@article {pmid33493983,
year = {2021},
author = {Page, EM and Ariëns, RAS},
title = {Mechanisms of thrombosis and cardiovascular complications in COVID-19.},
journal = {Thrombosis research},
volume = {200},
number = {},
pages = {1-8},
doi = {10.1016/j.thromres.2021.01.005},
pmid = {33493983},
issn = {1879-2472},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, responsible for the 2019-2020 global (COVID-19) pandemic, is a respiratory virus associated with the development of thromboembolic complications and respiratory failure in severe cases. Increased risk of pulmonary embolism and thrombosis has been identified in COVID-19 patients, alongside accompanying elevations in potential prognostic biomarkers, including D-dimer, IL-6 and cardiac specific troponins. Our aim was to provide a scoping review of the available literature regarding thrombosis risk, other cardiovascular implications, and their biomarkers in COVID-19 to highlight potential disease mechanisms.

METHODS: Authors conducted a literature search in PubMed using MeSH headings "disseminated intravascular coagulation", "pulmonary embolism", "thromb*", "stroke", "myocardial infarction" and "acute lung injury", as well as terms "COVID-19", "SARS-CoV-2", "2019 novel coronavirus" and "2019-nCoV".

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 disease is characterised by the interactions between hyperactive coagulation and complement systems - induced by hyper-inflammatory conditions, resulting in a pro-thrombotic state and diffuse tissue injury. There are several promising prognostic markers of disease severity, with D-dimer the most significant. The presence of thrombocytopenia appears to be a key indicator of patient deterioration. Further research is required to understand the underlying pathophysiology in COVID-19 and its implications in disease progression and patient management. Randomised trials are urgently needed to determine the safety of proposed therapeutic anticoagulation with heparin and the role for anti-platelet agents, such as Ticagrelor, in patient management.},
}

@article {pmid33493945,
year = {2021},
author = {Bezerra Espinola, MS and Bertelli, M and Bizzarri, M and Unfer, V and Laganà, AS and Visconti, B and Aragona, C},
title = {Inositol and vitamin D may naturally protect human reproduction and women undergoing assisted reproduction from Covid-19 risk.},
journal = {Journal of reproductive immunology},
volume = {144},
number = {},
pages = {103271},
doi = {10.1016/j.jri.2021.103271},
pmid = {33493945},
issn = {1872-7603},
abstract = {In late 2019, the new Coronavirus has been identified in the city of Wuhan then COVID-19 spreads like wildfire in the rest of the world. Pregnant women represent a risk category for increased abortion rates and vertical transmission with adverse events on the newborns has been recently confirmed. The scientific world is struggling for finding an effective cure for counteracting symptomatology. Today, there are many therapeutic proposes but none of them can effectively counteract the infection. Moreover, many of these compounds show important side effects not justifying their use. Scientific literature reports an immune system over-reaction through interleukins-6 activation. In this regard, the possibility to control the immune system represents a possible strategy for counteracting the onset of COVID-19 symptomatology. Vitamin D deficiency shows increased susceptibility to acute viral respiratory infections. Moreover, Vitamin D seems involved in host protection from different virus species by modulating activation and release of cytokines. Myo-inositol down-regulates the expression of IL-6 by phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Furthermore, myo-inositol is the precursor of phospholipids in the surfactant and it is applied for inducing surfactant synthesis in infants for treating respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). This review aims to summarize the evidence about COVID-19 infection in pregnant women and to encourage the scientific community to investigate the use of Vitamin D and Myo-inositol which could represent a possible preventive treatment for pregnant women or women undergoing assisted reproductive technologies (ART).},
}

@article {pmid33493922,
year = {2020},
author = {Parthasarathy, P and Vivekanandan, S},
title = {An extensive study on the COVID-19 pandemic, an emerging global crisis: Risks, transmission, impacts and mitigation.},
journal = {Journal of infection and public health},
volume = {14},
number = {2},
pages = {249-259},
doi = {10.1016/j.jiph.2020.12.020},
pmid = {33493922},
issn = {1876-035X},
abstract = {A number of unexplained cases of pneumonia have been recorded since November 2019 in China. It is officially named the new corona virus (2019-nCov) by the World Health Organization on 12 January 2020. WHO officially named it COVID-19 on 11 February. COVID-19 is a highly transmitted and pathogenic viral infection that has been developed and spread across the world in Wuhan, China, caused by extreme acute respiratory syndrome corona-virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Genomic analysis showed that bats may also be a primary reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 phylogenetically associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome-like viruses (SARS). However, the rapid human to human transition has been generally reported. Intermediate source of origin and human transition is unknown. Clinically approved COVID-19 antiviral medication or vaccine is not available. In clinical trials, however, few broad-based COVID-19 antiviral medicinal drugs were tested, resulting in clinical recovery. This analysis summarizes the pathogenicity of COVID-19 and aims to raise awareness of COVID-19 among the population and to continually boost the detection, monitoring, diagnosis and care level. Over 50 COVID-19 scientific publications were included in this systematic analysis. We found that fever (87.0%), cough (65.9%) and malaise/tiredness (35%) were the most common symptoms of COvida-19. However, COVID-19 clinical signs and symptoms were not necessarily obvious. The transmission of COVID-19 in comparison to SARS was more specific. The rate of death of COVID-19 was 2,7% and the pathological characteristics of COVID-19 are very similar to ARDS. There are also discussions on the latest epidemiological changes, clinical manifestations, auxiliary examination and COVID-19 pathological characteristics.},
}

@article {pmid33493917,
year = {2020},
author = {Shariare, MH and Parvez, MAK and Karikas, GA and Kazi, M},
title = {The growing complexity of COVID-19 drug and vaccine candidates: challenges and critical transitions.},
journal = {Journal of infection and public health},
volume = {14},
number = {2},
pages = {214-220},
doi = {10.1016/j.jiph.2020.12.009},
pmid = {33493917},
issn = {1876-035X},
abstract = {COVID-19 has nowadays affected almost all our societies and global health systems. The latest deadly pandemic has heavily influenced both life and livelihood worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is the causative organism of COVID-19, that is spreading and infecting significantly higher compared to other coronavirus, due to its constant mutation characteristics. At present although several extensive clinical trials are ongoing, neither approved drug therapy nor any vaccine are available to safely fight SARS-CoV-2. However, a progressive race among numerous research groups to discover a radical cure for the COVID-19 is under way. This review aims to provide an updated insight of the current research, development and trials on repurposing existing drugs and preventive intervention for COVID-19, along with the related issues, complexities and challenges, especially after the observed high transmissibility lately.},
}

@article {pmid33493853,
year = {2021},
author = {Martha, JW and Wibowo, A and Pranata, R},
title = {Hypocalcemia is associated with severe COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Diabetes & metabolic syndrome},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {337-342},
doi = {10.1016/j.dsx.2021.01.003},
pmid = {33493853},
issn = {1878-0334},
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Hypocalcemia is commonly in critically ill patients and studies have shown that hypocalcemia is prevalent in patients with COVID-19. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the prognostic performance of hypocalcemia in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

METHODS: We performed a systematic literature search on PubMed, Scopus, and Embase with keywords "SARS-CoV-2″ OR″COVID-19″ OR ″2019-nCoV" AND "hypocalcemia" up until 10 December 2020. The key exposure was hypocalcemia, defined as serum calcium below study-defined cut-off points. The main outcome was poor outcome, which was a composite of mortality and severity. The effect estimate of the main outcome was reported as odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI). We also generate sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratio (PLR & NLR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and area under curve (AUC).

RESULTS: There are 2032 patients from 7 studies included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The incidence of poor outcome in this study was 26%. Serum calcium was lower in patients with poor outcome (mean difference -0.173 mmol/L [-0.259, -0.087], p < 0.001; I2: 31.3%). Hypocalcemia was associated with poor outcome (OR 3.19 [2.02, 5.06], p < 0.001; I2: 32.86%); with sensitivity of 0.74 [0.53, 0.88], specificity of 0.54 [0.29, 0.77], PLR of 1.6 [1.1, 2.3], NLR of 0.49 [0.35, 0.66], DOR of 3 [2, 5], and AUC of 0.70 [0.66, 0.74]. In this pooled analysis, the post-test probability was 36% in patients with hypocalcemia and 15% in patients without hypocalcemia.

CONCLUSION: Hypocalcemia was associated with poor outcome in COVID-19 patients.

PROSPERO ID: CRD42020225506.},
}

@article {pmid33493852,
year = {2021},
author = {Rawat, D and Dixit, V and Gulati, S and Gulati, S and Gulati, A},
title = {Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on lifestyle behaviour: A review of studies published in India.},
journal = {Diabetes & metabolic syndrome},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {331-336},
doi = {10.1016/j.dsx.2020.12.038},
pmid = {33493852},
issn = {1878-0334},
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The entire globe is undergoing an unprecedented challenge of COVID-19 which has affected the lifestyle behaviour of individuals. The present review is an attempt to summarize the effect of pandemic COVID-19 on lifestyle behaviour among the Indian population.

METHODS: A review was carried out to summarize the effect of pandemic COVID-19 on lifestyle behaviour focusing on changes in dietary or eating behaviour, stress, sleep pattern, and level of physical activity among the Indian population. Literature searches were conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar from inception till October 2020 to identify all relevant studies.

RESULTS: A total of 11 studies (n = 5957, age group 18-70 years, comprising both genders) consisting of 1 hospital and 10 community based, were included in the present review. A change in lifestyle behaviour was observed due to COVID-19. Psychosocial or any kind of mental stress among the participants was found to be prevalent. Weight gain and decline in physical activity were also observed. Not only sleep quantity but sleep quality was also found to be affected due to COVID-19.

CONCLUSION: The present review indicates the need for lifestyle behaviour programmes via using the platform of E-media and also for the dissemination of health education.},
}

@article {pmid33493677,
year = {2021},
author = {VasanthiDharmalingam, P and Karuppagounder, V and Watanabe, K and Karmouty-Quintana, H and Palaniyandi, SS and Guha, A and Thandavarayan, RA},
title = {SARS-CoV-2-mediated hyperferritinemia and cardiac arrest: preliminary insights.},
journal = {Drug discovery today},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.drudis.2021.01.014},
pmid = {33493677},
issn = {1878-5832},
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a pandemic that began in China, was first noted in December 2019 {AuQ: Edit OK?}.
SARS-CoV-2 infects through the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor and co-receptors. In the most severely affected patients, it can cause {AuQ: Edit OK?}
pneumonia and multiple organ failure leading to death. Reports describe high death rates resulting from cardiac dysfunction, a co-morbid condition in SARS-CoV-2 patients, while the primary cause and mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we attempt to review clinical reports of SARS-CoV-2 patients in order to provide insight into a possible mechanism that allows hyperferritinemia (the presence of excess iron-binding protein) to cause cardiac dysfunction in SARS-CoV-2 patients. Such insights are an important avenue towards understanding the mechanism of cardiac dysfunction in SARS-CoV-2 patients and developing remedies for the same.},
}

@article {pmid33493625,
year = {2021},
author = {De Picker, LJ and Yolken, R and Benedetti, F and Borsini, A and Branchi, I and Fusar-Poli, P and Carlos Leza, J and Pariante, C and Pollak, T and Tamouza, R and Vai, B and Vernon, AC and Benros, ME and Leboyer, M and , },
title = {Viewpoint | European COVID-19 exit strategy for people with severe mental disorders: too little, but not yet too late.},
journal = {Brain, behavior, and immunity},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.bbi.2021.01.008},
pmid = {33493625},
issn = {1090-2139},
}

@article {pmid33492637,
year = {2021},
author = {Devarasetti, PK and Rajasekhar, L and Baisya, R and Sreejitha, KS and Vardhan, YK},
title = {A review of COVID-19 convalescent plasma use in COVID-19 with focus on proof of efficacy.},
journal = {Immunologic research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33492637},
issn = {1559-0755},
abstract = {Convalescent plasma (CP) therapy is rapidly becoming an established consideration in the treatment of COVID-19 patients though there is a need to critically review this area for proof of efficacy. Neutralizing antibodies (NAb) present in CP generated in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection directed against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein are considered to play main role in viral clearance. CP infusion may also help in the modulation of immune response by its immunomodulatory effect. The FDA allows for administration of CP to COVID-19 patients. The present published literature in COVID-19 is limited to case series and randomised controlled trial where plasma therapy was used in moderate, severe and critically ill patients. Though multiple uncertainties exist regarding to its efficacy, appropriate donor selection and NAb titres, the efficacy data of CP use inCOVID-19 is limited having shown hope with early and severe to critically ill COVID-19 patients.},
}

@article {pmid33492608,
year = {2021},
author = {Emamikhah, M and Babadi, M and Mehrabani, M and Jalili, M and Pouranian, M and Daraie, P and Mohaghegh, F and Aghavali, S and Zaribafian, M and Rohani, M},
title = {Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, a post-infectious neurologic complication of COVID-19: case series and review of literature.},
journal = {Journal of neurovirology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33492608},
issn = {1538-2443},
abstract = {Opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome is a heterogeneous constellation of symptoms ranging from full combination of these three neurological findings to varying degrees of isolated individual sign. Since the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), neurological symptoms, syndromes, and complications associated with this multi-organ viral infection have been reported and the various aspects of neurological involvement are increasingly uncovered. As a neuro-inflammatory disorder, one would expect to observe opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome after a prevalent viral infection in a pandemic scale, as it has been the case for many other neuro-inflammatory syndromes. We report seven cases of opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome presumably parainfectious in nature and discuss their phenomenology, their possible pathophysiological relationship to COVID-19, and diagnostic and treatment strategy in each case. Finally, we review the relevant data in the literature regarding the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome and possible similar cases associated with COVID-19 and its diagnostic importance for clinicians in various fields of medicine encountering COVID-19 patients and its complications.},
}

@article {pmid33492565,
year = {2021},
author = {De Sousa, RAL and Improta-Caria, AC and Aras-Júnior, R and de Oliveira, EM and Soci, ÚPR and Cassilhas, RC},
title = {Physical exercise effects on the brain during COVID-19 pandemic: links between mental and cardiovascular health.},
journal = {Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33492565},
issn = {1590-3478},
abstract = {The current pandemic was caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The quarantine period during corona virus disease 19 (COVID-19) outbreak might affect the quality of life leading thousands of individuals to diminish the daily caloric expenditure and mobility, leading to a sedentary behavior and increase the number of health disorders. Exercising is used as a non-pharmacological treatment in many chronic diseases. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of physical exercise in COVID-19 pandemic on mental health. We also point links between exercise, mental, and cardiovascular health. The infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 affects host cells binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), which is the receptor for SARS-CoV-2. If there is not enough oxygen supply the lungs and other tissues, such as the heart or brain, are affected. SARS-CoV-2 enhances ACE2 leading to inflammation and neuronal death with possible development of mood disorders, such as depression and anxiety. Physical exercise also enhances the ACE2 expression. Conversely, the activation of ACE2/Ang 1-7/Mas axis by physical exercise induces an antiinflammatory and antifibrotic effect. Physical exercise has beneficial effects on mental health enhancing IGF-1, PI3K, BDNF, ERK, and reducing GSK3β levels. In addition, physical exercise enhances the activity of PGC-1α/ FNDC5/Irisin pathway leading to neuronal survival and the maintenance of a good mental health. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to elevation of ACE2 levels through pathological mechanisms that lead to neurological and cardiovascular complications, while the physiological response of ACE2 to physical exercise improves cardiovascular and mental health.},
}

@article {pmid33492545,
year = {2021},
author = {McLean, SA and Booth, AT and Schnabel, A and Wright, BJ and Painter, FL and McIntosh, JE},
title = {Exploring the Efficacy of Telehealth for Family Therapy Through Systematic, Meta-analytic, and Qualitative Evidence.},
journal = {Clinical child and family psychology review},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33492545},
issn = {1573-2827},
abstract = {There is a current escalating need for telehealth (TH) options in family mental health services. In the absence of replicated evidence, TH guidelines from peak bodies are largely based on assumptions of the effectiveness of TH methods. New investments in TH would optimally be based in evidence of clinical efficacy. To this end, we conducted three studies in which we (1) systematically reviewed eight professional guidelines for TH family therapy, (2) examined replicated evidence for the efficacy of TH family therapy through systematic review of 20 studies and meta-analyses of 13 effects, and (3) synthesised clinical accommodations to TH methodology from a study of 12 experienced TH family therapists. The studies found (1) a predominant focus in existing TH guidelines on operational matters pertaining to TH and relative neglect of therapeutic process; (2) meta-analyses of efficacy for child behavioural problems (k = 8) and parental depression (k = 5) showed equivalent outcomes in TH and face-to-face therapy and enhanced outcomes in TH relative to treatment as usual, resource provision (i.e. written materials), or wait-list control. Narrative review of 20 studies for a range of relational and mental health outcomes aligned with these findings; and (3) therapists defined clear conditions for enhanced engagement and therapeutic process via TH and reflected on cautions and accommodations for purposes of rapport building and mitigating risk. Given moderate-strong evidence for the efficacy of TH methods of family therapy for a range of conditions, we offer recommendations for future implementation of TH for family therapy.},
}

@article {pmid33492524,
year = {2021},
author = {Dowlatshahi, S and Shabani, E and Abdekhodaie, MJ},
title = {Serological assays and host antibody detection in coronavirus-related disease diagnosis.},
journal = {Archives of virology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33492524},
issn = {1432-8798},
abstract = {Coronaviruses (CoV) are a family of viral pathogens that infect both birds and mammals, including humans. Seven human coronaviruses (HCoV) have been recognized so far. HCoV-229E, -OC43, -NL63, and -HKU1 account for one-third of common colds with mild symptoms. The other three members are severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. These viruses are responsible for SARS, MERS, and CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19), respectively. A variety of diagnostic techniques, including chest X-rays, computer tomography (CT) scans, analysis of viral nucleic acids, proteins, or whole virions, and host antibody detection using serological assays have been developed for the detection of these viruses. In this review, we discuss conventional serological tests, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blot (WB), immunofluorescence assay (IFA), lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), and chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), as well as biosensor-based assays that have been developed for diagnosing HCoV-associated diseases since 2003, with an in-depth focus on COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid33491915,
year = {2021},
author = {Zelikin, AN and Stellacci, F},
title = {Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents Based on Multivalent Inhibitors of Viral Infectivity.},
journal = {Advanced healthcare materials},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e2001433},
doi = {10.1002/adhm.202001433},
pmid = {33491915},
issn = {2192-2659},
support = {4184-00177//Independent Research Fund Denmark/ ; //Teknologi og Produktion, Det Frie Forskningsråd/ ; //H2020 European Research Council/ ; },
abstract = {The ongoing pandemic of the coronavirus disease (Covid-19), caused by the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2), highlights the need for broad-spectrum antiviral drugs. In this Essay, it is argued that such agents already exist and are readily available while highlighting the challenges that remain to translate them into the clinic. Multivalent inhibitors of viral infectivity based on polymers or supramolecular agents and nanoparticles are shown to be broadly acting against diverse pathogens in vitro as well as in vivo. Furthermore, uniquely, such agents can be virucidal. Polymers and nanoparticles are stable, do not require cold chain of transportation and storage, and can be obtained on large scale. Specifically, for the treatment of respiratory viruses and pulmonary diseases, these agents can be administered via inhalation/nebulization, as is currently investigated in clinical trials as a treatment against SARS CoV-2/Covid-19. It is believed that with due optimization and clinical validation, multivalent inhibitors of viral infectivity can claim their rightful position as broad-spectrum antiviral agents.},
}

@article {pmid33491422,
year = {2021},
author = {Alamin, AA and Yahia, AIO},
title = {Hematological Parameters Predict Disease Severity and Progression in Patients with COVID-19: a Review Article.},
journal = {Clinical laboratory},
volume = {67},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.7754/Clin.Lab.2020.200655},
pmid = {33491422},
issn = {1433-6510},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: In December 2019, an outbreak of pneumonia of no identifiable cause had been widely spreading in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. In late December 2019, the pathogen was identified as a new strain of coronavirus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and its associated disease, named Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). As of July 3, 2020, 10,906,822 cases have been confirmed worldwide, with 522,112 deaths, as reported by the World Health Organization. Given the developing situation with COVID-19, extensive studies are urgently needed that determine indicators of severity to provide evidence for health policymakers. This study aimed to review the currently available data on hematological parameters to predict disease severity in patients of COVID-19.

