@article {pmid34543987,
year = {2021},
author = {Al-Kuraishy, HM and Al-Gareeb, AI and Qusti, S and Alshammari, EM and Atanu, FO and Batiha, GE},
title = {Arginine vasopressin and pathophysiology of COVID-19: An innovative perspective.},
journal = {Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie},
volume = {143},
number = {},
pages = {112193},
doi = {10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112193},
pmid = {34543987},
issn = {1950-6007},
abstract = {In Covid-19, systemic disturbances may progress due to development of cytokine storm and dysregulation of and plasma osmolarility due to high release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and neuro-hormonal disorders. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) which is involve in the regulation of body osmotic system, body water content, blood pressure and plasma volume, that are highly disturbed in Covid-19 and linked with poor clinical outcomes. Therefore, this present study aimed to find the potential association between AVP serum level and inflammatory disorders in Covid-19. It has been observed by different recent studies that physiological response due to fever, pain, hypovolemia, dehydration, and psychological stress is characterized by activation release of AVP to counter-balance high blood viscosity in Covid-19 patients. In addition, activated immune cells mainly T and B lymphocytes and released pro-inflammatory cytokines stimulate discharge of stored AVP from immune cells, which in a vicious cycle trigger release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Vasopressin receptor antagonists have antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects that may inhibit AVP-induced hyponatremia and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in Covid-19. In conclusion, release of AVP from hypothalamus is augmented in Covid-19 due to stress, high pro-inflammatory cytokines, high circulating AngII and inhibition of GABAergic neurons. In turn, high AVP level leads to induction of hyponatremia, inflammatory disorders, and development of complications in Covid-19 by activation of NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome with release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, AVP antagonists might be novel potential therapeutic modality in treating Covid-19 through mitigation of AVP-mediated inflammatory disorders and hyponatremia.},
}
@article {pmid34543756,
year = {2021},
author = {Cordeiro, A and Ribamar, A and Ramalho, A},
title = {ADIPOSE TISSUE DYSFUNCTION AND MAFLD IN OBESITY ON THE SCENE OF COVID-19.},
journal = {Clinics and research in hepatology and gastroenterology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {101807},
doi = {10.1016/j.clinre.2021.101807},
pmid = {34543756},
issn = {2210-741X},
abstract = {Obesity is a known risk factor for respiratory infection and many other chronic diseases, including metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), previously known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Recently, it has been considered an important and independent predictor for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) complications in adults, especially cardiopulmonary, presenting in a great number of individuals in critical care. In obesity, adipose tissue (AT) undergoes expansion via several processes: expansion of adipocytes and insufficient vascularization lead to hypoxia; adipocyte apoptosis/necrosis; irregular fatty acid flux; and enhanced secretion of inflammatory adipokines, cytokines, and chemokines. In individuals with obesity the liver can also become a target of COVID-19 infection, although major liver damage is uncommon. COVID-19 acute pandemic often develops in patients with major metabolic abnormalities, including fatty liver disease, which is part of a chronic pandemic together with body fat accumulation. During metabolic abnormalities, the expansion of metabolically active fat parallels chronic inflammatory changes, the development of Insulin Resistance (IR), and in the liver, the accumulation of fat, possibly, an underlying fibrosis. SARS-Cov-2 virus might affect the liver by direct or indirect mechanisms. The current epidemic of obesity and related metabolic diseases has extensively contributed to increase the number of severe cases and deaths from COVID-19, resulting in a health, political and economic crisis with long-lasting consequences. In this review, the authors explore the relationship between AT dysfunction and MAFLD in obesity on the scene of COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid34543734,
year = {2021},
author = {Penn, JW and Marcus, HJ and Uff, CEG},
title = {5th Generation Cellular Networks and Neurosurgery: A Narrative Review.},
journal = {World neurosurgery},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.wneu.2021.09.054},
pmid = {34543734},
issn = {1878-8769},
abstract = {Connectivity is a driving force for productivity across a wide variety of sectors in the 21st Century with healthcare being no exception. 5th generation cellular technology (5G) is frequently alluded to in the mainstream media but understanding of the technology and its potential impact is not widespread in clinical communities. It promises unprecedented improvement in speed, bandwidth, reliability and latency, all of which have significant implications for the way we use wireless data. 5G can be subdivided into three parallel technological architectures: extended mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC), and massive machine type communication (mMTC). These domains each present different and exciting prospects for the future of healthcare. This narrative review aims to elucidate the nature of 5G, its context within the development of telecommunications, and describe some of the notable opportunities it presents to the neurosurgical community. In many cases the requisite hardware has already been developed, but use has been limited by the requirements of a fast, reliable and omnipresent network connection. Examples include telesurgical robots, remote supervision of procedures, integrated smart operating theatres and clinician telepresence. The events of 2020 and the COVID-19 pandemic have brought the world's attention to digital transformation. The mechanics of 5G connectivity creates the capacity for these changes to be applied practically. An understanding of this technology is essential to appreciate the development and opportunities which will be part of our professional future.},
}
@article {pmid34542933,
year = {2021},
author = {Ng, TI and Dorr, PK and Krishnan, P and Cohen, DE and Rhee, S and Wang, SX and Ruzek, MC and Mensa, FJ and Kati, WM},
title = {Biomarkers for the clinical development of antiviral therapies.},
journal = {Cytometry. Part B, Clinical cytometry},
volume = {100},
number = {1},
pages = {19-32},
doi = {10.1002/cyto.b.21974},
pmid = {34542933},
issn = {1552-4957},
abstract = {With the morbidity and mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic that we are witnessing this year, the risks posed by emerging viral diseases to global health are all too obvious. This pandemic highlights the importance of antiviral drug discovery, which targets emerging viral pathogens, as well as existing pathogenic viruses that undergo continuous evolution. Drug discovery and development is a long and resource intensive process; however, the use of biomarkers can accelerate clinical development of antivirals by providing information regarding diagnosis of specific viral infections, status of infection, potential safety parameters, and antiviral responses. In clinical practice, many of the biomarkers initially utilized to support clinical development are also used for patient care. While viral load is a standard and essential biomarker used to detect the desired viral suppression induced by an antiviral agent, it has become apparent that additional biomarkers, whether related to the virus, the host or as a consequence of the drug's mechanistic effects, are also important for monitoring clinical outcomes associated with an antiviral therapy. This review summarizes the biomarkers used in the clinical development (as well as in clinical practice, where appropriate) of antiviral therapies for hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.},
}
@article {pmid34542840,
year = {2021},
author = {Farmani, AR and Mahdavinezhad, F and Scagnolari, C and Kouhestani, M and Mohammadi, S and Ai, J and Shoormeij, MH and Rezaei, N},
title = {An overview on tumor treating fields (TTFields) technology as a new potential subsidiary biophysical treatment for COVID-19.},
journal = {Drug delivery and translational research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34542840},
issn = {2190-3948},
abstract = {COVID-19 pandemic situation has affected millions of people with tens of thousands of deaths worldwide. Despite all efforts for finding drugs or vaccines, the key role for the survival of patients is still related to the immune system. Therefore, improving the efficacy and the functionality of the immune system of COVID-19 patients is very crucial. The potential new, non-invasive, FDA-approved biophysical technology that could be considered in this regard is tumor treating fields (TTFields) based on an alternating electric field has great biological effects. TTFields have significant effects in improving the functionality of dendritic cell, and cytotoxic T-cells, and these cells have a major role in defense against viral infection. Hence, applying TTFields could help COVID-19 patients against infection. Additionally, TTFields can reduce viral genomic replication, by reducing the expressions of some of the vital members of DNA replication complex genes from the minichromosome maintenance family (MCMs). These genes not only are involved in DNA replication but it has also been proven that they have a crucial role in viral replication. Also, TTFields suppress the formation of the network of tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) which is knows as filamentous (F)-actin-rich tubular structures. TNTs have a critical role in promoting the spread of viruses through improving viral entry and acting as a protective agent for viral components from immune cells and even pharmaceuticals. Moreover, TTFields enhance autophagy which leads to apoptosis of virally infected cells. Thus, it can be speculated that using TTFields may prove to be a promising approach as a subsidiary treatment of COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid34542794,
year = {2021},
author = {Chan, OSK and Bradley, KCF and Grioni, A and Lau, SKP and Li, WT and Magouras, I and Naing, T and Padula, A and To, EMW and Tun, HM and Tutt, C and Woo, PCY and Bloch, R and Mauroo, NF},
title = {Veterinary Experiences can Inform One Health Strategies for Animal Coronaviruses.},
journal = {EcoHealth},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34542794},
issn = {1612-9210},
}
@article {pmid34542788,
year = {2021},
author = {Trbojević-Akmačić, I and Petrović, T and Lauc, G},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein binding to multiple host receptors enables cell entry and infection.},
journal = {Glycoconjugate journal},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34542788},
issn = {1573-4986},
support = {IP-CORONA-2020-04-2052//Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost/ ; },
abstract = {The severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection displays a wide array of clinical manifestations. Although some risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity and outcomes have been identified the underlying biologic mechanisms are still not well understood. The surface SARS-CoV-2 proteins are heavily glycosylated enabling host cell interaction and viral entry. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been identified to be the main host cell receptor enabling SARS-CoV-2 cell entry after interaction with its S glycoprotein. However, recent studies report SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein interaction with other cell receptors, mainly C-type lectins which recognize specific glycan epitopes facilitating SARS-CoV-2 entry to susceptible cells. Here, we are summarizing the main findings on SARS-CoV-2 interactions with ACE2 and other cell membrane surface receptors and soluble lectins involved in the viral cell entry modulating its infectivity and potentially playing a role in subsequent clinical manifestations of COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid34542776,
year = {2021},
author = {Orjuela-Grimm, M and Deschak, C and Aragon Gama, CA and Bhatt Carreño, S and Hoyos, L and Mundo, V and Bojorquez, I and Carpio, K and Quero, Y and Xicotencatl, A and Infante, C},
title = {Migrants on the Move and Food (In)security: A Call for Research.},
journal = {Journal of immigrant and minority health},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34542776},
issn = {1557-1920},
abstract = {Food insecurity contributes to negative outcomes for health and wellbeing, and its impact may be exacerbated during periods of vulnerability. While food insecurity is both a driver and a consequence of migration, anecdotal evidence indicates that it is also common during migration when people are 'on the move', although its prevalence and severity during these periods are largely undocumented. Food security monitoring is critical to ensuring the universal right to food for migrants, and instruments must be designed which capture the unique challenges faced during these 'extra-ordinary' periods of mobility, including in the context of emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper reviews knowledge on food security in migrants on the move and examines how active mobility intersects with food security and its measurement. Considering the potential consequences on health and wellbeing, we call for interdisciplinary research using standard instruments to document food insecurity in migrants on the move.},
}
@article {pmid34542699,
year = {2021},
author = {Hemmer, CJ and Löbermann, M and Reisinger, EC},
title = {[COVID-19: epidemiology and mutations : An update].},
journal = {Der Radiologe},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34542699},
issn = {1432-2102},
abstract = {Mutations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can enhance the spread and the infectiousness and decrease the protective effect of antibodies present after infection, vaccination or antibody treatment. The alpha variant (B.1.1.7), first seen in Kent/United Kingdom, has increased the R‑value and therefore the infectiousness by 75%; however, the effectiveness of the vaccines against SARS-CoV‑2 available in Germany seems to be only slightly impaired by these mutations. In the case of the beta variant (B.1.351), first described in South Africa, the neutralization ability of antibodies towards SARS-CoV‑2 is decreased. The monoclonal antibodies bamlanivimab and etesivimab, which are used therapeutically, are ineffective. The AstraZeneca vaccine offers almost no protection against mild or moderate disease caused by the beta variant. The gamma variant (P.1 or B.1.1.28.1), which was first found in Brazil, is probably 1.7-2.6 times more transmissible than previous virus strains circulating in Brazil. In addition to the infectiousness, the mortality risk of the gamma variant also seems to be increased between 1.2 and 1.9-fold in adults and between 5 and 8-fold in young persons. The delta variant (B.1.617), first described in India, is now dominant in most countries. It is 50% more infectious than the alpha variant, and the protective effect of vaccinations against symptomatic disease can be decreased (Biontech: delta variant 88%, alpha variant 93.7%; AstraZeneca: delta variant 67%, alpha variant 74.5%). Furthermore, the course of the disease with the delta variant is often more severe than with the wild type. Disease courses with the delta variant are less severe in vaccinated than in nonvaccinated persons, and fatal outcomes are substantially rarer. A high vaccination rate is essential in order to approach herd immunity and to bring the pandemic under control. Even where the protective effect towards mild or moderate disease is decreased, as a rule, vaccination still offers excellent protection against life-threatening and fatal disease courses.},
}
@article {pmid34542686,
year = {2021},
author = {Gupta, R and Kazi, TA and Dey, D and Ghosh, A and Ravichandiran, V and Swarnakar, S and Roy, S and Biswas, SR and Ghosh, D},
title = {CRISPR detectives against SARS-CoV-2: a major setback against COVID-19 blowout.},
journal = {Applied microbiology and biotechnology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34542686},
issn = {1432-0614},
support = {BT/PR26301/GET/119/258/2017//department of biotechnology , ministry of science and technology/ ; BT/P/Budget/RD-74/2017//department of science and technology, government of west bengal/ ; },
abstract = {The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has brought the world to a standstill, and till date, effective treatments and diagnostics against this idiosyncratic pathogen are lacking. As compared to the standard WHO/CDC qPCR detection method, which consumes several hours for detection, CRISPR-based SHERLOCK, DETECTR, and FELUDA have emerged as rapid diagnostic tools for the detection of the RNA genome of SARS-CoV-2 within an hour with 100% accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity. These attributes of CRISPR-based detection technologies have taken themselves one step ahead of available detection systems and are emerging as an inevitable tool for quick detection of the virus. Further, the discovery of Cas13s nucleases and their orthologs has opened a new corridor for exploitation of Cas13s as an antiviral therapy against SARS-CoV-2 and other viral diseases. One such approach is Prophylactic Antiviral CRISPR in huMAN cells (PACMAN), which needs a long haul to bring into therapy. The approval of SHERLOCK as the first CRISPR-based SARS-CoV-2 test kit by the FDA, for emergency diagnosis of COVID-19 patients, has given positive hope to scientists that sooner human trials of CRISPR-based therapy will be ratified. In this review, we have extensively reviewed the present CRISPR-based approaches, challenges, and future prospects in the light of diagnostics and therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2. KEY POINTS: • The discovery of Cas12 and Cas13 siblings allowed scientists to detect the viral genes. • Cas13d's identification aided scientists in precisely cleaving the SARS-CoV-2 ssRNA. • CRISPR-Cas system acts as "molecular detector and antiviral proctor."},
}
@article {pmid34542447,
year = {2021},
author = {López-Belmonte, J and Segura-Robles, A and Moreno-Guerrero, AJ and Parra-González, ME},
title = {Projection of E-Learning in Higher Education: A Study of Its Scientific Production in Web of Science.},
journal = {European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {20-32},
doi = {10.3390/ejihpe11010003},
pmid = {34542447},
issn = {2254-9625},
abstract = {E-learning is conceived as a purely virtual training approach. Different learning styles have been proliferated in recent years, especially now, due to the impact of COVID-19 in the educational field. The aim of this study is to discover the evolution of e-learning in higher education (ELHI) in scientific literature indexed on the Web of Science. Co-word analysis and bibliometric analysis was performed. A total matrix of 1261 documents was analyzed through SciMAT software. The results revealed that studies on ELHI are written in English and presented by conference papers. The main source of publication for the conferences is EDULEARN proceedings, while the journal source is Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. Spain is the country with the highest volume of production. It is concluded that research on ELHI use does not have an established line of research, due to its recent creation and the lack of related research. The bibliometric analysis specifies that the research is oriented towards knowing the level of acceptance and application of the pedagogical method in the teaching and learning processes.},
}
@article {pmid34541721,
year = {2021},
author = {Cronin, JN and Camporota, L and Formenti, F},
title = {Mechanical ventilation in COVID-19: A physiological perspective.},
journal = {Experimental physiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1113/EP089400},
pmid = {34541721},
issn = {1469-445X},
abstract = {NEW FINDINGS: What is the topic of this review? This review presents the fundamental concepts of respiratory physiology and pathophysiology, with particular reference to lung mechanics and the pulmonary phenotype associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and subsequent COVID-19 pneumonia. What advances does it highlight? The review critically summarises the main physiological aspects to be considered for safe and effective mechanical ventilation in patients with severe COVID-19 in the intensive care unit.<br><br>ABSTRACT: Severe respiratory failure from COVID-19 pneumonia not responding to non-invasive respiratory support requires mechanical ventilation. While ventilation can be a life-saving therapy, it can cause further lung injury if airway pressure, flow and their timing are not tailored to the individual patient's respiratory system mechanics. The pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to a pattern of lung injury in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia typically associated with two distinct phenotypes - along a temporal and pathophysiological continuum - characterised by different levels of elastance, ventilation and perfusion ratio, right-to-left-shunt, lung weight and recruitability. Understanding the underlying pathophysiology, duration of symptoms, radiological characteristics and lung mechanics at the individual patient level is crucial for the appropriate choice of mechanical ventilation settings to optimise gas exchange and prevent further lung injury. By critically analysing the literature, we propose fundamental physiological and mechanical criteria for the selection of ventilation settings for COVID-19 patients in intensive care units. In particular, the choice of tidal volume should be based on obtaining a driving pressure < 14 cmH2 O, ensuring the avoidance of hypoventilation in patients with preserved compliance, and excessive strain in patients with smaller lung volumes and lower lung compliance. The level of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) should be informed by the measurement of the potential for lung recruitability, where patients with greater recruitability potential may benefit from higher PEEP levels. Prone positioning is often beneficial and should be considered early. The rationale for the proposed mechanical ventilation settings criteria is presented and discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
}
@article {pmid34541674,
year = {2021},
author = {Reis, VP and Bezerra, AR and Maia, ABP and Marques, LC and Conde, DC},
title = {An integrative review of oral manifestations in patients with COVID-19: signs directly related to SARS-CoV-2 infection or secondary findings?.},
journal = {International journal of dermatology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/ijd.15881},
pmid = {34541674},
issn = {1365-4632},
abstract = {We conducted an integrative review on oral manifestations in patients with COVID-19 based on the current available literature evidence. A bibliographic search was carried out on March 11, 2021, among published studies in the years 2019-2021 in the PubMed database and based on the search strategy ("COVID-19" AND "oral lesions" OR "oral mucositis" OR "oral manifestation"). After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 29 articles were considered suitable for this review. A total of 110 cases of patients with COVID-19 who had oral manifestations were reported. The presence of ulcerated lesions was the most common finding, having a herpetiform and aphthous clinical pattern observed in most cases. Macules, petechiae, hemorrhagic blisters, pustular enanthem, mucositis, and halitosis were also among the most frequently described oral manifestations. The tongue was the most commonly affected site, followed by the palate and lip. Most of the reported cases were diagnosed only by the clinical aspect of the lesion associated with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test or the presence of other COVID-19 symptoms. Current scientific evidence still could not affirm that most of the oral lesions observed in patients with COVID-19 are related to the virus's direct or indirect action on the oral mucosa. To confirm this association, prospective and longitudinal studies are further needed, together with a larger number of patients, complemented by histopathological examination of these lesions. Additionally, molecular techniques, such as immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, may be necessary to perform the differential diagnosis with other oral lesions.},
}
@article {pmid34541569,
year = {2021},
author = {Shultz, JM and Berg, RC and Bernal Acevedo, OA and Ocampo Cañas, JA and Escobar, VAP and Muñoz, O and Espinel, Z and Uribe-Restrepo, JM},
title = {Complex correlates of Colombia's COVID-19 surge.},
journal = {Lancet Regional Health. Americas},
volume = {3},
number = {},
pages = {100072},
doi = {10.1016/j.lana.2021.100072},
pmid = {34541569},
issn = {2667-193X},
}
@article {pmid34541561,
year = {2021},
author = {Bo, W and Xi, Y and Tian, Z},
title = {The role of exercise in rehabilitation of discharged COVID-19 patients.},
journal = {Sports medicine and health science},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.smhs.2021.09.001},
pmid = {34541561},
issn = {2666-3376},
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mainly caused pneumonia and pulmonary fibrosis through upper respiratory tract infection, which resulted in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiorgan damage of cardiovascular, nervous, digestive, and genitourinary systems. Although the virus test turned negative after the patient recovered, the damage to multiorgan which caused by SARS-CoV-2 may irreversible. Therefore, the health status of the recovered patients has gradually become the focus of people's attention. Whether coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients can receive exercise rehabilitation training after discharge? and what's the basis? We try to analyze and answer these questions, will provide some ideas about the patients to develop a reasonable and effective exercise rehabilitation program.},
}
@article {pmid34541536,
year = {2021},
author = {Rowley, J and Richards, N and Carduff, E and Gott, M},
title = {The impact of poverty and deprivation at the end of life: a critical review.},
journal = {Palliative care and social practice},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {26323524211033873},
doi = {10.1177/26323524211033873},
pmid = {34541536},
issn = {2632-3524},
abstract = {This critical review interrogates what we know about how poverty and deprivation impact people at the end of life and what more we need to uncover. While we know that people in economically resource-rich countries who experience poverty and deprivation over the life course are likely to die younger, with increased co-morbidities, palliative care researchers are beginning to establish a full picture of the disproportionate impact of poverty on how, when and where we die. This is something the Covid-19 pandemic has further illustrated. Our article uses a critical social science lens to investigate an eclectic range of literature addressing health inequities and is focused on poverty and deprivation at the end of life. Our aim was to see if we could shed new light on the myriad ways in which experiences of poverty shape the end of people's lives. We start by exploring the definitions and language of poverty while acknowledging the multiple intersecting identities that produce privilege. We then discuss poverty and deprivation as a context for the nature of palliative care need and overall end-of-life circumstances. In particular, we explore: total pain; choice at the end of life; access to palliative care; and family caregiving. Overall, we argue that in addressing the effects of poverty and deprivation on end-of-life experiences, there is a need to recognise not just socio-economic injustice but also cultural and symbolic injustice. Too often, a deficit-based approach is adopted which both 'Others' those living with poverty and renders invisible the strategies and resilience they develop to support themselves, their families and communities. We conclude with some recommendations for future research, highlighting in particular the need to amplify the voices of people with lived experience of poverty regarding palliative and end-of-life care.},
}
@article {pmid34541485,
year = {2021},
author = {Wang, Z and Whittington, J and Yuan, HY and Miao, H and Tian, H and Stenseth, NC},
title = {Evaluating the effectiveness of control measures in multiple regions during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.},
journal = {Biosafety and health},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.bsheal.2021.09.002},
pmid = {34541485},
issn = {2590-0536},
abstract = {The number of COVID-19 confirmed cases rapidly grew since the SARS-CoV-2 virus was identified in late 2019. Due to the high transmissibility of this virus, more countries are experiencing the repeated waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, with limited manufacturing and distribution of vaccines, control measures might still be the most critical measures to contain outbreaks worldwide. Therefore, evaluating the effectiveness of various control measures is necessary to inform policymakers and improve future preparedness. In addition, there is an ongoing need to enhance our understanding of the epidemiological parameters and the transmission patterns for a better response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This review focuses on how various models were applied to guide the COVID-19 response by estimating key epidemiologic parameters and evaluating the effectiveness of control measures. We also discuss the insights obtained from the prediction of COVID-19 trajectories under different control measures scenarios.},
}
@article {pmid34541459,
year = {2021},
author = {Shibeeb, S and Khan, A},
title = {ABO blood group association and COVID-19. COVID-19 susceptibility and severity: A review.},
journal = {Hematology, transfusion and cell therapy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.htct.2021.07.006},
pmid = {34541459},
issn = {2531-1387},
abstract = {Introduction: : The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has been affecting the health and economic, as well as social, life of the entire globe since the end of 2019. The virus causes COVID-19, with a wide range of symptoms among the infected individuals, from asymptomatic infection to mortality. This, along with a high infection rate, prompted efforts to investigate the potential mechanisms of the different clinical manifestations caused by SARS-CoV-2 among the infected populations.<br><br>Hypothesis: : One of the possible mechanisms that has been reported is the ABO blood system polymorphism. Indeed, one of the major proposed mechanisms is the presence of naturally occurring anti-A antibodies in individuals of groups O and B, which could be partially protective against SARS-CoV-2 virions.<br><br>Objective and Method: : This article aimed to review the published data on the potential effect of the ABO blood group system on the susceptibility to COVID-19 and the disease progression and outcomes.<br><br>Results: : The reviewed data suggest that individuals of blood group A are at a higher risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 and may develop severe COVID-19 outcomes, whereas blood group O is considered protective against the infection, to some extent. However, some of the available studies seem to have been influenced by unaccounted confounders and biases.<br><br>Conclusion: : Therefore, further appropriately controlled studies are warranted to fully investigate the possible association between the ABO blood groups and COVID-19 susceptibility and severity.},
}
@article {pmid34541448,
year = {2021},
author = {Amin, MS and Wozniak, M and Barbaric, L and Pickard, S and Yerrabelli, RS and Christensen, A and Coiado, OC},
title = {Experimental Technologies in the Diagnosis and Treatment of COVID-19 in Patients with Comorbidities.},
journal = {Journal of healthcare informatics research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-24},
doi = {10.1007/s41666-021-00106-7},
pmid = {34541448},
issn = {2509-4971},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the whole world and raised concerns about its effects on different human organ systems. Early detection of COVID-19 may significantly increase the rate of survival; thus, it is critical that the disease is detected early. Emerging technologies have been used to prevent, diagnose, and manage COVID-19 among the populace in the USA and globally. Numerous studies have revealed the growing implementation of novel engineered systems during the intervention at various points of the disease's pathogenesis, especially as it relates to comorbidities and complications related to cardiovascular and respiratory organ systems. In this review, we provide a succinct, but extensive, review of the pathogenesis of COVID-19, particularly as it relates to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a viral entry point. This is followed by a comprehensive analysis of cardiovascular and respiratory comorbidities of COVID-19 and novel technologies that are used to diagnose and manage hospitalized patients. Continuous cardiorespiratory monitoring systems, novel machine learning algorithms for rapidly triaging patients, various imaging modalities, wearable immunosensors, hotspot tracking systems, and other emerging technologies are reviewed. COVID-19 effects on the immune system, associated inflammatory biomarkers, and innovative therapies are also assessed. Finally, with emphasis on the impact of wearable and non-wearable systems, this review highlights future technologies that could help diagnose, monitor, and mitigate disease progression. Technologies that account for an individual's health conditions, comorbidities, and even socioeconomic factors can drastically reduce the high mortality seen among many COVID-19 patients, primarily via disease prevention, early detection, and pertinent management.},
