488032},
issn = {2632-8682},
support = {P30 AI050409/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Prodrug strategies are used to enhance the physicochemical and pharmaceutical properties of drug candidates that may not be suitable for specific delivery or are limited by formulation options. A prodrug derivative is converted into its active pharmaceutical ingredient (drug) through enzymatic or chemical reactions within the body. Antiviral nucleoside prodrugs have garnered considerable interest in drug discovery, leading to the approval of key drugs such as remdesivir (SARS-CoV-2), Sovaldi (hepatitis C virus, HCV), and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate [hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV)]. Their success lies in improving the oral bioavailability and delivering the parent drug to the targeted tissues. This review focuses on the prodrugs of antiviral nucleosides evaluated in humans (approved, in development or terminated), providing an overview of the different approaches utilized and discussing their in vitro and in vivo benefits.},
}

@article {pmid41488148,
year = {2025},
author = {Shitaye, G and Getie, M and Mekonnen, Z and D'Abrosca, G and Fattorusso, R and Isernia, C and Amuamuta, A and Malgieri, G},
title = {Molecular analysis of long COVID and new-onset diabetes mellitus: pathobiological relationships and current mechanistic views.},
journal = {Frontiers in endocrinology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1737894},
pmid = {41488148},
issn = {1664-2392},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/metabolism/pathology/epidemiology ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; *Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology/etiology/virology/metabolism/pathology ; *Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/epidemiology/metabolism/etiology/virology ; Renin-Angiotensin System ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Insulin Resistance ; },
abstract = {Long COVID, or post-acute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (PASC), refers to a range of persistent health effects associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Long COVID is a complex, multisystem disorder that can affect nearly every organ system and is strongly linked with the incidence of diabetes and other chronic conditions. Increasing evidence also connects persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection with the development of new-onset diabetes and other metabolic disorders. In this review, we assess the current evidence and discuss the incidence of new-onset diabetes, along with the pathobiological mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 may contribute to the progression of both new-onset type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM and T2DM). We summarize the latest understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying SARS-CoV-2-associated new-onset diabetes. Potential mechanisms include direct damage to pancreatic β-cells, inflammation, insulin resistance, and autoimmune responses. Dysregulation of the ACE2/renin-angiotensin system (RAS) pathway has been linked to multiple inter-organ pathologies, and increased inflammatory cytokines together with dysregulation of interferon regulatory factors (IRFs)-such as overexpression of IRF1-appear to represent key mechanistic links to widespread tissue damage and metabolic alterations. Moreover, the presence of viral RNA or viral RNA fragments may directly damage pancreatic islets, contributing to insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction that, in turn, may promote the development of new-onset diabetes. In light of these findings, this review further examines evidence supporting the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in PASC reservoir tissues, including the pancreas, and its potential association with the development of new-onset diabetes mellitus.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/metabolism/pathology/epidemiology
*SARS-CoV-2
*Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology/etiology/virology/metabolism/pathology
*Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/epidemiology/metabolism/etiology/virology
Renin-Angiotensin System
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Insulin Resistance

@article {pmid41488264,
year = {2025},
author = {Kumar, C and Akhileshwar, and Kumar Neeraj, R and Hameed, S and Husain, N and Roy, SS and Mohan, L and Anantsaznam, },
title = {Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Incidence of Myocarditis and Guillain-Barré Syndrome in Adolescents Receiving COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {17},
number = {11},
pages = {e98208},
pmid = {41488264},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {This study aimed to evaluate the incidence and risk of rare long-term adverse events, specifically myocarditis and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), in adolescents (12-19 years) following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. We systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Scopus, supplemented by trial registries and reference lists (PROSPERO: CRD420251045173). Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, case-control studies, self-controlled case series, and pharmacovigilance database analyses reporting myocarditis or GBS outcomes in adolescents receiving BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273. The search was conducted in June 2025, and all published studies were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB-2 tool, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, or adapted criteria for pharmacovigilance studies. Effect measures were expressed as incidence rate or incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Meta-analyses were conducted using random-effects models. Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. Myocarditis incidence was elevated in adolescent and young adult males, particularly after the second dose. Pooled analyses indicated a higher risk with mRNA-1273 compared to BNT162b2 (pooled IRR ≈ 3.9), although heterogeneity was very high (I[2] > 95%). For GBS, global pharmacovigilance data suggested only a modest association with mRNA vaccines (ROR 9.66), substantially weaker than for adenoviral vector or influenza vaccines. COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in adolescents is associated with a small but measurable increased risk of myocarditis, particularly in males, after the second dose, with a higher incidence following mRNA-1273. No consistent evidence of increased GBS risk was observed. Absolute risks remain low, and outcomes are generally favorable compared to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Continued surveillance and long-term follow-up are warranted.},
}

@article {pmid41488437,
year = {2025},
author = {Pluetrattanabha, N and Direksunthorn, T},
title = {Mobile Health Clinics and Telehealth Outreach in Thailand: A Focus on Elderly Care and NCDs.},
journal = {Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare},
volume = {18},
number = {},
pages = {8321-8331},
pmid = {41488437},
issn = {1178-2390},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Thailand faces a rapidly aging population alongside a high burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Ensuring equitable healthcare access for older adults with NCDs is a pressing challenge. Mobile health clinics and telehealth services have emerged as key strategies to reach underserved elderly populations and maintain continuity of NCD care in remote or resource-limited settings.