METHODS: We performed a review using three electronic databases. Fourteen papers are included. In this review, we summarized the latest research highlighting the clinical features, pathogenesis, and diagnosis, with a concentration on hematological parameters that predict severity to help identify patients with severe disease. These indicators will help doctors know earlier which patients may need intensive care unit (ICU) care to manage their patients with an evidence-based protocol.

RESULTS: Most reviewed studies report hematological parameters that predict disease severity, including lymphopenia and elevated fibrin fragment D.

CONCLUSIONS: We recommend using these indicators in addition to others, like respiratory failure, shock, or multiple organs dysfunction syndrome, for disease classification in situations where there are insufficient ventilators or ICU beds to prioritize advanced medical services accordingly and to ensure the maximum provision of sufficient medical care.},
}

@article {pmid33491254,
year = {2021},
author = {Benetti, F and Del Prete, SH and Glanc, M and Navia, D},
title = {COVID-19: An Argentinian perspective.},
journal = {Journal of cardiac surgery},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/jocs.15235},
pmid = {33491254},
issn = {1540-8191},
abstract = {At the time of this writing (July 6, 2020), the mortality rate reported for COVID-19 in Argentina was <2%. Also, the country's critical care beds are ≤63% occupied. This achievement results from the excellent coordination and action by the Argentine Ministry of Health together with the 23 provinces and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires of the nation for now.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Regarding cardiovascular care for patients over 65 years of age, a more accurate analysis could be performed when two comparative half-yearly periods corresponding to the years 2019 and 2020 (pandemic time) were compared. The data collected regarding this age range revealed issues that had not previously been evaluated in our country. That undoubtedly proposes a different solution for the future based on a strict scientific analysis.

RESULTS: The ratio of patients who received stents to those that underwent coronary surgery was 6 to 1, while the ratio of patients who had off-pump surgery to those that underwent minimally invasive surgery was 69 to 1.

CONCLUSION: An Argentinian perspective regarding cardiovascular care is good because the country has an excellent level of qualified medical training in its cardiac surgery and interventional cardiology services, as well as healthcare infrastructure distributed throughout the country, which will undoubtedly be able to respond to the new challenges posed by the post-pandemic period.},
}

@article {pmid33491195,
year = {2021},
author = {Carlsten, C and Gulati, M and Hines, S and Rose, C and Scott, K and Tarlo, SM and Torén, K and Sood, A and de la Hoz, RE},
title = {COVID-19 as an occupational disease.},
journal = {American journal of industrial medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/ajim.23222},
pmid = {33491195},
issn = {1097-0274},
abstract = {The impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 permeates all aspects of society worldwide. Initial medical reports and media coverage have increased awareness of the risk imposed on healthcare workers in particular, during this pandemic. However, the health implications of COVID-19 for the global workforce are multifaceted and complex, warranting careful reflection and consideration to mitigate the adverse effects on workers worldwide. Accordingly, our review offers a framework for considering this topic, highlighting key issues, with the aim to prompt and inform action, including research, to minimize the occupational hazards imposed by this ongoing challenge. We address respiratory disease as a primary concern, while recognizing the multisystem spectrum of COVID-19-related disease and how clinical aspects are interwoven with broader socioeconomic forces.},
}

@article {pmid33491107,
year = {2021},
author = {Kovacevic, P and Meyer, FJ and Gajic, O},
title = {Successful implementation of modern critical care in the low-resources country Bosnia and Herzegovina : Single-center experience.},
journal = {Medizinische Klinik, Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33491107},
issn = {2193-6226},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Critical care medicine is a relatively young discipline, developed in the mid-1950s in response to the outbreak of poliomyelitis. The mass application of mechanical ventilation and its subsequent technical advancement helped manage large numbers of patients with respiratory failure. This branch of medicine evolved much faster in high-income (HIC) than low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Seventy years later, mankind's encounter with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents another major challenge for critical care medicine especially in LMIC countries where over two thirds of the world population live.

METHODS: Systematic analysis of written documents related to the establishment of the first multidisciplinary medical intensive care unit (MICU) in Bosnia and Herzegovina and its development to the present day.

RESULTS: We describe the experience of setting up a modern critical care program under LMIC constraints as a promising way forward to meet the increased worldwide demand for critical care. Successful development is contingent on formal education and continued mentorship from HIC, establishment of a multidisciplinary team, the support from local health care authorities, development of a formal subspecialty training, academic faculty development, and research. Novel technologies including tele-education provide additional opportunities for rapid development and dissemination of critical care medicine programs in LMIC.

CONCLUSION: Critical care medicine is a critical public health need in HIC and LMIC alike. The challenges associated with the coronavirus pandemic should serve as a wakeup call for rapid development of critical care programs around the world.},
}

@article {pmid33490967,
year = {2021},
author = {Nemati, R and Ganjoo, M and Jadidi, F and Tanha, A and Baghbani, R},
title = {Electrocardiography in Early Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Complications of COVID-19; a Systematic Literature Review.},
journal = {Archives of academic emergency medicine},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {e10},
pmid = {33490967},
issn = {2645-4904},
abstract = {Introduction: Many reports have stated that patients admitted for COVID-19 may also suffer from cardiovascular diseases, suggesting cardiovascular involvement in COVID-19. Since there is direct association between electrocardiography (ECG) data and the prognosis of cardiovascular disease, a systematic literature review was performed in the present study to address this association and make a conclusive agreement on the early diagnostic and prognostic values of ECG in patients with COVID-19.

Methods: Electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Ovid, Embase, and Google Scholar were searched for "COVID-19" and "ECG" using all their equivalents and similar terms as search words. Afterwards, the records were limited to English articles and irrelevant documents, as well as articles that reported drug-induced cardiac dysfunction or patients with previous history of cardiovascular complications were excluded.

Results: Overall, 31 articles with 2379 patients were found and used for qualitative data extraction. Findings showed that there is a significant association between COVID-19 infection and ECG findings. Also, ST-segment changes, T wave inversions, QT prolongation, and atrial fibrillation were found to be early indicators of cardiac involvement of COVID-19, which were associated with worse outcomes.

Conclusion: It is recommended to use ECG as a valuable diagnostic and prognostic tool for cardiac evaluation of patients with COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid33490964,
year = {2021},
author = {Sharifi, M and Asadi-Pooya, AA and Mousavi-Roknabadi, RS},
title = {Burnout among Healthcare Providers of COVID-19; a Systematic Review of Epidemiology and Recommendations.},
journal = {Archives of academic emergency medicine},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {e7},
pmid = {33490964},
issn = {2645-4904},
abstract = {Introduction: In the current systematic review, we intended to systematically review the epidemiology of burnout and the strategies and recommendations to prevent or reduce it among healthcare providers (HCPs) of COVID-19 wards, so that policymakers can make more appropriate decisions.

Methods: MEDLINE (accessed from PubMed), Science Direct, and Scopus electronic databases were systematically searched in English from December 01, 2019 to August 15, 2020, using MESH terms and related keywords. After reading the title and the abstract, unrelated studies were excluded. The full texts of the studies were evaluated by authors, independently, and the quality of the studies was determined. Then, the data were extracted and reported.

Results: 12 studies were included. Five studies investigated the risks factors associated with burnout; none could establish a causal relationship because of their methodology. No study examined any intervention to prevent or reduce burnout, and the provided recommendations were based on the authors' experiences and opinions. None of the studies followed up the participants, and all assessments were done according to the participants' self-reporting and declaration. Assessing burnout in the HCPs working in the frontline wards was performed in four studies; others evaluated burnout among all HCPs working in the regular and frontline wards.

Conclusion: Paying attention to the mental health issues, reducing the workload of HCPs through adjusting their work shifts, reducing job-related stressors, and creating a healthy work environment may prevent or reduce the burnout.},
}

@article {pmid33490876,
year = {2021},
author = {Yeganegi, M and Fattahi, P},
title = {Management and Prevention of Cerebrovascular Accidents in SARS-CoV-2-Positive Patients Recovering from COVID-19: a Case Report and Review of Literature.},
journal = {SN comprehensive clinical medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-12},
doi = {10.1007/s42399-021-00744-3},
pmid = {33490876},
issn = {2523-8973},
abstract = {We discuss the current understanding of COVID-19's neurological implications, their basis, and the evolving clinical consensus with a focus on cerebrovascular stroke. We further illustrate the potential significance of these implications with the aid of an accompanying case report outlining the disease course and treatment of a COVID-19 patient suffering from ischemic stroke and pulmonary embolism. The ever-growing strain on the global healthcare system due to the spread of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 requires focused attention on urgent care of independent, coexisting, and associated comorbidities, including cerebrovascular accidents. For illustration purposes, we outline the case of a 68-year-old female presenting with COVID-19 subsequently complicated by bilateral pulmonary embolism and a right-sided cerebrovascular accident. The patient was successfully managed pharmacologically and discharged without significant neurological deficit. The evidence for a hypercoagulable state in this patient along with discussion of mechanistic bases, corroborative evidence from the literature, along with relevant guidance on screening, treatment, and prophylaxis is offered. Greater study of the pathogenesis of COVID-19-related cerebrovascular complications and revisiting current guidelines on their management including potentially heightened levels of thromboprophylaxis are warranted.},
}

@article {pmid33490851,
year = {2021},
author = {Meyer-Frießem, CH and Gierthmühlen, J and Baron, R and Sommer, C and Üçeyler, N and Enax-Krumova, EK},
title = {Pain during and after COVID-19 in Germany and worldwide: a narrative review of current knowledge.},
journal = {Pain reports},
volume = {6},
number = {1},
pages = {e893},
doi = {10.1097/PR9.0000000000000893},
pmid = {33490851},
issn = {2471-2531},
abstract = {Pain is a common symptom accompanying the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Nonspecific discomfort such as sore throat and body ache are frequent. Parainfectious pain such as headache, myalgia, or neuropathic pain has also been reported. The latter seems to be associated with an autoimmune response or an affection of the peripheral neuromuscular system or the central nervous system because of the viral infection. Furthermore, chronic pain can be a complication of intensive care unit treatment due to COVID-19 itself (such as intensive care-acquired weakness) or of secondary diseases associated with the SARS-CoV-2 infection, including Guillain-Barré syndrome, polyneuritis, critical illness polyneuropathy, or central pain following cerebrovascular events. Data on long-lasting painful symptoms after clinically manifest COVID-19 and their consequences are lacking. In addition, preexisting chronic pain may be exacerbated by limited and disrupted health care and the psychological burden of the COVID-19 pandemic. Medical providers should be vigilant on pain during and after COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid33490695,
year = {2021},
author = {Mustapha, JO and Abdullahi, IN and Ajagbe, OOR and Emeribe, AU and Fasogbon, SA and Onoja, SO and Ugwu, CE and Umeozuru, CM and Ajayi, FO and Tanko, WN and Omosigho, PO and Aliyu, AS and Shuwa, HA and Nwofe, JO and Dangana, A and Alaba, O and Ghamba, PE and Ibrahim, Y and Aliyu, D and Animasaun, OS and Ugboaja, NB and Baba Mallam, MA and Abubakar, SD and Aminu, MS and Yahaya, H and Oyewusi, S},
title = {Understanding the implications of SARS-CoV-2 re-infections on immune response milieu, laboratory tests and control measures against COVID-19.},
journal = {Heliyon},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {e05951},
doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05951},
pmid = {33490695},
issn = {2405-8440},
abstract = {Several months after the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), cases of re-infection after recovery were reported. The extent and duration of protective immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection is not fully understood. As such, the possibility of re-infection with SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, cases of re-infection were mainly due to different variants or mutant SARS-CoV-2. Following the fast and pandemic-scale spread of COVID-19, mutations in SARS-CoV-2 have raised new diagnostic challenges which include the redesign of the oligonucleotide sequences used in RT-PCR assays to avoid potential primer-sample mismatches, and decrease sensitivities. Since the initial wave of the pandemic, some regions had experienced fresh outbreaks, predisposing people to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 re-infection. Hence, this article sought to offer detailed biology of SARS-CoV-2 re-infections and their implications on immune response milieu, diagnostic laboratory tests and control measures against COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid33490659,
year = {2021},
author = {Nagoor Meeran, MF and Seenipandi, A and Javed, H and Sharma, C and Hashiesh, HM and Goyal, SN and Jha, NK and Ojha, S},
title = {Can limonene be a possible candidate for evaluation as an agent or adjuvant against infection, immunity, and inflammation in COVID-19?.},
journal = {Heliyon},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {e05703},
doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05703},
pmid = {33490659},
issn = {2405-8440},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an ongoing pandemic and presents a public health emergency. It has affected millions of people and continues to affect more, despite the tremendous social preventive measures. The therapeutic strategy relies on suppressing infectivity and inflammation, along with immune modulation. The identification of candidate drugs effective for COVID-19 is crucial, thus many natural products including phytochemicals are also being proposed for repurposing and evaluated for their potential in COVID-19. Among numerous phytochemicals, limonene (LMN), a dietary terpene of natural origin has been recently showed to target viral proteins in the in-silico studies. LMN is one of the main compounds identified in many citrus plants, available and accessible in diets and well-studied for its therapeutic benefits. Due to dietary nature, relative safety and efficacy along with favorable physicochemical properties, LMN has been suggested to be a fascinating candidate for further investigation in COVID-19. LMN showed to modulate numerous signaling pathways and inhibits inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, prostanoids, and eicosanoids. We hypothesized that given the pathogenesis of COVID-19 involving infection, inflammation, and immunity, LMN may have potential to limit the severity and progression of the disease owing to its immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties. The present article discusses the possibilities of LMN in SARS-CoV-2 infections based on its immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties. Though, the suggestion on the possible use of LMN in COVID-19 remains inconclusive until the in-silico effects confirmed in the experimental studies and further proof of the concept studies. The candidature of LMN in COVID-19 treatment somewhat appear speculative but cannot be overlooked provided favorable physiochemical and druggable properties. The safety and efficacy of LMN are necessary to be established in preclinical and clinical studies before making suggestions for use in humans.},
}

@article {pmid33490361,
year = {2020},
author = {Ng, KP and Chiew, HJ and Hameed, S and Ting, SKS and Ng, A and Soo, SA and Wong, BYX and Lim, L and Yong, ACW and Mok, VCT and Rosa-Neto, P and Dominguez, J and Kim, S and Hsiung, GYR and Ikeda, M and Miller, BL and Gauthier, S and Kandiah, N},
title = {Frontotemporal dementia and COVID-19: Hypothesis generation and roadmap for future research.},
journal = {Alzheimer's & dementia (New York, N. Y.)},
volume = {6},
number = {1},
pages = {e12085},
doi = {10.1002/trc2.12085},
pmid = {33490361},
issn = {2352-8737},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has caused tremendous suffering for patients with dementia and their caregivers. We conducted a survey to study the impact of the pandemic on patients with mild frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Our preliminary findings demonstrate that patients with FTD have significant worsening in behavior and social cognition, as well as suffer greater negative consequences from disruption to health-care services compared to patients with AD. The reduced ability to cope with sudden changes to social environments places patients with FTD at increased vulnerability to COVID-19 infection as well as to poorer clinical and social outcomes. Caregivers of FTD patients also demonstrate high burden during crisis situations. A proportion of patients with FTD benefitted from use of web-based interactive platforms. In this article, we outline the priority areas for research as well as a roadmap for future collaborative research to ensure greatest benefit for patients with FTD and their caregivers.},
}