}
@article {pmid34541428,
year = {2021},
author = {De-la-Torre, GE and Pizarro-Ortega, CI and Dioses-Salinas, DC and Ammendolia, J and Okoffo, ED},
title = {Investigating the current status of COVID-19 related plastics and their potential impact on human health.},
journal = {Current opinion in toxicology},
volume = {27},
number = {},
pages = {47-53},
doi = {10.1016/j.cotox.2021.08.002},
pmid = {34541428},
issn = {2468-2934},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic led to a sudden global increase in the production, consumption, and mismanagement of personal protective equipment (PPE). As plastic-based PPE such as disposable face masks and gloves have become widely used, human exposure to PPE-derived pollutants may occur through indirect and direct pathways. This review explores the potential health impacts related to plastic-based PPE through these pathways. Face masks release microplastics, which are directly inhaled during use or transported through the environment. The latter can adsorb chemical contaminants and harbor pathogenic microbiota, and once consumed by organisms, they can translocate to multiple organs upon intake, potentially causing detrimental and cytotoxic effects. However, more research is required to have a comprehensive overview of the human health effects.},
}
@article {pmid34541421,
year = {2021},
author = {Jiang, DH and Roy, DJ and Gu, BJ and Hassett, LC and McCoy, RG},
title = {Postacute Sequelae of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection: A State-of-the-Art Review.},
journal = {JACC. Basic to translational science},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.07.002},
pmid = {34541421},
issn = {2452-302X},
abstract = {The vast majority of patients (>99%) with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 survive immediate infection but remain at risk for persistent and/or delayed multisystem. This review of published reports through May 31, 2021, found that manifestations of postacute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection (PASC) affect between 33% and 98% of coronavirus disease 2019 survivors and comprise a wide range of symptoms and complications in the pulmonary, cardiovascular, neurologic, psychiatric, gastrointestinal, renal, endocrine, and musculoskeletal systems in both adult and pediatric populations. Additional complications are likely to emerge and be identified over time. Although data on PASC risk factors and vulnerable populations are scarce, evidence points to a disproportionate impact on racial/ethnic minorities, older patients, patients with preexisting conditions, and rural residents. Concerted efforts by researchers, health systems, public health agencies, payers, and governments are urgently needed to better understand and mitigate the long-term effects of PASC on individual and population health.},
}
@article {pmid34541368,
year = {2021},
author = {Lazarus, G and Meyer, M and Depfenhart, M and Tjahjadi, AK and Dewayanti, SR and Dakota, I and Siswanto, BB},
title = {Indonesian medical frontliners during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: Have we been protecting them enough?.},
journal = {Journal of clinical and translational research},
volume = {7},
number = {4},
pages = {558-562},
pmid = {34541368},
issn = {2424-810X},
abstract = {Background and Aim: The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has brought deteriorating physical and mental burdens to health care workers (HCWs) in Indonesia, mainly attributed to the lack of protection and screening among HCWs, patients' concealment of their travel and medical history, and perceived social stigma and discrimination. Hence, we deliver our perspectives and recommendations based on the current situation in Indonesia to enforce their safeties. We encourage stakeholders to implement a systematic approach by employing stringent prevention strategies, ensuring adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) provision and equitable PPE distribution, and routine HCWs screening to prevent nosocomial clusters, in addition to the provision of psychosocial support to HCWs by offering social aids and psychological sessions. Furthermore, social stigma and discrimination toward HCWs and patients should also be addressed and mitigated, thus preventing concealments of patients' history and alleviating emotional burdens. We believe that providing continuous support to HCWs would lead to key benefits in ensuring a winning battle against the COVID-19 pandemic.<br><br>Relevance for Patients: HCWs are pivotal players in winning the battle against the COVID- 19 pandemic. Ensuring their safety and well-being will enable them to deliver better healthcare services, thus resulting in mutual benefit for themselves, the patients, and the nation's recovery.},
}
@article {pmid34541325,
year = {2021},
author = {Antonio-Arques, V and Franch-Nadal, J and Caylà, JA},
title = {Diabetes and tuberculosis: A syndemic complicated by COVID-19.},
journal = {Medicina clinica (English ed.)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.medcle.2021.04.006},
pmid = {34541325},
issn = {2387-0206},
abstract = {Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of infectious mortality in the world, affecting mainly developing countries (DC), while diabetes (DM) is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases. This review analyzes the fact that diabetes is currently an important risk factor for developing TB, also presenting more complicated TB, more relapses and higher mortality. The DCs and the fourth world of the large cities are those with the highest incidence of TB and an increase in DM, which will make it difficult to control tuberculosis disease. At the same time, the COVID-19 pandemic is complicating the management of both diseases due to the difficulty of access to control and treatment and the worsening of socioeconomic inequalities. It is necessary to establish a bidirectional screening for TB and DM and promote recommendations for the joint management of both diseases.},
}
@article {pmid34541298,
year = {2021},
author = {Joshi, N and Tyagi, A and Nigam, S},
title = {Molecular Level Dissection of Critical Spike Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern (VOCs): A Simplified Review.},
journal = {ChemistrySelect},
volume = {6},
number = {31},
pages = {7981-7998},
doi = {10.1002/slct.202102074},
pmid = {34541298},
issn = {2365-6549},
abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 virus during its spread in the last one and half year has picked up critical changes in its genetic code i.e. mutations, which have leads to deleterious epidemiological characteristics. Due to critical role of spike protein in cell entry and pathogenesis, mutations in spike regions have been reported to enhance transmissibility, disease severity, possible escape from vaccine-induced immune response and reduced diagnostic sensitivity/specificity. Considering the structure-function impact of mutations, understanding the molecular details of these key mutations of newly emerged variants/lineages is of urgent concern. In this review, we have explored the literature on key spike mutations harbored by alpha, beta, gamma and delta 'variants of concern' (VOCs) and discussed their molecular consequences in the context of resultant virus biology. Commonly all these VOCs i.e. B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1 and B.1.617.2 lineages have decisive mutation in Receptor Binding Motif (RBM) region and/or region around Furin cleavage site (FCS) of spike protein. In general, mutation induced disruption of intra-molecular interaction enhances molecular flexibility leading to exposure of spike protein surface in these lineages to make it accessible for inter-molecular interaction with hACE2. A disruption of spike antigen-antibody inter-molecular interactions in epitope region due to the chemical nature of substituting amino acid hampers the neutralization efficacy. Simplified surveillance of mutation induced changes and their consequences at molecular level can contribute in rationalizing mutation's impact on virus biology. It is believed that molecular level dissection of these key spike mutation will assist the future investigations for a more resilient outcome against severity of COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid34541003,
year = {2021},
author = {Azmat, SK and Ali, M and Siddiqui, FJ and Tirmizi, SFA and Kiarie, J},
title = {Scoping Review on the Impact of Outbreaks on Sexual and Reproductive Health Services: Proposed Frameworks for Pre-, Intra-, and Postoutbreak Situations.},
journal = {BioMed research international},
volume = {2021},
number = {},
pages = {9989478},
doi = {10.1155/2021/9989478},
pmid = {34541003},
issn = {2314-6141},
abstract = {Introduction: Recent experiences from global outbreaks have highlighted the severe disruptions in sexual and reproductive health services that expose women and girls to preventable health risks. Yet, to date, there is no review studying the possible impact of outbreaks on sexual and reproductive health (SRH). Methodology. Studies reporting outbreaks impacting sexual and reproductive health and pregnancy outcomes were identified using MEDLINE, Embase, and ISI-WoS. Reported impacts were reviewed at systems, community, and legislative levels.<br><br>Results: The initial run listed 4423 studies; the 37 studies that met all inclusion criteria were mainly from Latin America and Africa. Studies on outbreaks of diseases like Zika and Ebola have documented declines in facility-based deliveries, contraceptive use, and antenatal and institutional care due to burdened healthcare system. Service usage was also impacted by a lack of trust in the healthcare system and system shocks, including workforce capacity and availability. At the community level, poverty and lack of awareness were critical contributors to poor access to SRH services. Assessing the target population's knowledge, attitude, beliefs, and behavior and using health literacy principles for communication were fundamental for designing service delivery. Online resources for SRH services were an acceptable medium of information among young adults. In outbreak situations, SRH and pregnancy outcomes were improved by implementing laboratory surveillance, free-of-cost contraceptive services, improved screening through professional training, and quality of care. In addition, mobile health clinics were reported to be effective in remote areas. Knowledge Contribution. In outbreaks, the interventions are categorized into preoutbreak, during, and postoutbreak periods. The proposed steps can help to improve and do course correction in emergencies. Though conducted before the COVID-19 crisis, the authors believe that lessons can be drawn from the paper to understand and mitigate the impact of the pandemic on sexual and reproductive health services.},
}
@article {pmid34540952,
year = {2021},
author = {Lu, ZH and Yu, WL and Sun, Y},
title = {Multiple immune function impairments in diabetic patients and their effects on COVID-19.},
journal = {World journal of clinical cases},
volume = {9},
number = {24},
pages = {6969-6978},
doi = {10.12998/wjcc.v9.i24.6969},
pmid = {34540952},
issn = {2307-8960},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, poses a significant threat to public health worldwide, and diabetes is considered a risk factor for the rapid progression and poor prognosis of COVID-19. Limited immune function is a clinical feature of COVID-19 patients, and diabetes patients have defects in innate and adaptive immune functions, which may be an important reason for the rapid progression and poor prognosis of COVID-19 in patients with diabetes. We review the possible multiple effects of immune impairment in diabetic patients on the immune responses to COVID-19 to provide guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic patients with COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid34540760,
year = {2021},
author = {Keykhaei, M and Koolaji, S and Mohammadi, E and Kalantar, R and Saeedi Moghaddam, S and Aminorroaya, A and Zokaei, S and Azadnajafabad, S and Rezaei, N and Ghasemi, E and Rezaei, N and Haghshenas, R and Farzi, Y and Rashedi, S and Larijani, B and Farzadfar, F},
title = {Dissection of non-pharmaceutical interventions implemented by Iran, South Korea, and Turkey in the fight against COVID-19 pandemic.},
journal = {Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-13},
doi = {10.1007/s40200-021-00877-1},
pmid = {34540760},
issn = {2251-6581},
abstract = {Purpose: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has imposed a great global burden on public health. As one of the most affected countries, Iran has tackled emerging challenges in the path to overcoming the epidemic, with three peaks of the disease propagation as of February 19, 2020. To flatten the curve of the COVID-19 pandemic, most countries have implemented bundles of intrusive, sometimes extremely stringent non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). In this communication, we have dissected the effectiveness of NPIs and compared the strategies implemented by Iran, Turkey, and South Korea to mitigate the disease's spread.<br><br>Methods: We searched online databases via PubMed, Web of Knowledge, and Scopus. Titles/abstracts and full-texts were screened by two reviewers and discrepancies were resolved upon discussion.<br><br>Results: Our results provide insights into five domains: prevention, screening, in-patient and out-patient facilities, governance, and management of diabetes mellitus. Analysis of previous efforts put in place illustrates that by fostering efficient social distancing measures, increasing the capability to perform prompt polymerase chain reaction tests, applying smart contact tracing, and supplying adequate personal protective equipment, Turkey and South Korea have brought the epidemic sub-optimally under control.<br><br>Conclusion: From the perspective of policymakers, these achievements are of utmost importance given that attaining the aspirational goals in the management of the COVID-19 necessities a suitable adjustment of previous successful strategies. Hence, policymakers should be noticed that a suitable combination of NPIs is necessary to stem the disease's propagation.},
}
@article {pmid34540642,
year = {2021},
author = {Mohammadi, M and Khafaee Pour Khamseh, A and Varpaei, HA},
title = {Invasive Airway "Intubation" in COVID-19 Patients; Statistics, Causes, and Recommendations: A Review Article.},
journal = {Anesthesiology and pain medicine},
volume = {11},
number = {3},
pages = {e115868},
doi = {10.5812/aapm.115868},
pmid = {34540642},
issn = {2228-7523},
abstract = {Context: Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can induce acute respiratory distress, which is characterized by tachypnea, hypoxia, and dyspnea. Intubation and mechanical ventilation are strategic treatments for COVID-19 distress or hypoxia.<br><br>Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases to identify relevant randomized control trials, observational studies, and case series published from April 1, 2021.<br><br>Results: 24 studies were included in this review. Studies had been conducted in the USA, China, Spain, South Korea, Italy, Iran, and Brazil. Most patients had been intubated in the intensive care unit. Rapid sequence induction had been mostly used for intubation. ROX index can be utilized as the predictor of the necessity of intubation in COVID-19 patients. According to the studies, the rate of intubation was 5 to 88%. It was revealed that 1.4 - 44.5% of patients might be extubated. Yet obesity and age (elderly) are the only risk factors of delayed or difficult extubation.<br><br>Conclusions: Acute respiratory distress in COVID-19 patients could require endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. Severe respiratory distress, loss of consciousness, and hypoxia had been the most important reasons for intubation. Also, increased levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, d-dimer, and lipase in combination with hypoxia are correlated with intubation. Old age, diabetes mellitus, respiratory rate, increased level of CRP, bicarbonate level, and oxygen saturation are the most valuable predictors of the need for mechanical ventilation. ICU admission mortality following intubation was found to be 15 to 36%. Awake-prone positioning in comparison with high-flow nasal oxygen therapy did not reduce the risk of intubation and mechanical ventilation. There was no association between intubation timing and mortality of the infected patients. Noninvasive ventilation may have survival benefits.},
}
@article {pmid34540384,
year = {2021},
author = {Gude, J and Subhedar, RV and Zhang, MH and Jain, P and Bhela, J and Bangash, F and Veluri, N and Hsieh, YC and Sheikh, BZ and Shah, MR and Mansuri, Z and Aedma, K and Patel, UK and Parikh, T},
title = {Emerging Needs and Viability of Telepsychiatry During and Post COVID-19 Era: A Literature Review.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {13},
number = {8},
pages = {e16974},
doi = {10.7759/cureus.16974},
pmid = {34540384},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in nationwide stay-at-home orders in an effort to slow the spread severely impacting the healthcare sector. Telepsychiatry provides a platform bridging the gap through advanced technologies connecting mental health providers and patients who need their services, overcoming previous barriers of great distances, lack of transportation, and even time constraints. The most obvious benefit is increased accessibility to mental healthcare, especially in underserved and remote areas where there is no easy access for in-person care. It is important to note that benefits are not limited to patients, but also allow clinicians greater flexibility in scheduling and reduced practice overhead costs, both of which aid with physician burnout and burden. Telepsychiatry during COVID-19 provides its own unique advantages over in-person visits. The risk of exposure to healthcare workers and patients receiving care is reduced, allowing immunocompromised patients to receive much-needed psychiatric care. Without the need to meet in person, self-isolating psychiatrists can still provide care, decreasing strain on their co-workers. Although telepsychiatry is relatively new, it has already exhibited considerable success in its effectiveness at treating psychiatric conditions and widespread corollary benefits. Telepsychiatric consults may be carried out synchronously and asynchronously, each having benefits and setbacks. Different mobile application interventions have been explored, which are available for the purpose of both monitoring/assessing patients and/or providing treatment. The scope of conditions these applications address is broad, from anxiety disorders to schizophrenia to depression. As promising and beneficial telepsychiatry may seem, it is necessary to recognize that building the program can be challenging. It involves adapting to new methods in medicine. We highlighted barriers to general telepsychiatry, the most prominent being technological literacy of both physician and patient, and possible negative effects of eliminating the in-person patient-doctor interaction.},
}
@article {pmid34540356,
year = {2021},
author = {Zhao, Y and Shu, R and Liu, J},
title = {The development and improvement of ribonucleic acid therapy strategies.},
journal = {Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.omtn.2021.09.002},
pmid = {34540356},
issn = {2162-2531},
abstract = {The biological understanding of RNA has evolved since the discovery of catalytic RNAs in the early 1980s and the establishment of RNA interference (RNAi) in the 1990s. RNA is no longer seen as the simple mid-product between transcription and translation, but potential molecules to be developed as RNA therapeutic drugs. RNA-based therapeutic drugs have gained recognition due to their ability to regulate gene expression and perform cellular functions. Various nucleobase, backbone, and sugar-modified oligonucleotides have been synthesized, as natural oligonucleotides with some limitations such as poor low nuclease resistance, binding affinity, poor cellular uptake and toxicity, which affect their use as RNA therapeutic drugs. In this review, we briefly discuss different RNA therapeutic drugs and the internal connection, including antisense oligonucleotides, siRNA and miRNA, aptamers, saRNA, and RNA vaccines, we also discuss the important roles of RNA vaccines and their use in the fight against COVID-19. In addition, various chemical modifications and delivery systems used to improve the performance of RNA therapeutic drugs and overcome their limitations are discussed.},
}
@article {pmid34540321,
year = {2021},
author = {Filippatos, F and Tatsi, EB and Michos, A},
title = {Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in children: A review of the current knowledge.},
journal = {Pediatric investigation},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e12283},
doi = {10.1002/ped4.12283},
pmid = {34540321},
issn = {2574-2272},
abstract = {Host immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), especially in children, are still under investigation. Children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) constitute a significant study group of immune responses as they rarely present with severe clinical manifestations, require hospitalization, or develop complications such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The deciphering of children's immune responses during COVID-19 infection will provide information about the protective mechanisms, while new potential targets for future therapies are likely to be revealed. Despite the limited immunological studies in children with COVID-19, this review compares data between adults and children in terms of innate and adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2, discusses the possible reasons why children are mostly asymptomatic, and highlights unanswered or unclear immunological issues. Current evidence suggests that the activity of innate immunity seems to be crucial to the early phases of SARS-CoV-2 infection and adaptive memory immunity is vital to prevent reinfection.},
}
@article {pmid34540130,
year = {2021},
author = {Mohammad Zadeh, N and Mashinchi Asl, NS and Forouharnejad, K and Ghadimi, K and Parsa, S and Mohammadi, S and Omidi, A},
title = {Mechanism and adverse effects of COVID-19 drugs: a basic review.},
journal = {International journal of physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {102-109},
pmid = {34540130},
issn = {1944-8171},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is chronic, inflammatory. Although the exact mechanisms of COVID-19 have not been yet discovered some drugs are found helpful for its treatment. These drugs which are divided into some lines therapies, have demonstrated to be helpful for COVID-19 patients based on immune basic and its antiviral properties of the disease. Previous studies have been indicated that deterioration of COVID-19 condition is associated with a weaker immune system. Most of these therapies impact on the immune system and immune cells. Beside many beneficial effects of these drugs, some adverse effects (AE) have been reported in many experiments and clinical trials among patients suffering from COVID-19. In this review, we conclude some AEs of vitamin-D, zinc, remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine, azithromycin, dexamethasone, amantadine, aspirin reported in different papers and we continue the rest of the drugs in second part of our review article.},
}
@article {pmid34539980,
year = {2021},
author = {Jing, H and Chen, X and Zhang, S and Liu, H and Zhang, C and Du, J and Li, Y and Wu, X and Li, M and Xiang, M and Liu, L and Shi, J},
title = {Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs): the role of inflammation and coagulation in COVID-19.},
journal = {American journal of translational research},
volume = {13},
number = {8},
pages = {8575-8588},
pmid = {34539980},
issn = {1943-8141},
abstract = {COVID-19 has swept quickly across the world with a worrisome death toll. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces cytokine storm, acute respiratory distress syndrome with progressive lung damage, multiple organ failure, and even death. In this review, we summarize the pathophysiologic mechanism of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and hypoxia in three main phases, focused on lung inflammation and thrombosis. Furthermore, microparticle storm resulted from apoptotic blood cells are central contributors to the generation and propagation of thrombosis. We focus on microthrombi in the early stage and describe in detail combined antithrombotic with fibrinolytic therapies to suppress microthrombi evolving into clinical events of thrombosis. We further discuss pulmonary hypertension causing plasmin, fibrinogen and albumin, globulin extruding into alveolar lumens, which impedes gas exchange and induces severe hypoxia. Hypoxia in turn induces pulmonary hypertension, and amplifies ECs damage in this pathophysiologic process, which forms a positive feedback loop, aggravating disease progression. Understanding the mechanisms paves the way for current treatment of COVID-19 patients.},
}
@article {pmid34539780,
year = {2021},
author = {Vakhshoori, M and Heidarpour, M and Bondariyan, N and Sadeghpour, N and Mousavi, Z},
title = {Adrenal Insufficiency in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)-Infected Patients without Preexisting Adrenal Diseases: A Systematic Literature Review.},
journal = {International journal of endocrinology},
volume = {2021},
number = {},
pages = {2271514},
doi = {10.1155/2021/2271514},
pmid = {34539780},
issn = {1687-8337},
abstract = {Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) manifestations varied completely from its time of emergence. However, the assessment of adrenal insufficiency (AI) in this pandemic is lacking. In this review, we aimed to evaluate the status of AI among COVID-19-infected individuals.<br><br>Methods: A systematic literature screening in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science was performed until May 23, 2021. We collected relevant published peer-reviewed studies that reported AI occurrence in patients who suffered from COVID-19.<br><br>Results: A total of 10 records (cross-sectional studies: 3, N = 256, males: 176 (68.7%), and case reports: 7, N = 7, males: 4 (57.1%)) were recruited. The age spectrum ranged from 22 to 96 years. AI was diagnosed with laboratory assessment or radiologic findings. The AI prevalence ranged from 3.1% to as high as 64.3% in different studies. Except for one patient, all other patients were discharged in stable conditions in published case reports.<br><br>Conclusion: This review indicates that AI occurrence in the COVID-19 pandemic seems quite probable; however, the extent and type (primary, secondary, and functional) need to be clarified yet. Appropriate early diagnostic and therapeutic interventions should be done, especially in critically ill patients, to prevent lethal outcomes.},
}
@article {pmid34539632,
year = {2021},
author = {Casian, JG and Angel, AN and Lopez, R and Bagos, C and MacMullan, MA and Bui, ML and Chellamathu, P and Das, S and Turner, F and Slepnev, V and Ibrayeva, A},
title = {Saliva-Based ELISAs for Effective SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Monitoring in Vaccinated Individuals.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {701411},
doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2021.701411},
pmid = {34539632},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global health emergency-the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Since then, the development and implementation of vaccines against the virus amidst emerging cases of re-infection has prompted researchers to work towards understanding how immunity develops and is sustained. Serological testing has been instrumental in monitoring the development and persistence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 infection, however inconsistencies in detection have been reported by different methods. As serological testing becomes more commonplace, it is important to establish widespread and repeatable processes for monitoring vaccine efficacy. Therefore, we present enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) compatible for antibody detection in saliva as highly accurate, efficacious, and scalable tools for studying the immune response in individuals vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2.},
}
@article {pmid34539389,
year = {2021},
author = {Wu, Y and Zhong, P},
title = {Clinical Progress on Management of Pneumonia Due to COVID-19 With Chinese Traditional Patent Medicines.},
journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {655063},
doi = {10.3389/fphar.2021.655063},
pmid = {34539389},
issn = {1663-9812},
abstract = {Background: The outbreak of new coronavirus has tremendously threatened the public health system worldwide, including China. Chinese patent medicines (CPMs) have greatly contributed to the prevention and treatment of this viral infection, as well as the recovery of patients with COVID-19 infection. Therefore, numerous experts and guidelines recommend to take CPMs to treat pneumonia due to COVID-19. Aim of the Study: The present study reviewed CPMs recommended by the < Guidelines for diagnosis and management of COVID-19 (8th edition)> regarding evidence of their efficacy from clinical studies and the underlying mechanisms, which will lay the foundation for clinical use of these CPMs for COVID-19. Methods: The composition, efficacy, indications, history of use, and relevant clinical research on 14 recommended CPMs, including Huoxiangzhengqi capsules (pills, liquid, oral solution), Jinhuaqinggan granules, Lianhuaqingwen capsules (granules), Shufengjiedu capsules, Xiyanping injections, Xuebijing injections, Reduning injections, Tanreqing injections, Xingnaojing injections, Shenfu injections, Shengmai injections, Angongniuhuang pills, Suhexiang pills, were searched in both Chinese and English databases based on differences in stages of the disease and manifestations of such patients. Advantages of these CPMs over conventional treatments and their underlying mechanisms were explored by analyzing results from published articles and undergoing clinical trials. Results: Findings from clinical studies and Chinese experience in using these CPMs showed that CPMs, when used in combination with conventional treatments, were effective in managing COVID-19 with few side effects. Conclusion: CPMs have excellent efficacy in managing COVID-19 with a great potential for clinical use.},
}
@article {pmid34539310,
year = {2021},
author = {Rasmi, Y and Babaei, G and Nisar, MF and Noreen, H and Gholizadeh-Ghaleh Aziz, S},
title = {Revealed pathophysiological mechanisms of crosslinking interaction of affected vital organs in COVID-19.},
journal = {Comparative clinical pathology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-17},
doi = {10.1007/s00580-021-03269-2},
pmid = {34539310},
issn = {1618-5641},
abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 is one of the main serious challenges of human societies, which emerged in December 2019 from China and quickly extends to all parts of the world. The virus was previously believed to only affect the lungs and respiratory system, but subsequent research has revealed that it affects a variety of organs. For this reason, this disease is known as a multiorgan disease. Current article aimed to highlight latest information and updates about molecular studies regarding pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in kidney, liver, and cardiovascular and respiratory systems, as well as the mechanisms of interaction of these organs with each other to cause clinical manifestations in patients.},
}
@article {pmid34539253,
year = {2021},
author = {Rees, N and Williams, J and Hogan, C and Smyth, L and Archer, T},
title = {Protocol for a constructivist metasynthesis of qualitative research of heroism and paramedic practice.},
journal = {British paramedic journal},
volume = {6},
number = {2},
pages = {34-39},
doi = {10.29045/14784726.2021.9.6.2.34},
pmid = {34539253},
issn = {1478-4726},
abstract = {Background: Exceptional demands have been placed on paramedics and other healthcare workers (HCWs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. An overwhelming outpouring of public support has unfolded, bringing into focus the relationship between paramedics, other HCWs and society, where they are portrayed as heroes. Scholars have studied the notion of heroism to society, and characteristics of such heroic status include: the voluntary nature of a heroic act, risk of physical or social harm, willingness to accept the consequences of action, acting for the benefit of others and without the expectation of gain. While some HCWs and paramedics may reflect these characteristics, many may not. Such heroic narratives can be damaging, stifling meaningful discussion around limits to duties, failing to acknowledge the importance of reciprocity and potentially imposing demands on paramedics and HCWs to be heroic.<br><br>Aim: This article prospectively presents the protocol for a metasynthesis which aims to identify, appraise and synthesise the qualitative literature in order to develop theory on heroism and paramedic practice.<br><br>Methods: Evolved grounded theory methodology is followed along with the procedural guidelines of Noblit and Hare (1988) to guide the analysis. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) have also been adopted when preparing this protocol and will be followed in the study proper. The protocol has been registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews PROSPERO 2021, registration number CRD42021234851.<br><br>Results: We do not currently have results, but PRISMA guidelines will be followed when reporting our findings.<br><br>Conclusion: Current narratives on heroism and paramedic practice are important in terms of the relationship between paramedics and society. The metasynthesis prospectively reported in this article serves as the first point in our journey of making sense of and developing theory on heroism and paramedic practice.},