OBJECTIVE: To examine current mobile clinic initiatives and telehealth outreach in Thailand focused on elderly care and NCD management, and to evaluate their impact on healthcare access and outcomes for older adults.

METHODS: We conducted a narrative review of published literature, policy reports, and program descriptions on mobile health clinics and telehealth interventions in Thailand, with emphasis on applications for older adults and chronic disease care (eg, diabetes, hypertension). A comprehensive search (2010-2025) of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Thai government/organization websites identified relevant sources. Data on intervention models, settings, target populations, and reported outcomes were extracted. In total, 15 key publications and reports were reviewed, from which 8 major mobile clinic or telehealth initiatives were identified.

RESULTS: Mobile health clinics have expanded primary care access for vulnerable elderly in both urban and rural areas. The Thai Red Cross Society's mobile clinic serves remote mountainous communities and provides primary care, NCD screenings, vaccinations, and medications to about 5,000 underserved people annually. Past mobile outreach programs have uncovered many untreated cases-in one survey, 58% of hypertensive and 75% of diabetic elderly were first diagnosed via a mobile unit. Telehealth services have likewise grown substantially. During the COVID-19 pandemic, telemedicine was rapidly adopted for routine consultations and chronic disease follow-ups. The National Health Security Office (NHSO) introduced a nationwide telemedicine service under the Universal Coverage Scheme, enabling remote consultations and medication deliveries for stable chronic NCD patients, ensuring continuity of care during lockdowns. Numerous telehealth applications emerged (public and private); for example, smartphone apps like MorDee ("Good Doctor") gained wide usage in Thailand. In an urban pilot "Dusit Telemedicine" model, integrating community clinics with a tertiary hospital, over 300 elderly patients received teleconsultations, reducing overcrowding. An acceptance study in this Bangkok pilot found older generations significantly less likely to adopt telemedicine than younger people - perceived ease of use was a strong predictor of acceptance (adjusted OR 3.95 for usability). Community-based telehealth pilots in rural areas, such as a Chiang Mai program using Community Health Leaders, demonstrated high satisfaction (≥90%) and successful NCD risk screenings, but also highlighted the need for training and support for both health workers and patients.

CONCLUSION: Mobile clinics and telehealth are complementary strategies for enhancing healthcare delivery to elderly Thais with NCDs. Mobile clinics physically bring essential services to those unable to travel, while telehealth connects patients to providers for continuous care and monitoring. The Thai experience illustrates that integrating these innovations into primary healthcare systems can enhance equity of care for aging populations. Continued support, digital literacy training for seniors, and policy integration of telehealth into the health system are recommended to ensure healthy aging under universal health coverage.},
}

@article {pmid41488438,
year = {2025},
author = {Maulana, I and Shalahuddin, I and Eriyani, T and Pebrianti, S},
title = {"Exploring Psychosocial Interventions to Improve Mental Health Outcomes Among Healthcare Workers": Scoping Review.},
journal = {Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare},
volume = {18},
number = {},
pages = {8293-8303},
pmid = {41488438},
issn = {1178-2390},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Healthcare workers (HCWs) face heightened risks of stress, anxiety, depression, and burnout, particularly during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychosocial interventions have been increasingly implemented, yet the evidence remains fragmented across diverse settings and modalities. This scoping review aimed to map current psychosocial interventions designed to improve mental health outcomes among HCWs.

METHODS: Guided by the PRISMA-ScR framework, five databases (PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar) were searched from January 2000 to September 2025. Eligible studies involved HCWs, assessed psychosocial interventions, and reported mental health outcomes. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) appraisal tool was applied, and only studies scoring ≥70% were retained. Although multiple designs were eligible, only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) met the quality threshold and were included. Data were synthesized descriptively and thematically.

RESULTS: Of 312 identified records, 15 RCTs (2021-2025) were included. Interventions were grouped into mindfulness and meditation programs (n=6), digital and mHealth approaches (n=5), and coaching or AI-assisted resilience training (n=4). Specifically, mindfulness interventions reduced stress and anxiety by up to 30% and consistently improved well-being. Notably, digital modalities-including mobile apps and internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)-were widely used during the pandemic and demonstrated benefits for burnout, sleep quality, and resilience. Across all studies, coaching and AI-assisted interventions improved work engagement and reduced exhaustion, particularly in non-pandemic contexts.

CONCLUSION: Psychosocial interventions demonstrate strong potential to improve HCWs' mental health. Digital programs offer scalable support, while resilience-based approaches promote long-term well-being. Future research should examine implementation in low-resource settings, compare digital versus in-person modalities, and explore organizational-level strategies to complement individual interventions.},
}

@article {pmid41488474,
year = {2025},
author = {Yamin, M and Alsahafi, N and Abdulal, RH and Asad, M and Bosaeed, M and Zohaib, A},
title = {Non-coding RNAs in the viral host-pathogen interaction: molecular regulation and therapeutic potential.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1734182},
pmid = {41488474},
issn = {2235-2988},
mesh = {Humans ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics ; *RNA, Untranslated/genetics ; COVID-19/virology ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; MicroRNAs/genetics/antagonists & inhibitors ; RNA, Circular/genetics ; Hepacivirus/genetics ; RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics ; Virus Replication ; *Virus Diseases/virology/genetics ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; Animals ; },
abstract = {Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and circular RNA (circRNA), serve as key regulatory molecules in the context of viral infection. They play dual roles by modulating host immune responses and influencing viral replication, persistence, and disease progression. Numerous ncRNAs have been implicated in infections caused by viruses such as HCV, DENV and SARS-CoV. This review highlights the biogenesis and multifaceted functions of both host-encoded and virus-encoded ncRNAs in shaping host-pathogen interactions. It also examines their potential as novel biomarkers and therapeutic agents for viral infections. We discuss translational applications such as Miravirsen, a miRNA inhibitor that reached clinical trials for Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and diagnostic relevance of lncRNA NEAT1 in SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the end, we have also addressed the current challenges and limitations involved in translating research observations of ncRNAs to clinical outcomes.},
}