@article {pmid33490198,
year = {2020},
author = {Hokello, J and Sharma, AL and Shukla, GC and Tyagi, M},
title = {A narrative review on the basic and clinical aspects of the novel SARS-CoV-2, the etiologic agent of COVID-19.},
journal = {Annals of translational medicine},
volume = {8},
number = {24},
pages = {1686},
doi = {10.21037/atm-20-5272},
pmid = {33490198},
issn = {2305-5839},
abstract = {The novel SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for causing the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), a systemic infection in humans. Ever since it was first detected in December 2019, the number of confirmed cases has continued to increase. Within a short period, this disease has become a global issue, and therefore it is characterized as a pandemic. The current understanding and explanations are based on epidemiological, clinical and physiological observations. Besides, it remains a great challenge, as much remains to be understood about this new disease-causing virus. Therefore, we seek to provide an overview of SARS-CoV-2, including its classification, origin, genomic structure, replication cycle, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical aspects, diagnosis, treatments, prevention and vaccine options. We conducted a literature search for the articles published up to August 2020 using the keywords 'SAR-CoV-2' and 'COVID19' in medical databases; PubMed, google scholar, EMBASE, and web of science. Based on the information collected, the emerging COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, exhibits strong infectivity but less virulence in terms of severity of disease and mortality rates in certain age groups. It inflicts more damage in terms of peoples' health and well-being, social life, and global economic impacts. Unfortunately, there is no adequate global and standard response to this pandemic to date, and each country is facing a crisis based on its situation, expertise, and hypotheses. While there is no effective therapy and vaccine against the novel SARS-CoV-2 yet, preventive measures are the only tool available to our disposal to control the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Ongoing and future research is focused more on developing standard treatment strategies, and efficacious vaccines, which would be useful to tackle this pandemic globally.},
}

@article {pmid33490143,
year = {2020},
author = {Liu, Z and Tong, Y and Wu, J and Du, L and Wei, C and Cui, W and Cao, Y and Chen, M and Cai, Z and Chen, W and Ding, H and Guan, M and Guo, W and Gao, C and Hao, X and Hu, C and Huang, S and Jiang, Y and Li, J and Li, P and Li, Z and Ming, L and Pan, S and Shen, Z and Su, J and Sun, Z and Wang, H and Wang, J and Xu, B and Yu, N and Zheng, L and Zhang, Y and Zhang, X and Zhang, Y and Duan, Y and Wang, C},
title = {Chinese Expert Consensus on the Nucleic Acid Detection of SARS-CoV-2.},
journal = {Annals of translational medicine},
volume = {8},
number = {24},
pages = {1631},
doi = {10.21037/atm-20-4060},
pmid = {33490143},
issn = {2305-5839},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has already become a pandemic wherein the infection's timely diagnosis has proven beneficial to patient treatment and disease control. Nucleic acid detection has been the primary laboratory diagnostic method for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. To ensure laboratory staff safety and quality nucleic acid testing, the Chinese Society of Laboratory Medicine formulated this consensus, based on the Chinese National Recommendations and previous literature for nucleic acid detection. A working group comprises 34 hospital professionals experience with real-time polymerase chain reactions (PCR) testing for SARS-CoV-2 drafted guidance statements during online discussions. A modified Delphi methodology was used in forming a consensus among a wider group of hospital professionals with SARS-CoV-2 detection experience. Guidance statements were developed for four categories: (I) specimen type, priority, collecting, transportation and receiving; (II) nucleic acid isolation and amplification; (III) quality control; (IV) biosafety management and decontamination. The modified Delphi voting process included a total of 29 guidance statements and final agreement. Consensus was reached after two rounds of voting. Recommendations were established for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 using real time PCR testing based on evidence and group consensus. The manuscript was evaluated against The Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation Instrument (AGREE II) and was developed to aid medical laboratory staff in the detection of the ribonucleic acid (RNA) of SARS-CoV-2.},
}

@article {pmid33490124,
year = {2020},
author = {Alagawany, M and Attia, YA and Farag, MR and Elnesr, SS and Nagadi, SA and Shafi, ME and Khafaga, AF and Ohran, H and Alaqil, AA and Abd El-Hack, ME},
title = {The Strategy of Boosting the Immune System Under the COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Frontiers in veterinary science},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {570748},
doi = {10.3389/fvets.2020.570748},
pmid = {33490124},
issn = {2297-1769},
abstract = {The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection (COVID-19) has raised considerable concern on the entire planet. On March 11, 2020, COVID-19 was categorized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a pandemic infection, and by March 18, 2020, it has spread to 146 countries. The first internal defense line against numerous diseases is personalized immunity. Although it cannot be claimed that personalized nutrition will have an immediate impact on a global pandemic, as the nutritional interventions required a long time to induce beneficial outcomes on immunity development, nutritional strategies are still able to clarify and have a beneficial influence on the interplay between physiology and diet, which could make a positive contribution to the condition in the next period. As such, a specific goal for every practitioner is to evaluate different tests to perceive the status of the patient, such as markers of inflammation, insulin regulation, and nutrient status, and to detect possible imbalances or deficiencies. During the process of disease development, the supplementation and addition of different nutrients and nutraceuticals can influence not only the viral replication but also the cellular mechanisms. It is essential to understand that every patient has its individual needs. Even though many nutrients, nutraceuticals, and drugs have beneficial effects on the immune response and can prevent or ameliorate viral infections, it is essential to detect at what stage in COVID-19 progression the patient is at the moment and decide what kind of nutrition intervention is necessary. Furthermore, understanding the pathogenesis of coronavirus infection is critical to make proper recommendations.},
}

@article {pmid33489841,
year = {2020},
author = {Garg, MK and Gopalakrishnan, M and Yadav, P and Misra, S},
title = {Endocrine Involvement in COVID-19: Mechanisms, Clinical Features, and Implications for Care.},
journal = {Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism},
volume = {24},
number = {5},
pages = {381-386},
doi = {10.4103/ijem.IJEM_440_20},
pmid = {33489841},
issn = {2230-8210},
abstract = {Coronavirus 2019 (COVID -19) has rapidly emerged as a global pandemic with multi-system involvement. Involvement of the endocrine system is expected in COVID-19 as the interplay between severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS CoV-2) and the endocrine system occurs at multiple levels. The widespread presence of ACE-2 receptors on various tissues suggests scope for direct viral infection. The interactions via the activation of inflammatory mediators and indirect immune-mediated damage are also postulated. Evidence so far suggests that COVID-19 can cause functional hypopituitarism by direct and indirect effects on the hypothalamo-pituitary axis resulting in inappropriate adrenal response to stress. Several reports highlight possible immune-mediated damage to thyroid glands resulting in subacute thyroiditis. COVID-19 is implicated in precipitating hyperglycemia in known diabetics and uncovering insulin resistance in those previously undiagnosed. COVID-19 has also been shown to trigger Type 1 Diabetes with ketosis. Various mechanisms including direct virus-induced beta cell apoptosis and immune-mediated beta-cell damage have been demonstrated. The presence of virus in semen has unclear clinical significance at present. In this mini-review summarize the endocrine manifestations reported so far in COVID-19 disease and explore mechanisms to decipher how SARS CoV-2 may affect various endocrine organs.},
}

@article {pmid33489733,
year = {2020},
author = {Landini, N and Orlandi, M and Fusaro, M and Ciet, P and Nardi, C and Bertolo, S and Catalanotti, V and Matucci-Cerinic, M and Colagrande, S and Morana, G},
title = {The Role of Imaging in COVID-19 Pneumonia Diagnosis and Management: Main Positions of the Experts, Key Imaging Features and Open Answers.},
journal = {Journal of cardiovascular echography},
volume = {30},
number = {Suppl 2},
pages = {S25-S30},
doi = {10.4103/jcecho.jcecho_59_20},
pmid = {33489733},
issn = {2211-4122},
abstract = {Lung imaging is widely involved in facing the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. In fact, the COVID-19 infection may lead to a rapidly evolving and potentially fatal pneumonia. Moreover, computed tomography (CT) can be more sensitive than the COVID-19 reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction test, especially at the beginning of the disease. Only patients with mild features consistent with COVID-19 infection, negative COVID-19 test, or positive COVID-19 test but at low risk for disease progression should avoid imaging. However, imaging becomes mandatory if respiratory symptoms worsen. A CT pattern classification has been designed to help both radiologists and clinicians. The typical pattern of COVID-19 is depicted by multifocal, bilateral, and peripheral ground-glass opacities (with or without consolidations or crazy paving) or findings of organizing pneumonia. Moreover, CT has demonstrated a prognostic role in patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia. Lung ultrasounds (LUS) are an emergent tool in the diagnosis of the disease. The adoption of LUS combined to chest X-rays in COVID-19 in pneumonia diagnosis is an interesting prospect that needs to be confirmed.},
}

@article {pmid33489732,
year = {2020},
author = {Cresti, A and Barchitta, A and Barbieri, A and Monte, IP and Trocino, G and Ciampi, Q and Miceli, S and Petrella, L and Jaric, E and Solari, M and Basso, C and Pepi, M and Antonini-Canterin, F},
title = {Echocardiography and Multimodality Cardiac Imaging in COVID-19 Patients.},
journal = {Journal of cardiovascular echography},
volume = {30},
number = {Suppl 2},
pages = {S18-S24},
doi = {10.4103/jcecho.jcecho_58_20},
pmid = {33489732},
issn = {2211-4122},
abstract = {The pandemic caused by the new SARS-CoV-2, named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease, has challenged the health-care systems and raised new diagnostic pathways and safety issues for cardiac imagers. Myocardial injury may complicate COVID-19 infection in more than a quarter of patients and due to the wide a range of possible insults, cardiac imaging plays a crucial diagnostic and prognostic role. There is still little evidence regarding the best-imaging pathway and the echocardiographic findings. Most of the data derive from the single centers experiences and case-reports; therefore, our review reflects the recommendations mainly based on expert opinion. Moreover, knowledge is constantly evolving. The health-care system and physicians are called to reorganize the diagnostic pathways to minimize the possibility of spreading the infection. Thus a rapid, bedside, ultrasound assessment of the heart, chest, and leg veins by point-of-care ultrasound seems to be the first-line tool of the fight against the SARS-CoV-2. A second Level of cardiac imaging is appropriate when the result may guide decision-making or may be life-saving. Dedicated scanners should be used and special pathways should be reserved for these patients. The current knowledge on cardiac imaging COVID-19 patients is reviewed.},
}

@article {pmid33489730,
year = {2020},
author = {Cianci, V and Zanatta, M},
title = {Lung Ultrasound in the COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Journal of cardiovascular echography},
volume = {30},
number = {Suppl 2},
pages = {S6-S10},
doi = {10.4103/jcecho.jcecho_50_20},
pmid = {33489730},
issn = {2211-4122},
abstract = {Lung ultrasound (LUS) is one of the most important and innovative applications in emergency and critical care medicine for the management of critically ill patients. Ultrasound has been widely used in the COVID-19 pandemic as an extremely reliable technique and has proved to have a key role in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with acute respiratory failure. The diagnostic accuracy of LUS is higher than chest X-ray and similar to computed tomography, which is considered the gold standard. COVID-19 pneumonia has some distinctive ultrasonographic signs but not pathognomonic, and LUS significantly improves the management of COVID-19 patients speeding up the diagnostic path. The examination is bedside; reduces the risk of contamination, avoiding mobilization of the patients; cuts down the amount of radioactive exposure; and gives real-time answers to many diagnostic and therapeutic doubts. Finally, the instruments are small and the scanner and the probes can be protected from contamination easily.},
}

@article {pmid33489729,
year = {2020},
author = {Barchitta, A and Pepi, M and Monte, IP and Trocino, G and Barbieri, A and Ciampi, Q and Cresti, A and Miceli, S and Petrella, L and Benedetto, F and Daniele, M and Antonini-Canterin, F},
title = {Lung Semiotics Ultrasound in COVID-19 Infection.},
journal = {Journal of cardiovascular echography},
volume = {30},
number = {Suppl 2},
pages = {S1-S5},
doi = {10.4103/jcecho.jcecho_53_20},
pmid = {33489729},
issn = {2211-4122},
abstract = {This paper aims to highlight the usefulness of "bedside" lung ultrasound in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The evaluation of lung artifacts allows to detect at the subpleural level the presence of an altered "tissue/air" ratio both in case of consolidative or not consolidative lung lesions. Furthermore, lung ultrasound allows acquiring topographical images of the lesions, establishing their extension on the lung surface as well as their evolution or regression over time, without radiation exposure. Since ultrasound semiotics is already widely known and described in other similar diseases (acute respiratory distress syndrome, interstitial flu virus, and pneumonia), thoracic ultrasound is a useful diagnostic tool in different scenarios in the COVID-19 pandemic: in the first triage of symptomatic patients, both in the prehospital setting or in the emergency department, in the prognostic stratification and monitoring of patients with pneumonia, and in the management of patients in the intensive care unit. Moreover, "bedside" lung ultrasound can reduce the number of health-care workers exposed to the virus during patient assessment and treatment.},
}

@article {pmid33489475,
year = {2020},
author = {Talotta, R and Roberston, ES},
title = {Perspectives: potential therapeutic approach with inhalation of ACE2-derived peptides for SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
journal = {American journal of clinical and experimental immunology},
volume = {9},
number = {5},
pages = {73-80},
pmid = {33489475},
issn = {2164-7712},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: ACE2 is crucially involved in the infection sustained by SARS-CoV-2, as it allows the entry of the virus into target cells while counteracting local inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. In this narrative review, we aim to discuss the usefulness of ACE2-derived peptides in the infection sustained by SARS-CoV-2.

METHODS: A total of 49 papers pertinent to the purpose of the review were selected from the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Clinical trials registered at ClinicalTrials.gov and dealing with the use of ACE2-derived medications in COVID-19 were also searched and discussed.

RESULTS: Preclinical and clinical evidence shows that drugs mimicking or potentiating the effects of ACE2 may reduce the viral load and dampen the inflammatory and fibrotic pathways leading to respiratory distress. ACE2-derived therapeutic peptides may have a better pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile than other ACE2-based medications. They could be easily screened through peptide libraries and chemically modified in order to ameliorate the pharmacological properties. Furthermore, their local administration via an intranasal delivery or inhalation may reduce the risk of systemic side effects, thus conferring a good safety profile.

CONCLUSION: ACE2-derived peptides may play a dual beneficial role in COVID-19, by either preventing virus spread or inhibiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators in airways. Viral, host, and environmental factors may affect the effectiveness of this therapeutic approach to a various extent and represent therefore a matter of investigation for future studies.},
}

@article {pmid33489438,
year = {2020},
author = {Zamd, M and Mtioui, N and Maoujoud, O and Ramdani, B},
title = {An unorthodox pathophysiology of severe cases of COVID-19 the weak heme hypothesis.},
journal = {American journal of blood research},
volume = {10},
number = {6},
pages = {305-310},
pmid = {33489438},
issn = {2160-1992},
abstract = {Important amount of severe cases is the main concern in COVID-19 pandemic. It could be the running cause of the burn out of the health system in many countries. The aim of this paper is to suggest a pathophysiologic hypothesis to explain the main characteristics of severe cases of COVID-19 and its underlying conditions. In fact, the clinical and biological picture of severe cases of COVID-19 can easily be explained by free heme toxicity exceeding the endogenous antioxidant systems. Severe cases of COVID-19 are comparable to acute porphyria. On the other hand, the geographical distribution of severe cases of COVID-19 is directly associated to how fresh or polluted the air is. Finally, the relatively low rate of severe cases of COVID-19 could be explained by the presence of an unstable hemoglobin variant highly sensitive to the intrinsic conditions resulting from the acute pneumonia secondary to SARS-CoV2 infection. The combination of air pollution and free heme toxicity, resulting from the interaction between an unstable hemoglobin variant and SARS-CoV2 infection, seems to be the best scheme to explain clinical and biological manifestations in severe COVID-19. The arguments to support this hypothesis are detailed. We also propose some strategies to verify the concordance of our hypothesis with the reality and the implications it could have, if verified, either for scientists and decision makers.},
}

@article {pmid33489355,
year = {2020},
author = {Kamyshnyi, A and Krynytska, I and Matskevych, V and Marushchak, M and Lushchak, O},
title = {Arterial Hypertension as a Risk Comorbidity Associated with COVID-19 Pathology.},
journal = {International journal of hypertension},
volume = {2020},
number = {},
pages = {8019360},
doi = {10.1155/2020/8019360},
pmid = {33489355},
issn = {2090-0384},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an ongoing global public health challenge. Current clinical data suggest that, in COVID-19 patients, arterial hypertension (AH) is one of the most common cardiovascular comorbidities; it can worsen outcomes and increase the risk of admission to intensive care unit (ICU). The exact mechanisms through which AH contributes to the poor prognosis in COVID-19 are not yet clear. The putative relationship between AH and COVID-19 may be linked to the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a key element of the AH pathophysiology. Another mechanism connecting AH and COVID-19 is the dysregulation of the immune system resulting in a cytokine storm, mediated by an imbalanced response of T helper cells subtypes. Therefore, it is essential to optimize blood pressure control in hypertensive patients and monitor them carefully for cardiovascular and other complications for the duration of COVID-19 infection. The question whether AH-linked ACE2 gene polymorphisms increase the risk and/or worsen the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection should also receive further consideration.},
}

@article {pmid33489115,
year = {2021},
author = {Reddy Vegivinti, CT and Pederson, JM and Saravu, K and Gupta, N and Barrett, A and Davis, AR and Kallmes, KM and Evanson, KW},
title = {Remdesivir therapy in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.},
journal = {Annals of medicine and surgery (2012)},
volume = {62},
number = {},
pages = {43-48},
doi = {10.1016/j.amsu.2020.12.051},
pmid = {33489115},
issn = {2049-0801},
abstract = {Purpose: To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that examined remdesivir treatment for COVID-19.

Materials and methods: A systematic literature search was performed using Pubmed, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov to identify studies published up to October 25, 2020 that examined COVID-19 treatment with remdesivir. A total of 3 randomized controlled trials that consisted of 1691 patients were included in the meta-analysis.

Results: The odds for mechanical ventilation (MV) or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) following treatment was significantly lower in the remdesivir group compared to the control group (OR = 0.48 [95% CI: 0.34; 0.69], p < 0.001). The odds of early (at day 14/15; OR = 1.42 [95% CI: 1.16; 1.74], p < 0.001) and late (at day 28/29; OR = 1.44 [95% CI: 1.16; 1.79], p = 0.001) hospital discharge were significantly higher in the remdesivir group compared to the control group. There was no difference in the odds for mortality in patients treated with remdesivir (OR = 0.77 [95% CI: 0.56; 1.06], p = 0.108).