}
@article {pmid34539248,
year = {2021},
author = {Prentice, RE and Rentsch, C and Al-Ani, AH and Zhang, E and Johnson, D and Halliday, J and Bryant, R and Begun, J and Ward, MG and Lewindon, PJ and Connor, SJ and Ghaly, S and Christensen, B},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.},
journal = {GastroHep},
volume = {3},
number = {4},
pages = {212-228},
doi = {10.1002/ygh2.473},
pmid = {34539248},
issn = {1478-1239},
abstract = {Background: The current COVID-19 pandemic, caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has drastically impacted societies worldwide. Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is expected to play a key role in the management of this pandemic. Inflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) often require chronic immunosuppression, which can influence vaccination decisions.<br><br>Aim: This review article aims to describe the most commonly available SARS-CoV-2 vaccination vectors globally, assess the potential benefits and concerns of vaccination in the setting of immunosuppression and provide medical practitioners with guidance regarding SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with IBD.<br><br>Methods: All published Phase 1/2 and/or Phase 3 and 4 studies of SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations were reviewed. IBD international society position papers, safety registry data and media releases from pharmaceutical companies as well as administrative and medicines regulatory bodies were included. General vaccine evidence and recommendations in immunosuppressed patients were reviewed for context. Society position papers regarding special populations, including immunosuppressed, pregnant and breast-feeding individuals were also evaluated. Literature was critically analysed and summarised.<br><br>Results: Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is supported in all adult, non-pregnant individuals with IBD without contraindication. There is the potential that vaccine efficacy may be reduced in those who are immunosuppressed; however, medical therapies should not be withheld in order to undertake vaccination. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are safe, but data specific to immunosuppressed patients remain limited.<br><br>Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is essential from both an individual patient and community perspective and should be encouraged in patients with IBD. Recommendations must be continually updated as real-world and trial-based evidence emerges.},
}
@article {pmid34539161,
year = {2021},
author = {Lin, BK and Munter, B and Pascavis, K and Nakaji, P and Nicolasora, N},
title = {Use of Industrial Filters by Health Care Workers During Shortages of N95 Respirators in Pandemic Times.},
journal = {Infectious diseases in clinical practice (Baltimore, Md.)},
volume = {29},
number = {5},
pages = {e278-e281},
doi = {10.1097/IPC.0000000000001059},
pmid = {34539161},
issn = {1056-9103},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a significant shortage of personal protective equipment in multiple health care facilities around the world, with the highest impact on N95 respirator masks. The N95 respirator is a mask that blocks at least 95% of very small (0.3 μm) particles and is considered a standard for enhanced respiratory precautions. The N95 mask shortage has created a need for other options for nasal and oral respiratory protection with similar filtration efficiency and "medical-grade" clearance, which can be used in health care settings. However, the literature around various filter types, their filtration capabilities, and the organizations certifying their use is dense, confusing, and not easily accessible to the public. Here, we synthesize relevant literature to analyze and disseminate information on (1) alternative viable filter options to N95s, (2) the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health certification process, (3) the relationship of National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health certification to Food and Drug Administration certification of filtration devices and surgical masks, and (4) how this relationship may affect future filtration usage in the medical community during a pandemic. Analysis of these standards is meant to inform regarding evidence of respirator efficacy but does not imply any official endorsement of these alternatives. With this article, we illuminate viable alternative respirator options during the COVID-19 pandemic to help alleviate the dependency on N95 face masks.},
}
@article {pmid34539133,
year = {2021},
author = {Strainiene, S and Peciulyte, M and Strainys, T and Stundiene, I and Savlan, I and Liakina, V and Valantinas, J},
title = {Management of Flood syndrome: What can we do better?.},
journal = {World journal of gastroenterology},
volume = {27},
number = {32},
pages = {5297-5305},
doi = {10.3748/wjg.v27.i32.5297},
pmid = {34539133},
issn = {2219-2840},
abstract = {Approximately 20% of cirrhotic patients with ascites develop umbilical herniation. These patients usually suffer from multisystemic complications of cirrhosis, have a significantly higher risk of infection, and require accurate surveillance- especially in the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. The rupture of an umbilical hernia, is an uncommon, life-threatening complication of large-volume ascites and end-stage liver disease resulting in spontaneous paracentesis, also known as Flood syndrome. Flood syndrome remains a challenging condition for clinicians, as recommendations for its management are lacking, and the available evidence for the best treatment approach remains controversial. In this paper, four key questions are addressed regarding the management and prevention of Flood syndrome: (1) Which is the best treatment approach-conservative treatment or urgent surgery? (2) How can we establish the individual risk for herniation and possible hernia rupture in cirrhotic patients? (3) How can we prevent umbilical hernia ruptures? And (4) How can we manage these patients in the conditions created by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic?},
}
@article {pmid34539132,
year = {2021},
author = {Xiao, MF and Zeng, C and Li, SH and Yuan, FL},
title = {Applications of nanomaterials in COVID-19 pandemic.},
journal = {Rare metals},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-13},
doi = {10.1007/s12598-021-01789-y},
pmid = {34539132},
issn = {1001-0521},
abstract = {The novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic represents one of the biggest global health threats in the last two decades, so researchers around the world are searching for solutions and treatments for COVID-19. At the time of writing, there are no specific drugs that have demonstrated suitable effectiveness in treating COVID-19. The current challenge involves designing tools for the prevention, rapid and accurate diagnosis, drug delivery, and effective treatment of this novel coronavirus. In this short review, we discuss how nanotechnology offers new ways to combat COVID-19, and how nanomaterials can be applied to control the COVID-19 outbreak. We also summarize relevant studies regarding the use of nanomaterials for preventing viral spread, preparing vaccines, and diagnosing coronavirus, as well as studies that show how nanoparticles can be used as drug delivery systems for the treatment of viral infections. Research on nanotechnology-based diagnosis, drug delivery, and antiviral therapy is currently in the early stages. However, the unique chemical properties of some nanomaterials highlight the broad prospect of nanomaterials in the future, and we propose that they will play an important role in the fight against COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid34539131,
year = {2021},
author = {Choudhary, V and Gupta, A and Sharma, R and Parmar, HS},
title = {Therapeutically effective covalent spike protein inhibitors in treatment of SARS-CoV-2.},
journal = {Journal of proteins and proteomics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-14},
doi = {10.1007/s42485-021-00074-x},
pmid = {34539131},
issn = {2524-4663},
abstract = {COVID-19 [coronavirus disease 2019] has resulted in over 204,644,849 confirmed cases and over 4,323,139 deaths throughout the world as of 12 August 2021, a total of 4,428,168,759 vaccine doses have been administered. The lack of potentially effective drugs against the virus is making the situation worse and dangerous. Numerous forces are working on finding an effective treatment against the virus but it is believed that a de novo drug would take several months even if huge financial support is provided. The only solution left with is drug repurposing that would not only provide effective therapy with the already used clinical drugs, but also save time and cost of the de novo drug discovery. The initiation of the COVID-19 infection starts with the attachment of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 to the host receptor. Hence, the inhibition of the binding of the virus to the host membrane and the entry of the viral particle into the host cell are one of the main therapeutic targets. This paper not only summarizes the structure and the mechanism of spike protein, but the main focus is on the potential covalent spike protein inhibitors.},
}
@article {pmid34539059,
year = {2021},
author = {Wang, PL and Roschli, A and Paranthaman, MP and Theodore, M and Cramer, CL and Zangmeister, C and Zhang, Y and Urban, JJ and Love, L},
title = {Recent developments in filtration media and respirator technology in response to COVID-19.},
journal = {MRS bulletin},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-10},
doi = {10.1557/s43577-021-00173-6},
pmid = {34539059},
issn = {0883-7694},
abstract = {Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a surge in demand for N95 or equivalent respirators that the global supply chain was unable to satisfy. This shortage in critical equipment has inspired research that addresses the immediate problems and has accelerated the development of the next-generation filtration media and respirators. This article provides a brief review of the most recent work with regard to face respirators and filtration media. We discuss filtration efficiency of the widely utilized cloth masks. Next, the sterilization of and reuse of existing N95 respirators to extend the existing stockpile is discussed. To expand near-term supplies, optimization of current manufacturing methods, such as melt-blown processes and electrospinning, has been explored. Future manufacturing methods have been investigated to address long-term supply shortages. Novel materials with antiviral and sterilizable properties with the ability for multiple reuses have been developed and will contribute to the development of the next generation of longer lasting multi-use N95 respirators. Finally, additively manufactured respirators are reviewed, which enable a rapidly deployable source of reusable respirators that can use any filtration fabric.},
}
@article {pmid34539057,
year = {2021},
author = {Andresen, JL and Fenton, OS},
title = {Nucleic acid delivery and nanoparticle design for COVID vaccines.},
journal = {MRS bulletin},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-8},
doi = {10.1557/s43577-021-00169-2},
pmid = {34539057},
issn = {0883-7694},
abstract = {Abstract: Nucleic acid therapeutics offer a new paradigm to rapidly respond to global health problems. The versatility of nucleic acids, especially in RNA therapies, provides the ability to tune levels of specific protein expression, achieving downregulation through short interfering RNA (siRNA) or upregulation by messenger RNA (mRNA) administration. Recent advances in the development of delivery vehicles, including nonviral nanoparticles are crucial to overcome the innate barriers to nucleic acid delivery. Toward this end, current clinical approaches have utilized mRNA and lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to address the COVID-19 pandemic through novel vaccine strategies, producing efficacious vaccines within one year of sequencing the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Here, we review fundamental concepts required to achieve successful nucleic acid delivery, including the design of LNP systems optimized for mRNA vaccine applications.},
}
@article {pmid34539056,
year = {2021},
author = {Manning, JE and Duffy, PE and Esposito, D and Sadtler, K},
title = {Material strategies and considerations for serologic testing of global infectious diseases.},
journal = {MRS bulletin},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-5},
doi = {10.1557/s43577-021-00167-4},
pmid = {34539056},
issn = {0883-7694},
abstract = {The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has brought to light multiple considerations when approaching infectious diseases on the global level. These range from diagnostic platforms, to therapeutics, and prevention agents. In this article, we focus on the engineering platforms and considerations when applying serologic assays to multiple geographic locations, climates with varying endemic virus repertoires, and different laboratory and clinical resource settings. Serologic assays detect antibodies that react against viral proteins, suggesting prior infection and correlative of an increased likelihood of immunity to future infection. As these assays are focused on the human immune response to a pathogen, and humans are variable, there are a number of important engineering steps to optimize assay performance, from sample collection, to assay execution and data analysis. Moving forward, a global approach to infectious disease detection and prevention is necessary to prevent the spread of future viruses with pandemic potential.},
}
@article {pmid34539055,
year = {2021},
author = {Tooker, A and Moya, ML and Wang, DN and Freeman, D and Borucki, M and Wheeler, E and Larsen, G and Shusteff, M and Duoss, EB and Spadaccini, CM},
title = {Performance of three-dimensional printed nasopharyngeal swabs for COVID-19 testing.},
journal = {MRS bulletin},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-9},
doi = {10.1557/s43577-021-00170-9},
pmid = {34539055},
issn = {0883-7694},
abstract = {Abstract: At the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the US faced nationwide shortages of nasopharyngeal swabs due to both overwhelmed supply chains and an increase in demand. To address this shortfall, multiple 3D printed swabs were ultimately produced and sold for COVID-19 testing. In this work, we present a framework for mechanical and functional bench-testing of nasopharyngeal swabs using standard and widely available material testing equipment. Using this framework, we offer a comprehensive, quantitative comparison of the 3D printed swabs to benchmark their performance against traditional flocked swabs. The test protocols were designed to emulate the clinical use of the nasopharyngeal swabs and to evaluate potential failure modes. Overall, the 3D printed swabs performed comparably to, or outperformed, the traditional swabs in all mechanical tests. While traditional swabs outperformed some of the new 3D printed swabs in terms of sample uptake and retention, similar amounts of RNA were recovered from both 3D printed and traditional swabs.},
}
@article {pmid34539007,
year = {2021},
author = {Hossein Kazemi, M and Kuhestani Dehaghi, B and Roshandel, E and Bonakchi, H and Parkhideh, S and Mehdizadeh, M and Hajifathali, A},
title = {Association of HScore Parameters with Severe COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Iranian journal of medical sciences},
volume = {46},
number = {5},
pages = {322-338},
doi = {10.30476/IJMS.2021.88404.1910},
pmid = {34539007},
issn = {1735-3688},
abstract = {Background: Several reports have associated the severe Coronavirus disease-2019 (sCOVID-19) with secondary-hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (sHLH) and proposed utilizing the hemophagocytic syndrome diagnostic score (HScore) for sCOVID-19 patients. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to find the possible association of HScore parameters with severity in COVID-19 patients.<br><br>Methods: A systematic search was performed in Medline via PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases using all HScore and COVID-19 keywords. The studies were all from 2020, and the study language was limited to English. The records were screened based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. Random/fixed-effect models were employed for meta-analysis, based on the I2 index of parameters. The pooled mean differences were estimated for continuous parameters. The pooled odds-ratio was estimated for fever. The level of significance was set at 0.05.<br><br>Results: Eighteen studies (comprising 2459 patients) out of 26151 screened studies were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that the level of leukocyte, neutrophil, aspartate transaminase (AST), ferritin, and fibrinogen were significantly higher in sCOVID-19 patients than in non-severe ones. Significant lower levels of lymphocyte, platelet, and hemoglobin were also found in sCOVID-19 patients than non-severe patients. Fever was nearly associated with two times increased odds of sCOVID-19 (P=0.051).<br><br>Conclusion: Lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, hypohemoglobinemia, hyperferritinemia, high levels of AST, and fever are common features of both sCOVID-19 and HLH. However, the leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and hyperfibrinogenemia found in sCOVID-19 are in contrast with HScore. Conclusively, HScore parameters could be risk factors for sCOVID-19. However, some parameters' roles are contradictory, suggesting the need for further investigation and a new way of HScore interpretation in sCOVID-19 patients.A preprint of this study was published at https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-54490/v2.},
}
@article {pmid34538956,
year = {2021},
author = {Grygiel-Górniak, B and Shaikh, O and Kumar, NN and Hsu, SH and Samborski, W},
title = {Use of the rheumatic drug tocilizumab for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 patients.},
journal = {Reumatologia},
volume = {59},
number = {4},
pages = {252-259},
doi = {10.5114/reum.2021.108554},
pmid = {34538956},
issn = {0034-6233},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly infectious respiratory disease caused by a new coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has been observed to vary in its degree of symptoms. One of the most important clinical manifestations is pneumonia and the subsequent worsening of the hyperinflammatory state and cytokine storm. Tocilizumab (TCB) is a recombinant humanized, anti-human monoclonal antibody of the immunoglobulin G1k (IgG1k) subclass that acts against soluble and membrane-bound interleukin six receptors (IL-6R). There is wide use of TCB in rheumatic diseases. However, recently this medication has been used in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Tocilizumab application in COVID-19 patients with a high risk of a cytokine storm shows a positive response in reducing the mortality rate. Moreover, TCB minimizes the time needed to recover, improves oxygenation, shortens the duration of vasopressor support, and reduces the likelihood of invasive mechanical ventilation. Therefore we provide an overview of recent studies to understand the efficacy of this drug under various circumstances, including COVID-19 and rheumatic pathologies. This article also explores and integrates the different treatment possibilities in prominent anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory-related symptoms. The preliminary data demonstrate promising results regarding the efficacy of TCB use in severe COVID-19 patients. Nevertheless, randomized controlled trials, with adequate sample sizes and sufficient follow-up periods, are needed to form conclusions and establish treatment recommendations.},
}
@article {pmid34538703,
year = {2021},
author = {Marble, HD and Bard, AZ and Mizrachi, MM and Lennerz, JK},
title = {Temporary Regulatory Deviations and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) PCR Labeling Update Study Indicate What Laboratory-Developed Test Regulation by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Could Look Like.},
journal = {The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jmoldx.2021.07.011},
pmid = {34538703},
issn = {1943-7811},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) response necessitated innovations and a series of regulatory deviations that also affected laboratory-developed tests (LDTs). To examine real-world consequences and specify regulatory paradigm shifts, legislative proposals were aligned on a common timeline with Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) of LDTs and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-orchestrated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) labeling update study. The initial EUA adoption by LDT developers shows that the FDA can have oversight over LDTs. We used efficiency-corrected microcosting of our EUA PCR assay to estimate the national cost of the labeling update study to $0.3 to $1.4 million US dollars. Labeling update study performance data showed lower average detection limits in commercial in vitro diagnostic (IVD) assays versus LDTs (32,000 ± 75,000 versus 71,000 ± 147,000 nucleic acid amplification tests/mL; P = 0.04); however, comparison also shows that FDA review of IVD assays and LDTs did not prevent differences between initial and labeling update performance (IVD assay, P < 0.0001; LDT, P = 0.003). The regulatory shifts re-emphasized that both commercial tests and LDTs rely heavily on laboratory competence and procedures; however, lack of performance data on authorized tests, when clinically implemented, precludes assessment of the benefit related to regulatory review. Temporary regulatory deviations during the pandemic and regulatory science tools (ie, reference material) have generated valuable real-world evidence to inform pending legislation regarding LDT regulation.},
}
@article {pmid34538450,
year = {2021},
author = {Borer, MS and McDaniel, SH},
title = {Child Psychiatrists and Psychologists: Enhanced Collaboration in Primary Care.},
journal = {Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America},
volume = {30},
number = {4},
pages = {809-826},
doi = {10.1016/j.chc.2021.06.007},
pmid = {34538450},
issn = {1558-0490},
abstract = {Psychiatry and psychology have a long history of competition that too often interferes with the collaboration that can characterize complementary contributions to our common missions. We hope this article will inspire our disciplines to expand on this collaboration, for the sake of our children and families, our communities, our colleagues, and honestly, ourselves. We are better together than apart. This text is a blueprint for the assumptions, attitudes, skills, and advocacy that can make this partnership healthy and successful.},
}
@article {pmid34538415,
year = {2021},
author = {Mergener, K},
title = {The Future of Endoscopic Operations After the Coronavirus Pandemic.},
journal = {Gastrointestinal endoscopy clinics of North America},
volume = {31},
number = {4},
pages = {773-785},
doi = {10.1016/j.giec.2021.05.012},
pmid = {34538415},
issn = {1558-1950},
abstract = {The unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic and its rapid global shutdowns have posed tremendous challenges for GI practices, including sudden delays in endoscopic procedures. As full reopening approaches, practices are wrestling with completely retooling their operations to ensure the resumption of high-quality, safe, and effective patient care. The pandemic's long-term effects on practice operations must be assessed: What will postpandemic GI care look like? Will some aspects of our work be changed forever, and if so, what are the practice management implications? This chapter surveys the pandemic's impact on US-based GI practices and discusses key "lessons learned" for future operations.},
}
@article {pmid34538412,
year = {2021},
author = {Kerdsirichairat, T and Shin, EJ},
title = {Important Quality Metrics and Standardization in Endoscopy.},
journal = {Gastrointestinal endoscopy clinics of North America},
volume = {31},
number = {4},
pages = {727-742},
doi = {10.1016/j.giec.2021.05.009},
pmid = {34538412},
issn = {1558-1950},
abstract = {Quality metrics and standardization has become critical as the Affordable Care Act mandates that the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services change reimbursement from volume to a value-based system. While the most commonly used quality indicators are related to that of colonoscopy, quality metrics for other procedures and endoscopy units have been developed mainly by the American College of Gastroenterology and the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Data to show that these quality metrics, especially in the field of advanced endoscopy as well as in the era of COVID-19 pandemic, can improve patient outcomes, are anticipated.},
}
@article {pmid34538406,
year = {2021},
author = {Lipowska, AM and Shergill, AK},
title = {Ergonomics of Endoscopy.},
journal = {Gastrointestinal endoscopy clinics of North America},
volume = {31},
number = {4},
pages = {655-669},
doi = {10.1016/j.giec.2021.05.003},
pmid = {34538406},
issn = {1558-1950},
abstract = {Optimal endoscopic operations incorporate ergonomic principles into the endoscopy environment benefiting endoscopists, endoscopy unit personnel, and patients. A high prevalence of occupational musculoskeletal injuries is well established among endoscopists and gastroenterology nurses. Ergonomics can be integrated into all facets of the endoscopy unit including scheduling, endoscopy unit design, training programs, and investment in technology. Preprocedure, intraprocedure, and postprocedure areas should aim to deliver patient safety, privacy, and comfort, while also supporting endoscopists and staff with adjustable rooms and effective work flows. Team-wide educational initiatives can improve ergonomic awareness. These strategies help mitigate risks for musculoskeletal injuries and can lead to increased productivity. The COVID-19 area brings novel challenges to endoscopy.},
}
@article {pmid34538404,
year = {2021},
author = {Petersen, BT},
title = {Current State and Future of Infection Prevention in Endoscopy.},
journal = {Gastrointestinal endoscopy clinics of North America},
volume = {31},
number = {4},
pages = {625-640},
doi = {10.1016/j.giec.2021.05.001},
pmid = {34538404},
issn = {1558-1950},
abstract = {Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy units tend to be busy environments in which numerous categories of staff provide moderately complex procedural care to high volumes of patients. The prevention of infections of both patients and staff is a never-ending endeavor for both inpatient and outpatient environments. Necessary considerations must address patient-to-staff, staff-to-patient, environmental, and device-related transmission of infection. In addition to the typical environmental and interpersonal infection risks present in all medical environments, the major concern within the endoscopy suite relates to contamination and potential transmission via reusable devices and endoscopes. Our understanding of this ever-present issue has evolved over time and has become a major focus of scrutiny in the past 5 years. This significant problem has stimulated guidance and ingenuity by regulators, investigators, and industry. Most recently, the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 to 21 has also added significant burdens to our infection control efforts in gastrointestinal endoscopy.},
}
@article {pmid34538398,
year = {2021},
author = {Mrigpuri, P and Gupta, A and Jha, R and Singla, P and Singla, R},
title = {Tobacco use, tuberculosis and Covid-19: A lethal triad.},
journal = {The Indian journal of tuberculosis},
volume = {68S},
number = {},
pages = {S86-S88},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijtb.2021.08.010},
pmid = {34538398},
issn = {0019-5707},
abstract = {Smoking, TB and Covid-19 are high prevalence entities with public health consequences. All three of them have a possible complex interaction at cellular level. Smoking behavior makes it difficult to maintain infection control measures. Smoking is known to increase TB infection and also adversely affect treatment outcomes in TB. There is also upcoming evidence which suggests that smoking and TB increase the risk of severe Covid-19 symptoms. Simple infection control measures like, social distancing, cough etiquette, isolation, hand hygiene, quarantine, use of masks etc. play a pivotal role in prevention of these diseases. There is need of strengthening of the public health policies and incorporation of the Covid-19 safety awareness measures into the various national programmes.},
}
@article {pmid34538308,
year = {2021},
author = {Rapp, A and Fall, G and Radomsky, AC and Santarossa, S},
title = {Child Maltreatment During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Rapid Review.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {68},
number = {5},
pages = {991-1009},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2021.05.006},
pmid = {34538308},
issn = {1557-8240},
abstract = {The present study is systematic rapid review on the nature of the relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and child maltreatment. Database searches on December 28, 2020, identified 234 unique citations; 12 were ultimately included in our analysis. Included articles measured child maltreatment inclusive of physical, psychological, and sexual abuse, and child neglect during the COVID-19 pandemic. Compared with the prepandemic period, 5 articles found an increase in child maltreatment, 6 articles found a decrease, and 1 study found no difference. There existed variation in geography of study location, age of child maltreatment victims, and types of child maltreatment assessed.},
}
@article {pmid34538307,
year = {2021},
author = {Lundahl, LH and Cannoy, C},
title = {COVID-19 and Substance Use in Adolescents.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {68},
number = {5},
pages = {977-990},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2021.05.005},
pmid = {34538307},
issn = {1557-8240},
abstract = {Studies have yielded mixed findings regarding changes in adolescent substance use during the COVID-19 pandemic; some report increased alcohol and cannabis use, others show less binge drinking and vaping behaviors, and others no change. In 2019, only 8.3% of the 1.1 million adolescents with a substance use disorder received specialized treatment. Treatment rates for 2020 have not yet been published. Stay-at-home orders and social distancing guidelines put into place in March 2020 caused the partial closure of many outpatient substance use clinics. The implications of this treatment suspension and special considerations for working with adolescents during stay-at-home orders are discussed.},
}
@article {pmid34538306,
year = {2021},
author = {Galindo, R and Chow, H and Rongkavilit, C},
title = {COVID-19 in Children: Clinical Manifestations and Pharmacologic Interventions Including Vaccine Trials.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {68},
number = {5},
pages = {961-976},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2021.05.004},
pmid = {34538306},
issn = {1557-8240},
abstract = {Children usually present with milder symptoms of COVID-19 as compared with adults. Supportive care alone is appropriate for most children with COVID-19. Antiviral therapy may be required for those with severe or critical diseases. Currently there has been a rapid development of vaccines globally to prevent COVID-19 and several vaccines are being evaluated in children and adolescents. Currently, only the Pfizer-BioNTech messenger RNA vaccine is approved for emergency authorization use in the pediatric population ages 16 years and older.},
}
@article {pmid34538305,
year = {2021},
author = {Meade, J},
title = {Mental Health Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Children and Adolescents: A Review of the Current Research.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {68},
number = {5},
pages = {945-959},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2021.05.003},
pmid = {34538305},
issn = {1557-8240},
abstract = {Research confirms that children and adolescents are experiencing significant anxiety and depression during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Adolescents may be at greater risk, particularly females. Social isolation, loneliness, lack of physical exercise, and family stress may contribute to these problems. Children who feel unsafe with regards to coronavirus disease 2019 may be more likely to experience somatic symptoms, depression, and anxiety. Parental stress and mental health problems may put children at an increased risk for maltreatment. Medical and behavioral health professionals should routinely screen for depression and anxiety. Increased access to mental health services will be critical.},
}
@article {pmid34538304,
year = {2021},
author = {Smitherman, LC and Golden, WC and Walton, JR},
title = {Health Disparities and Their Effects on Children and Their Caregivers During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {68},
number = {5},
pages = {1133-1145},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2021.05.013},
pmid = {34538304},
issn = {1557-8240},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has uncovered long-standing health disparities in marginalized communities, including racial and ethnic minorities and children with underlying medical and social problems. African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans have higher rates of COVID-19 infections and deaths than their population percentages in the United States. Unique populations of children, including children with developmental disabilities, children in the foster care system, children with chronic medical problems, and children who are homeless are particularly vulnerable to COVID-19 infection. This article explores how the COVID-19 pandemic superimposed on health disparities directly and indirectly affects children, adolescents, and their caregivers.},