Humans
*Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics
*RNA, Untranslated/genetics
COVID-19/virology
SARS-CoV-2/genetics
MicroRNAs/genetics/antagonists & inhibitors
RNA, Circular/genetics
Hepacivirus/genetics
RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
Virus Replication
*Virus Diseases/virology/genetics
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
Animals

@article {pmid41488618,
year = {2025},
author = {Rodrigues, T and Beltrão, GS and Girardi, H and Pinto, AR},
title = {Viral reprogramming of glial metabolism as a driver of neuroinflammation.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1686774},
pmid = {41488618},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *Neuroinflammatory Diseases/metabolism/virology/immunology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Animals ; *COVID-19/immunology/metabolism/virology ; *Neuroglia/metabolism/virology/immunology ; Astrocytes/virology/metabolism/immunology ; HIV-1 ; Microglia/metabolism/virology/immunology ; Glycolysis ; Zika Virus/immunology ; },
abstract = {Considerable attention has been recently devoted to the involvement of immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) during infections with neurotropic viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, HIV-1, and ZIKV. These viruses are capable of infecting astrocytes and microglia, the main glial cells in the CNS, responsible for regulating neuronal activity. Here, we discuss how viral infections lead to metabolic reprogramming toward aerobic glycolysis in these cells, enhancing pro-inflammatory pathways, such as inflammasome activation, resulting in the secretion of inflammatory cytokines that favor the development of neuroinflammation. In this mini review, we discuss the pivotal interplay between metabolism and immunity towards viral pathogenesis in the CNS, pointing out the relevance of therapeutic strategies targeting both metabolic and immunological pathways to enhance antiviral and neuroprotective responses.},
}

Humans
*Neuroinflammatory Diseases/metabolism/virology/immunology
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Animals
*COVID-19/immunology/metabolism/virology
*Neuroglia/metabolism/virology/immunology
Astrocytes/virology/metabolism/immunology
HIV-1
Microglia/metabolism/virology/immunology
Glycolysis
Zika Virus/immunology

@article {pmid41488628,
year = {2025},
author = {Yin, L and Sun, CY and Chen, GL and Xiang, Z and Hu, BQ and Zhou, F and Wang, Q},
title = {Modular mastery of inflammation: umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells as a therapeutic frontier.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1721947},
pmid = {41488628},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *Mesenchymal Stem Cells/immunology ; *Umbilical Cord/cytology ; *Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation/methods ; *COVID-19/therapy/immunology ; *Inflammation/therapy/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/therapy/immunology ; Graft vs Host Disease/therapy/immunology ; Animals ; },
abstract = {Inflammation operates as a dual-edged sword in physiological defense and pathological damage, driving conditions from diabetes to neurodegeneration. Current anti-inflammatory therapies-NSAIDs, corticosteroids, and biologics-face clinical bottlenecks including non-specific toxicity, therapeutic ceiling effects, and drug resistance. Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) emerge as a transformative alternative, leveraging three synergistic modules: Immune reprogramming, Inflammasome inhibition, Intercellular communication. Clinical trials demonstrate efficacy in inflammatory bowel disease, COVID-19 ARDS, and graft-versus-host disease. UC-MSCs outperform conventional therapies by multi-pathway modulation and tissue-regenerative capacity, though challenges persist in cell heterogeneity and long-term safety. Future work must standardize dosing protocols and validate scalable production for clinical translation.},
}

Humans
*Mesenchymal Stem Cells/immunology
*Umbilical Cord/cytology
*Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation/methods
*COVID-19/therapy/immunology
*Inflammation/therapy/immunology
SARS-CoV-2
*Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/therapy/immunology
Graft vs Host Disease/therapy/immunology
Animals

@article {pmid41488667,
year = {2025},
author = {Zheng, Y and Liu, C and Li, Y and Wang, W and Dou, Q},
title = {The dual role of thrombospondin-1 in inflammatory regulation during acute respiratory distress syndrome: a mini-review.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1699900},
pmid = {41488667},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *Thrombospondin 1/metabolism/immunology ; *Respiratory Distress Syndrome/immunology/metabolism/pathology ; *COVID-19/immunology ; Animals ; *Inflammation/immunology/metabolism ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; },
abstract = {Inflammation serves as a fundamental defense against tissue injury and infection, yet dysregulation can lead to pathological outcomes. Thrombospondin-1 (Thbs1/TSP1), a multifunctional glycoprotein significantly upregulated during inflammation, exemplifies a dualistic regulator with context-dependent roles. Through modulation of cytokine networks and inflammatory cell activity (notably macrophages), Thbs1 critically governs inflammatory responses. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a life-threatening condition fueled by systemic inflammation secondary to infection or trauma, presents complex pathophysiology requiring elucidation. COVID-19 research highlights elevated Thbs1 expression in severe patients, where it demonstrates protective effects against pulmonary damage primarily via extracellular matrix protection, inhibition of neutrophil serine proteases, and TGF-β-dependent repair pathways. However, paradoxical evidence indicates that dysregulated Thbs1 can also contribute to ARDS pathogenesis, potentially by amplifying inflammation, promoting thromboinflammation, or driving fibrosis. Mechanistic insights reveal Thbs1's influence on ARDS progression through ECM remodeling, serine protease inhibition, and TGF-β activation. While significant progress has been made in understanding Thbs1 signaling, the precise mechanisms dictating its context-dependent switch between protective and pathogenic functions in inflammatory pathways remain a critical area for future investigation.},
}