Conclusions: Remdesivir attenuates disease progression, leading to lower odds of MV/ECMO and greater odds of hospital discharge for COVID-19 patients. However, remdesivir does not affect odds of mortality.},
}

@article {pmid33488836,
year = {2021},
author = {Acquah, C and Jeevanandam, J and Tan, KX and Danquah, MK},
title = {Engineered Aptamers for Enhanced COVID-19 Theranostics.},
journal = {Cellular and molecular bioengineering},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-13},
doi = {10.1007/s12195-020-00664-7},
pmid = {33488836},
issn = {1865-5025},
abstract = {Introduction: The 2019-novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an intractable global health challenge resulting in an aberrant rate of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The mode of entry for SARS-CoV-2 into host cells occurs through clathrin-mediated endocytosis. As part of the efforts to mitigate COVID-19 infections, rapid and accurate detection methods, as well as smart vaccine and drug designs with SARS-CoV-2 targeting capabilities are critically needed. This systematic review aimed to present a good mapping between the structural and functional characteristics of aptamers and their potential applications in COVID-19 theranostics.

Methods: In this study, extensive discussions into the potential development of aptameric systems as robust theranostics for rapid mitigation of the virulent SARS-CoV-2 was made. Information required for this study were extracted from a systematic review of literature in PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science (WOS), and other official related reports from reputable organisations.

Results: The global burden of COVID-19 pandemic was discussed including the progress in rapid detection, repurposing of existing antiviral drugs, and development of prophylactic vaccines. Aptamers have highly specific and stable target binding characteristics which can be generated and engineered with less complexity for COVID-19 targeted theranostic applications.

Conclusions: There is an urgent need to develop safe innovative biomedical technologies to mitigate the dire impact of COVID-19 on public health worldwide. Research advances into aptameric systems bode well with the fact that they can be engineered for the development of effective and affordable diagnostics, therapeutics and prophylactic vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 and other infectious pathogens.},
}

@article {pmid33488597,
year = {2020},
author = {Tavasolian, F and Rashidi, M and Hatam, GR and Jeddi, M and Hosseini, AZ and Mosawi, SH and Abdollahi, E and Inman, RD},
title = {HLA, Immune Response, and Susceptibility to COVID-19.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {601886},
doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2020.601886},
pmid = {33488597},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {The severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that appeared in December 2019 has precipitated the global pandemic Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, in many parts of Africa fewer than expected cases of COVID-19, with lower rates of mortality, have been reported. Individual human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles can affect both the susceptibility and the severity of viral infections. In the case of COVID-19 such an analysis may contribute to identifying individuals at higher risk of the disease and the epidemiological level to understanding the differences between countries in the epidemic patterns. It is also recognized that first antigen exposure influences the consequence of subsequent exposure. We thus propose a theory incorporating HLA antigens, the "original antigenic sin (OAS)" effect, and presentation of viral peptides which could explain with differential susceptibility or resistance to SARS-CoV-2 infections.},
}

@article {pmid33488596,
year = {2020},
author = {Fathi, A and Addo, MM and Dahlke, C},
title = {Sex Differences in Immunity: Implications for the Development of Novel Vaccines Against Emerging Pathogens.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {601170},
doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2020.601170},
pmid = {33488596},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {Vaccines are one of the greatest public health achievements and have saved millions of lives. They represent a key countermeasure to limit epidemics caused by emerging infectious diseases. The Ebola virus disease crisis in West Africa dramatically revealed the need for a rapid and strategic development of vaccines to effectively control outbreaks. Seven years later, in light of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, this need has never been as urgent as it is today. Vaccine development and implementation of clinical trials have been greatly accelerated, but still lack strategic design and evaluation. Responses to vaccination can vary widely across individuals based on factors like age, microbiome, co-morbidities and sex. The latter aspect has received more and more attention in recent years and a growing body of data provide evidence that sex-specific effects may lead to different outcomes of vaccine safety and efficacy. As these differences might have a significant impact on the resulting optimal vaccine regimen, sex-based differences should already be considered and investigated in pre-clinical and clinical trials. In this Review, we will highlight the clinical observations of sex-specific differences in response to vaccination, delineate sex differences in immune mechanisms, and will discuss the possible resulting implications for development of vaccine candidates against emerging infections. As multiple vaccine candidates against COVID-19 that target the same antigen are tested, vaccine development may undergo a decisive change, since we now have the opportunity to better understand mechanisms that influence vaccine-induced reactogenicity and effectiveness of different vaccines.},
}

@article {pmid33488477,
year = {2020},
author = {Cataudella, S and Carta, S and Mascia, ML and Masala, C and Petretto, DR and Penna, MP},
title = {Psychological Aspects of Students With Learning Disabilities in E-Environments: A Mini Review and Future Research Directions.},
journal = {Frontiers in psychology},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {611818},
doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2020.611818},
pmid = {33488477},
issn = {1664-1078},
abstract = {What are the main learning difficulties or advantages encountered by students with learning disabilities (LDs) within e-environments? As a result of the Covid-19 emergency, e-learning is being increasingly used to support students' learning processes. A number of countries closed their schools altogether, so face-to-face lessons were and have been replaced by distance lessons. A search of current literature via Scopus, Eric and Google Scholar electronic databases was conducted according to Prisma Guidelines. Other sources of literature were also considered, starting from the references in the full text of the articles consulted. We used the following search keywords: "LDs" combined with the "AND/OR" Boolean operator and "e-learning platforms," "well-being," "psychological factors," "emotional distress," and "self-regulation." One body of literature highlights the lack of inclusive accessibility standards and a lack of attention to specific tools for addressing LDs, which causes students to develop high levels of stress/anxiety and emotional distress, in addition to low levels of well-being, self-esteem and self-efficacy. Another area of literature looks at how students can develop high levels of self-regulation and emotional awareness, as well as high levels of inclusion. Results are discussed in terms of the promotion of e-learning that focuses on the psychological well-being of students and teachers use of technological tools.},
}

@article {pmid33488422,
year = {2020},
author = {Small, S and Blanc, J},
title = {Mental Health During COVID-19: Tam Giao and Vietnam's Response.},
journal = {Frontiers in psychiatry},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {589618},
doi = {10.3389/fpsyt.2020.589618},
pmid = {33488422},
issn = {1664-0640},
abstract = {COVID-19 is a novel infectious disease and global health crisis with major psychological implications. Of particular focus are the effects it will have on low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) as being under-resourced poses many challenges. Vietnam, a country with an estimated population of 97.33 million people, which until 30 July, 2020, had 459 confirmed COVID-19 cases with no fatalities but as of November 4th had 35 deaths, can be viewed as a model LMIC for other countries struggling with COVID-19. Employing key tactics such as transparency and effective communication, Vietnam was able to foster strong cooperation between government and citizens, contributing to its success during COVID-19. Moreover, Vietnamese resilience, attributable, in part, to "tam giao," a coexistence of religious and philosophical Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism through cultural additivity, provides a unique mindset that other countries can learn from to adapt and even build psychological resilience against COVID-19 pandemic's psychological outcomes. We suggest countries prioritize transparency and communication to mitigate stigmatization and psychological distress that can result from quarantine and other interventions while promoting resources that provide accurate scientific information and psychological aid to citizens. We believe that Tam giao could be repurposed to relieve inevitable contradictions between values and lifestyles in the context of this devastating global health crisis.},
}

@article {pmid33488398,
year = {2020},
author = {Voicu, S and Ketfi, C and Stépanian, A and Chousterman, BG and Mohamedi, N and Siguret, V and Mebazaa, A and Mégarbane, B and Bonnin, P},
title = {Pathophysiological Processes Underlying the High Prevalence of Deep Vein Thrombosis in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients.},
journal = {Frontiers in physiology},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {608788},
doi = {10.3389/fphys.2020.608788},
pmid = {33488398},
issn = {1664-042X},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) predisposes to deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) particularly in mechanically ventilated adults with severe pneumonia. The extremely high prevalence of DVT in the COVID-19 patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) has been established between 25 and 84% based on studies including systematic duplex ultrasound of the lower limbs when prophylactic anticoagulation was systematically administrated. DVT prevalence has been shown to be markedly higher than in mechanically ventilated influenza patients (6-8%). Unusually high inflammatory and prothrombotic phenotype represents a striking feature of COVID-19 patients, as reflected by markedly elevated reactive protein C, fibrinogen, interleukin 6, von Willebrand factor, and factor VIII. Moreover, in critically ill patients, venous stasis has been associated with the prothrombotic phenotype attributed to COVID-19, which increases the risk of thrombosis. Venous stasis results among others from immobilization under muscular paralysis, mechanical ventilation with high positive end-expiratory pressure, and pulmonary microvascular network injuries or occlusions. Venous return to the heart is subsequently decreased with increase in central and peripheral venous pressures, marked proximal and distal veins dilation, and drops in venous blood flow velocities, leading to a spontaneous contrast "sludge pattern" in veins considered as prothrombotic. Together with endothelial lesions and hypercoagulability status, venous stasis completes the Virchow triad and considerably increases the prevalence of DVT and PE in critically ill COVID-19 patients, therefore raising questions regarding the optimal doses for thromboprophylaxis during ICU stay.},
}

@article {pmid33488303,
year = {2020},
author = {Isbill, J and Kandiah, J and Kružliaková, N},
title = {Opportunities for Health Promotion: Highlighting Herbs and Spices to Improve Immune Support and Well-being.},
journal = {Integrative medicine (Encinitas, Calif.)},
volume = {19},
number = {5},
pages = {30-42},
pmid = {33488303},
issn = {1546-993X},
abstract = {Context: Consuming a balanced and varied diet is beneficial for health, especially when individuals feel stressed, scared, insecure, unequipped, or disempowered from maintaining their health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nutrient deficiencies from inadequate intake of healthful foods can contribute to a weakened immune system and greater susceptibility to infection. Including herbs and spices in a balanced and diverse diet is one of the highlights of nutritious eating that supports health and immunity.

Objective: The review intended to examine ways to integrate specific herbs and spices into people's diets and to use them therapeutically in holistic, integrated health promotion.

Design: The research team performed a narrative review by searching PubMed Central and Google Scholar databases. The team developed a search strategy focused on specific common names of spices and herbs in combination with other terms, such as health benefits, health promotion, immunity, inflammation.

Setting: This review was conducted in Muncie and Columbus, Indiana.

Results: This review uncovered studies documenting the many therapeutic properties of herbs within the lamiaceae family, particularly basil and spearmint, and spices, including cloves, ginger, and turmeric. Substantial evidence suggests that consumption of a healthful diet, inclusive of herbs and spices, may strengthen the body's immune system against diseases including highly contagious viruses.

Conclusions: With respect to herbs and spices, the current review's findings can help to inform and support future recommendations for a standard within the professions of health to provide an improved, healthier, and well-educated dietary guidance for individuals. More studies are needed on the consumption of herbs and spices in human trials to elicit evidence beyond preclinical and animal studies.},
}

@article {pmid33488274,
year = {2021},
author = {Illahi, U and Mir, MS},
title = {Maintaining efficient logistics and supply chain management operations during and after coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: learning from the past experiences.},
journal = {Environment, development and sustainability},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-22},
doi = {10.1007/s10668-020-01115-z},
pmid = {33488274},
issn = {1573-2975},
abstract = {The outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) forced the governing bodies across the world to ban all kinds of travel involving the movement of people. However, the policymakers have been working hard to mobilize the movement of essential goods and services considering its importance in containing the pandemic. It signifies how important the establishment and maintenance of logistics and supply chain management (LSCM) operations are, both during the containment and the successive periods. Motivated with the paramount importance of LSCM operations during the rapid spread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) across the globe, this paper critically reviews the existing literature closely related to it. The main aim is to identify and enhance the understanding of the logistical characteristics that play a vital role during pandemics. The selection of the literature was done using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) methodology. The classification of the selected literature was done using a tripartite framework. Results show that researchers have focused mostly on "Post-event" (48.24%) management of logistical operations followed by the "Pre-event" (31.76%) and least in the "Integrated" (20%.) approaches. Furthermore, the analysis of the results provided useful insights that are discussed in detail. Also, twelve key areas have been identified that need due attention to improve the overall efficiency of the LSCM operations. We believe that the findings from this paper would be useful to the decision-makers and other stakeholders, as far as, maintaining efficient LSCM operations during as well after the pandemics are concerned.},
}

@article {pmid33488023,
year = {2021},
author = {Yu, WL and Toh, HS and Liao, CT and Chang, WT},
title = {Cardiovascular Complications of COVID-19 and Associated Concerns: A Review.},
journal = {Acta Cardiologica Sinica},
volume = {37},
number = {1},
pages = {9-17},
doi = {10.6515/ACS.202101_37(1).20200913A},
pmid = {33488023},
issn = {1011-6842},
abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 is the virus that has caused the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 is characterized by significantly affecting the cardiovascular system of infected patients. In addition to the direct injuries caused by the virus, the subsequent cytokine storm - an overproduction of immune cells and their activating compounds - also causes damage to the heart. The development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 treatments is necessary to control the epidemic. Despite an explosive growth in research, a comprehensive review of up-to-date information is lacking. Herein, we summarize pivotal findings regarding the epidemiology, complications, and mechanisms of, and recent therapies for, COVID-19, with special focus on its cardiovascular impacts.},
}

@article {pmid33487896,
year = {2020},
author = {Kumar, R and Kumar, S and Misra, A and Kumar, NG and Gupta, A and Kumar, P and Jain, D},
title = {A new approach to airway assessment-"Line of Sight" and more. Recommendations of the Task Force of Airway Management Foundation (AMF).},
journal = {Journal of anaesthesiology, clinical pharmacology},
volume = {36},
number = {3},
pages = {303-315},
doi = {10.4103/joacp.JOACP_236_20},
pmid = {33487896},
issn = {0970-9185},
abstract = {Assessment of airway is recommended by every airway guideline to ensure safe airway management. Numerous unifactorial and multifactorial tests have been used for airway assessment over the years. However, there is none that can identify all the difficult airways. The reasons for the inadequacy of these methods of airway assessment might be their dependence on difficult to remember and apply mnemonics and scores, inability to identify all the variations from the "normal", and their lack of stress on evaluating the non-patient factors. Airway Management Foundation (AMF) experts and members have been using a different approach, the AMF Approach, to overcome these problems inherent to most available models of airway assessment. This approach suggests a three-step model of airway assessment. The airway manager first makes the assessment of the patient through focused history, focused general examination, and focused airway assessment using the AMF "line of sight" method. The AMF "line of sight" method is a non-mnemonic, non-score-based method of airway assessment wherein the airway manager examines the airway along the line of sight as it moves over the airway and notes down all the variations from the normal. Assessment of non-patient factors follows next and finally there is assimilation of all the information to help identify the available, difficult, and impossible areas of the airway management. The AMF approach is not merely intubation centric but also focuses on all other methods of securing airway and maintaining oxygenation. Airway assessment in the presence of contagion like COVID-19 is also discussed.},
}

@article {pmid33487894,
year = {2020},
author = {Neethirajan, SGR and Manickam, A},
title = {Scheduling elective surgeries following COVID-19: Challenges ahead.},
journal = {Journal of anaesthesiology, clinical pharmacology},
volume = {36},
number = {3},
pages = {291-296},
doi = {10.4103/joacp.JOACP_317_20},
pmid = {33487894},
issn = {0970-9185},
abstract = {Evolving and conflicting information about pathophysiology, clinical course and impact of corona virus disease (COVID-19) on perioperative outcome of patients has brought in new challenges while restarting elective surgeries. A roadmap to resume elective surgeries should detail timings for reopening elective surgeries, COVID-19 testing facilities, adequate PPE supplies, conservation policies for PPE and case prioritization and scheduling. We suggest a six-pronged strategy of minimizing chances of exposure, adherence to standard protocols, perioperative patient care, precautions while performing aerosol generating procedures, limiting movement of personnel within operating room and monitoring and managing health care professionals while scheduling elective surgeries to overcome the challenges this COVID-19 pandemic has brought in.},
}

@article {pmid33487787,
year = {2021},
author = {Pourafkari, L and Mirza-Aghzadeh-Attari, M and Zarrintan, A and Mousavi-Aghdas, SA},
title = {Clinical Experience, Pathophysiology, and Considerations in the Prophylaxis and Treatment of Hypercoagulopathy of COVID-19: A Review Study.},
journal = {Iranian journal of medical sciences},
volume = {46},
number = {1},
pages = {1-14},
doi = {10.30476/ijms.2020.87233.1730},
pmid = {33487787},
issn = {0253-0716},
abstract = {Since the emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, an increasing number of reports and studies have tried to warn the medical community about the thrombotic complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is suggested that the hyperinflammatory response and endothelial injury, especially in patients with severe disease, lead to a hypercoagulable state. Sudden deaths occurring in some patients also point to fulminant arrhythmias and massive pulmonary embolism (PE). Several expert panels have published recommendations regarding the prophylaxis and treatment of such complications. Nonetheless, there are limited high-quality studies for evidence-based decision-making, and most of these recommendations have arisen from descriptive studies, and optimal anticoagulant agents and dosages are yet to be designated. The coagulopathy persists after the acute phase of the illness, and some panels recommend the continuation of deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis for several days after regaining the normal daily activities by the patient. Here, we review the incidence and possible mechanisms of thrombotic complications, and present a summary of the considerations for the prophylaxis and treatment of such complications in the adult population.},
}

@article {pmid33487783,
year = {2021},
author = {Kudr, J and Michalek, P and Ilieva, L and Adam, V and Zitka, O},
title = {COVID-19: a challenge for electrochemical biosensors.},
journal = {Trends in analytical chemistry : TRAC},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {116192},
doi = {10.1016/j.trac.2021.116192},
pmid = {33487783},
issn = {0165-9936},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has spread since the end of 2019 and has resulted in a pandemic with unprecedented socioeconomic consequences. This situation has created enormous demand for the improvement of current diagnostic methods and the development of new diagnostic methods for fast, low-cost and user-friendly confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This critical review focuses on viral electrochemical biosensors that are promising for the development of rapid medical COVID-19 diagnostic tools. The molecular biological properties of SARS-CoV-2 as well as currently known biochemical attributes of infection necessary for biosensor development are outlined. The advantages and drawbacks of conventional diagnostic methods, such as quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), are critically discussed. Electrochemical biosensors focusing on viral nucleic acid and whole viral particle detection are highlighted and discussed in detail. Finally, future perspectives on viral electrochemical biosensor development are briefly mentioned.},
}