}
@article {pmid34538303,
year = {2021},
author = {Navalpakam, A and Secord, E and Pansare, M},
title = {The Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 on Pediatric Asthma in the United States.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {68},
number = {5},
pages = {1119-1131},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2021.05.012},
pmid = {34538303},
issn = {1557-8240},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused severe economic and health impacts in the United States, and the impact is disproportionately more in socially disadvantages areas. The available data, albeit limited in children, suggest that the initial concerns of the potential of serious impact of COVID-19 illness in children with asthma are unproven so far. The reduction in asthma morbidities is due to improved adherence, COVID-19 control measures, school closures, and decreased exposure to allergens and viral infections in children. During the pandemic, asthma guidelines were updated to guide physicians in asthma care. In the face of unprecedented time, it is important to be vigilant, adhere to treatment guidelines, and implement preventive measures to eradicate the virus and improve outcomes in children with asthma.},
}
@article {pmid34538302,
year = {2021},
author = {Gupta, S and Smith, L and Diakiw, A},
title = {Avoidance of COVID-19 for Children and Adolescents and Isolation Precautions.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {68},
number = {5},
pages = {1103-1118},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2021.05.011},
pmid = {34538302},
issn = {1557-8240},
abstract = {Limiting exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus has been the major principle guiding public health measures. Masking, social distancing, as well as frequent hand hygiene have been the chief nonpharmaceutical interventions as preventive strategies for all age groups. Advancement in vaccine development and vaccination of large populations offer a glimmer of hope for containing and ending this pandemic. However, until immunization is widespread in the community, masking, social distancing, and frequent handwashing, as well as early detection and isolation of infected persons, should be continued to curb the spread of illness.},
}
@article {pmid34538301,
year = {2021},
author = {Buggs-Saxton, C},
title = {Care of Pediatric Patients with Diabetes During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {68},
number = {5},
pages = {1093-1101},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2021.05.014},
pmid = {34538301},
issn = {1557-8240},
abstract = {This article summarizes clinical observations and management strategies in pediatric type 1 diabetes (T1D) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Despite initial fears that children with diabetes would, similar to adults with diabetes, be at risk for severe COVID-19, most pediatric patients with a history of T1D who developed COVID-19 had mild disease or were asymptomatic similar to their peers without diabetes. The article also summarizes the use of telemedicine to provide ongoing care for pediatric patients with T1D during the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, the article highlights important lessons learned about management of pediatric diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid34538300,
year = {2021},
author = {Govil-Dalela, T and Sivaswamy, L},
title = {Neurological Effects of COVID-19 in Children.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {68},
number = {5},
pages = {1081-1091},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2021.05.010},
pmid = {34538300},
issn = {1557-8240},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has spread rapidly across the world in 2020, affecting both adults and, to a lesser extent, children. In this article, the authors describe the neurologic manifestations of COVID-19 in children, including the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory and imaging findings, and treatment options. The management of patients with concomitant neuroimmunologic disorders and drug interactions between medications used to treat COVID-19 and other neurologic disorders (especially immune-modifying drugs) is also discussed.},
}
@article {pmid34538299,
year = {2021},
author = {Hoofman, J and Secord, E},
title = {The Effect of COVID-19 on Education.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {68},
number = {5},
pages = {1071-1079},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2021.05.009},
pmid = {34538299},
issn = {1557-8240},
abstract = {COVID-19 has changed education for learners of all ages. Preliminary data project educational losses at many levels and verify the increased anxiety and depression associated with the changes, but there are not yet data on long-term outcomes. Guidance from oversight organizations regarding the safety and efficacy of new delivery modalities for education have been quickly forged. It is no surprise that the socioeconomic gaps and gaps for special learners have widened. The medical profession and other professions that teach by incrementally graduated internships are also severely affected and have had to make drastic changes.},
}
@article {pmid34538298,
year = {2021},
author = {Doctor, PN and Kamat, D and Sood, BG},
title = {Changes in Clinical Care of the Newborn During COVID-19 Pandemic: From the Womb to First Newborn Visit.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {68},
number = {5},
pages = {1055-1070},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2021.05.008},
pmid = {34538298},
issn = {1557-8240},
abstract = {COVID-19 has afflicted the health of children and women across all age groups. Since the outbreak of the pandemic in December 2019, various epidemiologic, immunologic, clinical, and pharmaceutical studies have been conducted to understand its infectious characteristics, pathogenesis, and clinical profile. COVID-19 affects pregnant women more seriously than nonpregnant women, endangering the health of the newborn. Changes have been implemented to guidelines for antenatal care of pregnant women, delivery, and newborn care. We highlight the current trends of clinical care in pregnant women and newborns during the COVID-19 pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid34538297,
year = {2021},
author = {Connelly, JA and Chong, H and Esbenshade, AJ and Frame, D and Failing, C and Secord, E and Walkovich, K},
title = {Impact of COVID-19 on Pediatric Immunocompromised Patients.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {68},
number = {5},
pages = {1029-1054},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2021.05.007},
pmid = {34538297},
issn = {1557-8240},
abstract = {.},
}
@article {pmid34538296,
year = {2021},
author = {El-Hor, N and Adams, M},
title = {Pediatric Rheumatologic Effects of COVID-19.},
journal = {Pediatric clinics of North America},
volume = {68},
number = {5},
pages = {1011-1027},
doi = {10.1016/j.pcl.2021.05.002},
pmid = {34538296},
issn = {1557-8240},
abstract = {A multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MISC) can result from COVID-19 infection in previously healthy children and adolescents. It is potentially life threatening and is treated initially with intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin but may require anti-inflammatory monoclonal antibody treatment in severe cases. SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause macrophage activation syndrome, chilblains, and flares of existing rheumatologic diseases. The pandemic has led to later presentation of some rheumatologic conditions as parents and patients have avoided health care settings. PubMed and Google scholar have been utilized to review the literature on the rheumatologic conditions resulting from COVID-19 and the current treatment options.},
}
@article {pmid34538281,
year = {2021},
author = {Novossiolova, TA and Whitby, S and Dando, M and Pearson, GS},
title = {The vital importance of a web of prevention for effective biosafety and biosecurity in the twenty-first century.},
journal = {One health outlook},
volume = {3},
number = {1},
pages = {17},
pmid = {34538281},
issn = {2524-4655},
abstract = {Biological threats are complex and multifaceted, as evidenced by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Their effective prevention and countering require multiple lines of collaborative action and sustained cross-sectorial coordination. This paper reviews the conclusions of Graham Pearson's 1997 JAMA article titled 'The Complementary Role of Environmental and Security Biological Control Regimes in the 21st Century', taking into account the international policy developments that have occurred over the past two decades. The paper underscores the utility of the concept of a 'web of prevention' for elucidating the need for continuous interaction between the international biosafety and international biosecurity regimes, in order to ensure that the life sciences are used only for peaceful purposes. The terms 'biosafety' and 'biosecurity' are used to denote the primary purpose of the two regimes: the international biosafety regime seeks to prevent the unintentional (accidental) release of pathogens and toxins, including naturally occurring disease, whereas the biosecurity regime seeks to prevent the deliberate release and misuse of pathogens and toxins. The paper concludes by recommending practical steps for strengthening the implementation of all elements of the web of prevention and upholding the norms against the hostile misuse of life sciences.},
}
@article {pmid34538254,
year = {2021},
author = {Tichenor, M and Winters, J and Storeng, KT and Bump, J and Gaudillière, JP and Gorsky, M and Hellowell, M and Kadama, P and Kenny, K and Shawar, YR and Songane, F and Walker, A and Whitacre, R and Asthana, S and Fernandes, G and Stein, F and Sridhar, D},
title = {Interrogating the World Bank's role in global health knowledge production, governance, and finance.},
journal = {Globalization and health},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {110},
pmid = {34538254},
issn = {1744-8603},
support = {"Disrupting Global Health Narratives"//Fondation Brocher/ ; 106635/Z/14/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; 715125 METRO (ERC-2016-StG)//H2020 European Research Council/ ; 16/136/33//National Institute for Health Research/ ; 189186//Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: In the nearly half century since it began lending for population projects, the World Bank has become one of the largest financiers of global health projects and programs, a powerful voice in shaping health agendas in global governance spaces, and a mass producer of evidentiary knowledge for its preferred global health interventions. How can social scientists interrogate the role of the World Bank in shaping 'global health' in the current era?<br><br>MAIN BODY: As a group of historians, social scientists, and public health officials with experience studying the effects of the institution's investment in health, we identify three challenges to this research. First, a future research agenda requires recognizing that the Bank is not a monolith, but rather has distinct inter-organizational groups that have shaped investment and discourse in complicated, and sometimes contradictory, ways. Second, we must consider how its influence on health policy and investment has changed significantly over time. Third, we must analyze its modes of engagement with other institutions within the global health landscape, and with the private sector. The unique relationships between Bank entities and countries that shape health policy, and the Bank's position as a center of research, permit it to have a formative influence on health economics as applied to international development. Addressing these challenges, we propose a future research agenda for the Bank's influence on global health through three overlapping objects of and domains for study: knowledge-based (shaping health policy knowledge), governance-based (shaping health governance), and finance-based (shaping health financing). We provide a review of case studies in each of these categories to inform this research agenda.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to rage, and as state and non-state actors work to build more inclusive and robust health systems around the world, it is more important than ever to consider how to best document and analyze the impacts of Bank's financial and technical investments in the Global South.},
}
@article {pmid34538248,
year = {2021},
author = {Alhaffar, MHDBA and Janos, S},
title = {Public health consequences after ten years of the Syrian crisis: a literature review.},
journal = {Globalization and health},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {111},
pmid = {34538248},
issn = {1744-8603},
abstract = {Ten years of the Syrian war had a devastating effect on Syrian lives, including millions of refugees and displaced people, enormous destruction in the infrastructure, and the worst economic crisis Syria has ever faced. The health sector was hit hard by this war, up to 50% of the health facilities have been destroyed and up to 70% of the healthcare providers fled the country seeking safety, which increased the workload and mental pressure for the remaining medical staff. Five databases were searched and 438 articles were included according to the inclusion criteria, the articles were divided into categories according to the topic of the article.Through this review, the current health status of the Syrian population living inside Syria, whether under governmental or opposition control, was reviewed, and also, the health status of the Syrian refugees was examined according to each host country. Public health indicators were used to summarize and categorize the information. This research reviewed mental health, children and maternal health, oral health, non-communicable diseases, infectious diseases, occupational health, and the effect of the COVID - 19 pandemic on the Syrian healthcare system. The results of the review are irritating, as still after ten years of war and millions of refugees there is an enormous need for healthcare services, and international organization has failed to respond to those needs. The review ended with the current and future challenges facing the healthcare system, and suggestions about rebuilding the healthcare system.Through this review, the major consequences of the Syrian war on the health of the Syrian population have been reviewed and highlighted. Considerable challenges will face the future of health in Syria which require the collaboration of the health authorities to respond to the growing needs of the Syrian population. This article draws an overview about how the Syrian war affected health sector for Syrian population inside and outside Syria after ten years of war which makes it an important reference for future researchers to get the main highlight of the health sector during the Syrian crisis.},
}
@article {pmid34537656,
year = {2021},
author = {Porter, B and Zile, A and Peryer, G and Farquhar, M and Sanderson, K},
title = {The impact of providing end-of-life care during a pandemic on the mental health and wellbeing of health and social care staff: Systematic review and meta-synthesis.},
journal = {Social science &amp; medicine (1982)},
volume = {287},
number = {},
pages = {114397},
doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114397},
pmid = {34537656},
issn = {1873-5347},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Disease outbreaks and disasters can result in excess deaths and severe disruption of usual end-of-life care processes. We aimed to: i) synthesise evidence describing the experiences of health and social care staff providing end-of-life care during a disease outbreak or humanitarian disaster, ii) understand the impact on their mental health and wellbeing and, iii) identify means of support.<br><br>METHODS: A systematic review with meta-synthesis was conducted including studies of health and social care staff providing end-of-life care during disease outbreaks (Ebola, COVID-19, SARs, MERs) or humanitarian disasters (2001-2020). MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase, PsycInfo, Web of Science, and grey literature databases were searched systematically, with forward and backward citation searching of included studies. Any research study designs, in any care settings, were included. Study quality was assessed using an appraisal tool relevant to each study design. Qualitative meta-synthesis was used to analyse the findings, which were then reported narratively. PROSPERO registration: CRD42020181444.<br><br>RESULTS: Nineteen studies were included, including 10 Ebola studies and two COVID-19 studies. The analysis generated two superordinate themes: individual experience and organisational responsibilities. Individual experience comprised four themes: dignity in death, positive experiences, negative experience and support for staff. Organisational responsibilities comprised four themes: preparation, adaption, resources, and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).<br><br>DISCUSSION: No studies quantitively measured the impact of providing end-of-life care on staff mental health and wellbeing, however qualitative studies described experiences in varied settings. Serious disease outbreaks and disasters can expose care staff to abnormally high levels of mortality and suffering. Health and social care systems need to proactively prepare for future events and enable peer support mechanisms that may help mitigate experiences of psychological distress in humanitarian crises.},
}
@article {pmid34537482,
year = {2021},
author = {Leão Batista Simões, J and Fornari Basso, H and Cristine Kosvoski, G and Gavioli, J and Marafon, F and Elias Assmann, C and Barbosa Carvalho, F and Dulce Bagatini, M},
title = {Targeting purinergic receptors to suppress the cytokine storm induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection in pulmonary tissue.},
journal = {International immunopharmacology},
volume = {100},
number = {},
pages = {108150},
doi = {10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108150},
pmid = {34537482},
issn = {1878-1705},
abstract = {The etiological agent of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is the new member of the Coronaviridae family, a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the pandemic that is plaguing the world. The single-stranded RNA virus is capable of infecting the respiratory tract, by binding the spike (S) protein on its viral surface to receptors for the angiotensin II-converting enzyme (ACE2), highly expressed in the pulmonary tissue, enabling the interaction of the virus with alveolar epithelial cells promoting endocytosis and replication of viral material. The infection triggers the activation of the immune system, increased purinergic signaling, and the release of cytokines as a defense mechanism, but the response can become exaggerated and prompt the so-called "cytokine storm", developing cases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). This is characterized by fever, cough, and difficulty breathing, which can progress to pneumonia, failure of different organs and death. Thus, the present review aims to compile and correlate the mechanisms involved between the immune and purinergic systems with COVID-19, since the modulation of purinergic receptors, such as A2A, A2B, and P2X7 expressed by immune cells, seems to be effective as a promising therapy, to reduce the severity of the disease, as well as aid in the treatment of acute lung diseases and other cases of generalized inflammation.},
}
@article {pmid34537216,
year = {2021},
author = {Kumar, S and Payal, N and Kumar Srivastava, V and Kaushik, S and Saxena, J and Jyoti, A},
title = {Neutrophil extracellular traps and organ dysfunction in sepsis.},
journal = {Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.cca.2021.09.012},
pmid = {34537216},
issn = {1873-3492},
abstract = {Sepsis is a clinical syndrome resulting from infection followed by inflammation and is one of the significant causes of mortality worldwide. The underlying reason is the host's uncontrolled inflammatory response due to an infection led to multiple organ dysfunction/ failure. Neutrophils, an innate immune cell, are forerunners to reach the site of infection/ inflammation for clearing the infection and resolute the inflammation during sepsis. A relatively new neutrophil effector function, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), have been demonstrated to kill the pathogens by releasing DNA decorated with histone and granular proteins. A growing number of pieces of shreds of evidence suggest that unregulated incidence of NETs have a significant influence on the pathogenesis of sepsis-induced multiple organ damage, including arterial hypotension, hypoxemia, coagulopathy, renal, neurological, and hepatic dysfunction. Thus, excessive production and improper resolution of NETs are of significant therapeutic value in combating sepsis-induced multiple organ failure. The purpose of this review is intended to highlight the role of NETs in sepsis-induced organ failure. Furthermore, the current status of therapeutic strategies to intersect the harmful effects of NETs to restore organ functions is discussed.},
}
@article {pmid34537103,
year = {2021},
author = {Onwumere, J and Creswell, C and Livingston, G and Shiers, D and Tchanturia, K and Charman, T and Russell, A and Treasure, J and Di Forti, M and Wildman, E and Minnis, H and Young, A and Davis, A and Kuipers, E},
title = {COVID-19 and UK family carers: policy implications.},
journal = {The lancet. Psychiatry},
volume = {8},
number = {10},
pages = {929-936},
doi = {10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00206-6},
pmid = {34537103},
issn = {2215-0374},
abstract = {Informal (unpaid) carers are an integral part of all societies and the health and social care systems in the UK depend on them. Despite the valuable contributions and key worker status of informal carers, their lived experiences, wellbeing, and needs have been neglected during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this Health Policy, we bring together a broad range of clinicians, researchers, and people with lived experience as informal carers to share their thoughts on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on UK carers, many of whom have felt abandoned as services closed. We focus on the carers of children and young people and adults and older adults with mental health diagnoses, and carers of people with intellectual disability or neurodevelopmental conditions across different care settings over the lifespan. We provide policy recommendations with the aim of improving outcomes for all carers.},
}
@article {pmid34537403,
year = {2021},
author = {Ricroch, AE and Martin-Laffon, J and Rault, B and Pallares, VC and Kuntz, M},
title = {Next biotechnological plants for addressing global challenges: The contribution of transgenesis and new breeding techniques.},
journal = {New biotechnology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.nbt.2021.09.001},
pmid = {34537403},
issn = {1876-4347},
abstract = {The aim of this survey is to identify and characterize new products in plant biotechnology since 2015, especially in relation to the advent of New Breeding Techniques (NBTs) such as gene editing based on the CRISPR-Cas system. Transgenic (gene transfer or gene silencing) and gene edited traits which are approved or marketed in at least one country, or which have a non-regulated status in the USA, are collected, as well as related patents worldwide. In addition, to shed light on potential innovation for Africa, field trials on the continent are examined. The compiled data are classified in application categories, including agronomic improvements, industrial use and medical use, namely production of recombinant therapeutic molecules or vaccines (including against Covid-19). The data indicate that gene editing appears to be an effective complement to 'classical' transgenesis, the use of which is not declining, rather than a replacement, a trend also observed in the patenting landscape. Nevertheless, increased use of gene editing is apparent. Compared to transgenesis, gene editing has increased the proportion of some crop species and decreased others amongst approved, non-regulated or marketed products. A similar differential trend is observed for breeding traits. Gene editing has also favored the emergence of new private companies. China, and prevalently its public sector, overwhelmingly dominates the patenting landscape, but not the approved/marketed one, which is dominated by the USA. The data point in the direction that regulatory environments will favor or discourage innovation.},
}
@article {pmid34537233,
year = {2021},
author = {Nhat Nguyen, L and Kanneganti, TD},
title = {PANoptosis in viral infection: The missing puzzle piece in the cell death field.},
journal = {Journal of molecular biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {167249},
doi = {10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167249},
pmid = {34537233},
issn = {1089-8638},
abstract = {In the past decade, emerging virus outbreaks like SARS-CoV-2, Zika and Ebola have presented major challenges to the global health system. Viruses are unique pathogens in that they fully rely on the host cell to complete their lifecycle and potentiate disease. Therefore, programmed cell death (PCD), a key component of the host innate immune response, is an effective strategy for the host cell to curb viral spread. The most well-established PCD pathways, pyroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis, can be activated in response to viruses. Recently, extensive crosstalk between PCD pathways has been identified, together with evidence that molecules from all three PCD pathways can be activated during virus infection. These findings have led to the emergence of the concept of PANoptosis, defined as an inflammatory PCD pathway regulated by the PANoptosome complex with key features of pyroptosis, apoptosis, and/or necroptosis that cannot be accounted for by any of these three PCD pathways alone. While PCD is important to eliminate infected cells, many viruses are equipped to hijack host PCD pathways to benefit their own propagation and subvert host defense, and PCD can also lead to the production of inflammatory cytokines and inflammation. Therefore, viral infection can induce PANoptosis to contribute to either host defense or viral pathogenesis, depending on the virus. In this review, we will discuss the multi-faceted roles of PCD pathways in controlling viral infections.},
}
@article {pmid34523302,
year = {2021},
author = {Tomo, S and Banerjee, M and Sharma, P and Garg, M},
title = {Does dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate have a role in COVID-19 prognosis and treatment?.},
journal = {Endocrine regulations},
volume = {55},
number = {3},
pages = {174-181},
doi = {10.2478/enr-2021-0019},
pmid = {34523302},
issn = {1336-0329},
mesh = {*COVID-19/diagnosis/drug therapy/immunology/metabolism ; Dehydroepiandrosterone/*therapeutic use ; Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate/*metabolism ; Humans ; *Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/immunology/metabolism ; Immunologic Factors/*therapeutic use ; },
abstract = {The pathophysiology of COVID comprises an exaggerated pro-inflammatory response. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has a crucial role in various inflammatory conditions and modulated immunological response. Limited evidence is available regarding the incidence and the effect of HPA dysfunction in COVID-19. Although the cortisol levels have only been estimated in a few studies, the dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) release from the adrenal gland has not been explored yet. In this mini review, the authors discuss the role of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEAS in the acute stress response and immunological modulation. Various effects of DHEAS have been demonstrated in different diseases. The specific inhibitory effect of DHEA on interleukin 6 (IL-6) could be of paramount importance in COVID-19. Further, DHEA supplementation has already been proposed in inflammatory conditions, like rheumatoid arthritis. DHEAS levels in COVID-19 may help to understand the HPA axis dysfunction as well as the possibility of repurposing DHEA as a drug for mitigating the pro-inflammatory COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid34508344,
year = {2021},
author = {Paul, AK and Jahan, R and Bondhon, TA and Jannat, K and Hasan, A and Rahmatullah, M and Nissapatorn, V and Pereira, ML and Wiart, C},
title = {Potential role of flavonoids against SARS-CoV-2 induced diarrhea.},
journal = {Tropical biomedicine},
volume = {38},
number = {3},
pages = {360-365},
doi = {10.47665/tb.38.3.079},
pmid = {34508344},
issn = {2521-9855},
mesh = {Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/physiology ; COVID-19/*complications ; Diarrhea/etiology/*prevention &amp; control ; Flavonoids/*therapeutic use ; Humans ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, can lead to massive inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract causing severe clinical symptoms. SARS-CoV-2 infects lungs after binding its spike proteins with alveolar angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and it also triggers inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. SARS-CoV-2 invades the gastrointestinal tract by interacting with Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) that induces the expression of ACE2. The influx of ACE2 facilitates cellular binding of more SARS-CoV-2 and causes massive gastrointestinal inflammation leading to diarrhea. Diarrhea prior to COVID-19 infection or COVID-19-induced diarrhea reportedly ends up in a poor prognosis for the patient. Flavonoids are part of traditional remedies for gastrointestinal disorders. Preclinical studies show that flavonoids can prevent infectious diarrhea. Recent studies show flavonoids can inhibit the multiplication of SARS-CoV-2. In combination with vitamin D, flavonoids possibly activate nuclear factor erythroid-derived-2-related factor 2 that downregulates ACE2 expression in cells. We suggest that flavonoids have the potential to prevent SARS-CoV-2 induced diarrhea.},
}
@article {pmid34508342,
year = {2021},
author = {Takemori, N and Ooi, HK and Imai, G and Saio, M},
title = {Diverse effects of clarithromycin and proposal of its clinical application for treating COVID-19 as a repurposing drug.},
journal = {Tropical biomedicine},
volume = {38},
number = {3},
pages = {343-352},
doi = {10.47665/tb.38.3.077},
pmid = {34508342},
issn = {2521-9855},
mesh = {Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism ; Azithromycin/therapeutic use ; COVID-19/*drug therapy ; Clarithromycin/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; *Drug Repositioning ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Immunologic Factors/pharmacology ; *SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; },
abstract = {Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has been declared a pandemic, which is a serious threat to human health. The disease was named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Until now, several vaccines and a few drugs have been approved for the prevention and treatment for COVID-19. Recently, the effect of some macrolides including clarithromycin (CAM) on COVID-19 has attracted attention. CAM is known to have diverse effects including immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive effects, autophagy inhibition, steroid sparing effect, reversibility of drug resistance, antineoplastic effect, antiviral effect as well as bacteriostatic/bactericidal effect. Many patients with COVID-19 died due to an overwhelming response of their own immune system characterized by the uncontrolled release of circulating inflammatory cytokines (cytokine release syndrome [CRS]). This CRS plays a major role in progressing pneumonia to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in COVID-19 patients. It is noteworthy that CAM can suppress inflammatory cytokines responsible for CRS and also has anti-SARS-CoV-2 effect. Considering the rapidly progressive global disease burden of COVID 19, the application of CAM for treating COVID-19 needs to be urgently evaluated. Recently, an open-labeled non-randomized trial using CAM for treating COVID-19 (ACHIEVE) was initiated in Greece in May, 2020. Its results, though preprint, indicated that CAM treatment of patients with moderate COVID-19 was associated with early clinical improvement and containment of viral load. Thus, treatment with CAM as a single agent or combined with other anti-SARS CoV-2 drugs should be tried for treating COVID-19. In this article, we discussed the significance and usefulness of CAM in treating COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid34497264,
year = {2021},
author = {Shi, L and Wang, L and Xu, R and Zhang, C and Xie, Y and Liu, K and Li, T and Hu, W and Zhen, C and Wang, FS},
title = {Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for severe COVID-19.},
journal = {Signal transduction and targeted therapy},
volume = {6},
number = {1},
pages = {339},
pmid = {34497264},
issn = {2059-3635},
mesh = {Animals ; COVID-19/immunology/pathology/*therapy ; Humans ; Lung/*immunology/pathology/virology ; Lung Injury/immunology/*therapy/virology ; *Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells/*immunology/pathology ; SARS-CoV-2/*immunology ; },
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has placed a global public burden on health authorities. Although the virological characteristics and pathogenesis of COVID-19 has been largely clarified, there is currently no specific therapeutic measure. In severe cases, acute SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to immune disorders and damage to both the adaptive and innate immune responses. Having roles in immune regulation and regeneration, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) serving as a therapeutic option may regulate the over-activated inflammatory response and promote recovery of lung damage. Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, a series of MSC-therapy clinical trials has been conducted. The findings indicate that MSC treatment not only significantly reduces lung damage, but also improves patient recovery with safety and good immune tolerance. Herein, we summarize the recent progress in MSC therapy for COVID-19 and highlight the challenges in the field.},