Humans
*Thrombospondin 1/metabolism/immunology
*Respiratory Distress Syndrome/immunology/metabolism/pathology
*COVID-19/immunology
Animals
*Inflammation/immunology/metabolism
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology

@article {pmid41488929,
year = {2025},
author = {Du, S and Cui, Z and Xu, X and Liu, T and Ye, J},
title = {Clinical efficacy of exercise in the treatment of post-COVID-19 syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.},
journal = {Frontiers in physiology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1656713},
pmid = {41488929},
issn = {1664-042X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) describes a constellation of persistent or new symptoms lasting beyond the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Emerging evidence suggests that exercise is a cost-effective and accessible intervention that may enhance pulmonary function, improve cardiopulmonary circulation, regulate emotional status, and alleviate symptoms of PCS. However, robust evidence supporting the efficacy of exercise therapy in PCS remains limited. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to elucidate the therapeutic potential of exercise therapy in PCS.

METHOD: A search of the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Ovid databases up to March 25, 2025 yielded 33 randomized controlled trials (with 2,895 participants) for meta-analysis.

RESULT: The results showed that exercise therapy significantly improved the multi-dimensional outcomes of patients with PCS. Bayesian network meta-analysis indicated that the combination of aerobic exercise and respiratory muscle training had the best effect on lung function. Multimodal exercise significantly improved the results of the six-minute walk test, the dyspnea score, and peak oxygen uptake. Mental Health and Mental Component Summary scores improved significantly in the group that received exercise therapy (P<0.01).

CONCLUSION: The results of this meta-analysis confirm that exercise can significantly improve quality of life and the emotional state of patients with PCS. They also provide evidence for a treatment strategy in patients with post-COVID-19 sequelae.

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/#myprospero, identifier CRD420251034187.},
}

@article {pmid41489056,
year = {2026},
author = {Boesen, K and Hemkens, LG and Janiaud, P and Hirt, J},
title = {Topic-specific living databases of clinical trials: A scoping review of public databases.},
journal = {Clinical trials (London, England)},
volume = {23},
number = {2},
pages = {198-209},
pmid = {41489056},
issn = {1740-7753},
mesh = {Humans ; *Clinical Trials as Topic ; COVID-19 ; *Databases, Factual ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Information Storage and Retrieval ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Conducting systematic reviews of clinical trials is time-consuming and resource-intensive. One potential solution is to design databases that are continuously and automatically populated with clinical trial data from harmonised and structured datasets. This scoping review aimed to identify and map publicly available, continuously updated, topic-specific databases of clinical trials.

METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, the preprint servers medRxiv, arXiv, Open Science Framework, and Google. We characterised each database using seven predefined features (access model, database type, data input sources, retrieval methods, data-extraction methods, trial presentation, and export options) and narratively summarised the results.

RESULTS: We identified 14 continuously updated databases of clinical trials, seven related to COVID-19 (initiated in 2020) and seven non-COVID-19 databases (initiated as early as in 2009). All databases, except one, were publicly funded and accessible without restrictions. Most relied on traditional methods used in static article-based systematic reviews sourcing data from journal publications and trial registries. The COVID-19 databases and some non-COVID-19 databases implemented semi-automated features of data import, which combined automated and manual data curation, whereas the non-COVID-19 databases mainly relied on manual workflows. Most reported information was metadata, such as author names, years of publication, and link to publication or trial registry. Only two databases included trial appraisal information (such as risk of bias assessments). Six databases reported aggregate group-level results, but only one database provided individual participant data on request.

DISCUSSION: Continuously updated topic-specific databases of clinical trials remain limited in number, and existing initiatives mainly employ traditional static systematic review methodologies. A key barrier to developing truly living platforms is the lack of accessible, machine-readable, and standardised clinical trial data.},
}

Humans
*Clinical Trials as Topic
COVID-19
*Databases, Factual
SARS-CoV-2
Information Storage and Retrieval