@article {pmid33487401,
year = {2021},
author = {Chong, WH and Saha, BK and Austin, A and Chopra, A},
title = {The Significance of Subpleural Sparing in CT Chest: A State-of-the-Art Review.},
journal = {The American journal of the medical sciences},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.amjms.2021.01.008},
pmid = {33487401},
issn = {1538-2990},
abstract = {The subpleural sparing pattern is a common finding on computed tomography (CT) of the lungs. It comprises of pulmonary opacities sparing the lung peripheries, typically 1cm and less from the pleural surface. This finding has a variety of causes, including idiopathic, inflammatory, infectious, inhalational, cardiac, traumatic, and bleeding disorders. Specific disorders that can cause subpleural sparing patterns include nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), organizing pneumonia (OP), pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP), diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH), vaping-associated lung injury (VALI), cracked lung, pulmonary edema, pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP), pulmonary contusion, and more recently, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Knowledge of the many etiologies of this pattern can be useful in preventing diagnostic errors. In addition, although the etiology of subpleural sparing pattern is frequently indistinguishable during an initial radiologic evaluation, the differences in location of opacities in the lungs, as well as the presence of additional radiologic findings, patient history, and clinical presentation, can often be useful to suggest the appropriate diagnosis. We did a comprehensive search on Pubmed and Google Scholar database using keywords of "subpleural sparing," "peripheral sparing," "sparing of peripheries," "CT chest," "chest imaging," and "pulmonary disease." This review aims to describe the primary differential diagnosis of subpleural sparing pattern seen on chest imaging with a strong emphasis on clinical and radiographic findings. We also discuss the pathogenesis and essential clues that are crucial to narrow the differential diagnosis.},
}

@article {pmid33487174,
year = {2021},
author = {Sanli, DET and Yildirim, D and Sanli, AN and Turkmen, S and Erozan, N and Husmen, G and Altundag, A and Tuzuner, F},
title = {A practical approach to imaging characteristics and standardized reporting of COVID-19: a radiologic review.},
journal = {Military Medical Research},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {7},
pmid = {33487174},
issn = {2054-9369},
abstract = {Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), also known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a pathogen that has caused a rapidly spreading pandemic all over the world. The primary mean of transmission is inhalation with a predilection for respiratory system involvement, especially in the distal airways. The disease that arises from this novel coronavirus is named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 may have a rapid and devastating course in some cases leading to severe complications and death. Radiological imaging methods have an invaluable role in diagnosis, follow-up, and treatment. In this review, radiological imaging findings of COVID-19 have been systematically reviewed based on the published literature so far. Radiologic reporting templates are also emphasized from a different point of view, considering specific distinctive patterns of involvement.},
}

@article {pmid33486885,
year = {2021},
author = {Kondili, LA and Craxì, A},
title = {Absolute targets for HCV elimination and national health policy paradigms: Foreseeing future requirements.},
journal = {Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/liv.14796},
pmid = {33486885},
issn = {1478-3231},
abstract = {The World Health Organization (WHO) targets for eliminating HCV by 2030 may be over-ambitious for many high-income countries. Recent analyses (i.e., data from 2017-2019) show that only 11 countries are on track for meeting WHO's elimination targets. For a country to be truly on track, it is important that the majority of infected individuals be identified and treated. There is still a need for country and population-specific evaluations within the different HCV screening and treatment strategies available, in order to assess their cost-effectiveness and sustainability and support an evidence-based policy for HCV elimination. Any health policy model is affected by the diversity and quality of the available data and by gaps in data. Given the differences among countries, comparing progress based on fixed global targets will not necessarily be suitable in the same measure for each country. In a recent document, the European Collaborators of Polaris Observatory provide insight into the limitations of the current WHO targets. The absolute targets identified by each country in accordance with the measures set by WHO would be essential in reaching the HCV elimination. All analytic models to assess the progress toward HCV elimination are based on projections to 2030 not including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hepatitis-related services. With specific regard to the achievement of WHO hepatitis elimination goals, all measures that will be put in place during and after COVID-19 pandemic could be transferred in increasing diagnosis and linkage to care of people with hepatitis.},
}

@article {pmid33486674,
year = {2021},
author = {Malkani, N and Rashid, MU},
title = {SARS-COV-2 infection and lung tumor microenvironment.},
journal = {Molecular biology reports},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33486674},
issn = {1573-4978},
abstract = {Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute respiratory syndrome, reported at the end of 2019 in China originally and immediately spread affecting over ten million world population to date. This pandemic is more lethal for the older population and those who previously suffered from other ailments such as cardiovascular diseases, respiratory disorders, and other immune system affecting abnormalities including cancers. Lung cancer is an important comorbidity of COVID-19. In this review, we emphasized the impact of lung tumor microenvironment (TME) on the possibility of enhanced severity of infection caused by the SARS-Co-V2. The compromised lung TME is further susceptible to the attack of viruses. The lung cells are also abundant in the virus entry receptors. Several SARS-Co-V2 proteins can modulate the lung TME by disrupting the fragile immune mechanisms contributing to cytokine storming and cellular metabolic variations. We also discussed the impact of medication used for lung cancer in the scenario of this infection. Since other respiratory infections can be a risk factor for lung cancer, COVID-19 recovered patients should be monitored for tumor development, especially if there is genetic susceptibility or it involves exposure to other risk factors.},
}

@article {pmid33486564,
year = {2021},
author = {Harapan, BN and Yoo, HJ},
title = {Neurological symptoms, manifestations, and complications associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19).},
journal = {Journal of neurology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33486564},
issn = {1432-1459},
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus, is responsible for the outbreak of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) and was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019. It is evident that the COVID-19 pandemic has become a challenging world issue. Although most COVID-19 patients primarily develop respiratory symptoms, an increasing number of neurological symptoms and manifestations associated with COVID-19 have been observed. In this narrative review, we elaborate on proposed neurotropic mechanisms and various neurological symptoms, manifestations, and complications of COVID-19 reported in the present literature. For this purpose, a review of all current published literature (studies, case reports, case series, reviews, editorials, and other articles) was conducted and neurological sequelae of COVID-19 were summarized. Essential and common neurological symptoms including gustatory and olfactory dysfunctions, myalgia, headache, altered mental status, confusion, delirium, and dizziness are presented separately in sections. Moreover, neurological manifestations and complications that are of great concern such as stroke, cerebral (sinus) venous thrombosis, seizures, meningoencephalitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Miller Fisher syndrome, acute myelitis, and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) are also addressed systematically. Future studies that examine the impact of neurological symptoms and manifestations on the course of the disease are needed to further clarify and assess the link between neurological complications and the clinical outcome of patients with COVID-19. To limit long-term consequences, it is crucial that healthcare professionals can early detect possible neurological symptoms and are well versed in the increasingly common neurological manifestations and complications of COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid33486483,
year = {2021},
author = {Regelmann, MO and Conroy, R and Gourgari, E and Gupta, A and Guttmann-Bauman, I and Heksch, R and Kamboj, MK and Krishnan, S and Lahoti, A and Matlock, K and , },
title = {Pediatric Endocrinology in the Time of COVID-19: Considerations for the Rapid Implementation of Telemedicine and Management of Pediatric Endocrine Conditions.},
journal = {Hormone research in paediatrics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-8},
doi = {10.1159/000513060},
pmid = {33486483},
issn = {1663-2826},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Pediatric endocrine practices had to rapidly transition to telemedicine care at the onset of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. For many, it was an abrupt introduction to providing virtual healthcare, with concerns related to quality of patient care, patient privacy, productivity, and compensation, as workflows had to change.

SUMMARY: The review summarizes the common adaptations for telemedicine during the pandemic with respect to the practice of pediatric endocrinology and discusses the benefits and potential barriers to telemedicine. Key Messages: With adjustments to practice, telemedicine has allowed providers to deliver care to their patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. The broader implementation of telemedicine in pediatric endocrinology practice has the potential for expanding patient access. Research assessing the impact of telemedicine on patient care outcomes in those with pediatric endocrinology conditions will be necessary to justify its continued use beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.},
}

@article {pmid33486333,
year = {2021},
author = {Mohamed Khosroshahi, L and Rokni, M and Mokhtari, T and Noorbakhsh, F},
title = {Immunology, immunopathogenesis and immunotherapeutics of COVID-19; an overview.},
journal = {International immunopharmacology},
volume = {93},
number = {},
pages = {107364},
doi = {10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107364},
pmid = {33486333},
issn = {1878-1705},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to a "public health emergency of international concern" (PHEIC). The infection is highly contagious, has a high mortality rate, and its pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Pulmonary inflammation with substantial lung damage together with generalized immune dysregulation are major components of COVID-19 pathogenesis. The former component, lung damage, seems to be at least in part a consequence of immune dysregulation. Indeed, studies have revealed that immune alteration is not merely an association, as it might occur in systemic infections, but, very likely, the core pathogenic element of COVID-19. In addition, precise management of immune response in COVID-19, i.e. enhancing anti-viral immunity while inhibiting systemic inflammation, may be key to successful treatment. Herein, we have reviewed current evidence related to different aspects of COVID-19 immunology, including innate and adaptive immune responses against the virus and mechanisms of virus-induced immune dysregulation. Considering that current antiviral therapies are chiefly experimental, strategies to do immunotherapy for the management of disease have also been reviewed. Understanding immunology of COVID-19 is important in developing effective therapies as well as diagnostic, and prophylactic strategies for this disease.},
}

@article {pmid33486262,
year = {2021},
author = {Jiang, K and Jokhun, DS and Lim, CT},
title = {Microfluidic detection of human diseases: From liquid biopsy to COVID-19 diagnosis.},
journal = {Journal of biomechanics},
volume = {117},
number = {},
pages = {110235},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110235},
pmid = {33486262},
issn = {1873-2380},
abstract = {Microfluidic devices can be thought of as comprising interconnected miniaturized compartments performing multiple experimental tasks individually or in parallel in an integrated fashion. Due to its small size, portability, and low cost, attempts have been made to incorporate detection assays into microfluidic platforms for diseases such as cancer and infection. Some of these technologies have served as point-of-care and sample-to-answer devices. The methods for detecting biomarkers in different diseases usually share similar principles and can conveniently be adapted to cope with arising health challenges. The COVID-19 pandemic is one such challenge that is testing the performance of both our conventional and newly-developed disease diagnostic technologies. In this mini-review, we will first look at the progress made in the past few years in applying microfluidics for liquid biopsy and infectious disease detection. Following that, we will use the current pandemic as an example to discuss how such technological advancements can help in the current health challenge and better prepare us for future ones.},
}

@article {pmid33486212,
year = {2021},
author = {Dos Santos, WG},
title = {Impact of virus genetic variability and host immunity for the success of COVID-19 vaccines.},
journal = {Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie},
volume = {136},
number = {},
pages = {111272},
doi = {10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111272},
pmid = {33486212},
issn = {1950-6007},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) continues to challenge most scientists in the search of an effective way to either prevent infection or to avoid spreading of the disease. As result of global efforts some advances have been reached and we are more prepared today than we were at the beginning of the pandemic, however not enough to stop the transmission, and many questions remain unanswered. The possibility of reinfection of recovered individuals, the duration of the immunity, the impact of SARS-CoV-2 mutations in the spreading of the disease as well as the degree of protection that a potential vaccine could have are some of the issues under debate. A number of vaccines are under development using different platforms and clinical trials are ongoing in different countries, but even if they are licensed it will need time until reach a definite conclusion about their real safety and efficacy. Herein we discuss the different strategies used in the development of COVID-19 vaccines, the questions underlying the type of immune response they may elicit, the consequences that new mutations may have in the generation of sub-strains of SARS-CoV-2 and their impact and challenges for the efficacy of potential vaccines in a scenario postpandemic.},
}

@article {pmid33486202,
year = {2021},
author = {Wang, R and Stephen, P and Tao, Y and Zhang, W and Lin, SX},
title = {Human endeavor for anti-SARS-CoV-2 pharmacotherapy: A major strategy to fight the pandemic.},
journal = {Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie},
volume = {137},
number = {},
pages = {111232},
doi = {10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111232},
pmid = {33486202},
issn = {1950-6007},
abstract = {The global spread of COVID-19 constitutes the most dangerous pandemic to emerge during the last one hundred years. About seventy-nine million infections and more than 1.7 million death have been reported to date, along with destruction of the global economy. With the uncertainty evolved by alarming level of genome mutations, coupled with likelihood of generating only a short lived immune response by the vaccine injections, the identification of antiviral drugs for direct therapy is the need of the hour. Strategies to inhibit virus infection and replication focus on targets such as the spike protein and non-structural proteins including the highly conserved RNA-dependent-RNA-polymerase, nucleotidyl-transferases, main protease and papain-like proteases. There is also an indirect option to target the host cell recognition systems such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), transmembrane protease, serine 2, host cell expressed CD147, and the host furin. A drug search strategy consensus in tandem with analysis of currently available information is extremely important for the rapid identification of anti-viral. An unprecedented display of cooperation among the scientific community regarding SARS-CoV-2 research has resulted in the accumulation of an enormous amount of literature that requires curation. Drug repurposing and drug combinations have drawn tremendous attention for rapid therapeutic application, while high throughput screening and virtual searches support de novo drug identification. Here, we examine how certain approved drugs targeting different viruses can play a role in combating this new virus and analyze how they demonstrate efficacy under clinical assessment. Suggestions on repurposing and de novo strategies are proposed to facilitate the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic.},
}

@article {pmid33486200,
year = {2021},
author = {Shagufta, and Ahmad, I},
title = {The race to treat COVID-19: Potential therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2.},
journal = {European journal of medicinal chemistry},
volume = {213},
number = {},
pages = {113157},
doi = {10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113157},
pmid = {33486200},
issn = {1768-3254},
abstract = {The unforeseen emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at the Wuhan province of China in December 2019, subsequently its abrupt spread across the world has severely affected human life. In a short span of time, COVID-19 has sacked more than one million human lives and marked as a severe global pandemic, which is drastically accountable for the adverse effect directly to the human society, particularly the health care system and the economy. The unavailability of approved and effective drugs or vaccines against COVID-19 further created conditions more adverse and terrifying. To win the war against this pandemic within time there is a desperate need for the most adequate therapeutic treatment, which can be achieved by the collaborative research work among scientists worldwide. In continuation of our efforts to support the scientific community, a review has been presented which discusses the structure and the activity of numerous molecules exhibiting promising SARS-CoV-2 and other CoVs inhibition activities. Furthermore, this review offers an overview of the structure, a plausible mechanism of action of SARS-CoV-2, and crucial structural features substantial to inhibit the primary virus-based and host-based targets involved in SARS-CoV-2 treatment. We anticipate optimistically that this perspective will provide the reader and researcher's better understanding regarding COVID-19 and pave the path in the direction of COVID-19 drug discovery and development paradigm.},
}

@article {pmid33486116,
year = {2021},
author = {Vitiello, A and Pelliccia, C and Ferrara, F},
title = {Drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin system and SARS-CoV-2.},
journal = {Drug discovery today},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.drudis.2021.01.010},
pmid = {33486116},
issn = {1878-5832},
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the ongoing global Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, resulting in thousands of deaths worldwide and representing a health challenge with few precedents in human history. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) facilitates the access of SARS-CoV-2 to cells. Therapeutic agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) might be able to modulate the concentration of ACE-2 and the various components of the system. Here, we discuss current pharmacological, molecular, and clinical evidence to investigate whether drugs acting on RAS with modulation of the ACE-2 concentration have added value in combating SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also highlight the possible deleterious action of the ACE/Ang-II/AT-1r axis and possible beneficial role of the ACE-2/Ang 1-7/MasR axis in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by SARS-CoV-2, discussing the possibility of addressing the various RAS components with drug treatments to improve clinical outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid33485973,
year = {2021},
author = {Wang, Z and Yang, L},
title = {Chinese herbal medicine: Fighting SARS-CoV-2 infection on all fronts.},
journal = {Journal of ethnopharmacology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {113869},
doi = {10.1016/j.jep.2021.113869},
pmid = {33485973},
issn = {1872-7573},
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a highly pathogenic virus that has spread rapidly across the entire world. There is a critical need to develop safe and effective drugs, especially broad-spectrum antiviral and organ protection agents in order to treat and prevent this dangerous disease. It is possible that Chinese herbal medicine may play an essential role in the treatment of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

AIM OF THE REVIEW: We aim to review the use of Chinese herbal medicine in the treatment of COVID-19 both in vitro and in clinical practice. Our goal was to provide a better understanding of the potential therapeutic effects of Chinese herbal medicine and to establish a "Chinese protocol" for the treatment of COVID-19.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We systematically reviewed published research relating to traditional Chinese herbal medicines and the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 from inception to the 6th January 2021 by screening a range of digital databases (Web of Science, bioRxiv, medRxiv, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, X-MOL, Wanfang Data, Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, and other resources) and public platforms relating to the management of clinical trials. We included the active ingredients of Chinese herbal medicines, monomer preparations, crude extracts, and formulas for the treatment of COVID-19. 6, 2021.

RESULTS: In mainland China, a range of Chinese herbal medicines have been recognized as very promising anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents, including active ingredients (quercetagetin, osajin, tetrandrine, proscillaridin A, and dihydromyricetin), monomer preparations (xiyanping injection, matrine-sodium chloride injection, diammonium glycyrrhizinate enteric-coated capsules, and sodium aescinate injection), crude extracts (Scutellariae Radix extract and garlic essential oil), and formulas (Qingfei Paidu decoction, Lianhuaqingwen capsules, and Pudilan Xiaoyan oral liquid). All these agents have potential activity against SARS-CoV-2 and have attracted significant attention due to their activities both in vitro and in clinical practice.