}
@article {pmid34494935,
year = {2021},
author = {John Jayakumar, JAK and Panicker, MM},
title = {The roles of serotonin in cell adhesion and migration, and cytoskeletal remodeling.},
journal = {Cell adhesion &amp; migration},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {261-271},
pmid = {34494935},
issn = {1933-6926},
mesh = {Animals ; Cell Adhesion/*physiology ; Cell Movement/*physiology ; Cytoskeleton/*physiology ; Humans ; Mental Disorders/metabolism ; Neurotransmitter Agents/*physiology ; Serotonin/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Serotonin is well known as a neurotransmitter. Its roles in neuronal processes such as learning, memory or cognition are well established, and also in disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and dementia. However, its effects on adhesion and cytoskeletal remodelling which are strongly affected by 5-HT receptors, are not as well studied with some exceptions for e.g. platelet aggregation. Neuronal function is strongly dependent on cell-cell contacts and adhesion-related processes. Therefore the role played by serotonin in psychiatric illness, as well as in the positive and negative effects of neuropsychiatric drugs through cell-related adhesion can be of great significance. In this review, we explore the role of serotonin in some of these aspects based on recent findings.},
}
@article {pmid34480012,
year = {2021},
author = {Kwapisz, M and Małkowski, P and Tronina, O and Wasiak, D and Czerwiński, J and Polak, WG and Kosieradzki, M},
title = {Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Solid Organ Transplantation During 2020 in Poland Compared with Countries in Western Europe, Asia, and North America: A Review.},
journal = {Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research},
volume = {27},
number = {},
pages = {e932025},
doi = {10.12659/MSM.932025},
pmid = {34480012},
issn = {1643-3750},
mesh = {Asia ; COVID-19/*epidemiology ; Donor Selection/*organization &amp; administration ; Europe ; Humans ; North America ; Organ Transplantation/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Pandemics ; Poland ; },
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, due to infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which began in March 2020, affected organ donor acceptance and rates of heart, lung, kidney, and liver transplants worldwide. According to data reported to POLTRANSPLANT, the number of solid organ transplants decreased by over 35% and the number of patients enlisted de novo for organ transplantation was reduced to 70% of its pre-COVID-19 volume in Poland. Most transplant centers in Western Europe and the USA have also drastically reduced their activity when compared to the pre-pandemic era. Areas of high SARS-CoV-2 infection incidence, like Italy, Spain, and France, were most affected. Significant decreases in organ donation and number of transplant procedures and increase in waitlist deaths have been noted due to overload of the healthcare system as well as uncertainty of donor SARS-CoV-2 status. Intensive care unit bed shortages and less intensive care resources available for donor management are major factors limiting access to organ procurement. The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on transplant activities was not so adverse in Asia, as a result of a strategy based on experience gained during a previous SARS pandemic. This review aims to compare the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on solid organ transplantation during 2020 in Poland with countries in Western Europe, North America, and Asia.},
}
@article {pmid34469389,
year = {2021},
author = {Morrison, V and Hauch, RR and Perez, E and Bates, M and Sepe, P and Dans, M},
title = {Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Nursing: The Pathway to Excellence Framework Alignment.},
journal = {Nursing administration quarterly},
volume = {45},
number = {4},
pages = {311-323},
doi = {10.1097/NAQ.0000000000000494},
pmid = {34469389},
issn = {1550-5103},
mesh = {COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Cultural Diversity ; Empowerment ; *Health Equity ; Humans ; *Leadership ; Nursing/*standards ; Organizational Culture ; Pandemics ; Racism/prevention &amp; control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Social Inclusion ; Workforce/organization &amp; administration ; },
abstract = {The promotion of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in nursing is a topic of renewed importance, given the civil unrest following the death of George Floyd and identified disparities in health and health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite its progress, the nursing profession continues to struggle with recruiting and retaining a workforce that represents the cultural diversity of the patient population. The authors completed a review of the literature on DEI in nursing and found a scarcity of studies, and that a limitation exists due to the strength of the evidence examined. This article aims to provide a review of the literature on DEI in nursing, outcomes and strategies associated with organizational DEI efforts, and knowledge on how the American Nurses Credentialing Center Pathway to Excellence® Designation Program framework supports DEI initiatives. The authors further provided recommendations for nurse leaders and a checklist of proposed questions for assessing commitment, culture, and structural empowerment initiatives toward a more diverse, equitable, and inclusive organization.},
}
@article {pmid34454870,
year = {2021},
author = {Noris, M},
title = {The case of complement inhibitors.},
journal = {Advances in biological regulation},
volume = {81},
number = {},
pages = {100822},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbior.2021.100822},
pmid = {34454870},
issn = {2212-4934},
mesh = {COVID-19/*blood/*drug therapy ; Complement Activation/*drug effects ; Complement Inactivating Agents/*therapeutic use ; Complement System Proteins/*metabolism ; Humans ; Lung/metabolism/pathology ; SARS-CoV-2/*metabolism ; Severity of Illness Index ; },
abstract = {Severe COVID-19 is characterized by lung and multiorgan inflammation and coagulation in the presence of overactivation of the complement system. Complement is a double edged-sward in SARS-Cov-2 infection. On one hand, it can control the viral infection in milder cases, on the other hand in cases with severe and prolonged infection massive complement activation occurs, which can intensify lung and systemic inflammation and promote a procoagulant and prothrombotic state. Several uncontrolled studies and controlled clinical trials with different complement inhibitors have been performed and others are ongoing. Results are promising in some but negative in others. Further studies are required to elucidate the benefit to risk profile of complement inhibitors in COVID-19 patients at different stages of the disease and to clarify the best targets in the complement cascade.},
}
@article {pmid34419773,
year = {2021},
author = {Montanari, M and Canonico, B and Nordi, E and Vandini, D and Barocci, S and Benedetti, S and Carlotti, E and Zamai, L},
title = {Which ones, when and why should renin-angiotensin system inhibitors work against COVID-19?.},
journal = {Advances in biological regulation},
volume = {81},
number = {},
pages = {100820},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbior.2021.100820},
pmid = {34419773},
issn = {2212-4934},
mesh = {ADAM17 Protein/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/*biosynthesis ; Angiotensin I/metabolism ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/*biosynthesis ; COVID-19/drug therapy/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ; Humans ; Peptide Fragments/metabolism ; *Renin-Angiotensin System ; SARS-CoV-2/*metabolism ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/*metabolism ; Up-Regulation ; },
abstract = {The article describes the possible pathophysiological origin of COVID-19 and the crucial role of renin-angiotensin system (RAS), providing several "converging" evidence in support of this hypothesis. SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to initially upregulate ACE2 systemic activity (early phase), which can subsequently induce compensatory responses leading to upregulation of both arms of the RAS (late phase) and consequently to critical, advanced and untreatable stages of COVID-19 disease. The main and initial actors of the process are ACE2 and ADAM17 zinc-metalloproteases, which, initially triggered by SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins, work together in increasing circulating Ang 1-7 and Ang 1-9 peptides and downstream (Mas and Angiotensin type 2 receptors) pathways with anti-inflammatory, hypotensive and antithrombotic activities. During the late phase of severe COVID-19, compensatory secretion of renin and ACE enzymes are subsequently upregulated, leading to inflammation, hypertension and thrombosis, which further sustain ACE2 and ADAM17 upregulation. Based on this hypothesis, COVID-19-phase-specific inhibition of different RAS enzymes is proposed as a pharmacological strategy against COVID-19 and vaccine-induced adverse effects. The aim is to prevent the establishment of positive feedback-loops, which can sustain hyperactivity of both arms of the RAS independently of viral trigger and, in some cases, may lead to Long-COVID syndrome.},
}
@article {pmid34332403,
year = {2021},
author = {Bristogiannis, S and Swan, D and Thachil, J},
title = {Thromboprophylaxis in COVID-19 - Rationale and considerations.},
journal = {Advances in biological regulation},
volume = {81},
number = {},
pages = {100819},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbior.2021.100819},
pmid = {34332403},
issn = {2212-4934},
mesh = {Anticoagulants/*therapeutic use ; COVID-19/complications/epidemiology/*therapy ; Clinical Decision-Making ; *Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ; Humans ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Thrombosis/epidemiology/etiology/*prevention &amp; control ; },
abstract = {The Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is associated with a very high incidence of thrombotic complications. The exact mechanisms for this excess risk for clots have not been elucidated although one of the often-quoted pathophysiological entity is immunothrombosis. Recognition of thrombotic complications early on in this pandemic led to an over-explosion of studies which looked at the benefits of anticoagulation to mitigate this risk. In this review, we examine the rationale for thromboprophylaxis in COVID-19 with particular reference to dosing and discuss what may guide the decision-making process to consider anticoagulation. In addition, we explore the rationale for thrombosis prevention measures in special populations including outpatient setting, pregnant females, children, those with high body mass index and those on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.},
}
@article {pmid34324214,
year = {2021},
author = {Zuhorn, F and Graf, T and Klingebiel, R and Schäbitz, WR and Rogalewski, A},
title = {Postvaccinal Encephalitis after ChAdOx1 nCov-19.},
journal = {Annals of neurology},
volume = {90},
number = {3},
pages = {506-511},
doi = {10.1002/ana.26182},
pmid = {34324214},
issn = {1531-8249},
mesh = {COVID-19/*prevention &amp; control ; COVID-19 Vaccines/*adverse effects ; Encephalomyelitis, Acute Disseminated/*chemically induced/*diagnostic imaging/physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {The global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has contributed to more than 163 million confirmed infections and 3.3 million deaths worldwide. The severity of the pandemic has led to an unprecedented effort to develop multiple effective vaccines. Due to excellent safety and efficacy data from clinical trials, several vaccines were approved. We report a case series of postvaccinal encephalitis in temporal correlation to vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCov-19. The diagnostic criteria for possible autoimmune encephalitis were fulfilled. Our patients responded well to immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids. The incidence has been estimated to be approximately 8 per 10 million vaccine doses. Complication of postvaccinal encephalitis after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination still appear to be very rare, but need to be diagnosed and treated adequately. Large pooled data from observational epidemiologic studies are necessary to verify causality. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:506-511.},
}
@article {pmid34319777,
year = {2021},
author = {van Veelen, MJ and Voegele, A and Rauch, S and Kaufmann, M and Brugger, H and Strapazzon, G},
title = {COVID-19 Pandemic in Mountainous Areas: Impact, Mitigation Strategies, and New Technologies in Search and Rescue Operations.},
journal = {High altitude medicine &amp; biology},
volume = {22},
number = {3},
pages = {335-341},
doi = {10.1089/ham.2020.0216},
pmid = {34319777},
issn = {1557-8682},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Humans ; *Pandemics/prevention &amp; control ; Personal Protective Equipment ; Rescue Work ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {van Veelen, Michiel J., Anna Voegele, Simon Rauch, Marc Kaufmann, Hermann Brugger, and Giacomo Strapazzon. COVID-19 pandemic in mountainous areas: impact, mitigation strategies, and new technologies in search and rescue operations. High Alt Med Biol. 22:335-341, 2021.-Mitigating the spread of COVID-19, an airborne infection, can lead to delays in the prehospital response and impair the performance of search and rescue (SAR) services in mountainous and remote areas. We provide an overview of the developing epidemiological situation related to the COVID-19 pandemic in mountainous areas and review current protocols to determine their suitability for mountain rescue teams. We also discuss using novel technologies to reduce the adverse effects caused by COVID-19 mitigation strategies such as delays caused by donning personal protective equipment (PPE) and reduced rescuer performance due to impaired movement and ventilation. COVID-19 has spread even in mountainous and remote locations. Dedicated protocols for the use of PPE appropriate for SAR rescuers exerting physical effort in remote areas and using technologies such as drones, telemedicine, and localization and contact tracing applications could contribute to an effective and timely emergency response in mountainous and remote settings.},
}
@article {pmid34303107,
year = {2021},
author = {Ricciotti, E and Laudanski, K and FitzGerald, GA},
title = {Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and glucocorticoids in COVID-19.},
journal = {Advances in biological regulation},
volume = {81},
number = {},
pages = {100818},
doi = {10.1016/j.jbior.2021.100818},
pmid = {34303107},
issn = {2212-4934},
support = {UL1 TR001878/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/*therapeutic use ; COVID-19/*drug therapy/epidemiology/immunology ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/drug therapy/epidemiology/immunology ; Glucocorticoids/*therapeutic use ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/*physiology ; Viral Load/drug effects/immunology ; Virus Replication/*drug effects/immunology ; },
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is characterized by a wide spectrum of symptom severity, which is manifested at different phases of infection and demands different levels of care. Viral load, host innate-immune response to SARS-CoV-2, and comorbidities have a direct impact on the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients and determine the diverse disease trajectories. The initial SARS-CoV-2 penetrance and replication in the host causes death of infected cells, determining the viral response. SARS-CoV-2 replication in the host triggers the activation of host antiviral immune mechanisms, determining the inflammatory response. While a healthy immune response is essential to eliminate infected cells and prevent spread of the virus, a dysfunctional immune response can result in a cytokine storm and hyperinflammation, contributing to disease progression. Current therapies for COVID-19 target the virus and/or the host immune system and may be complicated in their efficacy by comorbidities. Here we review the evidence for use of two classes of anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticoids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for the treatment of COVID-19. We consider the clinical evidence regarding the timing and efficacy of their use, their potential limitations, current recommendations and the prospect of future studies by these and related therapies.},
}
@article {pmid34302822,
year = {2021},
author = {Ehsanifar, M},
title = {Airborne aerosols particles and COVID-19 transition.},
journal = {Environmental research},
volume = {200},
number = {},
pages = {111752},
doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2021.111752},
pmid = {34302822},
issn = {1096-0953},
mesh = {Aerosols ; *COVID-19 ; Exhalation ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {With the outbreak of Coronavirus (2019) (COVID-19), as of late March 2020, understanding how the cause of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmitted is one of the most important questions that researchers are seeking to answer; because this effort helps to reduce the spread of disease. The COVID-19 is highly transmissible and deadly. Despite "tracking the call" and carefully examining patient contact, it is not yet clear how the virus is transmitted from one sick person to another. Why it is so transmissible? Can viruses be transmitted through speech and exhalation aerosols? How far can these aerosols go? How long can an aerosol containing a virus stay in the air? Is the virus amount in these aerosols enough to lead to an infection? There is no consensus on aerosols' role in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Findings show that SARS-CoV-2 aerosol transmission is possible. Therefore, to effectively reduce SARS-CoV-2, precautionary control strategies for aerosol transfer should be considered. Our aim is to review the evidence of the aerosol transmission containing SARS-CoV-2.},
}
@article {pmid34219268,
year = {2021},
author = {Pascual-Leone, A and Bartres-Faz, D},
title = {Human Brain Resilience: A Call to Action.},
journal = {Annals of neurology},
volume = {90},
number = {3},
pages = {336-349},
doi = {10.1002/ana.26157},
pmid = {34219268},
issn = {1531-8249},
support = {R24 AG061421/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; P01 AG031720/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Brain/*physiology ; COVID-19/*epidemiology/*psychology ; Healthy Aging/*physiology/*psychology ; Humans ; *Resilience, Psychological ; },
abstract = {At present, resilience refers to a highly heterogeneous concept with ill-defined determinants, mechanisms, and outcomes. This call for action argues for the need to define resilience as a person-centered multidimensional metric, informed by a dynamic lifespan perspective and combining observational and interventional experimental studies to identify specific neural markers and correlated behavioral measures. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlights the urgent need of such an effort with the ultimate goal of defining a new vital sign, an individual index of resilience, as a life-long metric with the capacity to predict an individual's risk for disability in the face of a stressor, insult, injury, or disease. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:336-349.},
}
@article {pmid34165148,
year = {2021},
author = {Adams, N and Sanou, AZ and Lewis, PR and Wilson, CM},
title = {Recovering Coronavirus Disease Patients in the Active Duty Military Population: A Review of Current Evidence and Special Considerations for Uniformed Providers.},
journal = {Military medicine},
volume = {186},
number = {9-10},
pages = {253-258},
doi = {10.1093/milmed/usab241},
pmid = {34165148},
issn = {1930-613X},
mesh = {Acute Disease ; *COVID-19 ; Disease Progression ; Humans ; *Military Personnel ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Patients acutely infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) coronavirus disease (COVID-19) may continue to have symptoms well beyond 2 weeks. The range of symptoms and physiological sequelae can impact medical readiness even in a relatively young and healthy cohort of service members. It is important to monitor, document, and investigate symptoms from all service members recovering from COVID-19. Military medicine must be prepared to support and manage cases of patients who are recovered from acute COVID-19 but are suffering from post-COVID-19 complications.},
}
@article {pmid34142123,
year = {2021},
author = {Hiscox, JA and Khoo, SH and Stewart, JP and Owen, A},
title = {Shutting the gate before the horse has bolted: is it time for a conversation about SARS-CoV-2 and antiviral drug resistance?.},
journal = {The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy},
volume = {76},
number = {9},
pages = {2230-2233},
doi = {10.1093/jac/dkab189},
pmid = {34142123},
issn = {1460-2091},
support = {/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; R24 AI118397/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; EP/R024804/1//EPSRC/ ; R01AI134091/GF/NIH HHS/United States ; 761104//European Commission/ ; //Unitaid/ ; BB/N022505/1//Wellcome Trust and Medical Research Council for the AGILE phase/ ; //UK Research and Innovation/ ; 332228521//British Council/BEIS/ ; MR/R010145/1//MRC/ ; 75F40120C00085//US Food and Drug Administration/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *COVID-19/drug therapy ; *Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy ; Drug Resistance, Viral ; Horses ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {This article provides a brief overview of drug resistance to antiviral therapy as well as known and emergent variability in key SARS-CoV-2 viral sequences. The purpose is to stimulate deliberation about the need to consider drug resistance prior to widespread roll-out of antivirals for SARS-CoV-2. Many existing candidate agents have mechanisms of action involving drug targets likely to be critical for future drug development. Resistance emerged quickly with monotherapies deployed for other pulmonary viruses such as influenza virus, and in HIV mutations in key drug targets compromised efficacy of multiple drugs within a class. The potential for drug resistance in SARS-CoV-2 has not yet been rigorously debated or assessed, and we call for more academic and industry research on this potentially important future threat prior to widespread roll-out of monotherapies for COVID-19 treatment and prevention.},
}
@article {pmid33981298,
year = {2021},
author = {Qiu, X and Bailey, H and Thorne, C},
title = {Barriers and Facilitators Associated With Vaccine Acceptance and Uptake Among Pregnant Women in High Income Countries: A Mini-Review.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {626717},
pmid = {33981298},
issn = {1664-3224},
support = {/DH_/Department of Health/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology ; Female ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; Influenza Vaccines/*immunology ; *Patient Acceptance of Health Care ; Pertussis Vaccine/*immunology ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/*prevention &amp; control ; Pregnant Women ; *Vaccination/adverse effects ; },
abstract = {Vaccination during pregnancy is a safe and effective intervention to protect women from potentially severe consequences of influenza and reduce risk of influenza and pertussis in their infants. However, coverage remains variable. In this mini-review we update findings from a 2015 systematic review to describe results from recent studies in high income countries on the uptake of influenza and pertussis vaccination in pregnancy, reasons for vaccine hesitancy and barriers to increasing uptake, from maternal and healthcare provider (HCP) perspectives. Studies reported highly variable uptake (from 0% to 78%). A main facilitator for uptake among pregnant women was receiving a recommendation from their HCP. However, studies showed that HCP awareness of guidelines did not consistently translate into them recommending vaccines to pregnant women. Safety concerns are a well-established barrier to uptake/coverage of maternal immunization; 7%-52% of unvaccinated women gave safety concerns as a reason but these were also present in vaccinated women. Knowledge/awareness gaps among pregnant women and lack of confidence among HCPs to discuss vaccination were both important barriers. Several studies indicated that midwives were more likely to express safety concerns than other HCPs, and less likely to recommend vaccination to pregnant women. Women who perceived the risk of infection to be low were less likely to accept vaccination in several studies, along with women with prior vaccine refusal. Findings highlight the importance of further research to explore context-specific barriers to vaccination in pregnancy, which may include lack of vaccine confidence among pregnant woman and HCPs, and policy and structural factors.},
}
@article {pmid33977626,
year = {2021},
author = {Cabrera Martimbianco, AL and Pacheco, RL and Bagattini, ÂM and Riera, R},
title = {Frequency, signs and symptoms, and criteria adopted for long COVID-19: A systematic review.},
journal = {International journal of clinical practice},
volume = {75},
number = {10},
pages = {e14357},
doi = {10.1111/ijcp.14357},
pmid = {33977626},
issn = {1742-1241},
support = {//Sociedade Beneficente de Senhoras Hospital Sírio-Libanês/ ; },
abstract = {AIMS: To identify, systematically evaluate and summarise the best available evidence on the frequency of long COVID-19 (post-acute COVID-19 syndrome), its clinical manifestations, and the criteria used for diagnosis.<br><br>METHODS: Systematic review conducted with a comprehensive search including formal databases, COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 data sources, grey literature, and manual search. We considered for inclusion clinical trials, observational longitudinal comparative and non-comparative studies, cross-sectional, before-and-after, and case series. We assessed the methodological quality by specific tools based on the study designs. We presented the results as a narrative synthesis regarding the frequency and duration of long COVID-19, signs and symptoms, criteria used for diagnosis, and potential risk factors.<br><br>RESULTS: We included 25 observational studies with moderate to high methodological quality, considering 5440 participants. The frequency of long COVID-19 ranged from 4.7% to 80%, and the most prevalent signs/symptoms were chest pain (up to 89%), fatigue (up to 65%), dyspnea (up to 61%), and cough and sputum production (up to 59%). Temporal criteria used to define long COVID-19 varied from 3 to 24 weeks after acute phase or hospital discharge. Potentially associated risk factors were old age, female sex, severe clinical status, a high number of comorbidities, hospital admission, and oxygen supplementation at the acute phase. However, limitations related to study designs added uncertainty to this finding. None of the studies assessed the duration of signs/symptoms.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The frequency of long COVID-19 reached up to 80% over the studies included and occurred between 3 and 24 weeks after acute phase or hospital discharge. Chest pain, fatigue, dyspnea, and cough were the most reported clinical manifestations attributed to the condition. Based on these systematic review findings, there is an urgent need to understand this emerging, complex and challenging medical condition. Proposals for diagnostic criteria and standard terminology are welcome.},
}
@article {pmid33966326,
year = {2021},
author = {Trunz, LM and Lee, P and Lange, SM and Pomeranz, CL and Needleman, L and Ford, RW and Karambelkar, A and Sundaram, B},
title = {Imaging approach to COVID-19 associated pulmonary embolism.},
journal = {International journal of clinical practice},
volume = {75},
number = {10},
pages = {e14340},
doi = {10.1111/ijcp.14340},
pmid = {33966326},
issn = {1742-1241},
abstract = {The novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) illness and deaths, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, continue to increase. Multiple reports highlight the thromboembolic complications, such as pulmonary embolism (PE), in COVID-19. Imaging plays an essential role in the diagnosis and management of COVID-19 patients with PE. There continues to be a rapid evolution of knowledge related to COVID-19 associated PE. This review summarises the current understanding of prevalence, pathophysiology, role of diagnostic imaging modalities, and management, including catheter-directed therapy for COVID-19 associated PE. It also describes infection control considerations for the radiology department while providing care for patients with COVID-19 associated PE.},
}
@article {pmid33957833,
year = {2021},
author = {Serafim, MSM and Dos Santos Júnior, VS and Gertrudes, JC and Maltarollo, VG and Honorio, KM},
title = {Machine learning techniques applied to the drug design and discovery of new antivirals: a brief look over the past decade.},
journal = {Expert opinion on drug discovery},
volume = {16},
number = {9},
pages = {961-975},
doi = {10.1080/17460441.2021.1918098},
pmid = {33957833},
issn = {1746-045X},
mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Antiviral Agents/*pharmacology ; COVID-19/drug therapy ; *Drug Design ; Drug Discovery/methods/trends ; Drug Repositioning ; Humans ; Machine Learning/*trends ; Virus Diseases/drug therapy/virology ; },
abstract = {Introduction: Drug design and discovery of new antivirals will always be extremely important in medicinal chemistry, taking into account known and new viral diseases that are yet to come. Although machine learning (ML) have shown to improve predictions on the biological potential of chemicals and accelerate the discovery of drugs over the past decade, new methods and their combinations have improved their performance and established promising perspectives regarding ML in the search for new antivirals.Areas covered: The authors consider some interesting areas that deal with different ML techniques applied to antivirals. Recent innovative studies on ML and antivirals were selected and analyzed in detail. Also, the authors provide a brief look at the past to the present to detect advances and bottlenecks in the area.Expert opinion: From classical ML techniques, it was possible to boost the searches for antivirals. However, from the emergence of new algorithms and the improvement in old approaches, promising results will be achieved every day, as we have observed in the case of SARS-CoV-2. Recent experience has shown that it is possible to use ML to discover new antiviral candidates from virtual screening and drug repurposing.},
}
@article {pmid34536729,
year = {2021},
author = {Bray, F and Laversanne, M and Cao, B and Varghese, C and Mikkelsen, B and Weiderpass, E and Soerjomataram, I},
title = {Comparing cancer and cardiovascular disease trends in 20 middle- or high-income countries 2000-19: A pointer to national trajectories towards achieving Sustainable Development goal target 3.4.},
journal = {Cancer treatment reviews},
volume = {100},
number = {},
pages = {102290},
doi = {10.1016/j.ctrv.2021.102290},
pmid = {34536729},
issn = {1532-1967},
abstract = {With the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) target of a one-third reduction in noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) less than a decade away, it is timely to assess national progress in reducing premature deaths from the two leading causes of mortality worldwide. We examine trends in the probability of dying ages 30-70 from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer 2000-19 in 10 middle-income (MICs) and 10 high-income (HICs) countries with high quality data. We then predict whether the SDG target will be met in each country for CVD, cancer and for the four main NCDs combined. Downward trends were more evident in HICs relative to the MICs, and for CVD relative to cancer. CVD and cancer declines ranged from 30-60% and 20-30% in HICs over the 20-year period, but progress was less uniform among the MICs. Premature deaths from cancer exceeded CVD in nine of the 10 HICs by 2000 and in all 10 by 2019; in contrast, CVD mortality exceeded cancer in all 10 MICs in 2000 and remained the leading cause in eight countries by 2019. Two of the 10 MICs (Colombia and Kazakhstan) and seven of the HICs (Australia, Chile, Italy, New Zealand, Norway, Slovakia, and the U.K.) are predicted to meet the SDG NCDs target. Whether countries are on course to meet the target by 2030 reflects changing risk factor profiles and the extent to which effective preventative and medical care interventions have been implemented. In addition, lessons can be learned given people living with NCDs are more susceptible to severe COVID-19 illness and death.},
}
@article {pmid34536214,
year = {2021},
author = {Cheng, ZJ and Zhan, Z and Xue, M and Zheng, P and Lyu, J and Ma, J and Zhang, XD and Luo, W and Huang, H and Zhang, Y and Wang, H and Zhong, N and Sun, B},
title = {Public Health Measures and the Control of COVID-19 in China.},
journal = {Clinical reviews in allergy &amp; immunology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34536214},
issn = {1559-0267},
support = {2020GIRHHMS04//Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health Open Project/ ; ZNSA-2021005//Zhongnanshan Medical Foundation of Guangdong Province/ ; ZNSA-2020001//Zhongnanshan Medical Foundation of Guangdong Province/ ; },