@article {pmid41490687,
year = {2026},
author = {Sousa Almeida, PR and Sarmento, G and Gruner, H and Veríssimo, R and Duque, S},
title = {[Vaccination of Older Adults in Portugal: Recommendations from the Geriatrics Study Group of the Portuguese Society of Internal Medicine].},
journal = {Acta medica portuguesa},
volume = {39},
number = {3},
pages = {223-234},
doi = {10.20344/amp.23786},
pmid = {41490687},
issn = {1646-0758},
mesh = {Humans ; Aged ; Portugal ; Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage ; *Vaccination/standards ; Middle Aged ; Pneumococcal Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Geriatrics ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Aged, 80 and over ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Influenza, Human/prevention & control ; },
abstract = {Older persons are more susceptible to infections and have a higher risk of serious complications, with a worse functional and vital prognosis. Vaccination is an effective strategy with a favorable safety profile for preventing infections and promoting healthy aging. In view of the clinical evidence and the vaccines available in Portugal in the first half of 2025, the Geriatrics Study Group of the Portuguese Society of Internal Medicine presents a proposal for vaccination of adults aged 65 years or older. The experts also point out the need to create a national lifelong vaccination program that includes older people to increase vaccination coverage and reduce the impact of infections in this population. Although the document focuses on people aged 65 years or older, vaccination against some diseases should start earlier. This article outlines five main recommendations: 1) Annual influenza and COVID-19 vaccination for all adults aged 50 years or older, with those aged 65 years or older receiving the high-dose trivalent influenza vaccine; 2) Respiratory syncytial virus vaccination for all adults aged 60 years or older and adults aged 18 - 59 years with risk factors, prioritizing people aged 75 years or older and those aged 50 years or older with risk factors; 3) Pneumococcal vaccination with the 20-valent or 21-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for all adults aged 50 years or older and adults aged 18 - 49 years with risk factors; 4) Herpes zoster vaccination with the recombinant vaccine for all adults aged 50 years or older and adults aged 18 - 49 years at high risk of herpes zoster; 5) From the age of 65 years, booster vaccination against tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis every 10 years.},
}

Humans
Aged
Portugal
Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
*Vaccination/standards
Middle Aged
Pneumococcal Vaccines/administration & dosage
Geriatrics
*COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
Aged, 80 and over
COVID-19/prevention & control
Influenza, Human/prevention & control

@article {pmid41491167,
year = {2026},
author = {Liao, Y and Liu, Y and Xu, S and Yang, J and Chen, Y},
title = {Incomplete Kawasaki disease associated with acute icteric hepatitis and Torque teno virus infection: a case report and literature review.},
journal = {BMC pediatrics},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {14},
pmid = {41491167},
issn = {1471-2431},
support = {0102018005//the 2024 Guangdong Renowned Traditional Chinese Medicine Practitioner Inheritance Studio Construction Project- Xu Youjia/ ; E43729//the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, under the project "a project for Chinese Medicine on Ying Lv's Renowned Expert Inheritance Studio"/ ; 2023B1111020004//the Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province, under the project "Efficacy and safety of the Jianer Jiedu Formula for the treatment of novel coronavirus infections in children- a real-world and randomized controlled study"/ ; 2024A03J0125//Bureau of Science and Technology of Guangzhou Municipality, under the project "Mechanism Study on the Regulation of NLRP3-mediated Pyroptosis by Jianer Jiedu Formula for the Treatment of RSV Pneumonia in Children Based on the Lingnan DampHeat Theory"/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; Male ; *Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/complications/diagnosis ; Infant ; *Torque teno virus/isolation & purification ; *DNA Virus Infections/complications/diagnosis ; *Jaundice/etiology ; Acute Disease ; *Hepatitis/diagnosis/complications ; Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/therapeutic use ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute, self-limiting vasculitis that primarily affects children under five years of age. Its classic clinical features include prolonged fever, bilateral conjunctival injection, changes in the lips and oral cavity, cervical lymphadenopathy, rash, and extremity changes. Acute jaundice and liver dysfunction are atypical manifestations of KD. Cases in which jaundice is the initial presenting symptom-especially when accompanied by Torque Teno Virus (TTV) infection-are rarely reported.

CASE PRESENTATION: We describe a 17-month-old boy diagnosed with incomplete Kawasaki disease (IKD), who initially presented with persistent fever, jaundice, and elevated liver enzymes. At disease onset, characteristic mucocutaneous signs of KD were absent. As the illness progressed, the patient developed dorsal foot edema, erythematous lips, and cervical lymphadenopathy. On the ninth day of illness, echocardiography revealed dilation of the left coronary artery, confirming a retrospective diagnosis of IKD. Additionally, high-throughput sequencing of peripheral blood identified TTV type 28. The patient was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin, methylprednisolone, and hepatoprotective agents. Following treatment, his fever resolved, jaundice subsided, liver function normalized, and coronary artery dimensions gradually returned to within the normal range.

CONCLUSIONS: This case highlights an atypical presentation of IKD, characterized by early-onset jaundice and later development of coronary artery dilation, in a patient also infected with TTV. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of IKD associated with acute icteric hepatitis and TTV infection. This case may inform clinical evaluation in similar presentations and contribute to future research on the etiology of KD.},
}

Humans
Male
*Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/complications/diagnosis
Infant
*Torque teno virus/isolation & purification
*DNA Virus Infections/complications/diagnosis
*Jaundice/etiology
Acute Disease
*Hepatitis/diagnosis/complications
Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/therapeutic use

@article {pmid41492414,
year = {2026},
author = {Govorchin, A and Leduc, M and Atleo, CG and Hoogeveen, D and Borgos, I and Patrick, L},
title = {The right to health: indigenous data sovereignty in Canada during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.},
journal = {Lancet regional health. Americas},
volume = {54},
number = {},
pages = {101335},
pmid = {41492414},
issn = {2667-193X},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately impacted Indigenous Peoples in Canada, highlighting preexisting health inequities. These disparities were exacerbated by inadequate data management policies across Canadian governments, which contribute to inaccurate health information and access challenges for Indigenous Nations. Indigenous data sovereignty, which recognizes the right of Indigenous Peoples to govern their own data, has been identified as essential for achieving self-determination and improving health outcomes. We focus on British Columbia (BC) given its unique health and data governance structure with First Nations. This policy paper examines the challenges related to health data management that arose during COVID-19 in BC, and the regulatory barriers hindering Indigenous health equity. We present four policy recommendations that address data issues as a promising avenue to reducing health inequities in Canada. This includes supporting research by and with Indigenous Peoples, promoting ethical responsibilities of non-Indigenous researchers, implementing anti-racism policies, and adopting Indigenous data management frameworks.},
}