CONCLUSIONS: As a key component of the COVID-19 treatment regimen, Chinese herbal medicines have played an irreplaceable role in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The "Chinese protocol" has already demonstrated clear clinical importance. The use of Chinese herbal medicines that are capable of inhibiting SARS-Cov-2 infection may help to address this immediate unmet clinical need and may be attractive to other countries that are also seeking new options for effective COVID-19 treatment. Our analyses suggest that countries outside of China should also consider protocols involving Chinese herbal medicines combat this fast-spreading viral infection.},
}

@article {pmid33485902,
year = {2021},
author = {Rahbari, R and Moradi, N and Abdi, M},
title = {rRT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2: analytical considerations.},
journal = {Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.cca.2021.01.011},
pmid = {33485902},
issn = {1873-3492},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic remains a significant problem involving health systems worldwide. Accurate and early detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is critical for minimizing spread and initiating treatment. Among test methods, real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase-chain-reaction (rRT-PCR) is considered the gold standard. Although this test has high specificity and relatively high sensitivity, the occurrence of falsely negative results in symptomatic patients and/or having a positive CT scan remains a challenge. Sources of error can be pre-analytical (sampling, storage and processing), analytical (RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and amplification) and post-analytical (interpretation and analysis and test reporting). These potential sources of error and efforts to mitigate are reviewed in this article with an emphasis on the analytical phase.},
}

@article {pmid33485605,
year = {2020},
author = {Khanna, K and Kohli, SK and Kaur, R and Bhardwaj, A and Bhardwaj, V and Ohri, P and Sharma, A and Ahmad, A and Bhardwaj, R and Ahmad, P},
title = {Herbal immune-boosters: Substantial warriors of pandemic Covid-19 battle.},
journal = {Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {153361},
doi = {10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153361},
pmid = {33485605},
issn = {1618-095X},
abstract = {Current scenario depicts that world has been clenched by COVID-19 pandemic. Inevitably, public health and safety measures could be undertaken in order to dwindle the infection threat and mortality. Moreover, to overcome the global menace and drawing out world from moribund stage, there is an exigency for social distancing and quarantines. Since December, 2019, coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) have came into existence and up till now world is still in the state of shock.At this point of time, COVID-19 has entered perilous phase, creating havoc among individuals, and this has been directly implied due to enhanced globalisation and ability of the virus to acclimatize at all conditions. The unabated transmission is due to lack of drugs, vaccines and therapeutics against this viral outbreak. But research is still underway to formulate the vaccines or drugs by this means, as scientific communities are continuously working to unravel the pharmacologically active compounds that might offer a new insight for curbing infections and pandemics. Therefore, the topical COVID-19 situation highlights an immediate need for effective therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2. Towards this effort, the present review discusses the vital concepts related to COVID-19, in terms of its origin, transmission, clinical aspects and diagnosis. However, here, we have formulated the novel concept hitherto, ancient means of traditional medicines or herbal plants to beat this pandemic.},
}

@article {pmid33468987,
year = {2021},
author = {Salamanca-Fernández, E and Rodríguez Barranco, M and Sánchez, MJ},
title = {[Influence of environmental temperature and air pollution on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2.].},
journal = {Revista espanola de salud publica},
volume = {95},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33468987},
issn = {2173-9110},
mesh = {Air Pollution/*adverse effects ; COVID-19/epidemiology/*transmission ; Humans ; Spain/epidemiology ; *Temperature ; },
abstract = {The transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is a major Public Health problem that is influenced by a number of factors. Recently it has been hypothesized that this transmission may be reduced during the summer due to the warm temperatures. On the other hand, the potential association between the high number of SARS-CoV-2 infections and air pollution is being studied. This relationship was already proven during the SARS outbreak in 2002. This article reviewed the scientific evidence to date regarding the possible influence of environmental temperature and air pollution on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. It is concluded that the annual seasons and, therefore, the temperature do not seem to influence the spread of the virus. In addition, air pollutants facilitate infection and mortality from the virus.},
}

Air Pollution/*adverse effects
COVID-19/epidemiology/*transmission
Humans
Spain/epidemiology
*Temperature

@article {pmid33463113,
year = {2020},
author = {Imani-Saber, Z and Vaseghi, H and Mahdian, M and Safari, F and Ghadami, M},
title = {Variable Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19: Viral and Human Genomes Talk.},
journal = {Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology},
volume = {19},
number = {5},
pages = {456-470},
doi = {10.18502/ijaai.v19i5.4461},
pmid = {33463113},
issn = {1735-5249},
mesh = {ADAM17 Protein/genetics/metabolism ; Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/therapeutic use ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/*genetics/metabolism ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Azithromycin/therapeutic use ; Betacoronavirus/genetics ; COVID-19/drug therapy/*genetics/physiopathology/transmission ; Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Furin/*genetics/metabolism ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genome, Human ; Genome, Viral ; Humans ; Hydroxychloroquine/therapeutic use ; Phylogeny ; Precision Medicine ; Receptors, Coronavirus/genetics/metabolism ; Renin-Angiotensin System/genetics ; SARS-CoV-2/*genetics ; Serine Endopeptidases/genetics/metabolism ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/*genetics/metabolism ; Virus Internalization ; },
abstract = {The new coronavirus, known as "SARS-CoV-2"; is the cause of one of the most prevalent infectious viral diseases that was recently announced pandemic by the world health organization. Ongoing research in the fields of prevention, management, and therapy establishes a functional scaffold for clinics during the time of crisis. To obtain this goal, it is necessary that all pathophysiologic aspects of COVID-19 from infection to predisposing backgrounds of infection be identified, so that all the ambiguities of researchers regarding transmission mechanisms, variable clinical manifestation, and therapeutic response can be solved. Here, we firstly discuss about the homology screening between nCoV-2019 and beta-coronavirus family using phylogenetic analyses. Secondly, we analyzed the viral motifs to show that viral entry into the host cells requires a primary activation step performed by FURIN and FURIN-like-mediated enzymatic cleavage on the structural glycoprotein. The cleavage increases viral performance by 1000 folds. We then present a comprehensive view on host cells and the significance of gene variants affecting activation enzymes, supportive entry, and spread mechanisms in humans including renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) a pathway results in certain phenotypes or exacerbate infection-related phenotypes in different organs, hence causes variable clinical manifestations. This is followed by discussing about the importance of personalized medicine in nCoV-2019 exposure. Moreover, chemical drugs prescribed for individuals affected with COVID-19, as well as genes involved in drug transport and metabolisms are reviewed as a prelude to drug response. Finally, we suggest some therapeutic approaches developed based on new methods and technology such as anti-sense therapy and antibodies.},
}

ADAM17 Protein/genetics/metabolism
Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/therapeutic use
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/*genetics/metabolism
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use
Azithromycin/therapeutic use
Betacoronavirus/genetics
COVID-19/drug therapy/*genetics/physiopathology/transmission
Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
Furin/*genetics/metabolism
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Genome, Human
Genome, Viral
Humans
Hydroxychloroquine/therapeutic use
Phylogeny
Precision Medicine
Receptors, Coronavirus/genetics/metabolism
Renin-Angiotensin System/genetics
SARS-CoV-2/*genetics
Serine Endopeptidases/genetics/metabolism
Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/*genetics/metabolism
Virus Internalization

@article {pmid33436497,
year = {2021},
author = {Mészáros, B and Sámano-Sánchez, H and Alvarado-Valverde, J and Čalyševa, J and Martínez-Pérez, E and Alves, R and Shields, DC and Kumar, M and Rippmann, F and Chemes, LB and Gibson, TJ},
title = {Short linear motif candidates in the cell entry system used by SARS-CoV-2 and their potential therapeutic implications.},
journal = {Science signaling},
volume = {14},
number = {665},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1126/scisignal.abd0334},
pmid = {33436497},
issn = {1937-9145},
mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Animals ; COVID-19/therapy/*virology ; Conserved Sequence ; Host Microbial Interactions/genetics/*physiology ; Humans ; Integrins/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Intrinsically Disordered Proteins/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Models, Biological ; Models, Molecular ; Oligopeptides/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs/genetics/physiology ; Protein Sorting Signals/genetics/physiology ; Receptors, Virus/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics/*pathogenicity/*physiology ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; *Virus Internalization ; },
abstract = {The first reported receptor for SARS-CoV-2 on host cells was the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). However, the viral spike protein also has an RGD motif, suggesting that cell surface integrins may be co-receptors. We examined the sequences of ACE2 and integrins with the Eukaryotic Linear Motif (ELM) resource and identified candidate short linear motifs (SLiMs) in their short, unstructured, cytosolic tails with potential roles in endocytosis, membrane dynamics, autophagy, cytoskeleton, and cell signaling. These SLiM candidates are highly conserved in vertebrates and may interact with the μ2 subunit of the endocytosis-associated AP2 adaptor complex, as well as with various protein domains (namely, I-BAR, LC3, PDZ, PTB, and SH2) found in human signaling and regulatory proteins. Several motifs overlap in the tail sequences, suggesting that they may act as molecular switches, such as in response to tyrosine phosphorylation status. Candidate LC3-interacting region (LIR) motifs are present in the tails of integrin β3 and ACE2, suggesting that these proteins could directly recruit autophagy components. Our findings identify several molecular links and testable hypotheses that could uncover mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 attachment, entry, and replication against which it may be possible to develop host-directed therapies that dampen viral infection and disease progression. Several of these SLiMs have now been validated to mediate the predicted peptide interactions.},
}

Amino Acid Sequence
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/chemistry/genetics/physiology
Animals
COVID-19/therapy/*virology
Conserved Sequence
Host Microbial Interactions/genetics/*physiology
Humans
Integrins/chemistry/genetics/physiology
Intrinsically Disordered Proteins/chemistry/genetics/physiology
Models, Biological
Models, Molecular
Oligopeptides/chemistry/genetics/physiology
Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs/genetics/physiology
Protein Sorting Signals/genetics/physiology
Receptors, Virus/chemistry/genetics/physiology
SARS-CoV-2/genetics/*pathogenicity/*physiology
Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry/genetics/physiology
*Virus Internalization

@article {pmid33358567,
year = {2021},
author = {Klenerman, P and Hinks, TSC and Ussher, JE},
title = {Biological functions of MAIT cells in tissues.},
journal = {Molecular immunology},
volume = {130},
number = {},
pages = {154-158},
doi = {10.1016/j.molimm.2020.12.017},
pmid = {33358567},
issn = {1872-9142},
support = {WT109965MA/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; U19 AI082608/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; 211050/Z/18/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Bacterial Infections/immunology ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells/cytology/*immunology/metabolism ; Neoplasms/immunology ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell ; Virus Diseases/immunology ; },
abstract = {Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have a recognised innate-like capacity for antibacterial host defence, consequent on the specificity of their T cell receptor (TCR) for small molecule metabolites produced by a range of prokaryotic and fungal species, their effector memory phenotype, and their expression of cytotoxic molecules. However, recent studies have identified at least two other important functions of MAIT cells in antiviral immunity and in tissue homeostasis and repair. Each are related to distinct transcriptional programmes, which are activated differentially according to the specific immune context. Here we discuss these diverse functions, we review the evidence for the newly identified role of MAIT cells in promoting tissue repair, and we discuss emerging data pointing to the future directions of MAIT cell research including roles in cancer, in antiviral immunity and recent studies in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Overall these studies have made us aware of the potential for pleiotropic roles of MAIT cells and related cell populations in micee and humans, and have created a simple and attractive new paradigm for regulation in barrier tissues, where antigen and tissue damage are sensed, integrated and interpreted.},
}

Animals
Bacterial Infections/immunology
Homeostasis
Humans
Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells/cytology/*immunology/metabolism
Neoplasms/immunology
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell
Virus Diseases/immunology

@article {pmid33267587,
year = {2020},
author = {Mattioli, IA and Hassan, A and Oliveira, ON and Crespilho, FN},
title = {On the Challenges for the Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Based on a Review of Current Methodologies.},
journal = {ACS sensors},
volume = {5},
number = {12},
pages = {3655-3677},
pmid = {33267587},
issn = {2379-3694},
mesh = {Artificial Intelligence ; COVID-19/*diagnosis/*virology ; Humans ; *Immunoassay ; Point-of-Care Systems ; *Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; SARS-CoV-2/*genetics/*immunology/isolation & purification ; },
abstract = {Diagnosis of COVID-19 has been challenging owing to the need for mass testing and for combining distinct types of detection to cover the different stages of the infection. In this review, we have surveyed the most used methodologies for diagnosis of COVID-19, which can be basically categorized into genetic-material detection and immunoassays. Detection of genetic material with real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and similar techniques has been achieved with high accuracy, but these methods are expensive and require time-consuming protocols which are not widely available, especially in less developed countries. Immunoassays for detecting a few antibodies, on the other hand, have been used for rapid, less expensive tests, but their accuracy in diagnosing infected individuals has been limited. We have therefore discussed the strengths and limitations of all of these methodologies, particularly in light of the required combination of tests owing to the long incubation periods. We identified the bottlenecks that prevented mass testing in many countries, and proposed strategies for further action, which are mostly associated with materials science and chemistry. Of special relevance are the methodologies which can be integrated into point-of-care (POC) devices and the use of artificial intelligence that do not require products from a well-developed biotech industry.},
}

Artificial Intelligence
COVID-19/*diagnosis/*virology
Humans
*Immunoassay
Point-of-Care Systems
*Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
SARS-CoV-2/*genetics/*immunology/isolation & purification

@article {pmid33252327,
year = {2021},
author = {Yoon, Y and Choi, GJ and Kim, JY and Kim, KR and Park, H and Chun, JK and Kim, YJ},
title = {Childcare Exposure to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 for 4-Year-Old Presymptomatic Child, South Korea.},
journal = {Emerging infectious diseases},
volume = {27},
number = {2},
pages = {341-347},
doi = {10.3201/eid2702.203189},
pmid = {33252327},
issn = {1080-6059},
abstract = {Data on transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from preschool-age children to children and adults are limited. We investigated SARS-CoV-2 exposure at a childcare center in South Korea. A 4-year-old child, probably infected by his grandmother, attended the center during the presymptomatic period (February 19-21, 2020). Fever developed on February 22, and he was given a diagnosis SARS-CoV-2 infection on February 27. At the center, 190 persons (154 children and 36 adults) were identified as contacts; 44 (23.2%) were defined as close contacts (37 children and 7 adults). All 190 persons were negative for SARS-CoV-2 on days 8-9 after the last exposure. Two close contacts (1 child and 1 adult) showed development of symptoms on the last day of quarantine. However, subsequent test results were negative. This investigation adds indirect evidence of low potential infectivity in a childcare setting with exposure to a presymptomatic child.},
}

@article {pmid33214057,
year = {2021},
author = {Lu, L and Zhang, H and Dauphars, DJ and He, YW},
title = {A Potential Role of Interleukin 10 in COVID-19 Pathogenesis.},
journal = {Trends in immunology},
volume = {42},
number = {1},
pages = {3-5},
pmid = {33214057},
issn = {1471-4981},
support = {T32 AI052077/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {COVID-19/epidemiology/*immunology/virology ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/*immunology/metabolism ; Epidemics ; Humans ; Interferon-gamma/immunology/metabolism ; Interleukin-10/*immunology/metabolism ; Lymphocytes/immunology/metabolism ; Models, Immunological ; SARS-CoV-2/*immunology/physiology ; Severity of Illness Index ; },
abstract = {A unique feature of the cytokine storm in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the dramatic elevation of interleukin 10 (IL-10). This was thought to be a negative feedback mechanism to suppress inflammation. However, several lines of clinical evidence suggest that dramatic early proinflammatory IL-10 elevation may play a pathological role in COVID-19 severity.},
}

COVID-19/epidemiology/*immunology/virology
Cytokine Release Syndrome/*immunology/metabolism
Epidemics
Humans
Interferon-gamma/immunology/metabolism
Interleukin-10/*immunology/metabolism
Lymphocytes/immunology/metabolism
Models, Immunological
SARS-CoV-2/*immunology/physiology
Severity of Illness Index

@article {pmid33161729,
year = {2021},
author = {Parupudi, T and Panchagnula, N and Muthukumar, S and Prasad, S},
title = {Evidence-based point-of-care technology development during the COVID-19 pandemic.},
journal = {BioTechniques},
volume = {70},
number = {1},
pages = {58-67},
doi = {10.2144/btn-2020-0096},
pmid = {33161729},
issn = {1940-9818},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Testing/*instrumentation ; Disease Progression ; Humans ; *Pandemics ; *Point-of-Care Systems ; Translational Medical Research ; },
abstract = {Since December 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak that began in Wuhan, China has spread to nearly every continent and become a global health concern. Although much has been discovered about COVID-19 and its pathogenesis, the WHO has identified an immediate need to increase the levels of testing for COVID-19 and identify the stages of the disease accurately for appropriate action to be taken by clinicians and emergency care units. Harnessing technology for accurate diagnosis and staging will improve patient outcomes and minimize serious consequences of false-positive test results. Point-of-care technologies aim to intervene at every stage of the disease to quickly identify infected patients and asymptomatic carriers and stratify them for timely treatment. This requires the tests to be rapid, accurate, sensitive, simple to use and compatible with many body fluids. Mobile platforms are optimal for remote, small-scale deployment, whereas facility-based platforms at hospital centers and laboratory settings offer higher throughput. Here we review evidence-based point-of-care technologies in the context of the entire continuum of COVID-19, from early screening to treatment, and discuss their impact on improving patient outcomes.},
}

*COVID-19
COVID-19 Testing/*instrumentation
Disease Progression
Humans
*Pandemics
*Point-of-Care Systems
Translational Medical Research

@article {pmid33125301,
year = {2021},
author = {Pala, L and Conforti, F and Cocorocchio, E and Ferrucci, P and De Pas, MT and Stucchi, S and Repetto, M and Saponara, M and Queirolo, P},
title = {Course of Sars-CoV2 Infection in Patients with Cancer Treated with anti-PD-1: A Case Presentation and Review of the Literature.},
journal = {Cancer investigation},
volume = {39},
number = {1},
pages = {9-14},
doi = {10.1080/07357907.2020.1844893},
pmid = {33125301},
issn = {1532-4192},
mesh = {Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use ; Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use ; COVID-19/epidemiology/*prevention & control/virology ; Humans ; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/*therapeutic use ; Male ; Melanoma/*drug therapy/pathology ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2/*isolation & purification/physiology ; },
abstract = {The outbreak of COVID-19 pandemia is a major health worldwide concern. Patients with cancer might have a worse outcome, because of the immunosuppression determined by the tumor itself and anti-cancer treatments, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The impact and course of viral infection in patients receiving immunotherapy remains unknown. We report the case of a patient with metastatic melanoma, long responder to anti PD-1 blockade who got infected with Sars CoV-2, recovering without sequelae. A critical review of literature was performed. Limited data available in literature support the possibility to continue the immunotherapy in patients with cancer under control.},
}

Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
COVID-19/epidemiology/*prevention & control/virology
Humans
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/*therapeutic use
Male
Melanoma/*drug therapy/pathology
Middle Aged
Neoplasm Metastasis
Pandemics
SARS-CoV-2/*isolation & purification/physiology

@article {pmid33119197,
year = {2021},
author = {Campbell, RA and Boilard, E and Rondina, MT},
title = {Is there a role for the ACE2 receptor in SARS-CoV-2 interactions with platelets?.},
journal = {Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH},
volume = {19},
number = {1},
pages = {46-50},
doi = {10.1111/jth.15156},
pmid = {33119197},
issn = {1538-7836},
support = {R01HL130541/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; R01HL142804/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; I01 CX001696/CX/CSRD VA/United States ; //Fonds de Recherche du Québec en Santé/International ; K01AG059892/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; R01AG048022/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; R56AG059877/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; R01HL130541/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; R01HL142804/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; I01 CX001696/CX/CSRD VA/United States ; K01AG059892/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; R01AG048022/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; R56AG059877/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/*blood/physiology ; Blood Platelets/*virology ; COVID-19/*blood/complications/*virology ; Host Microbial Interactions/genetics/physiology ; Humans ; Megakaryocytes/virology ; Models, Biological ; Platelet Activation ; RNA, Viral/blood/genetics ; Receptors, Virus/*blood/physiology ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics/*pathogenicity/*physiology ; Serine Endopeptidases/blood/physiology ; Thrombosis/blood/etiology/virology ; Virus Internalization ; },
abstract = {There is an urgent need to understand the underlying mechanisms contributing to thrombotic and inflammatory complications during COVID-19. Data from independent groups have identified that platelets are hyperreactive during COVID-19. Platelet hyperreactivity is accompanied by changes in platelet gene expression, and enhanced interactions between platelets and leukocytes. In some patients, SARS-CoV-2 mRNA has been detected in platelets. Together, this suggests that SARS-CoV-2 may interact with platelets. However, controversy remains on which receptors mediate SARS-CoV-2 platelet interactions. Most, but not all, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses fail to observe the putative SARS-CoV-2 receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme-2, or the cellular serine protease necessary for viral entry, TMPRSS2, on platelets and megakaryocytes. Interestingly, platelets express other known SARS-CoV-2 receptors, which induce similar patterns of activation to those observed when platelets are incubated with SARS-CoV-2. This article explores these findings and discusses ongoing areas of controversy and uncertainty with regard to SARS-CoV-2 platelet interactions.},
}

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/*blood/physiology
Blood Platelets/*virology
COVID-19/*blood/complications/*virology
Host Microbial Interactions/genetics/physiology
Humans
Megakaryocytes/virology
Models, Biological
Platelet Activation
RNA, Viral/blood/genetics
Receptors, Virus/*blood/physiology
SARS-CoV-2/genetics/*pathogenicity/*physiology
Serine Endopeptidases/blood/physiology
Thrombosis/blood/etiology/virology
Virus Internalization

@article {pmid33089717,
year = {2021},
author = {Carrouel, F and Gonçalves, LS and Conte, MP and Campus, G and Fisher, J and Fraticelli, L and Gadea-Deschamps, E and Ottolenghi, L and Bourgeois, D},
title = {Antiviral Activity of Reagents in Mouth Rinses against SARS-CoV-2.},
journal = {Journal of dental research},
volume = {100},
number = {2},
pages = {124-132},
doi = {10.1177/0022034520967933},
pmid = {33089717},
issn = {1544-0591},
mesh = {Antiviral Agents/*pharmacology ; COVID-19/*prevention & control ; Humans ; Indicators and Reagents ; Mouth/virology ; Mouthwashes/*pharmacology ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {The oral cavity, an essential part of the upper aerodigestive tract, is believed to play an important role in the pathogenicity and transmission of SARS-CoV-2. The identification of targeted antiviral mouth rinses to reduce salivary viral load would contribute to reducing the COVID-19 pandemic. While awaiting the results of significant clinical studies, which to date do not exist, the commercial availability of mouth rinses leads us to search among them for reagents that would have specific antiviral properties with respect to SARS-CoV-2. The challenges facing this target were examined for 7 reagents found in commercially available mouth rinses and listed on the ClinicalTrials.gov website: povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, cyclodextrin, Citrox, cetylpyridinium chloride, and essential oils. Because SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped virus, many reagents target the outer lipid membrane. Moreover, some of them can act on the capsid by denaturing proteins. Until now, there has been no scientific evidence to recommend mouth rinses with an anti-SARS-CoV-2 effect to control the viral load in the oral cavity. This critical review indicates that current knowledge of these reagents would likely improve trends in salivary viral load status. This finding is a strong sign to encourage clinical research for which quality protocols are already available in the literature.},
}

Antiviral Agents/*pharmacology
COVID-19/*prevention & control
Humans
Indicators and Reagents
Mouth/virology
Mouthwashes/*pharmacology
Pandemics

@article {pmid33485182,
year = {2021},
author = {Li, N and Zhu, L and Sun, L and Shao, G},
title = {The effects of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection on cardiovascular diseases and cardiopulmonary injuries.},
journal = {Stem cell research},
volume = {51},
number = {},
pages = {102168},
doi = {10.1016/j.scr.2021.102168},
pmid = {33485182},
issn = {1876-7753},
abstract = {COVID-19 caused by a novel coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2, can elites severe acute respiratory syndrome, severe lung injury, cardiac injury, and even death and became a worldwide pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 infection may result in cardiac injury via several mechanisms, including the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and leading to a cytokine storm, can elicit an exaggerated host immune response. This response contributes to multi-organ dysfunction. As an emerging infectious disease, there are limited data on the effects of this infection on patients with underlying cardiovascular comorbidities. In this review, we summarize the early-stage clinical experiences with COVID-19, with particular focus on patients with cardiovascular diseases and cardiopulmonary injuries, and explores potential available evidence regarding the association between COVID-19, and cardiovascular complications.},
}

@article {pmid33484986,
year = {2021},
author = {Santacroce, L and Inchingolo, F and Topi, S and Del Prete, R and Di Cosola, M and Charitos, IA and Montagnani, M},
title = {Potential beneficial role of probiotics on the outcome of COVID-19 patients: An evolving perspective.},
journal = {Diabetes & metabolic syndrome},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {295-301},
doi = {10.1016/j.dsx.2020.12.040},
pmid = {33484986},
issn = {1878-0334},
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Probiotics can support the body's systems in fighting viral infections. This review is aimed to focus current knowledge about the use of probiotics as adjuvant therapy for COVID-19 patients.

METHODS: We performed an extensive research using the PubMed-LitCovid, Cochrane Library, Embase databases, and conducting manual searches on Google Scholar, Elsevier Connect, Web of Science about this issue.

RESULTS: We have found several papers reporting data about the potential role of probiotics as well as contrasting experimental data about it.

CONCLUSIONS: Most data show good results demonstrating that probiotics can play a significant role in fighting SARS-CoV-2 infection, also compared with their use in the past for various diseases. They seem effective in lowering inflammatory status, moreover in patients with chronic comorbidities such as cancer and diabetes, improving clinical outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid33484843,
year = {2021},
author = {Qiu, X and Nergiz, AI and Maraolo, AE and Bogoch, II and Low, N and Cevik, M},
title = {Defining the role of asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 transmission - a living systematic review.},
journal = {Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.cmi.2021.01.011},
pmid = {33484843},
issn = {1469-0691},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Reports suggest that asymptomatic individuals (those with no symptoms at all throughout infection) with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are infectious, but the extent of transmission based on symptom status requires further study.

PURPOSE: This living review aims to critically appraise available data about secondary attack rates from people with asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection.

DATA SOURCES: Medline, EMBASE, China Academic Journals full-text database (CNKI), and pre-print servers were searched from 30 December 2019 to 3 July 2020 using relevant MESH terms. Study selection Studies that report on contact tracing of index cases with SARS-CoV-2 infection in either English or Chinese were included. Data extraction Two authors independently extracted data and assessed study quality and risk of bias. We calculated the secondary attack rate as the number of contacts with SARS-CoV-2, divided by the number of contacts tested. Data synthesis Of 927 studies identified, 80 were included. Summary secondary attack rate estimates were 1% (95% CI: 0%-2%) with a prediction interval of 0-10% for asymptomatic index cases in 10 studies, 7% (95% CI: 3%-11%) with a prediction interval of 1- 40% for pre-symptomatic cases in 11 studies and 6% (95% CI: 5%-8%) with a prediction interval of 5- 38% for symptomatic index cases in 40 studies. The highest secondary attack rates were found in contacts who lived in the same household as the index case. Other activities associated with transmission were group activities such as sharing meals or playing board games with the index case, regardless of the disease status of the index case.

LIMITATIONS: We excluded some studies because the index case or number of contacts were unclear.

CONCLUSION: Asymptomatic patients can transmit SARS-CoV-2 to others, but our findings indicate that such individuals are responsible for fewer secondary infections than people with symptoms. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42020188168.},
}

@article {pmid33484606,
year = {2021},
author = {Daniell, H and Jin, S and Zhu, XG and Gitzendanner, MA and Soltis, DE and Soltis, PS},
title = {Green giant - a tiny chloroplast genome with mighty power to produce high-value proteins: history and phylogeny.},
journal = {Plant biotechnology journal},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/pbi.13556},
pmid = {33484606},
issn = {1467-7652},
abstract = {Free-living cyanobacteria were entrapped by eukaryotic cells ~2 billion years ago, ultimately giving rise to chloroplasts. After a century of debate, the presence of chloroplast DNA was demonstrated in the 1960s. The first chloroplast genomes were sequenced in the 1980s, followed by ~100 vegetable, fruit, cereal, beverage, oil, starch/sugar crop chloroplast genomes in the past three decades. Foreign genes were expressed in isolated chloroplasts or intact plant cells in the late 1980s and stably integrated into chloroplast genomes, with typically maternal inheritance shown in the 1990s. Since then, chloroplast genomes conferred the highest reported levels of tolerance or resistance to biotic or abiotic stress. Although launching products with agronomic traits in important crops using this concept has been elusive, commercial products developed include enzymes used in everyday life from processing fruit juice, to enhancing water absorption of cotton fiber or removal of stains as laundry detergents and in dye removal in the textile industry. Plastid genome sequences have revealed the framework of green plant phylogeny as well as the intricate history of plastid genome transfer events to other eukaryotes. Discordant historical signals among plastid genes suggest possible variable constraints across the plastome and further understanding and mitigation of these constraints may yield new opportunities for bioengineering. In this review, we trace the evolutionary history of chloroplasts, status of autonomy, and recent advances in products developed for everyday use or those advanced to the clinic, including treatment of COVID-19 patients and SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.},
}

@article {pmid33484452,
year = {2021},
author = {Mele, D and Flamigni, F and Rapezzi, C and Ferrari, R},
title = {Myocarditis in COVID-19 patients: current problems.},
journal = {Internal and emergency medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33484452},
issn = {1970-9366},
abstract = {Myocarditis has been reported as a possible clinical presentation or complication in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 due to SARS-CoV-2. Despite the alarm that this possibility generated among physicians, there is paucity of information about mechanisms, prevalence, prognosis, diagnosis and therapy of myocarditis in the context of COVID-19. This brief review has the goal to revise and summarize current knowledge on myocarditis in COVID-19 patients and underline problems especially related to diagnosis and treatment.},
}

@article {pmid33483885,
year = {2021},
author = {Pajo, AT and Espiritu, AI and Apor, ADAO and Jamora, RDG},
title = {Neuropathologic findings of patients with COVID-19: a systematic review.},
journal = {Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33483885},
issn = {1590-3478},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite the expanding literature that discusses insights into the clinical picture and mechanisms by which the SARS-CoV-2 virus invades the nervous system, data on the neuropathologic findings of patients who died following SARS-CoV-2 infection is limited.

METHODS: A broad literature search was done for published articles that reported on histopathological findings of the brain in patients with COVID-19 in PubMed by MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL by the Cochrane Library, and SCOPUS from December 31, 2019 to October 31, 2020.

RESULTS: The systematic literature search strategy used resulted in a total of 1608 articles of which 14 were included in the analysis (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020221022). There were ten case series, two case reports, one retrospective cohort, and one prospective cohort. The age of the patients ranged between 38 and 90 years old, most of them older than 65 years old (n=66, 45.2%) and males (n=79, 54.1%). Most tested negative in SARS-CoV-2 immunohistochemistry (n=70, 47.9%). The striking pathologic changes included diffuse edema (n=25, 17.1%), gliosis with diffuse activation of microglia and astrocytes (n=52, 35.6%), infarctions involving cortical and subcortical areas of the brain (n=4, 2.7%), intracranial bleed (subarachnoid hemorrhage and punctate hemorrhages) (n=18, 12.4%), arteriosclerosis (n=43, 29.5%), hypoxic-ischemic injury (n=41, 28.1%), and signs of inflammation (n=52, 35.6%). The cause of death was attributed to the cardiorespiratory system (n=66, 45.2%).

CONCLUSIONS: The neuropathologic changes observed likely represent direct cytopathic effects and indirect effects secondary to host-specific inflammatory response induced by the viral infection. Further studies however are required to better elucidate the pathologic mechanism.},
}

@article {pmid33483867,
year = {2021},
author = {Ali, SH and Islam, NS and Commodore-Mensah, Y and Yi, SS},
title = {Implementing Hypertension Management Interventions in Immigrant Communities in the U.S.: a Narrative Review of Recent Developments and Suggestions for Programmatic Efforts.},
journal = {Current hypertension reports},
volume = {23},
number = {1},
pages = {5},
pmid = {33483867},
issn = {1534-3111},
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To outline intervention efforts focused on reducing hypertension disparities in immigrant communities in the U.S. and to identify areas in the design, implementation, and evaluation of these interventions that warrant further exploration guided by an implementation science framework.

RECENT FINDINGS: Studies examined (n = 11) included immigrant populations of African, Hispanic, and Asian origin. Men were underrepresented in most studies. Culturally tailored group-based educational sessions in religious or community spaces were common. Intervention agents included research assistants, registered nurses, community health workers, and faith-based organization volunteers. Community stakeholders were engaged in most studies, although most commonly for recruitment efforts. Surveys/interviews were used for intervention evaluation, and documentation of intervention activities and trainings was used to assess fidelity. Identified pathways for further intervention innovation included gender or migration-status-based targeting, diversifying intervention agents, enhancing mixed-method process evaluations, and tailoring to emerging needs during the COVID-19 pandemic.},
}

@article {pmid33483864,
year = {2021},
author = {Shi, X and Chen, M and Zhang, Y},
title = {The cardiovascular disorders and prognostic cardiac biomarkers in COVID-19.},
journal = {Molecular biology reports},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33483864},
issn = {1573-4978},
support = {81770381//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) leads to the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a worldwide epidemic disease affecting increasing number of patients. Although the virus primarily targets respiratory system, cardiovascular involvement has been reported in accumulating studies. In this review, we first describe the cardiac disorders in human with various types of CoV infection, and in animals infected with coronavirus. Particularly, we will focus on the association of cardiovascular disorders upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, and prognostic cardiac biomarkers in COVID-19. Besides, we will discuss the possible mechanisms underlying cardiac injury resulted from SARS-CoV-2 infection including direct myocardial injury caused by viral infection, reduced level of ACE2, and inflammatory response during infection. Improved understandings of cardiac disorders associated with COVID-19 might predict clinical outcome and provide insights into more rational treatment responses in clinical practice.},
}

@article {pmid33483858,
year = {2021},
author = {Tyagi, SC and Singh, M},
title = {Multi-organ damage by covid-19: congestive (cardio-pulmonary) heart failure, and blood-heart barrier leakage.},
journal = {Molecular and cellular biochemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33483858},
issn = {1573-4919},
support = {AR-71789, HL139047, and DK116591/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Corona virus disease-19 (covid-19) is caused by a coronavirus that is also known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and is generally characterized by fever, respiratory inflammation, and multi-organ failure in susceptible hosts. One of the first things during inflammation is the response by acute phase proteins coupled with coagulation. The angiotensinogen (a substrate for hypertension) is one such acute phase protein and goes on to explain an association of covid-19 with that of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2, a metallopeptidase). Therefore, it is advisable to administer, and test the efficacy of specific blocker(s) of angiotensinogen such as siRNAs or antibodies to covid-19 subjects. Covid-19 activates neutrophils, macrophages, but decreases T-helper cells activity. The metalloproteinases promote the activation of these inflammatory immune cells, therefore; we surmise that doxycycline (a metalloproteinase inhibitor, and a safer antibiotic) would benefit the covid-19 subjects. Along these lines, an anti-acid has also been suggested for mitigation of the covid-19 complications. Interestingly, there are three primary vegetables (celery, carrot, and long-squash) which are alkaline in their pH-range as compared to many others. Hence, treatment with fresh juice (without any preservative) from these vegies or the antioxidants derived from purple carrot and cabbage together with appropriate anti-coagulants may also help prevent or lessen the detrimental effects of the covid-19 pathological outcomes. These suggested remedies might be included in the list of putative interventions that are currently being investigated towards mitigating the multi-organ damage by Covid-19 during the ongoing pandemic.},
}

@article {pmid33483791,
year = {2021},
author = {Verma, J and Subbarao, N},
title = {A comparative study of human betacoronavirus spike proteins: structure, function and therapeutics.},
journal = {Archives of virology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33483791},
issn = {1432-8798},
abstract = {Coronaviruses are the paradigm of emerging 21st century zoonotic viruses, triggering numerous outbreaks and a severe global health crisis. The current COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has affected more than 51 million people across the globe as of 12 November 2020. The crown-like spikes on the surface of the virion are the unique structural feature of viruses in the family Coronaviridae. The spike (S) protein adopts distinct conformations while mediating entry of the virus into the host. This multifunctional protein mediates the entry process by recognizing its receptor on the host cell, followed by the fusion of the viral membrane with the host cell membrane. This review article focuses on the structural and functional comparison of S proteins of the human betacoronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here, we review the current state of knowledge about receptor recognition, the membrane fusion mechanism, structural epitopes, and glycosylation sites of the S proteins of these viruses. We further discuss various vaccines and other therapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies, peptides, and small molecules based on the S protein of these three viruses.},
}

@article {pmid33483287,
year = {2021},
author = {Egeli, BH and Sparks, JA and Kim, AHJ and Liew, JW},
title = {Hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19 and its potential cardiovascular toxicity: Hero or villain?.},
journal = {Best practice & research. Clinical rheumatology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {101658},
doi = {10.1016/j.berh.2020.101658},
pmid = {33483287},
issn = {1532-1770},
abstract = {A variety of treatment modalities have been investigated since the beginning of the Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. The use of antimalarials (hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine) for COVID-19 treatment and prevention has proven to be a cautionary tale for widespread, off-label use of a medication during a crisis. The investigation of antimalarials for COVID-19 has also been a driver for a deluge of scientific output in a short amount of time. In this narrative review, we detail the evidence for and against antimalarial use in COVID-19, starting with the early small observational studies that influenced strategies worldwide. We then contrast these findings to later published larger observational studies and randomized controlled trials. We detail the emerging possible cardiovascular risks associated with antimalarial use in COVID-19 and whether COVID-19-related outcomes and cardiovascular risks may differ for antimalarials used in rheumatic diseases.},
}

@article {pmid33483106,
year = {2021},
author = {Lombardo, AM and Andolfi, C and Deshpande, AP and Aizen, JM and Dangle, PP and Gundeti, MS},
title = {Pediatric urology amidst SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: Building the future with current knowledge.},
journal = {Journal of pediatric surgery},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2021.01.017},
pmid = {33483106},
issn = {1531-5037},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic has ripped around the globe, stolen family members and forced healthcare systems to operate under an unprecedented strain. As of December 2020, 74.7 million people have contracted COVID-19 worldwide and although vaccine distribution has commenced, a recent rise in cases suggest that the pandemic is far from over.