abstract = {In December 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic quickly spread throughout China and beyond, posing enormous global challenges. With prompt, vigorous, and coordinated control measures, mainland China contained the spread of the epidemic within two months and halted the epidemic in three months. Aggressive containment strategy, hierarchical management, rational reallocation of resources, efficient contact tracing, and voluntary cooperation of Chinese citizens contributed to the rapid and efficient control of the epidemic, thus promoting the rapid recovery of the Chinese economy. This review summarizes China's prevention and control strategies and other public health measures, which may provide a reference for the epidemic control in other countries.},
}
@article {pmid34535792,
year = {2021},
author = {Tao, K and Tzou, PL and Nouhin, J and Gupta, RK and de Oliveira, T and Kosakovsky Pond, SL and Fera, D and Shafer, RW},
title = {The biological and clinical significance of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.},
journal = {Nature reviews. Genetics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34535792},
issn = {1471-0064},
abstract = {The past several months have witnessed the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with novel spike protein mutations that are influencing the epidemiological and clinical aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic. These variants can increase rates of virus transmission and/or increase the risk of reinfection and reduce the protection afforded by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and vaccination. These variants can therefore enable SARS-CoV-2 to continue its spread in the face of rising population immunity while maintaining or increasing its replication fitness. The identification of four rapidly expanding virus lineages since December 2020, designated variants of concern, has ushered in a new stage of the pandemic. The four variants of concern, the Alpha variant (originally identified in the UK), the Beta variant (originally identified in South Africa), the Gamma variant (originally identified in Brazil) and the Delta variant (originally identified in India), share several mutations with one another as well as with an increasing number of other recently identified SARS-CoV-2 variants. Collectively, these SARS-CoV-2 variants complicate the COVID-19 research agenda and necessitate additional avenues of laboratory, epidemiological and clinical research.},
}
@article {pmid34535791,
year = {2021},
author = {Yang, H and Rao, Z},
title = {Structural biology of SARS-CoV-2 and implications for therapeutic development.},
journal = {Nature reviews. Microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34535791},
issn = {1740-1534},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an unprecedented global health crisis. However, therapeutic options for treatment are still very limited. The development of drugs that target vital proteins in the viral life cycle is a feasible approach for treating COVID-19. Belonging to the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae with the largest RNA genome, SARS-CoV-2 encodes a total of 29 proteins. These non-structural, structural and accessory proteins participate in entry into host cells, genome replication and transcription, and viral assembly and release. SARS-CoV-2 proteins can individually perform essential physiological roles, be components of the viral replication machinery or interact with numerous host cellular factors. In this Review, we delineate the structural features of SARS-CoV-2 from the whole viral particle to the individual viral proteins and discuss their functions as well as their potential as targets for therapeutic interventions.},
}
@article {pmid34535450,
year = {2021},
author = {Diop, N and Kamal, M and Renaud, M and Naffa, S},
title = {COVID-19 and beyond: how lessons and evidence from implementation research can benefit health systems' response and preparedness for COVID-19 and future epidemics.},
journal = {Family medicine and community health},
volume = {9},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1136/fmch-2021-001150},
pmid = {34535450},
issn = {2009-8774},
abstract = {Early in the COVID-19 pandemic-and based on limited data on the novel coronavirus-it was projected that African countries will be ravaged and the health systems overwhelmed. Fortunately, Africa has so far defied these dire predictions. Many factors account for the less dramatic outcome, in particular the local know-how gained through dealing with previous epidemics, such as Ebola, and the early and coordinated political and public health response, applying a combination of containment and mitigation measures. However, these same measures, exacerbated by existing inequalities, have had negative impacts on vulnerable populations, notably women and children. Furthermore, the observed deterioration of access to and provision of essential health services will likely continue and worsen in countries experiencing future waves of COVID-19 and lacking access to vaccines. The impact of the pandemic on health systems may be one of Africa's main COVID-19 challenges and women and children its greatest victims. In this article, we argue that just as learning from previous epidemics and coordinated preparation informed Africa's response to COVID-19, knowledge, innovations and resources from recent implementation research can be leveraged to mitigate the pandemic's effects and inform recovery efforts. As an example, we present the proven model and multifaceted approach of the Innovating for Maternal and Child Health in Africa Initiative and describe how such a model could be readily applied to building the robust and equitable systems needed to tackle future stresses and shocks, such as epidemics, on health systems while maintaining essential routine services.},
}
@article {pmid34535326,
year = {2021},
author = {Kreitman, RJ and Arons, E},
title = {Diagnosis and treatment of hairy cell leukemia as the COVID-19 pandemic continues.},
journal = {Blood reviews},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {100888},
doi = {10.1016/j.blre.2021.100888},
pmid = {34535326},
issn = {1532-1681},
abstract = {Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is an indolent B-cell malignancy, usually driven by the BRAF V600E mutation. For 30 years, untreated and relapsed HCL was successfully treated with purine analogs, but minimal residual disease (MRD) remained in most patients, eventually causing relapse. Repeated purine analogs achieve decreasing efficacy and increasing toxicity, particularly to normal T-cells. MRD-free complete remissions (CRs) are more common using rituximab with purine analogs in both 1st-line and relapsed settings. BRAF inhibitors and Ibrutinib can achieve remission, but due to persistence of MRD, must be used chronically to prevent relapse. BRAF inhibition combined with Rituximab can achieve high MRD-free CR rates. Anti-CD22 recombinant immunotoxin moxetumomab pasudotox is FDA-approved in the relapsed setting and is unique in achieving high MRD-free CR rates as a single-agent. Avoiding chemotherapy and rituximab may be important in ensuring both recovery from COVID-19 and successful COVID-19 vaccination, an area of continued investigation.},
}
@article {pmid34535192,
year = {2021},
author = {Cheng, C and Zhang, D and Dang, D and Geng, J and Zhu, P and Yuan, M and Liang, R and Yang, H and Jin, Y and Xie, J and Chen, S and Duan, G},
title = {The incubation period of COVID-19: a global meta-analysis of 53 studies and a Chinese observation study of 11 545 patients.},
journal = {Infectious diseases of poverty},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {119},
pmid = {34535192},
issn = {2049-9957},
support = {82073618//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82002147//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 20A330004//Key Scientific Research Projects in Colleges and Universities of Henan Province/ ; 2018ZX10301407//National Major Science and Technology Projects of China/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The incubation period is a crucial index of epidemiology in understanding the spread of the emerging Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this study, we aimed to describe the incubation period of COVID-19 globally and in the mainland of China.<br><br>METHODS: The searched studies were published from December 1, 2019 to May 26, 2021 in CNKI, Wanfang, PubMed, and Embase databases. A random-effect model was used to pool the mean incubation period. Meta-regression was used to explore the sources of heterogeneity. Meanwhile, we collected 11 545 patients in the mainland of China outside Hubei from January 19, 2020 to September 21, 2020. The incubation period fitted with the Log-normal model by the coarseDataTools package.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 3235 articles were searched, 53 of which were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled mean incubation period of COVID-19 was 6.0 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.6-6.5) globally, 6.5 days (95% CI 6.1-6.9) in the mainland of China, and 4.6 days (95% CI 4.1-5.1) outside the mainland of China (P = 0.006). The incubation period varied with age (P = 0.005). Meanwhile, in 11 545 patients, the mean incubation period was 7.1 days (95% CI 7.0-7.2), which was similar to the finding in our meta-analysis.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: For COVID-19, the mean incubation period was 6.0 days globally but near 7.0 days in the mainland of China, which will help identify the time of infection and make disease control decisions. Furthermore, attention should also be paid to the region- or age-specific incubation period.},
}
@article {pmid34454912,
year = {2021},
author = {Cisneros, IE and Cunningham, KA},
title = {Covid-19 interface with drug misuse and substance use disorders.},
journal = {Neuropharmacology},
volume = {198},
number = {},
pages = {108766},
doi = {10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108766},
pmid = {34454912},
issn = {1873-7064},
support = {R01 DA052263/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States ; UG3 DA050317/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic intensified the already catastrophic drug overdose and substance use disorder (SUD) epidemic, signaling a syndemic as social isolation, economic and mental health distress, and disrupted treatment services disproportionally impacted this vulnerable population. Along with these social and societal factors, biological factors triggered by intense stress intertwined with incumbent overactivity of the immune system and the resulting inflammatory outcomes may impact the functional status of the central nervous system (CNS). We review the literature concerning SARS-CoV2 infiltration and infection in the CNS and the prospects of synergy between stress, inflammation, and kynurenine pathway function during illness and recovery from Covid-19. Taken together, inflammation and neuroimmune signaling, a consequence of Covid-19 infection, may dysregulate critical pathways and underlie maladaptive changes in the CNS, to exacerbate the development of neuropsychiatric symptoms and in the vulnerability to develop SUD.},
}
@article {pmid34534878,
year = {2021},
author = {Cavalcante, MB and de Melo Bezerra Cavalcante, CT and Cavalcante, ANM and Sarno, M and Barini, R and Kwak-Kim, J},
title = {COVID-19 and miscarriage: From immunopathological mechanisms to actual clinical evidence.},
journal = {Journal of reproductive immunology},
volume = {148},
number = {},
pages = {103382},
doi = {10.1016/j.jri.2021.103382},
pmid = {34534878},
issn = {1872-7603},
abstract = {The association between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the first half of pregnancy and pregnancy loss is still unknown. Infections by other coronaviruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), appear to increase the risk of miscarriage. The purpose of this study is to assess whether SARS-CoV-2 infection increases the risk of miscarriage. Firstly, a narrative review of the literature on animal and human studies was performed to analyze the immunopathological mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection during preconception and early pregnancy, by which it may increase the risk of miscarriage. Secondly, a systematic review/meta-analysis of studies was conducted to assess the prevalence of miscarriage in COVID-19 patients diagnosed during pregnancy. Meta-analysis of proportions was used to combine data, and pooled proportions were reported. Seventeen case series and observational studies and 10 prevalence meta-analyses were selected for the review. The estimate of the overall miscarriage rate in pregnant women with COVID-19 was 15.3 % (95 % CI 10.94-20.59) and 23.1 (95 % CI 13.17-34.95) using fixed and random effect models, respectively. Based on the data in the current literature, the miscarriage rate (<22 weeks gestation) in women with SARS-CoV-2 infection is in the range of normal population. Well-designed studies are urgently needed to determine whether SARS-CoV-2 infection increases the risk of miscarriage during periconception and early pregnancy.},
}
@article {pmid34534732,
year = {2021},
author = {Wellington, D and Yin, Z and Kessler, BM and Dong, T},
title = {Immunodominance complexity: lessons yet to be learned from dominant T cell responses to SARS-COV-2.},
journal = {Current opinion in virology},
volume = {50},
number = {},
pages = {183-191},
doi = {10.1016/j.coviro.2021.08.009},
pmid = {34534732},
issn = {1879-6265},
abstract = {Immunodominance is a complex and highly debated topic of T cell biology. The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has provided the opportunity to profile adaptive immune responses and determine molecular factors contributing to emerging responses towards immunodominant viral epitopes. Here, we discuss parameters that alter the dynamics of CD8 viral epitope processing, generation and T-cell responses, and how immunodominance counteracts viral immune escape mechanisms that develop in the context of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.},
}
@article {pmid34534731,
year = {2021},
author = {Zhang, J and Xiao, T and Cai, Y and Chen, B},
title = {Structure of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.},
journal = {Current opinion in virology},
volume = {50},
number = {},
pages = {173-182},
doi = {10.1016/j.coviro.2021.08.010},
pmid = {34534731},
issn = {1879-6265},
abstract = {The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to loss of human life in millions and devastating socio-economic consequences worldwide. The disease has created urgent needs for intervention strategies to control the crisis and meeting these needs requires a deep understanding of the structure-function relationships of viral proteins and relevant host factors. The trimeric spike (S) protein of the virus decorates the viral surface and is an important target for development of diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines. Rapid progress in the structural biology of SARS-CoV-2 S protein has been made since the early stage of the pandemic, advancing our knowledge on the viral entry process considerably. In this review, we summarize our latest understanding of the structure of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and discuss the implications for vaccines and therapeutics.},
}
@article {pmid34534695,
year = {2021},
author = {Okeke, ES and Ogugofor, MO and Nkwoemeka, NE and Nweze, EJ and Okoye, CO},
title = {Phytomelatonin: a potential phytotherapeutic intervention on COVID-19-exposed individuals.},
journal = {Microbes and infection},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {104886},
doi = {10.1016/j.micinf.2021.104886},
pmid = {34534695},
issn = {1769-714X},
abstract = {Phytomelatonin is a pleiotropic molecule that originated in higher plants with many diverse actions and is primarily an antioxidant. The recent identification and advancement of phytomelatonin unraveled the potential of this modulatory molecule being considered a new plant hormone, suggesting its relevance in treating respiratory infections, including COVID-19. Besides, this molecule is also involved in multiple hormonal, physiological, and biological processes at different levels of cell organization and has been marked for its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and prominent antioxidant effects, reducing mitochondrial electron leakage, up-regulating antioxidant enzymes, acting as a free radical scavenger, and interfering with pro-inflammatory signaling pathways as seen in mood swings, body temperature, sleep, cancer, cardiac rhythms, and immunological regulation modulators. However, due to its diversity, availability, affordability, convenience, and high safety profile, phytomelatonin has also been suggested as a natural adjuvant. This review discussed the origin, content in various plant species, processes of extraction, and detection and therapeutic potentials of phytomelatonin in treating COVID-19-exposed individuals.},
}
@article {pmid34534589,
year = {2021},
author = {Niazi, S and Niazi, F and Doroodgar, F and Safi, M},
title = {The Cardiac Effects of COVID-19 Review of articles.},
journal = {Current problems in cardiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {100981},
doi = {10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100981},
pmid = {34534589},
issn = {1535-6280},
abstract = {Cardiovascular wellbeing has been dramatically affected by SARS-CoV-2, the reason for the COVID-19 pandemic. There is a greater risk of morbidity and death in individuals with preexisting heart diseases. Clinical syndromes of the acute coronary syndrome, acute myocardial injury, myocarditis, arrhythmias, heart failure, and venous thromboembolism can, directly and indirectly, affect the heart. There may also be adverse heart effects of specific therapeutics under review for COVID-19. The RAAS mechanism in virus replication makes it essential to understand the consequences of the system-modulating medications. For optimum patient care, detailed knowledge of specific cardiovascular symptoms of COVID-19 and the role of RAAS in the prognosis of COVID-19 disease is necessary.},
}
@article {pmid34534553,
year = {2021},
author = {Lantos, D and Molenberghs, P},
title = {The Neuroscience of Intergroup Threat and Violence.},
journal = {Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.025},
pmid = {34534553},
issn = {1873-7528},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic led to a global increase in hate crimes and xenophobia. In these uncertain times, real or imaginary threats can easily lead to intergroup conflict. Here, we integrate social neuroscience findings with classic social psychology theories into a framework to better understand how intergroup threat can lead to violence. The role of moral disengagement, dehumanization, and intergroup schadenfreude in this process are discussed, together with their underlying neural mechanisms. We outline how this framework can inform social scientists and policy makers to help reduce the escalation of intergroup conflict and promote intergroup cooperation. The critical role of the media and public figures in these unprecedented times is highlighted as an important factor to achieve these goals.},
}
@article {pmid34534516,
year = {2021},
author = {Krause, PR and Fleming, TR and Peto, R and Longini, IM and Figueroa, JP and Sterne, JAC and Cravioto, A and Rees, H and Higgins, JPT and Boutron, I and Pan, H and Gruber, MF and Arora, N and Kazi, F and Gaspar, R and Swaminathan, S and Ryan, MJ and Henao-Restrepo, AM},
title = {Considerations in boosting COVID-19 vaccine immune responses.},
journal = {Lancet (London, England)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02046-8},
pmid = {34534516},
issn = {1474-547X},
}
@article {pmid34534512,
year = {2021},
author = {Mostaghimi, D and Valdez, CN and Larson, HT and Kalinich, CC and Iwasaki, A},
title = {Prevention of host-to-host transmission by SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.},
journal = {The Lancet. Infectious diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00472-2},
pmid = {34534512},
issn = {1474-4457},
abstract = {As the number of individuals vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 rises worldwide, population-level data regarding the vaccines' ability to reduce infection are being generated. Randomised trials have shown that these vaccines dramatically reduce symptomatic COVID-19; however, less is known about their effects on transmission between individuals. The natural course of infection with SARS-CoV-2 involves infection of the respiratory epithelia and replication within the mucosa to sufficient viral titres for transmission via aerosol particles and droplets. Here we discuss the available data on the existing, approved SARS-CoV-2 vaccines' capacity to reduce transmissibility by reducing primary infection, viral replication, capacity for transmission, and symptomaticity. The potential for mucosal-targeted SARS-CoV-2 vaccine strategies to more effectively limit transmission than intramuscular vaccines is considered with regard to known immunological mechanisms. Finally, we enumerate the population-level effects of approved vaccines on transmission through observational studies following clinical trials and vaccine distribution in real-world settings.},
}
@article {pmid34534497,
year = {2021},
author = {Jamieson, DJ and Rasmussen, SA},
title = {An Update on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Pregnancy.},
journal = {American journal of obstetrics and gynecology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.ajog.2021.08.054},
pmid = {34534497},
issn = {1097-6868},
abstract = {Physiologic, mechanical and immunologic alterations in pregnancy could potentially affect susceptibility to and severity of COVID-19 during pregnancy. Due to lack of comparable incidence data and challenges with disentangling differences in susceptibility from different exposure risks, data are insufficient to determine whether pregnancy increases susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Data support pregnancy as a risk factor for severe disease associated with COVID-19; some of the best evidence comes from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) COVID-19 surveillance system, which reported that pregnant persons were more likely to be admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU), require invasive ventilation, require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and die compared with nonpregnant women of reproductive age. Although intrauterine transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has been documented, it appears to be rare, possibly related to low levels of SARS-CoV-2 viremia and decreased co-expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) needed for SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells in the placenta. Evidence is accumulating that SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy is associated with a number of adverse pregnancy outcomes including preeclampsia, preterm birth, and stillbirth, especially among pregnant persons with severe COVID-19 disease. In addition to the direct impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy outcomes, there is evidence that the pandemic and its effects on healthcare systems have had adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes, such as increased stillbirths and maternal deaths. These trends may represent widening disparities and an alarming reversal of recent improvements in maternal and infant health. All three COVID-19 vaccines currently available under an Emergency Use Authorization by the United States Food and Drug Administration can be administered to pregnant or lactating persons, with no preference for vaccine type. Although safety data in pregnancy are rapidly accumulating and no safety signals in pregnancy have been detected, additional information about birth outcomes, particularly among persons vaccinated earlier in pregnancy, are needed.},
}
@article {pmid34534417,
year = {2021},
author = {Alemzadeh, E and Alemzadeh, E and Ziaee, M and Abedi, A and Salehiniya, H},
title = {The effect of low serum calcium level on the severity and mortality of Covid patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Immunity, inflammation and disease},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/iid3.528},
pmid = {34534417},
issn = {2050-4527},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Imbalances of various electrolytes, including calcium, are associated with the prognosis of Covid disease. This study investigated the relationship between serum calcium and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19.<br><br>METHOD: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis by searching PubMed, Scopus, web of sciences until August 2021 using the keywords COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), COVID, coronavirus disease, SARS-COV-infection. 2, SARS-COV-2, COVID19, calcium, calcium isotopes, calcium radioisotopes, hypercalcemia, and hypocalcemia were performed. Heterogeneity of studies was investigated using I2 index, data were analyzed using meta-analysis (random effects model) with Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software software.<br><br>RESULTS: Finally, 25 articles were included in the study. Clinical data from 12 articles showed that 59% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.49-0.68) of people with COVID-19 have hypocalcemia. The results of meta-analysis showed that hypocalcemia was significantly associated with severity of the disease (p = .002), mortality in patients with COVID-19 (odds ratio [OR] = 6.99, 95% CI: 2.71-17.99), number of hospitalization days (p < .001) and admission to the intensive care unit (OR = 5.09, 95% CI: 2.14-12.10). The results also showed that there is a direct relationship between low serum calcium levels with increasing D-dimer levels (p = .02) and decreasing lymphocyte counts (p = .007).<br><br>CONCLUSION: Based on the results of meta-analysis in people with lower calcium, mortality and complications are higher, therefore, serum calcium is a prognostic factor in determining the severity of the disease. Consequently, it is suggested that serum calcium levels should be considered in initial assessments.},
}
@article {pmid34534372,
year = {2021},
author = {Mateus, D and Sebastião, AI and Carrascal, MA and Carmo, AD and Matos, AM and Cruz, MT},
title = {Crosstalk between estrogen, dendritic cells, and SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
journal = {Reviews in medical virology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e2290},
doi = {10.1002/rmv.2290},
pmid = {34534372},
issn = {1099-1654},
support = {//Agência Nacional de Inovação/ ; POCI-01-02B7-FEDER-069745//European Regional Development Fund/ ; //Programa Operacional Temático Factores de Competitividade/ ; },
abstract = {The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) first appeared in Wuhan and has so far killed more than four million people worldwide. Men are more affected than women by Covid-19, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind these differences are largely unknown. One plausible explanation is that differences in sex hormones could partially account for this distinct prevalence in both sexes. Accordingly, several papers have reported a protective role of 17β-estradiol during Covid-19, which might help explain why women appear less likely to die from Covid-19 than men. 17β-estradiol is the predominant and most biologically active endogenous estrogen, which signals through estrogen receptor α, estrogen receptor β, and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1. These receptors are expressed in mature cells from the innate and the adaptive immune system, particularly on dendritic cells (DCs), suggesting that estrogens could modulate their effector functions. DCs are the most specialized and proficient antigen-presenting cells, acting at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity with a powerful capacity to prime antigen-specific naive CD8+ T cells. DCs are richly abundant in the lung where they respond to viral infection. A relative increase of mature DCs in broncho-alveolar lavage fluids from Covid-19 patients has already been reported. Here we will describe how SARS-CoV-2 acts on DCs, the role of estrogen on DC immunobiology, summarise the impact of sex hormones on the immune response against Covid-19, and explore clinical trials regarding Covid-19.},
}
@article {pmid34534359,
year = {2021},
author = {McDonald, C and Xanthopoulos, C and Kostareli, E},
title = {The role of BTK in the immune system and disease.},
journal = {Immunology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/imm.13416},
pmid = {34534359},
issn = {1365-2567},
abstract = {Bruton's Tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a TEC kinase with a multifaceted role in B-cell biology and function, highlighted by its position as a critical component of the B-cell receptor signalling pathway. Due to its role as a therapeutic target in several haematological malignancies including Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia, BTK has been gaining tremendous momentum in recent years. Within the immune system, BTK plays a part in numerous pathways and cells beyond B-cells (i.e., T-cells, macrophages). Not surprisingly, BTK has been elucidated to be a driving factor not only in lymphoproliferative disorders but also in autoimmune diseases and response to infection. To extort this role, BTK inhibitors such as Ibrutinib have been developed to target BTK in other diseases. However, due to rising levels of resistance, the urgency to develop new inhibitors with alternative modes of targeting BTK is high. To meet this demand, an expanding list of BTK inhibitors is currently being trialled. In this review, we synopsize recent discoveries regarding BTK and its role within different immune cells and pathways. Additionally, we discuss the broad significance and relevance of BTK for various diseases ranging from the haematology and rheumatology to the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, BTK signalling and its targetable nature have emerged as immensely important for a wide range of clinical applications. The development of novel, more specific and less toxic BTK inhibitors could be revolutionary for a significant number of diseases with yet unmet treatment needs.},
}
@article {pmid34533782,
year = {2021},
author = {Clinton, JW and Kiparizoska, S and Aggarwal, S and Woo, S and Davis, W and Lewis, JH},
title = {Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Highlights and Controversies in the Recent Literature.},
journal = {Drug safety},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34533782},
issn = {1179-1942},
abstract = {Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains an important, yet challenging diagnosis for physicians. Each year, additional drugs are implicated in DILI and this year was no different, with more than 1400 articles published on the subject. This review examines some of the most significant highlights and controversies in DILI-related research over the past year and their implications for clinical practice. Several new drugs were approved by the US Food and Drug Administration including a number of drugs implicated in causing DILI, particularly among the chemotherapeutic classes. The COVID-19 pandemic was also a major focus of attention in 2020 and we discuss some of the notable aspects of COVID-19-related liver injury and its implications for diagnosing DILI. Updates in diagnostic and causality assessments related to DILI such as the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method are included, mindful that there is still no single biomarker or diagnostic tool to unequivocally diagnose DILI. Glutamate dehydrogenase received renewed attention as being more specific than alanine aminotransferase. There were a few new reports of previously unrecognized hepatotoxins, including immune modulators and novel gene therapy drugs that we highlight. Updates and new developments of previously described hepatotoxins, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and anti-tuberculosis drugs are reviewed. Finally, novel technologies such as organoid culture systems to better predict DILI preclinically may be coming of age and determinants of hepatocyte loss, such as calculating PALT are poised to improve our current means of estimating DILI severity and the risk of acute liver failure.},
}
@article {pmid34533545,
year = {2021},
author = {Mohanty, A and Borah, RK and Fatrekar, AP and Krishnan, S and Vernekar, AA},
title = {Stepping towards benign alternatives: sustainable conversion of plastic waste into valuable products.},
journal = {Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1039/d1cc03705f},
pmid = {34533545},
issn = {1364-548X},
abstract = {The extensive use of plastic and the absence of efficient and sustainable methods for its degradation has raised critical concerns about its disposal and degradation. Furthermore, the escalated use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and masks during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has put us under tremendous pressure of generating huge amounts of plastic waste. Traditional plastic waste disintegration protocols, while effective, pose additional inevitable environmental risks. Owing to this, almost all the used plastic is directly discarded into the marine and terrestrial bodies, causing great harm to the flora and fauna. Plastic has even started entering the food chain in the form of micro- and nano-plastics, leading to deleterious effects. Considering the global need for finding sustainable ways to degrade plastic, several approaches have been developed. Herein we highlight and rationally compare the recent reports on the development of benign alternatives for the sustainable disintegration of plastic detritus into value-added products. Here we discuss, in depth, photoreforming of a variety of polymers to liquid fuels under natural conditions; enzyme-based deconstruction of polymeric materials via microorganisms and their engineered mutants into useful virgin monomers at ambient temperature; and pyrocatalytic degradation of polyethylene through efficient synthetic materials into valuable fuels and waxes. By critically analyzing the methods, we also provide our opinion on such sustainable techniques and discuss newer approaches related to bioinspired and biomimetic chemistry principles for the management of plastic waste.},