@article {pmid41493182,
year = {2026},
author = {Oliveira, T and Naranjo-Zolotov, M and Martins, R and Karatzas, S},
title = {Adoption of Internet of Things in Health Care: Weighted and Meta-Analytical Review of Theoretical Frameworks and Predictors.},
journal = {Journal of medical Internet research},
volume = {28},
number = {},
pages = {e64091},
pmid = {41493182},
issn = {1438-8871},
mesh = {Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Delivery of Health Care ; *Internet of Things ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Telemedicine ; *Bibliometrics ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) into health care is transforming the industry by enhancing disease care and management, as well as supporting self-health management. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of IoT devices, particularly wearable medical devices, which enable real-time health monitoring and advanced remote health management. Globally, the increased adoption of IoT in health care has improved efficiency, enhanced patient care, and generated substantial economic value.

OBJECTIVE: This review aims to conduct a comprehensive meta- and weight analysis of quantitative studies to identify the most influential predictors and theoretical frameworks explaining the adoption of IoT in health care.

METHODS: We searched databases, including Web of Science and PubMed, for quantitative studies on IoT health care adoption, with the last search conducted in early July 2025. Inclusion criteria comprised peer-reviewed articles written in English that employed a quantitative approach to IoT health care technology adoption. Studies were excluded if they did not report the significance of relationships, involved technologies without IoT features or were outside the scope, or examined target variables irrelevant to the analysis. The weight analysis identified the pathways with the most significant effects. A meta-analysis using a random-effects model was conducted to estimate combined effect sizes and their statistical significance. The results from both methods were then integrated to visualize the most frequently used theoretical frameworks. Risk of bias and heterogeneity were assessed using a funnel plot, Egger regression test, the I2 statistic, and subgroup analysis, which indicated no strong evidence of publication bias but revealed a high level of heterogeneity.

RESULTS: Analysis of 115 datasets from 109 papers identified the Technology Acceptance Model and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) as the primary frameworks for explaining IoT adoption in health care. Incorporating context-specific variables-such as health consciousness, innovativeness, and trust-into these traditional technology acceptance frameworks enhances the understanding of IoT adoption. Although high heterogeneity suggests a need to refine theoretical models to account for regional contexts, universal adoption drivers such as performance expectancy and effort expectancy remain consistent.

CONCLUSIONS: Behavioral intention is the most frequently studied variable in IoT health care adoption, whereas attitude, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and task-technology fit remain underexplored. While adoption theories from the information systems field, such as the TAM, are predominantly used, integrating context-specific constructs and theories-such as trust and innovativeness-can provide deeper insights into IoT adoption in health care. The strongest and most consistent predictors of behavioral intention were attitude, performance expectancy, habit, self-efficacy, functional congruence, and benefits. Additionally, social influence, facilitating conditions, trust, and aesthetic appeal demonstrated promising or strong effects. By contrast, variables such as privacy and security, barriers, vulnerability, severity, compatibility, financial cost, health, and technology anxiety were generally inconsistent or not statistically significant.},
}

Humans
COVID-19/epidemiology
*Delivery of Health Care
*Internet of Things
SARS-CoV-2
Telemedicine
*Bibliometrics

@article {pmid41493556,
year = {2026},
author = {Pathak, R and Vandeliwala, M and Patel, P and Patel, N and Patel, K},
title = {Resurgence of human metapneumovirus: an overview of past and current trends.},
journal = {Archives of microbiology},
volume = {208},
number = {2},
pages = {93},
pmid = {41493556},
issn = {1432-072X},
mesh = {*Metapneumovirus/physiology/genetics/pathogenicity ; Humans ; *Paramyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology/virology/diagnosis/drug therapy ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/virology/epidemiology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; },
abstract = {Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a major respiratory pathogen belonging to the Pneumoviridae family that primarily affects children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Since its discovery in 2001, HMPV has been recognized as a significant cause of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) worldwide, exhibiting seasonal peaks and recurring outbreaks. In recent years, the virus has shown an unusual resurgence, particularly in the post-COVID-19 era, emphasizing the need for renewed clinical and epidemiological attention. This review provides a comprehensive overview of HMPV, encompassing its epidemiology, virion structure, replication mechanisms, host-pathogen interaction, clinical manifestations, diagnostic strategies, and current therapeutic approaches. Special attention is given to recent epidemiological trends, molecular insights derived from structural studies of viral proteins, and the challenges faced in developing vaccines and antiviral agents. Additionally, the review discusses the potential of plant-derived bioactive compounds as alternative or complementary therapeutic options. By consolidating the latest global data and highlighting existing knowledge gaps, the work aims to facilitate a better understanding of HMPV pathogenesis and guide future research directions for improved surveillance, diagnosis, and management of HMPV infections.},
}

*Metapneumovirus/physiology/genetics/pathogenicity
Humans
*Paramyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology/virology/diagnosis/drug therapy
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
*Respiratory Tract Infections/virology/epidemiology
Host-Pathogen Interactions