METHODS: This piece explores how COVID-19 has explicitly impacted the field of pediatric urology and its patients with a focus on vulnerable subpopulations.

RESULTS: Various medical and surgical associations have published guidelines in reaction to the initial onset of the pandemic in early 2020.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: As the number of patients with COVID-19 increases, long-term recovery and future preparedness are imperative and should be cognizant of patient subpopulations that have been subject to disproportionate morbidity and mortality burden. Development of a dedicated response team would aid in achieving preparedness by drafting and implementing plans for resource allocation during scarcity, including logistic and ethical considerations of vaccine distribution.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.},
}

@article {pmid33482357,
year = {2021},
author = {Berber, E and Sumbria, D and Rouse, BT},
title = {Could targeting immunometabolism be a way to control the burden of COVID-19 infection?.},
journal = {Microbes and infection},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {104780},
doi = {10.1016/j.micinf.2021.104780},
pmid = {33482357},
issn = {1769-714X},
abstract = {This review portrays the metabolic consequences of Covid-19 infection at different stages of the clinical syndrome. It also describes how events can change when patients with metabolic problems are infected and the effects that diet and nutrition might play to influence the outcome of infection. We also discuss the types of maneuvers that could be used to reshape metabolic events and question if this approach could be a practical therapy used alone or in combination with other approaches to reduce the burden of Covid-19 infection.},
}

@article {pmid33482337,
year = {2021},
author = {Cavalli, G and Colafrancesco, S and Emmi, G and Imazio, M and Lopalco, G and Maggio, MC and Sota, J and Dinarello, CA},
title = {Interleukin 1α: a comprehensive review on the role of IL-1α in the pathogenesis and targeted treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.},
journal = {Autoimmunity reviews},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {102763},
doi = {10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102763},
pmid = {33482337},
issn = {1873-0183},
abstract = {The interleukin (IL)-1 family member IL-1α is a ubiquitous and pivotal pro-inflammatory cytokine. The IL-1α precursor is constitutively present in nearly all cell types in health, but is released upon necrotic cell death as a bioactive mediator. IL-1α is also expressed by infiltrating myeloid cells within injured tissues. The cytokine binds the IL-1 receptor 1 (IL-1R1), as does IL-1β, and induces the same pro-inflammatory effects. Being a bioactive precursor released upon tissue damage and necrotic cell death, IL-1α is central to the pathogenesis of numerous conditions characterized by organ or tissue inflammation. These include conditions affecting the lung and respiratory tract, dermatoses and inflammatory skin disorders, systemic sclerosis, myocarditis, pericarditis, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, inflammatory thrombosis, as well as complex multifactorial conditions such as COVID-19, vasculitis and Kawasaki disease, Behcet's syndrome, Sjogren Syndrome, as well as cancer. This review illustrates the clinical relevance of IL-1α to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, as well as the rationale for the targeted inhibition of this cytokine for treatment of these conditions. Three biologics are available to reduce the activities of IL-1α; the monoclonal antibody bermekimab, the IL-1 soluble receptor rilonacept, and the IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra. These advances in mechanistic understanding and therapeutic management make it incumbent on physicians to be aware of IL-1α and of the opportunity for therapeutic inhibition of this cytokine across in a broad spectrum of diseases.},
}

@article {pmid33482251,
year = {2021},
author = {Gresham, LM and Marzario, B and Dutz, J and Kirchhof, MG},
title = {An Evidence-Based Guide to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination of Patients on Immunotherapies in Dermatology.},
journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jaad.2021.01.047},
pmid = {33482251},
issn = {1097-6787},
abstract = {Immune-mediated diseases and immunotherapeutics can negatively impact normal immune functioning and consequently vaccine safety and response. The COVID-19 pandemic has incited research aimed at developing a novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. As SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are developed and made available, the assessment of anticipated safety and efficacy in patients with immune-mediated dermatologic diseases and requiring immunosuppressive and/or immunomodulatory therapy is particularly important. A review of the literature was conducted by a multidisciplinary committee to provide guidance on the safety and efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination for dermatologists and other clinicians when prescribing immunotherapeutics. The vaccine platforms being used to develop SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are expected to be safe and potentially effective for dermatology patients on immunotherapeutics. Current guidelines for vaccination of an immunocompromised host remain appropriate when considering future administration of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.},
}

@article {pmid33482248,
year = {2021},
author = {Chakraborty, S and Mallajosyula, V and Tato, CM and Tan, GS and Wang, TT},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in advanced clinical trials: where do we stand.},
journal = {Advanced drug delivery reviews},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.014},
pmid = {33482248},
issn = {1872-8294},
abstract = {The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has led to the focused application of resources and scientific expertise toward the goal of developing investigational vaccines to prevent COVID-19. The highly collaborative global efforts by private industry, governments and non-governmental organizations have resulted in a number of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates moving to Phase III trials in a period of only months since the start of the pandemic. In this review, we provide an overview of the preclinical and clinical data on SARS-CoV-2 vaccines that are currently in Phase III clinical trials and in few cases authorized for emergency use. We further discuss relevant vaccine platforms and provide a discussion of SARS-CoV-2 antigens that may be targeted to increase the breadth and durability of vaccine responses.},
}

@article {pmid33482181,
year = {2021},
author = {Tarighi, P and Eftekhari, S and Chizari, M and Sabernavaei, M and Jafari, D and Mirzabeigi, P},
title = {A review of potential suggested drugs for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) treatment.},
journal = {European journal of pharmacology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {173890},
doi = {10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173890},
pmid = {33482181},
issn = {1879-0712},
abstract = {The latest pandemic, coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), is associated with high prevalence and easy transmission, which is expanding globally with no conventional treatment or vaccine. The new virus revealed 79% and 50% genomic similarities with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), respectively. Accordingly, since the disease resists testing and adopting new therapeutics, repositioning pre-existing drugs may present a fast and attractive strategy with known safety, characteristics, and dosage used. However, they are not specific and targeted. Therefore, several drugs have been investigated for their efficacy and safety in the treatment of COVID-19; most of them are undergoing clinical trials. This article summarizes clinical investigations of potential therapeutic drugs used as COVID-19 therapy. Subsequently, it prepares a pattern of results and therapeutic targets to help further experiment designs. We have investigated drugs as classified in the following three groups; 1) The drugs which computationally showed effectiveness (in silico) but needed further lab confirmations; 2) Emetine, Teicoplanin, and Nelfinavir have shown effectiveness in vitro; 3) The drugs currently under clinical trial.},
}

@article {pmid33482149,
year = {2021},
author = {Zeng, L and Li, D and Tong, W and Shi, T and Ning, B},
title = {Biochemical features and mutations of key proteins in SARS-CoV-2 and their impacts on RNA therapeutics.},
journal = {Biochemical pharmacology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {114424},
doi = {10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114424},
pmid = {33482149},
issn = {1873-2968},
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic. Three viral proteins, the spike protein (S) for attachment of virus to host cells, 3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease (Mpro) for digestion of viral polyproteins to functional proteins, and RNA-dependent-RNA-polymerase (RdRp) for RNA synthesis are the most critical proteins for virus infection and replication, rendering them the most important drug targets for both antibody and chemical drugs. Due to its low-fidelity polymerase, the virus is subject to frequent mutations. To date, the sequence data from tens of thousands of virus isolates have revealed hundreds of mutations. Although most mutations have a minimum consequence, a small number of non-synonymous mutations may alter the virulence and antigenicity of the mutants. To evaluate the effects of viral mutations on drug safety and efficacy, we reviewed the biochemical features of the three main proteins and their potentials as drug targets, and analyzed the mutation profiles and their impacts on RNA therapeutics. We believe that monitoring and predicting mutation-introduced protein conformational changes in the three key viral proteins and evaluating their binding affinities and enzymatic activities with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulated drugs by using computational modeling and machine learning processes can provide valuable information for the consideration of drug efficacy and drug safety for drug developers and drug reviewers. Finally, we propose an interactive database for drug developers and reviewers to use in evaluating the safety and efficacy of U.S. FDA regulated drugs with regard to viral mutations.},
}

@article {pmid33481361,
year = {2020},
author = {Zmonarski, S and Stojanowski, J and Zmonarska, J},
title = {Polymers with antiviral properties: A brief review.},
journal = {Polimery w medycynie},
volume = {50},
number = {2},
pages = {79-82},
doi = {10.17219/pim/131643},
pmid = {33481361},
issn = {0370-0747},
abstract = {Viruses that are pathogenic to humans and livestock pose a serious epidemiological threat and challenge the world's population. The SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic has made the world aware of the scale of the threat. The surfaces of various materials can be a source of viruses that remain temporarily contagious in the environment. Few polymers have antiviral effects that reduce infectivity or the presence of a virus in the human environment. Some of the effects are due to certain physical properties, e.g., high hydrophobicity. Other materials owe their antiviral activity to a modified physicochemical structure favoring the action on specific virus receptors or on their biochemistry. Current research areas include: gluten, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyimide, polylactic acid, graphene oxide, and polyurethane bound to copper oxide. The future belongs to multi-component mixtures or very thin multilayer systems. The rational direction of research work is the search for materials with a balanced specificity in relation to the most dangerous viruses and universality in relation to other viruses.},
}

@article {pmid33481360,
year = {2020},
author = {Stojanowski, J and Gołębiowski, T},
title = {Focus on COVID-19: Antiviral polymers in drugs and vaccines.},
journal = {Polimery w medycynie},
volume = {50},
number = {2},
pages = {75-78},
doi = {10.17219/pim/131644},
pmid = {33481360},
issn = {0370-0747},
abstract = {Pathogenic viral factors pose a serious epidemiological threat and challenge to the world population, as proven by the scale and rapidity of COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. Polymer macromolecules can be an alternative to the accepted forms of treatment. Polymeric substances can be used as drugs or as adjuvants in vaccines. The most important feature of polymers is their advanced structure and the ability to construct the molecule from scratch, giving it the desired properties. Antiviral properties are influenced by, among other things, electrical charge, form and structure, and composition with other polymers or heavy metals. Depending on the expected properties, molecules can be built from scratch to be capable of transporting drugs or improve the effectiveness of the right drug. They can also be antiviral drugs in themselves. Polymeric compounds allow to reduce the frequency of adverse effects and improve the effect of the drug. They can have a direct antiviral effect by upsetting the lipid membrane of the surrounding viruses. Antiviral action of polymers occurs because of the properties of the polymers alone or in combination with other molecules. Viral epidemics are a motivation for research that can help stop a global pandemic in the future.},
}

@article {pmid33481314,
year = {2021},
author = {Shams, S and Rathore, SS and Anvekar, P and Sondhi, M and Kancherla, N and Tousif, S and Rojas, GA and Ahmed, NK and Munawwar, M and Noman, M},
title = {Maculopapular skin eruptions associated with Covid-19: a systematic review.},
journal = {Dermatologic therapy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e14788},
doi = {10.1111/dth.14788},
pmid = {33481314},
issn = {1529-8019},
abstract = {In this systematic review, we anticipated in summarising clinical features, histopathological hallmarks, and possible pathology behind the maculopapular skin eruptions occurring in Covid-19 patients. A literature search was executed using MEDLINE/PubMed and Embase databases for articles published till November 20, 2020. All eligible articles including observational studies, case reports, and case series reporting the maculopapular skin lesion in Covid-19 patients were included. Data were obtained for 354 Covid-19 patients presenting with maculopapular lesions from 40 studies. The mean age of these patients was 53 years, and with 42% of them being male. These maculopapular lesions differed considerably in terms of distribution and appearance, ranging from Diffuse erythematous maculopapular lesions to scattered erythematous macules coalescing into papules to maculopapular lesions in plaques. The mean duration of the lesion was 8 days. These lesions were frequently localized on trunks and extremities. Superficial perivascular dermatitis with lymphocytic infiltrate was a histopathological hallmark of these lesions. As these skin lesions may have a possible association with diagnosis, management, prognosis, and severity of the disease, all health practitioners need to be well acquainted with these Covid-19 skin lesions. Also, in the middle of this worldwide pandemic, early identification of this eruption may help manage this infection's further spread. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
}

@article {pmid33479921,
year = {2021},
author = {Zakka, K and Chidambaram, S and Mansour, S and Mahawar, K and Salminen, P and Almino, R and Schauer, P and Kinross, J and Purkayastha, S and , },
title = {SARS-CoV-2 and Obesity: "CoVesity"-a Pandemic Within a Pandemic.},
journal = {Obesity surgery},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33479921},
issn = {1708-0428},
abstract = {Individuals who are overweight or suffering from obesity are in a chronic state of low-grade inflammation, making them particularly susceptible to developing severe forms of respiratory failure. Studies conducted in past pandemics link obesity with worse health outcomes. This population is thus of particular concern within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, considering the cessation of obesity management services. This systematic review highlights [1] the reciprocal link between the obesity and COVID-19 pandemics, [2] obesity as a risk factor for more severe disease in past pandemics, [3] potential mechanisms that make individual's suffering from obesity more susceptible to severe disease and higher viral load, and [4] the need to safely resume bariatric services as recommended by expert guidelines, in order to mitigate the health outcomes of an already vulnerable population.},
}

@article {pmid33479703,
year = {2021},
author = {Tan, SW and Tam, YC and Oh, CC},
title = {Skin manifestations of COVID-19: A worldwide review.},
journal = {JAAD international},
volume = {2},
number = {},
pages = {119-133},
doi = {10.1016/j.jdin.2020.12.003},
pmid = {33479703},
issn = {2666-3287},
abstract = {Objective: Because of the increasing emergence of skin manifestations of COVID-19 worldwide, we investigated the published reports of these lesions.

Methods: We conducted a literature search for original and review articles published from November 11, 2019 to September 30, 2020.

Results: We identified 5 skin lesions common in patients with COVID-19: pseudo-chilblains, rashes containing macules and papules, and urticarial, vesicular, and vaso-occlusive lesions. These lesions manifested at various times in relation to the COVID-19 symptoms, which may indicate whether the lesions are virus-induced or are delayed immunological responses to the infection. Skin lesions were more prevalent among Europeans and United States residents than among Asians, as was pseudo-chilblain, and the morphology of the skin lesions varied among continents. Pseudo-chilblains were the most common COVID-19 skin manifestation in Europe and the United States, but there was only 1 reported case from Asian populations. Additionally, patients with vaso-occlusive lesions were more likely than those with pseudo-chilblains to be admitted to the intensive care unit and to die.

Conclusion: Different cutaneous manifestations in patients with COVID-19 could reflect a wide spectrum of viral interactions with the skin, though reporting bias may play a role as well.},
}

@article {pmid33479538,
year = {2021},
author = {Stefan, N and Birkenfeld, AL and Schulze, MB},
title = {Global pandemics interconnected - obesity, impaired metabolic health and COVID-19.},
journal = {Nature reviews. Endocrinology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33479538},
issn = {1759-5037},
abstract = {Obesity and impaired metabolic health are established risk factors for the non-communicable diseases (NCDs) type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, otherwise known as metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). With the worldwide spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), obesity and impaired metabolic health also emerged as important determinants of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Furthermore, novel findings indicate that specifically visceral obesity and characteristics of impaired metabolic health such as hyperglycaemia, hypertension and subclinical inflammation are associated with a high risk of severe COVID-19. In this Review, we highlight how obesity and impaired metabolic health increase complications and mortality in COVID-19. We also summarize the consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection for organ function and risk of NCDs. In addition, we discuss data indicating that the COVID-19 pandemic could have serious consequences for the obesity epidemic. As obesity and impaired metabolic health are both accelerators and consequences of severe COVID-19, and might adversely influence the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, we propose strategies for the prevention and treatment of obesity and impaired metabolic health on a clinical and population level, particularly while the COVID-19 pandemic is present.},
}