}
@article {pmid34533265,
year = {2021},
author = {Pedrazini, MC and da Silva, MH},
title = {"Pityriasis Rosea-like cutaneous eruption as a possible dermatological manifestation after Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine: case report and brief literature review.".},
journal = {Dermatologic therapy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e15129},
doi = {10.1111/dth.15129},
pmid = {34533265},
issn = {1529-8019},
abstract = {Pityriasis Rosea (PR) has been manifested in patients suffering from COVID-19 as well as after vaccine protocols against SARS-CoV-2. It has a possible association with the HHV-6B virus (roseola infantum) and can be controlled by antivirals such as acyclovir as well as by the amino acid L-Lysine that showed a positive result in reducing the number of lesions and healing time. The aim of this study was to report a case of PR after a second dose of Oxford-AstraZeneca, the adopted therapy and a brief literature review. A 53-year-old woman, phototype II, presented an erythematous lesion in the posterior right thigh 15 days after the second dose of Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine. Eight days after the initial injury, new injuries appeared in the calf, buttocks and thighs. The diagnosis was PR with a 5-week eruption cycle. The treatment consisted of the use of L-Lysine, 3 grams loading dose and 500mg for 30 days and moisturizing/healing lotion, starting 14 days after the herald patch. After the 5th week of the disease cycle, there were no new eruptions and the repair cycle continued for up to 8 weeks leaving some residual skin spots. It is concluded that the patient may be a carrier a latent virus, HHV-6, and the vaccine administration with immune system stimulation, would have activated the possible virus causing PR. L-Lysine helped to control the manifestation by limiting the number of lesions and their location, which were restricted to the legs, thighs and buttocks.},
}
@article {pmid34533020,
year = {2021},
author = {Rodríguez González-Moro, JM and Izquierdo Alonso, JL},
title = {[Oral antibiotic treatment of exacerbation of COPD. Beyond COVID-19].},
journal = {Revista espanola de quimioterapia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.37201/req/125.2021},
pmid = {34533020},
issn = {1988-9518},
abstract = {COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) includes patients with chronic bronchitis and / or emphysema who have in common the presence of a chronic and progressive airflow obstruction, with symptoms of dyspnea and whose natural history is modified by acute episodes of exacerbations. Exacerbation (EACOPD) is defined as an acute episode of clinical instability characterized by a sustained worsening of respiratory symptoms. It is necessary to distinguish a new EACOPD from a previous treatment failure or a relapse. EACOPD become more frequent and intense over time, deteriorating lung function and quality of life. The diagnosis of EACOPD consists of 3 essential steps: a) differential diagnosis; b) establish the severity, and c) identify its etiology. The main cause of exacerbations is infection, both bacterial and viral. Antibiotics are especially indicated in severe EACOPD and the presence of purulent sputum. Beta-lactams (amoxicillin-clavulanate and cefditoren) and fluoroquinolones (levofloxacin) are the most widely used antimicrobials. This review updates the problem of acute exacerbation with infectious origin from the perspective of etiology, antimicrobial resistance, microbiological studies, risk stratification, and antimicrobial management. The risk, prognosis and characteristics of COPD patients who develop COVID19 are analyzed.},
}
@article {pmid34533001,
year = {2021},
author = {Martinez, MA and Franco, S},
title = {Impact of COVID-19 in Liver Disease Progression.},
journal = {Hepatology communications},
volume = {5},
number = {7},
pages = {1138-1150},
doi = {10.1002/hep4.1745},
pmid = {34533001},
issn = {2471-254X},
support = {PID2019-103955RB-100//Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación/ ; },
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus that causes coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), which has infected millions of people worldwide in only a few months. A minority, but significant number, of infected individuals require hospitalization and intensive care. From the start of this new virus pandemic, it was apparent that obese and/or diabetic individuals had a bad prognosis for COVID-19 progression, strongly suggesting an association between liver disease and severe COVID-19. Because chronic liver disease (CLD) is associated with immune dysregulation and inflammation, it is unsurprising that patients with CLD may carry a greater risk of adverse outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Initial COVID-19 data have also indicated that healthy infected individuals display abnormal liver function tests, suggesting a possible direct implication of SARS-CoV-2 in liver damage. Here we show that COVID-19 affects the liver metabolism and increases the morbidity and mortality of individuals with underlying CLD.},
}
@article {pmid34532746,
year = {2021},
author = {Weber, S and Heitmann, KU},
title = {[Interoperability in healthcare: also prescribed for digital health applications (DiGA)].},
journal = {Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s00103-021-03414-w},
pmid = {34532746},
issn = {1437-1588},
abstract = {Digital health applications (DiGA) are a cog in the machine of a digital health system that must be interoperable like all other communicating applications in order to function smoothly. Interoperability takes place at four levels: functional subject definition of content, semantic and syntactic standardization, security and transport requirements, and organizational aspects.In Germany, a major leap towards a more digital healthcare system has been initiated in recent years, reinforced by the experience gained from the COVID-19 pandemic. Current legislation aims at a uniform definition of standards and processes and thus establishes the required binding framework for an overall concept in digitization. DiGA can communicate with other healthcare systems using the same semantic and syntactic standardizations if the patient so desires. With the possible connection to electronic patient records and the accompanying data donation option, patients can benefit more than once through interoperable DiGA - not only through the direct positive care effect of the digital health application, but also indirectly through data donation, which can contribute to improving the entire healthcare system through appropriate research.},
}
@article {pmid34532691,
year = {2021},
author = {Balser, J and Ryu, J and Hood, M and Kaplan, G and Perlin, J and Siegel, B},
title = {Care Systems COVID-19 Impact Assessment: Lessons Learned and Compelling Needs.},
journal = {NAM perspectives},
volume = {2021},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.31478/202104d},
pmid = {34532691},
issn = {2578-6865},
}
@article {pmid34532690,
year = {2021},
author = {Madara, J and Miyamoto, S and Farley, JE and Gong, M and Gorham, M and Humphrey, H and Irons, M and Mehrotra, A and Resneck, J and Rushton, C and Shanafelt, T},
title = {Clinicians and Professional Societies COVID-19 Impact Assessment: Lessons Learned and Compelling Needs.},
journal = {NAM perspectives},
volume = {2021},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.31478/202105b},
pmid = {34532690},
issn = {2578-6865},
}
@article {pmid34532688,
year = {2021},
author = {DeSalvo, K and Hughes, B and Bassett, M and Benjamin, G and Fraser, M and Galea, S and Gracia, JN},
title = {Public Health COVID-19 Impact Assessment: Lessons Learned and Compelling Needs.},
journal = {NAM perspectives},
volume = {2021},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.31478/202104c},
pmid = {34532688},
issn = {2578-6865},
}
@article {pmid34532685,
year = {2021},
author = {McClellan, M and Rajkumar, R and Couch, M and Holder, D and Pham, M and Long, P and Medows, R and Navathe, A and Sandy, L and Shrank, W and Smith, M},
title = {Health Care Payers COVID-19 Impact Assessment: Lessons Learned and Compelling Needs.},
journal = {NAM perspectives},
volume = {2021},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.31478/202105a},
pmid = {34532685},
issn = {2578-6865},
}
@article {pmid34532682,
year = {2020},
author = {Hick, JL and Hanfling, D and Wynia, MK and Pavia, AT},
title = {Duty to Plan: Health Care, Crisis Standards of Care, and Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.},
journal = {NAM perspectives},
volume = {2020},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.31478/202003b},
pmid = {34532682},
issn = {2578-6865},
}
@article {pmid34532600,
year = {2021},
author = {Kojima, M and Satake, S and Osawa, A and Arai, H},
title = {Management of frailty under COVID-19 pandemic in Japan.},
journal = {Global health &amp; medicine},
volume = {3},
number = {4},
pages = {196-202},
doi = {10.35772/ghm.2020.01118},
pmid = {34532600},
issn = {2434-9194},
abstract = {Frailty prevention is a cornerstone for the extension of healthy life expectancy. It is a multi-dimensional construct that includes physical, mental, and social aspects. Frailty is reversible and can be attenuated by intervention; therefore, its early detection is important in primary and community care. The mainstream of disability prevention in Japan, which comprises the Japanese and local governments as well as healthcare workers, was a high-risk approach until 2014. Given the revision on Japan's long-term care insurance law, current ageing health policies have shifted to more population centric approach. Implements group activities called "Kayoi-no-ba" has been valued in Japan as disability prevention initiative. The Kihon Checklist - a 25-item questionnaire - has been broadly used by health experts and researchers to assess frailty in Japan. However, a new 15-item questionnaire has been newly developed to identify frailty and other health-related problems in older people of 75 years and above. This will enable providing the necessary support to frail individuals at any healthcare facility in local communities. The increase in frailty prevalence in older people has been concern during the COVID-19 pandemic. Home-based physical exercise programs are expected to be effective for frailty prevention. Utilization of information and communication technologies, social network services, and video calls has attracted attention for being effective tools to facilitate communication for older people during the pandemic. Further, life course approaches are needed to clarify the midlife risk of frailty development in later life.},
}
@article {pmid34532398,
year = {2021},
author = {Luo, MH and Qian, YQ and Huang, DL and Luo, JC and Su, Y and Wang, H and Yu, SJ and Liu, K and Tu, GW and Luo, Z},
title = {Tailoring glucocorticoids in patients with severe COVID-19: a narrative review.},
journal = {Annals of translational medicine},
volume = {9},
number = {15},
pages = {1261},
doi = {10.21037/atm-21-1783},
pmid = {34532398},
issn = {2305-5839},
abstract = {Objective: To discuss the pathogenesis of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and the pharmacological effects of glucocorticoids (GCs) toward this infection. To review randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using GCs to treat patients with severe COVID-19, and investigate whether GC timing, dosage, or duration affect clinical outcomes. Finally. to discuss the use of biological markers, respiratory parameters, and radiological evidence to select patients for improved GC therapeutic precision.<br><br>Background: COVID-19 has become an unprecedented global challenge. As GCs have been used as key immunomodulators to treat inflammation-related diseases, they may play key roles in limiting disease progression by modulating immune responses, cytokine production, and endothelial function in patients with severe COVID-19, who often experience excessive cytokine production and endothelial and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) dysfunction. Current clinical trials have partially proven this efficacy, but GC timing, dosage, and duration vary greatly, with no unifying consensus, thereby creating confusion.<br><br>Methods: Publications through March 2021 were retrieved from the Web of Science and PubMed. Results from cited references in published articles were also included.<br><br>Conclusions: GCs play key roles in treating severe COVID-19 infections. Pharmacologically, GCs could modulate immune cells, reduce cytokine and chemokine, and improve endothelial functions in patients with severe COVID-19. Benefits of GCs have been observed in multiple clinical trials, but the timing, dosage and duration vary across studies. Tapering as an option is not widely accepted. However, early initiation of treatment, a tailored dosage with appropriate tapering may be of particular importance, but evidence is inconclusive and more investigations are needed. Biological markers, respiratory parameters, and radiological evidence could also help select patients for specific tailored treatments.},
}
@article {pmid34532323,
year = {2021},
author = {Hu, Z and Cano, I and D'Amore, PA},
title = {Update on the Role of the Endothelial Glycocalyx in Angiogenesis and Vascular Inflammation.},
journal = {Frontiers in cell and developmental biology},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {734276},
doi = {10.3389/fcell.2021.734276},
pmid = {34532323},
issn = {2296-634X},
abstract = {The endothelial glycocalyx is a negatively charged, carbohydrate-rich structure that arises from the luminal surface of the vascular endothelium and is comprised of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. The glycocalyx, which sits at the interface between the endothelium and the blood, is involved in a wide array of physiological and pathophysiological processes, including as a mechanotransducer and as a regulator of inflammation. Most recently, components of the glycocalyx have been shown to play a key role in controlling angiogenesis. In this review, we briefly summarize the structure and function of the endothelial glycocalyx. We focus on its role and functions in vascular inflammation and angiogenesis and discuss the important unanswered questions in this field.},
}
@article {pmid34531867,
year = {2021},
author = {Jacobsen, H and Klein, SL},
title = {Sex Differences in Immunity to Viral Infections.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {720952},
doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2021.720952},
pmid = {34531867},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has increased awareness about sex-specific differences in immunity and outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Strong evidence of a male bias in COVID-19 disease severity is hypothesized to be mediated by sex differential immune responses against SARS-CoV-2. This hypothesis is based on data from other viral infections, including influenza viruses, HIV, hepatitis viruses, and others that have demonstrated sex-specific immunity to viral infections. Although males are more susceptible to most viral infections, females possess immunological features that render them more vulnerable to distinct immune-related disease outcomes. Both sex chromosome complement and related genes as well as sex steroids play important roles in mediating the development of sex differences in immunity to viral infections.},
}
@article {pmid34531842,
year = {2021},
author = {Waghmode, R and Jadhav, S and Nema, V},
title = {The Burden of Respiratory Viruses and Their Prevalence in Different Geographical Regions of India: 1970-2020.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {723850},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2021.723850},
pmid = {34531842},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {As per the 2019 report of the National Health Portal of India, 41,996,260 cases and 3,740 deaths from respiratory infections were recorded across India in 2018. India contributes to 18% of the global population, with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) as one of the prominent causes of mortality in children >5 years of age. Measures in terms of the diagnosis and surveillance of respiratory infections are taken up globally to discover their circulating types, detect outbreaks, and estimate the disease burden. Similarly, the purpose of this review was to determine the prevalence of respiratory infections in various regions of India through published reports. Understanding the pattern and prevalence of various viral entities responsible for infections and outbreaks can help in designing better strategies to combat the problem. The associated pathogens comprise respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, etc. Identification of these respiratory viruses was not given high priority until now, but the pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has sensitized our system to be alert about the burden of existing infections and to have proper checks for emerging ones. Most of the studies reported to date have worked on the influenza virus as a priority. However, the data describing the prevalence of other respiratory viruses with their seasonal pattern have significant epidemiological value. A comprehensive literature search was done to gather data from all geographical regions of India comprising all states of India from 1970 to 2020. The same has been compared with the global scenario and is being presented here.},
}
@article {pmid34531831,
year = {2021},
author = {Shou, S and Liu, M and Yang, Y and Kang, N and Song, Y and Tan, D and Liu, N and Wang, F and Liu, J and Xie, Y},
title = {Animal Models for COVID-19: Hamsters, Mouse, Ferret, Mink, Tree Shrew, and Non-human Primates.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {626553},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2021.626553},
pmid = {34531831},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus causing acute respiratory tract infection in humans. The virus has the characteristics of rapid transmission, long incubation period and strong pathogenicity, and has spread all over the world. Therefore, it is of great significance to select appropriate animal models for antiviral drug development and therapeutic effect evaluation. Here, we review and compare the current animal models of SARS-CoV-2.},
}
@article {pmid34531754,
year = {2021},
author = {Li, BH and Li, ZY and Liu, MM and Tian, JZ and Cui, QH},
title = {Progress in Traditional Chinese Medicine Against Respiratory Viruses: A Review.},
journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {743623},
doi = {10.3389/fphar.2021.743623},
pmid = {34531754},
issn = {1663-9812},
abstract = {Respiratory viruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-1, SARS-CoV-2, influenza A viruses, and respiratory syncytial virus, pose a serious threat to society. Based on the guiding principles of "holism" and "syndrome differentiation and treatment", traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has unique advantages in the treatment of respiratory virus diseases owing to the synergistic effect of multiple components and targets, which prevents drug resistance from arising. According to TCM theory, there are two main strategies in antiviral treatments, namely "dispelling evil" and "fu zheng". Dispelling evil corresponds to the direct inhibition of virus growth and fu zheng corresponds to immune regulation, inflammation control, and tissue protection in the host. In this review, current progress in using TCMs against respiratory viruses is summarized according to modern biological theories. The prospects for developing TCMs against respiratory viruses is discussed to provide a reference for the research and development of innovative TCMs with multiple components, multiple targets, and low toxicity.},
}
@article {pmid34531576,
year = {2021},
author = {Taylor, RS and Dalal, HM and McDonagh, STJ},
title = {The role of cardiac rehabilitation in improving cardiovascular outcomes.},
journal = {Nature reviews. Cardiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34531576},
issn = {1759-5010},
abstract = {Cardiac rehabilitation is a complex intervention that seeks to improve the functional capacity, wellbeing and health-related quality of life of patients with heart disease. A substantive evidence base supports cardiac rehabilitation as a clinically effective and cost-effective intervention for patients with acute coronary syndrome or heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and after coronary revascularization. In this Review, we discuss the major contemporary challenges that face cardiac rehabilitation. Despite the strong recommendation in current clinical guidelines for the referral of these patient groups, global access to cardiac rehabilitation remains poor. The COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to a further reduction in access to cardiac rehabilitation. An increasing body of evidence supports home-based and technology-based models of cardiac rehabilitation as alternatives or adjuncts to traditional centre-based programmes, especially in low-income and middle-income countries, in which cardiac rehabilitation services are scarce, and scalable and affordable models are much needed. Future approaches to the delivery of cardiac rehabilitation need to align with the growing multimorbidity of an ageing population and cater to the needs of the increasing numbers of patients with cardiac disease who present with two or more chronic diseases. Future research priorities include strengthening the evidence base for cardiac rehabilitation in other indications, including heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, atrial fibrillation and congenital heart disease and after valve surgery or heart transplantation, and evaluation of the implementation of sustainable and affordable models of delivery that can improve access to cardiac rehabilitation in all income settings.},
}
@article {pmid34531335,
year = {2021},
author = {Simsek Uzunoglu, S and Akca, H},
title = {Systematic Review: Clinical Symptoms and Laboratory and Radiology Findings in Children with COVID-19.},
journal = {Nigerian journal of clinical practice},
volume = {24},
number = {9},
pages = {1259-1267},
doi = {10.4103/njcp.njcp_577_20},
pmid = {34531335},
issn = {1119-3077},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the new [novel] coronavirus, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused a pandemic with exceeding 72 million cases and 1.2 million deaths by the end of November 2020. We aimed to evaluate clinical, laboratory, and radiology findings of COVID-19 in children as reported worldwide and thereby to increase the clinical knowledge about the disease. Bibliographic searches were conducted in December 2020 using PubMed and Google Scholar. The search was limited to children [below 18 years of age]. The search strategy yielded a total of 336 potential articles but finally a total of 25 valid studies covering a total of 2446 (China: 1109, Europe: 663, North America: 674) pediatric patients. In the studies covered by this review, it was observed that the median age was calculated at various values between the ages of 1 and 7 years. In the studies, overall rate of the asymptomatic patients was 24.8% (ranging between 10.7 and 56.6). Acute upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) [mild disease] was observed in 40.7 (ranging between 22 and 50.6%), mild pneumonia in 27% (ranging between 9.5 and 40.6%), and severe pneumonia in 5.3% (ranging between 1.9 and 10.6%). A total of 3% (ranging between 0.7 and 5.1%) of the patients had critical severity. Among the most common clinical symptoms and findings; 61.7% (ranging between 57.4 and 64.3%) of the patients had fever, 53.2% (ranging between 30.6 and 75.1%) had cough, 16.8% (ranging between 4.6 and 27.2%) had diarrhea or nausea, and 15% had lymphopenia. Abnormal radiological findings were detected in 47.2 of the children with COVID-19 and ground glass opacity was in 22.2%. COVID-19 manifests milder and the clinical signs and symptoms vary widely in children. Laboratory and radiological findings of COVID-19 in pediatric patients are not mostly disease-specific, except lymphopenia may have a limited value, and ground glass opacity may have a significant diagnostic value.},
}
@article {pmid34531161,
year = {2021},
author = {García Rodríguez, J and González Ruiz de León, C and Sacristán González, R and Méndez Ramírez, S and Modrego Ulecia, L and Fernández-Gómez, JM},
title = {Changes in the ambulatory care of prostate cancer patients during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Literature review and contribution of our group in telematic care.},
journal = {Actas urologicas espanolas},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.acuroe.2021.07.008},
pmid = {34531161},
issn = {2173-5786},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about changes in the management of urology patients, especially those with prostate cancer. The aim of this work is to show the changes in the ambulatory care practices by individualized telematic care for each patient profile.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Articles published from March 2020 to January 2021 were reviewed. We selected those that provided the highest levels of evidence regarding risk in different aspects: screening, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of prostate cancer.<br><br>RESULTS: We developed a classification system based on priorities, at different stages of the disease (screening, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up) to which the type of care given, in-person or telephone visits, was adapted. We established 4 options, as follows: in priority A or low, care will be given by telephone in all cases; in priority B or intermediate, if patients are considered subsidiary of an in-person visit after telephone consultation, they will be scheduled within 3 months; in priority C or high, patients will be seen in person within a margin from 1 to 3 months and in priority D or very high, patients must always be seen in person within a margin of up to 48 h and considered very preferential.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Telematic care in prostate cancer offers an opportunity to develop new performance and follow-up protocols, which should be thoroughly analyzed in future studies, in order to create a safe environment and guarantee oncologic outcomes for patients.},
}
@article {pmid34530844,
year = {2021},
author = {Llop-Gironés, A and Vračar, A and Llop-Gironés, G and Benach, J and Angeli-Silva, L and Jaimez, L and Thapa, P and Bhatta, R and Mahindrakar, S and Bontempo Scavo, S and Nar Devi, S and Barria, S and Marcos Alonso, S and Julià, M},
title = {Employment and working conditions of nurses: where and how health inequalities have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic?.},
journal = {Human resources for health},
volume = {19},
number = {1},
pages = {112},
pmid = {34530844},
issn = {1478-4491},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Nurses and midwives play a critical role in the provision of care and the optimization of health services resources worldwide, which is particularly relevant during the current COVID-19 pandemic. However, they can only provide quality services if their work environment provides adequate conditions to support them. Today the employment and working conditions of many nurses worldwide are precarious, and the current pandemic has prompted more visibility to the vulnerability to health-damaging factors of nurses' globally. This desk review explores how employment relations, and employment and working conditions may be negatively affecting the health of nurses in countries such as Brazil, Croatia, India, Ireland, Italy, México, Nepal, Spain, and the United Kingdom.<br><br>MAIN BODY: Nurses' health is influenced by the broader social, economic, and political system and the redistribution of power relations that creates new policies regarding the labour market and the welfare state. The vulnerability faced by nurses is heightened by gender inequalities, in addition to social class, ethnicity/race (and caste), age and migrant status, that are inequality axes that explain why nurses' workers, and often their families, are exposed to multiple risks and/or poorer health. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, informalization of nurses' employment and working conditions were unfair and harmed their health. During COVID-19 pandemic, there is evidence that the employment and working conditions of nurses are associated to poor physical and mental health.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The protection of nurses' health is paramount. International and national enforceable standards are needed, along with economic and health policies designed to substantially improve employment and working conditions for nurses and work-life balance. More knowledge is needed to understand the pathways and mechanisms on how precariousness might affect nurses' health and monitor the progress towards nurses' health equity.},
}
@article {pmid34530491,
year = {2021},
author = {Li, H and Zhao, Y and Zhou, L},
title = {Cutaneous manifestations in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or COVID-19: what do we know after 10 months under this pandemic?.},
journal = {International journal of dermatology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/ijd.15882},
pmid = {34530491},
issn = {1365-4632},
support = {PY-2020-05//Research Foundation of Capital Institute of Pediatrics/ ; GZ-2021-10//Research Foundation of Capital Institute of Pediatrics/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global crisis. However, cutaneous manifestations in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection have received little attention.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: Our study was aimed to present clinical and cutaneous manifestations of children with SARS-CoV-2 and to provide the basis for early diagnosis.<br><br>METHODS: We analyzed the clinical data of COVID-19 infected (CI) children worldwide from December 2019 to October 6, 2020, by using search terms "COVID-19," "SARS-CoV-2," "Coronavirus" in combination with "cutaneous," "lesion," "rash," "skin," "dermatology," "epidermis," "dermis," "multisystem inflammatory syndrome." We collected and analyzed the general information, clinical symptoms, cutaneous manifestations, laboratory examination results, history of close contact with CI patients or suspected CI patients, and outcome in CI children.<br><br>RESULTS: Among 90 CI children, there were 46 boys (59%) and 32 girls (41%). Erythema was the most frequent lesion, followed by conjunctivitis, and edematous lesions. Face was the most commonly affected location including lips, conjunctivae, tongue, eyes, and eyelids. Sixty-three (73.3%) patients had multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C). As for clinical symptoms, 70 (81.4%) CI children suffered fever, and 34 (39.5%) patients had lung involvement. Meanwhile, 65.1% of patients had cardiac involvement, 4.7% of patients were asymptomatic, and 71.6% of patients received intravenous immunoglobulin, as well as 31.1% of CI children received systemic corticosteroids. Three children were dead. The most frequent route of infection was familial clustering. As silent virus carriers of CI children, it is important to find out the clinical and cutaneous manifestations in CI children to prevent and control COVID-19 transmission.},
}
@article {pmid34530182,
year = {2021},
author = {Gosik, MS and Mendes, MFX and Werneck Dos Santos, LMA and Barbas, DDS and Cabo, DJVD and Strastis, H and Duarte Takeuti, IS and Mourão, LCDS and Delavechia, ML and Cunha, MXD and Kalile, RB and Lino, RRG and Brunelli, W and Oliveira, AP and Carillo, R},
title = {Medicines for the new coronavirus in the view of Classical Systemic Homeopathy.},
journal = {Complementary therapies in clinical practice},
volume = {45},
number = {},
pages = {101482},
doi = {10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101482},
pmid = {34530182},
issn = {1873-6947},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: According to the World Health Organization, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has 48.896.564 reported cases and 1.236.995 deaths worldwide on November 5, 2020. Despite great efforts, there is no treatment of COVID-19 up to nowadays. Therefore, it is essential to search for therapeutic alternatives to COVID-19, such as Integrative Medicine, especially Homeopathy, which was used with excellent results in the great epidemics.<br><br>AIM: This study aims to describe the coronavirus Pandemic from the perspective of Classical Systemic Homeopathy and to identify the homeopathic medicine (medicines genius) that has its sphere of action in most of the symptoms involved in this pandemic.<br><br>METHODS: Articles published in indexed journals and websites of medical institutions, books of homeopathic materia medica, scientific journals, and government publications were reviewed.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 39 references were selected and enclosed 20 articles indexed on COVID-19, 08 references of systemic conditions, 11 articles indexed of homeopathy, 06 classic homeopathy books. After the study, the homeopathic medicine Cinchona officinalis (China officinalis) was proposed, according to pathogenesis (experimental pathophysiological study in humans) described in the materia medica books consulted, for the relief of symptoms. Its sphere of action in most of the symptoms involved in this pandemic. Moreover, acute homeopathic medicines were determined to act in the relief of symptoms of the various phases of the manifestations of the disease.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Data contributes to use in homeopathic interventions during the COVID-19 epidemic as a health promotion and treatment strategy that can be used as an adjunct to all sanitary and therapeutic measures recommended by health authorities.},
}
@article {pmid34530146,
year = {2021},
author = {Lester, A and Leach, P and Zaben, M},
title = {The Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on traumatic brain injury management: Lessons learned over the first year.},