@article {pmid41494094,
year = {2026},
author = {Cao-Lei, L and Vrantsidis, D and Giesbrecht, GF},
title = {Epigenetic Insights into the Impact of Disaster-Related Prenatal Stress: A Narrative Review.},
journal = {Harvard review of psychiatry},
volume = {34},
number = {1},
pages = {7-22},
doi = {10.1097/HRP.0000000000000446},
pmid = {41494094},
issn = {1465-7309},
mesh = {Humans ; Pregnancy ; *Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/genetics ; *Stress, Psychological/genetics ; Female ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; *Disasters ; DNA Methylation ; *Pregnancy Complications/genetics ; },
abstract = {Disaster-related prenatal maternal stress, whether due to natural or human-made crises, can have profound effects on offspring health and development. This narrative review synthesizes research findings on the epigenetic mechanisms through which prenatal maternal stress influences long-term offspring health outcomes. Focusing primarily on DNA methylation, we examine how exposure to stress during gestation alters the epigenetic profile and may contribute to mental, cognitive, and physical health vulnerabilities. Studies were categorized based on disaster type, including time-limited events such as hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes, and stressors like the COVID-19 pandemic and famine. Key findings highlight the timing of exposure, sex-specific epigenetic effects, and the potential for epigenetic markers to mediate stress-induced health outcomes. While considerable progress has been made, our review emphasizes the need for further research on how epigenetics may mediate mental health outcomes and the development of interventions that target these molecular mechanisms.},
}

Humans
Pregnancy
*Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/genetics
*Stress, Psychological/genetics
Female
*Epigenesis, Genetic
*Disasters
DNA Methylation
*Pregnancy Complications/genetics

@article {pmid41494304,
year = {2026},
author = {Kung, PJ and Chen, CM and Lin, EC and Shu, BC and Tew, Y and He, J and Fang, CJ and Reynolds, NR and Ornstein, KA},
title = {Ethical challenges around mandatory vaccination among nurses: A systematic review of qualitative and quantitative evidence.},
journal = {International journal of nursing studies},
volume = {175},
number = {},
pages = {105313},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2025.105313},
pmid = {41494304},
issn = {1873-491X},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; *Mandatory Vaccination/ethics ; *Nurses/psychology ; Qualitative Research ; *Vaccination/ethics ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mandatory vaccination policies have sparked global ethical debates, particularly in the context of COVID-19. Among healthcare workers, nurses-the largest segment of the frontline workforce-face distinct tensions between professional responsibilities and personal autonomy. Yet, the ethical challenges these policies pose from nurses' perspectives remain insufficiently examined.

AIM: This review examines the ethical challenges of mandatory vaccination from nurses' perspectives, informs ethical policymaking, and provides insights to navigate similar future scenarios.

DESIGN: A mixed-methods systematic review guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology.

DATA SOURCES: Final searches of five databases-Embase, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus-were conducted in September 2025. Additional records were identified through citation tracking and supplementary searches.

METHODS: Empirical studies published from 2019 onward were screened for relevance and assessed for methodological quality using standardized critical appraisal tools. Studies were included if they examined nurses' experiences, attitudes, or ethical perspectives regarding mandatory vaccination. A narrative synthesis approach was applied to integrate qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods findings.

RESULTS: Twenty-eight studies were included (19 quantitative, 5 qualitative, and 4 mixed methods). Four themes emerged: (1) Walking a Tightrope-Between Vaccine Safety and Effectiveness; (2) Silent Burden-Navigating Stigma in the Shadows; (3) Navigating the Fine Line-Balancing Rights and Public Health in Times of Crisis; and (4) Strengthening Leadership and Communication.

CONCLUSIONS: While mandatory vaccination policies may serve public health goals, they can also generate ethical distress, undermine trust, and increase stigmatization among nurses who remain unvaccinated. Future policies should move beyond enforcement toward fostering ethical alignment through education, open dialog, and respectful engagement.

REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration number: CRD42024551112, registered 03/06/2024.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control
*Mandatory Vaccination/ethics
*Nurses/psychology
Qualitative Research
*Vaccination/ethics

@article {pmid41494305,
year = {2026},
author = {Pupillo, E and Leone, MA and Amato, A and Bianchi, E and Damian, MS and Dyck, J and Garcia-Azorin, D and Giussani, G and Guekht, A and Koike, H and Khadilkar, S and Lehmann, H and Pochigaeva, K and Povolnova, J and Tumurov, D and Vetrov, F and de Visser, M and Winkler, AS and Grisold, W},
title = {Prevalence and trajectories of post-COVID-19 neuromuscular conditions: A systematic-review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Journal of the neurological sciences},
volume = {481},
number = {},
pages = {125710},
doi = {10.1016/j.jns.2025.125710},
pmid = {41494305},
issn = {1878-5883},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; *Neuromuscular Diseases/epidemiology/etiology ; Guillain-Barre Syndrome/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Neuromuscular diseases (NMDs) are a significant component of the post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. However, their long-term prevalence and trajectories remain poorly defined. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the long-term prevalence in COVID-19 survivors of fourteen specific NMDs and related symptoms: cranial nerve diseases, Guillain-Barré syndrome, small fiber neuropathy, (poly)radiculopathies, (poly)neuropathies, plexopathies, motor neuron disease, myasthenia gravis, Lambert-Eaton syndrome, neuropathic pain, sarcopenia, myalgia, myalgia associated with other symptoms, and of other muscle diseases.

METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library (January 2020 through November 2024) for studies with at least 3 months of follow-up. Pooled prevalence estimates were calculated at multiple time points (acute phase to 24 months) using random effects models.

RESULTS: Among 180 unique studies representing 15,865,322 cases (54 % female, mean age 50.0 years), the pooled prevalence for individuals with at least one NMD or related symptoms decreased from 36 % in the acute phase to 8 % at 24 months. Myalgia prevalence steadily declined from 35 % to 8 % by two years. A trend towards lower prevalences across the time points was observed also for Guillain-Barré syndrome, and other muscle diseases, while other conditions showed a more erratic pattern. The prevalence of neuropathic pain remained high and persisted almost unchanged through the follow-up period (from 31 % in the acute phase to 25 % at 12 months).

CONCLUSIONS: NMDs and related symptoms are common following COVID-19, but their general prevalence decreases with time. However, trajectories varied depending on the type of NMD or symptom.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/epidemiology
Prevalence
*Neuromuscular Diseases/epidemiology/etiology
Guillain-Barre Syndrome/epidemiology

@article {pmid41494490,
year = {2026},
author = {Messina, A and Bella, F and Maccarone, G and Avincola, G and Signorelli, MS},
title = {Astrocyte-mediated hippocampal damage in the pathogenesis of dysexecutive syndrome following COVID-19: A narrative review.},
journal = {Journal of psychiatric research},
volume = {194},
number = {},
pages = {164-173},
doi = {10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.01.007},
pmid = {41494490},
issn = {1879-1379},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/immunology/pathology ; *Astrocytes/pathology/immunology/metabolism ; *Hippocampus/pathology/physiopathology/metabolism/virology/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Neuroinflammatory Diseases ; *Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology ; *Executive Function/physiology ; },
abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 infection has been implicated in hippocampal damage, contributing to the pathogenesis of dysexecutive syndrome observed in post-COVID-19 patients. Given the growing prevalence of long-COVID worldwide, understanding how SARS-CoV-2 affects hippocampal structure and function has become an urgent scientific and clinical priority. The hippocampus-crucial for memory, emotional regulation, and executive functioning-is especially susceptible to viral-driven neuroinflammatory cascades. SARS-CoV-2 triggers astrocyte and microglia activation, disrupts blood-brain barrier integrity, and induces cytokine-mediated neurotoxicity, ultimately impairing neuroplasticity and neurogenesis. These mechanisms converge to produce cognitive and affective disturbances-most notably fatigue, apathy, low mood, and executive dysfunction-that typify dysexecutive syndrome in long-COVID. This review synthesizes current evidence from clinical and experimental studies, integrating findings on viral neurotropism, hippocampal hypometabolism, and astrocyte-mediated neurodegeneration. Distinctions between depressive symptoms driven by neuroinflammation and classical depressive disorders are clarified to improve diagnostic accuracy and guide personalized treatment. Emerging data on the neuroprotective role of COVID-19 vaccination-particularly its capacity to modulate microglial activation and support hippocampal neurogenesis-are also examined. Overall, the findings underscore the need for targeted therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating neuroinflammation and supporting hippocampal plasticity, including cognitive rehabilitation approaches. Longitudinal studies are essential to elucidate the enduring impact of SARS-CoV-2 on hippocampal function and to inform effective clinical interventions.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/immunology/pathology
*Astrocytes/pathology/immunology/metabolism
*Hippocampus/pathology/physiopathology/metabolism/virology/immunology
SARS-CoV-2
*Neuroinflammatory Diseases
*Cognitive Dysfunction/etiology
*Executive Function/physiology

@article {pmid41496808,
year = {2025},
author = {Woods, JA and Hutchinson, NT and Powers, SK and Gomez-Cabrera, MC and Radak, Z and Leeuwenburgh, C and Cacciatore, S and Marzetti, E and Zhang, T and Garza, R and Sidebottom, C and Anderson, E and Durstine, JL and Sun, J and Ji, LL},
title = {Physical activity during COVID-19 pandemic: A 5-year retrospect.},
journal = {Sports medicine and health science},
volume = {7},
number = {6},
pages = {405-418},
pmid = {41496808},
issn = {2666-3376},
abstract = {The purpose of this article is to provide a follow-up review of the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 Disease or Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on human health and the role of physical activity (PA) during the 5-year pandemic. We aim to cover the immune system, the cardiopulmonary system, the musculoskeletal system, and the central nervous system (brain function), particularly among older adults, college students, and individuals with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (Long-COVID). The COVID-19 pandemic has given us many lessons, learned from the death of six million lives and tremendous disturbance to human life. First, we need to continue to investigate cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate various organistic failures resulting from the viral infection. Such investigations are the only way to completely understand the etiology of the diseases and to develop new drugs and vaccines. The molecular pathways that transmit the signals of viral infection to each organ system are different requiring both basic and clinical research. Available evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced microcirculation and latent immune activation play a major role, eventually impairing cardiovascular tolerance and peripheral bioenergetics. Second, the COVID-19 pandemic has manifested major disturbances to human lifestyles with reduced PA and exercise standing out as a major factor. Conversely, physical inactivity due to social confinement and mental/psychological stresses has been clearly linked to intensified pathogenic symptoms and amplification of adverse effects on multiple physiological systems. If not intervened, this interaction can lead to Long-COVID, a dangerous futile circle to cause systemic failure. Finally, the COVID-19 pandemic has exerted differential impacts on different populations. Thus, the strategy to develop and conduct to cope with the negativity of pandemic needs to be specific, flexible and tailored to fit different patient populations.},
}