journal = {World neurosurgery},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.wneu.2021.09.030},
pmid = {34530146},
issn = {1878-8769},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has had widespread consequences on healthcare systems around the world. It resulted in extensive changes to the referral patterns, management and rehabilitation of surgical conditions. We aimed to evaluate the effect the COVID-19 pandemic has had on traumatic brain injury (TBI) specifically. We reviewed the literature published on COVID-19 and TBI referrals, management and rehabilitation. Significant changes were seen in the referral patterns of TBIs worldwide, explained by changes in societal behaviours and changes in the mechanism of injury. Implementation of strict infection control measures and COVID-19 screening was commonplace, with some reporting changes to operating theatre protocols. TBI was more likely to be conservatively managed. Rehabilitation services were restricted, with a greater shift towards telemedicine to provide rehabilitative therapy remotely.},
}
@article {pmid34530086,
year = {2021},
author = {Jahanafrooz, Z and Chen, Z and Bao, J and Li, H and Lipworth, L and Guo, X},
title = {An overview of human proteins and genes involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
journal = {Gene},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {145963},
doi = {10.1016/j.gene.2021.145963},
pmid = {34530086},
issn = {1879-0038},
abstract = {As of July 2021, the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, has led to more than 200 million infections and more than 4.2 million deaths globally. Complications of severe COVID-19 include acute kidney injury, liver dysfunction, cardiomyopathy, and coagulation dysfunction. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify proteins and genetic factors associated with COVID-19 susceptibility and outcome. We comprehensively reviewed recent findings of host-SARS-CoV-2 interactome analyses. To identify genetic variants associated with COVID-19, we focused on the findings from genome and transcriptome wide association studies (GWAS and TWAS) and bioinformatics analysis. We described established human proteins including ACE2, TMPRSS2, 40S ribosomal subunit, ApoA1, TOM70, HLA-A, and PALS1 interacting with SARS-CoV-2 based on cryo-electron microscopy results. Furthermore, we described approximately 1,000 human proteins showing evidence of interaction with SARS-CoV-2 and highlighted host cellular processes such as innate immune pathways affected by infection. We summarized the evidence on more than 20 identified candidate genes in COVID-19 severity. Predicted deleterious and disruptive genetic variants with possible effects on COVID-19 infectivity have been also summarized. These findings provide novel insights into SARS-CoV-2 biology and infection as well as potential strategies for development of novel COVID therapeutic targets and drug repurposing.},
}
@article {pmid34529904,
year = {2021},
author = {Fadaei, A},
title = {Study of solid waste (municipal and medical) management during the COVID-19 pandemic: a review study.},
journal = {Reviews on environmental health},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1515/reveh-2021-0092},
pmid = {34529904},
issn = {2191-0308},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a global emergency crisis and created waste management challenges worldwide. Such a critical point has changed solid waste (municipal and medical) management prospects and posed fact challenges to the health decision-makers and policy-makers to make decisions to ensure sustainable management of the environment. One of the most negative prospects of COVID-19 pandemic is the increased waste generation, especially plastic waste in developing and developed countries. This study systematically reviews the potential influences of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical and municipal waste, and discusses the corresponding measures and policies of solid waste management in several countries. The results show that the highest and lowest quality of final disposal is observed in Finland with 75% recycling and in India with 90% open dumping, respectively. In many countries, the medical waste showed an increase by 350-500%.The pandemic has brought particular problems to the disposal capacity of municipal waste and medical waste across the world. We think that this point of view study provides valuable data for scientists, policy makers, health decision-makers, consultants, medical staff, medical supplies, those working in public health sector, and field engineers responsible for solid waste management.},
}
@article {pmid34529127,
year = {2021},
author = {Beitzke, D},
title = {[Acute and chronic cardiac involvement in COVID-19].},
journal = {Der Radiologe},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34529127},
issn = {1432-2102},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Infections with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) most frequently affect the lungs but may also result in cardiovascular involvement and cardiovascular complications. The heart can either be involved as part of a systemic infection or directly involved due to myocarditis or pericarditis as well as in hypoxia, volume overload, fever or thromboembolic complications. Moreover, pre-existing underlying cardiovascular diseases have a substantial influence on the prognosis of patients with COVID-19 infections.<br><br>METHOD: This review article is based on a comprehensive literature search in the PubMed database on cardiac involvement and cardiac complications of COVID 19 infections, enriched by experiences in dealing with this disorder.<br><br>RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Depending on the severity of the infection, cardiac involvement in a COVID 19 infection is observed in up to 50% of the patients. Besides echocardiography as the first-line examination method, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for assessment of the myocardial structure and cardiac computed tomography (CT) for assessment of coronary arteries and to rule out intracardiac thrombus formation represent important imaging modalities. The most important cardiac manifestations in COVID 19 infections are ischemic and inflammatory diseases. The imaging diagnostics play an important role in the acute as well as in the postinfectious phases.},
}
@article {pmid34529126,
year = {2021},
author = {Milos, RI and Kifjak, D and Heidinger, BH and Prayer, F and Beer, L and Röhrich, S and Wassipaul, C and Gompelmann, D and Prosch, H},
title = {[Morphological and functional sequelae after COVID-19 pneumonia].},
journal = {Der Radiologe},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34529126},
issn = {1432-2102},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a proportion of patients report prolonged or worsening symptoms and impairments. These symptoms are increasingly referred to as "long COVID" syndrome. They may be associated with radiological changes on computed tomography (CT) and pulmonary function impairment.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: To discuss the role of long-term assessment of COVID-19 patients to determine which patients may benefit from follow-up.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: This article presents the current results of clinical, radiological, and pulmonary function follow-up tests after COVID-19 pneumonia.<br><br>RESULTS: Chronic fatigue and dyspnea are the most common persistent symptoms after COVID-19. Patients also present impaired exercise capacity. On CT, ground-glass opacities and parenchymal bands are the most common residual changes after COVID-19 pneumonia, histologically corresponding to organizing pneumonia. A proportion of patients who had severe COVID-19 pneumonia may show fibrotic-like changes during follow-up. Patients with severe acute infection may present with a restrictive syndrome with lower diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and total lung capacity (TLC) values. Overall, significant and continuous improvement in all symptoms as well as radiomorphological and functional changes were observed over time.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Patients with persistent symptoms after COVID-19 should be evaluated and treated in specialized post-COVID-19 clinics in a multidisciplinary manner.},
}
@article {pmid34528735,
year = {2021},
author = {Wang, Y and Greenhalgh, T and Wardle, J and , },
title = {Chinese herbal medicine ("3 medicines and 3 formulations") for COVID-19: rapid systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Journal of evaluation in clinical practice},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/jep.13614},
pmid = {34528735},
issn = {1365-2753},
support = {//NIHR School for Primary Care Research/ ; /WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; //UK National Institute of Health Research (NIHR)/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: To evaluate the evidence behind claims that Chinese Herbal Medicine, specifically "three medicines and three formulations" (3M3F, comprising Jinhua Qinggan, Lianhua Qingwen, Xuebijing, Qingfei Paidu, Huashi Baidu, and Xuanfei Baidu), is an effective treatment for COVID-19.<br><br>METHODS: We searched PubMed, MEDLINE and CNKI databases, preprint servers, clinical trial registries and supplementary sources for Chinese- or English-language randomized trials or non-randomized studies with comparator groups, which tested the constituents of 3M3F in the treatment of COVID-19 up to September 2020. Primary outcome was change in disease severity. Secondary outcomes included various symptoms. Meta-analysis (using generic inverse variance random effects model) was performed when there were two or more studies reporting on the same symptom.<br><br>RESULTS: Of 607 articles identified, 13 primary studies (6 RCTs and 7 retrospective non-randomized comparative studies) with 1467 participants met our final inclusion criteria. Studies were small and had significant methodological limitations, most notably potential bias in assessment of outcomes. No study convincingly demonstrated a statistically significant impact on change in disease severity. Eight studies reported sufficiently similar secondary outcomes to be included in a meta-analysis. Some statistically significant impacts on symptoms, chest CT manifestations, laboratory variables and length of stay were demonstrated, but such findings were sparse and many remain unreplicated.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These findings neither support nor refute the claim that 3M3F alters the severity of COVID-19 or alleviates symptoms. More rigorous studies are required to properly ascertain the potential role of Chinese Herbal Medicine in COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid34528706,
year = {2021},
author = {Diaz-Arocutipa, C and Saucedo-Chinchay, J and Argulian, E},
title = {Association between right ventricular dysfunction and mortality in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Clinical cardiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/clc.23719},
pmid = {34528706},
issn = {1932-8737},
abstract = {There is limited evidence about the prognostic utility of right ventricular dysfunction (RVD) in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We assessed the association between RVD and mortality in COVID-19 patients. We searched electronic databases from inception to February 15, 2021. RVD was defined based on the following echocardiographic variables: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), tricuspid S' peak systolic velocity, fractional area change (FAC), and right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain (RVFWLS). All meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model. Nineteen cohort studies involving 2307 patients were included. The mean age ranged from 59 to 72 years and 65% of patients were male. TAPSE (mean difference [MD], -3.13 mm; 95% confidence interval [CI], -4.08--2.19), tricuspid S' peak systolic velocity (MD, -0.88 cm/s; 95% CI, -1.68 to -0.08), FAC (MD, -3.47%; 95% CI, -6.21 to -0.72), and RVFWLS (MD, -5.83%; 95% CI, -7.47--4.20) were significantly lower in nonsurvivors compared to survivors. Each 1 mm decrease in TAPSE (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.22; 95% CI, 1.08-1.37), 1% decrease in FAC (aHR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.04-1.14), and 1% increase in RVFWLS (aHR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.19-1.48) were independently associated with higher mortality. RVD was significantly associated with higher mortality using unadjusted risk ratio (2.05; 95% CI, 1.27-3.31), unadjusted hazard ratio (3.37; 95% CI, 1.72-6.62), and adjusted hazard ratio (aHR, 2.75; 95% CI, 1.52-4.96). Our study shows that echocardiographic parameters of RVD were associated with an increased risk of mortality in COVID-19 patients.},
}
@article {pmid34528037,
year = {2021},
author = {Yang, X and You, J and Wei, Y and Li, H and Gao, L and Guo, Q and Huang, Y and Gong, C and Yi, C},
title = {Emerging nanomaterials applied for tackling the COVID-19 cytokine storm.},
journal = {Journal of materials chemistry. B},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1039/d1tb01446c},
pmid = {34528037},
issn = {2050-7518},
abstract = {During the global outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a hyperinflammatory state called the cytokine storm was recognized as a major contributor to multiple organ failure and mortality. However, to date, the diagnosis and treatment of the cytokine storm remain major challenges for the clinical prognosis of COVID-19. In this review, we outline various nanomaterial-based strategies for preventing the COVID-19 cytokine storm. We highlight the contribution of nanomaterials to directly inhibit cytokine release. We then discuss how nanomaterials can be used to deliver anti-inflammatory drugs to calm the cytokine storm. Nanomaterials also play crucial roles in diagnostics. Nanomaterial-based biosensors with improved sensitivity and specificity can be used to detect cytokines. In summary, emerging nanomaterials offer platforms and tools for the detection and treatment of the COVID-19 cytokine storm and future pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid34527748,
year = {2021},
author = {El Hidan, MA and Laaradia, MA and El Hiba, O and Draoui, A and Aimrane, A and Kahime, K},
title = {Scorpion-Derived Antiviral Peptides with a Special Focus on Medically Important Viruses: An Update.},
journal = {BioMed research international},
volume = {2021},
number = {},
pages = {9998420},
pmid = {34527748},
issn = {2314-6141},
abstract = {The global burden of viral infection, especially the current pandemics of SARS-CoV-2, HIV/AIDS, and hepatitis, is a very risky one. Additionally, HCV expresses the necessity for antiviral therapeutic elements. Venoms are known to contain an array of bioactive peptides that are commonly used in the treatment of various medical issues. Several peptides isolated from scorpion venom have recently been proven to possess an antiviral activity against several viral families. The aim of this review is to provide an up-to-date overview of scorpion antiviral peptides and to discuss their modes of action and potential biomedical application against different viruses.},
}
@article {pmid34527703,
year = {2021},
author = {Rahbar Saadat, Y and Hosseiniyan Khatibi, SM and Zununi Vahed, S and Ardalan, M},
title = {Host Serine Proteases: A Potential Targeted Therapy for COVID-19 and Influenza.},
journal = {Frontiers in molecular biosciences},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {725528},
pmid = {34527703},
issn = {2296-889X},
abstract = {The ongoing pandemic illustrates limited therapeutic options for controlling SARS-CoV-2 infections, calling a need for additional therapeutic targets. The viral spike S glycoprotein binds to the human receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and then is activated by the host proteases. Based on the accessibility of the cellular proteases needed for SARS-S activation, SARS-CoV-2 entrance and activation can be mediated by endosomal (such as cathepsin L) and non-endosomal pathways. Evidence indicates that in the non-endosomal pathway, the viral S protein is cleaved by the furin enzyme in infected host cells. To help the virus enter efficiently, the S protein is further activated by the serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), provided that the S has been cleaved by furin previously. In this review, important roles for host proteases within host cells will be outlined in SARS-CoV-2 infection and antiviral therapeutic strategies will be highlighted. Although there are at least five highly effective vaccines at this time, the appearance of the new viral mutations demands the development of therapeutic agents. Targeted inhibition of host proteases can be used as a therapeutic approach for viral infection.},
}
@article {pmid34527289,
year = {2021},
author = {Guevara, K and Fattah, L and Ritt-Olson, A and Yin, PL and Litman, L and Farouk, SS and O'Rourke, R and Mayer, RE},
title = {Busting myths in online education: Faculty examples from the field.},
journal = {Journal of clinical and translational science},
volume = {5},
number = {1},
pages = {e149},
pmid = {34527289},
issn = {2059-8661},
abstract = {The shift in learning environments due to the COVID-19 pandemic necessitates a closer look at course design, faculty approaches to teaching, and student interaction, all of which may predict learner achievement and satisfaction. Transitioning to an online environment requires the reinvention, reimagining, and applying of "e-flavors" of general learning theory. With this shift to online learning comes the opportunity for misunderstandings and "myths" to occur, which may stand in the way of faculty embracing online learning and fully realizing its potential. This article seeks to address several myths and misconceptions that have arisen in higher education during the rapid shift to online teaching and learning. While not comprehensive, these myths represent a snapshot of common challenges. These are we can transfer our in-person course design to online; adult learners do not need an empathetic approach; and online teaching and learning is socially isolating. Through an appreciative inquiry framework, we present each myth in the context of relevant literature and invite faculty with varied online teaching experience to share their own case studies that illustrate how they have "busted" these myths with the goal to identify existing examples of locally effective practices for the express purpose of replication that leads to positive change.},
}
@article {pmid34527167,
year = {2021},
author = {Maguire, G},
title = {Stem cells part of the innate and adaptive immune systems as a therapeutic for Covid-19.},
journal = {Communicative &amp; integrative biology},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {186-198},
pmid = {34527167},
issn = {1942-0889},
abstract = {Some stem cell types not only release molecules that reduce viral replication, but also reduce the hypercytokinemia and inflammation induced by the immune system, and have been found to be part of the innate and adaptive immune systems. An important component of the stem cell's ability to ameliorate viral diseases, especially the complications post-clearance of the pathogen, is the ability of adult stem cells to reset the innate and adaptive immune systems from an inflammatory state to a repair state. Thus, the molecules released from certain stem cell types found to be safe and efficacious, may be an important new means for therapeutic development in Covid-19, especially for late-stage inflammation and tissue damage once the virus has cleared, particularly in the aged population.},
}
@article {pmid34526314,
year = {2021},
author = {Gierhardt, M and Pak, O and Walmrath, D and Seeger, W and Grimminger, F and Ghofrani, HA and Weissmann, N and Hecker, M and Sommer, N},
title = {Impairment of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in acute respiratory distress syndrome.},
journal = {European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society},
volume = {30},
number = {161},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1183/16000617.0059-2021},
pmid = {34526314},
issn = {1600-0617},
abstract = {Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a serious complication of severe systemic or local pulmonary inflammation, such as caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. ARDS is characterised by diffuse alveolar damage that leads to protein-rich pulmonary oedema, local alveolar hypoventilation and atelectasis. Inadequate perfusion of these areas is the main cause of hypoxaemia in ARDS. High perfusion in relation to ventilation (V/Q<1) and shunting (V/Q=0) is not only caused by impaired hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction but also redistribution of perfusion from obstructed lung vessels. Rebalancing the pulmonary vascular tone is a therapeutic challenge. Previous clinical trials on inhaled vasodilators (nitric oxide and prostacyclin) to enhance perfusion to high V/Q areas showed beneficial effects on hypoxaemia but not on mortality. However, specific patient populations with pulmonary hypertension may profit from treatment with inhaled vasodilators. Novel treatment targets to decrease perfusion in low V/Q areas include epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and specific leukotriene receptors. Still, lung protective ventilation and prone positioning are the best available standard of care. This review focuses on disturbed perfusion in ARDS and aims to provide basic scientists and clinicians with an overview of the vascular alterations and mechanisms of V/Q mismatch, current therapeutic strategies, and experimental approaches.},
}
@article {pmid34526009,
year = {2021},
author = {Datta, P and Zhang, F and Dordick, JS and Linhardt, RJ},
title = {Platelet factor 4 polyanion immune complexes: heparin induced thrombocytopenia and vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia.},
journal = {Thrombosis journal},
volume = {19},
number = {1},
pages = {66},
pmid = {34526009},
issn = {1477-9560},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: This is a review article on heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, an adverse effect of heparin therapy, and vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia, occurring in some patients administered certain coronavirus vaccines.<br><br>MAIN BODY/TEXT: Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia occurs when specific antibodies bind to platelet factor 4 /heparin complexes. Platelet factor 4 is a naturally occurring chemokine, and under certain conditions, may complex with negatively charged molecules and polyanions, including heparin. The antibody-platelet factor 4/heparin complex may lead to platelet activation, accompanied by other cascading reactions, resulting in cerebral sinus thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis, lower limb arterial thrombosis, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, skin necrosis, and thrombotic stroke. If untreated, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia can be life threatening. In parallel, rare incidents of spontaneous vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia can also occur in some patients administered certain coronavirus vaccines. The role of platelet factor 4 in vaccine-induced thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome further reinforces the importance the platelet factor 4/polyanion immune complexes and the complications that this might pose to susceptible individuals. These findings demonstrate, how auxiliary factors can complicate heparin therapy and drug development. An increasing interest in biomanufacturing heparins from non-animal sources has driven a growing interest in understanding the biology of immune-mediated heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, and therefore, the development of safe and effective biosynthetic heparins.<br><br>SHORT CONCLUSION: In conclusion, these findings further reinforce the importance of the binding of platelet factor 4 with known and unknown polyanions, and the complications that these might pose to susceptible patients. In parallel, these findings also demonstrate how auxiliary factors can complicate the heparin drug development.},
}
@article {pmid34525745,
year = {2021},
author = {Harussani, MM and Sapuan, SM and Rashid, U and Khalina, A and Ilyas, RA},
title = {Pyrolysis of polypropylene plastic waste into carbonaceous char: Priority of plastic waste management amidst COVID-19 pandemic.},
journal = {The Science of the total environment},
volume = {803},
number = {},
pages = {149911},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149911},
pmid = {34525745},
issn = {1879-1026},
abstract = {COVID-19 global pandemic, originated from Wuhan, resulted in a massive increase in the output of polypropylene (PP)-based personal protective equipment (PPE) for healthcare workers. The continuous demand of PPE across the world caused the PP based plastic wastes accumulation. Some alternative approaches that have been practiced apart from collecting the plastic waste in the landfills are incineration approach and open burning. However, there were many drawbacks of these practices, which promote the release of chemical additives and greenhouse gases into the environment. Therefore, a proper approach in treating the plastic wastes, which introduces conversion of plastic wastes into renewable energy is paramount. Along the way of extensive research and studies, the recovery of PP plastic to fuel-like liquid oil and solid char through thermal decomposition of pyrolysis process, helps in reducing the number of PP plastic wastes and produces good quality pyrolysis liquid oil and solid char to be used in fuel applications. This paper summarizes the pyrolysis process for massively produced PP plastic wastes, type of pyrolysis used and the main pyrolysis parameters affecting the product yields. Literature studies of pyrolysis of PP plastic and several key points to optimize solid char production for PP were thoroughly elaborated in this review paper.},
}
@article {pmid34525681,
year = {2021},
author = {Vardoulakis, S and Espinoza Oyarce, DA and Donner, E},
title = {Transmission of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases in public washrooms: A systematic review.},
journal = {The Science of the total environment},
volume = {803},
number = {},
pages = {149932},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149932},
pmid = {34525681},
issn = {1879-1026},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The risk of infectious disease transmission in public washrooms causes concern particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. This systematic review aims to assess the risk of transmission of viral or bacterial infections through inhalation, surface contact, and faecal-oral routes in public washrooms in healthcare and non-healthcare environments.<br><br>METHODS: We systematically reviewed environmental sampling, laboratory, and epidemiological studies on viral and bacterial infection transmission in washrooms using PubMed and Scopus. The review focused on indoor, publicly accessible washrooms.<br><br>RESULTS: Thirty-eight studies from 13 countries were identified, including 14 studies carried out in healthcare settings, 10 in laboratories or experimental chambers, and 14 studies in restaurants, workplaces, commercial and academic environments. Thirty-three studies involved surface sampling, 15 air sampling, 8 water sampling, and 5 studies were risk assessments or outbreak investigations. Infectious disease transmission was studied in relation with: (a) toilets with flushing mechanisms; (b) hand drying systems; and (c) water taps, sinks and drains. A wide range of enteric, skin and soil bacteria and enteric and respiratory viruses were identified in public washrooms, potentially posing a risk of infection transmission. Studies on COVID-19 transmission only examined washroom contamination in healthcare settings.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Open-lid toilet flushing, ineffective handwashing or hand drying, substandard or infrequent surface cleaning, blocked drains, and uncovered rubbish bins can result in widespread bacterial and/or viral contamination in washrooms. However, only a few cases of infectious diseases mostly related to faecal-oral transmission originating from washrooms in restaurants were reported. Although there is a risk of microbial aerosolisation from toilet flushing and the use of hand drying systems, we found no evidence of airborne transmission of enteric or respiratory pathogens, including COVID-19, in public washrooms. Appropriate hand hygiene, surface cleaning and disinfection, and washroom maintenance and ventilation are likely to minimise the risk of infectious disease transmission.},
}
@article {pmid34525012,
year = {2021},
author = {Bartolucci, L and Nurchis, MC and Damiani, G and Laurenti, P},
title = {L'emergenza COVID-19 nell'ottica del finanziamento del Servizio Sanitario Nazionale: analisi e proposte.},
journal = {Igiene e sanita pubblica},
volume = {78},
number = {4},
pages = {526-544},
pmid = {34525012},
issn = {0019-1639},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Humans ; *Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; State Medicine ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic crisis has strongly stressed national health systems and resulted in a global economic crisis. This paper aims to frame and evaluate the funding disbursed and the costs incurred by the National Health Service, in relation to the COVID-19 emergency. It also intends to assess current monetary policies. It aims also to suggest and provide proposals in the context of strengthening the NHS. A narrative review of the grey literature was conducted querying OpenGray, WONDER e Pro-quest's Digital Dissertations e Conference Papers Index and the major institutional websites. The ALTEMS COVID-19 Instant Reports and reports published by regional, national and European institutional bodies were used as main information sources. The discussion begins with the presentation of the economic-health and epidemiological situation, and ends with the proposal of possible initiatives aimed at economic and financial reinforcement of the NHS.},
}
@article {pmid34521239,
year = {2021},
author = {İnanç, İ and Erdemli, E},
title = {Histopathological features of SARS-CoV-2 infection and relationships with organoid technology.},
journal = {The Journal of international medical research},
volume = {49},
number = {9},
pages = {3000605211044382},
doi = {10.1177/03000605211044382},
pmid = {34521239},
issn = {1473-2300},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Humans ; Organoids ; Pandemics ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Technology ; },
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) following infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic that is still having serious effects worldwide. This virus, which targets the lungs in particular, can also damage other tissues. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) plays a key role in viral entry into host cells. The presence of ACE-2 in various tissues may permit viral infection. Studies of COVID-19 often make use of postmortem tissues. Although this information provides various useful results, it is also necessary to conduct in vitro studies to understand optimal treatment approaches. Because the virus may show species-specific differences, in vitro technologies using human cells are particularly important. Organoid technologies, three-dimensional structures that can be obtained from human cells, are playing increasingly important roles in studies of SARS-CoV-2. This technology offers a significant advantage in terms of mimicking in vivo tissue structures and testing antiviral compounds. In this mini-review, we summarize studies of SARS-CoV-2 using both histopathological and organoid technology approaches.},
}
@article {pmid34516488,
year = {2021},
author = {Zhang, F},
title = {Application of machine learning in CT images and X-rays of COVID-19 pneumonia.},
journal = {Medicine},
volume = {100},
number = {36},
pages = {e26855},
pmid = {34516488},
issn = {1536-5964},
mesh = {COVID-19/*diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; *Machine Learning ; Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnostic imaging ; Radiography ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; },
abstract = {ABSTRACT: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread worldwide. X-ray and computed tomography (CT) are 2 technologies widely used in image acquisition, segmentation, diagnosis, and evaluation. Artificial intelligence can accurately segment infected parts in X-ray and CT images, assist doctors in improving diagnosis efficiency, and facilitate the subsequent assessment of the severity of the patient infection. The medical assistant platform based on machine learning can help radiologists make clinical decisions and helper in screening, diagnosis, and treatment. By providing scientific methods for image recognition, segmentation, and evaluation, we summarized the latest developments in the application of artificial intelligence in COVID-19 lung imaging, and provided guidance and inspiration to researchers and doctors who are fighting the COVID-19 virus.},
}
@article {pmid34508064,
year = {2021},
author = {Szczęśniak, M and Brydak-Godowska, J},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 and the Eyes: A Review of the Literature on Transmission, Detection, and Ocular Manifestations.},
journal = {Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research},
volume = {27},
number = {},
pages = {e931863},
doi = {10.12659/MSM.931863},
pmid = {34508064},
issn = {1643-3750},
mesh = {COVID-19/*complications/transmission ; Eye Diseases/*virology ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity ; },
abstract = {During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, numerous reports of ocular anomalies occurring in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have emerged. The most frequently reported pathology is conjunctivitis, which may be the first or only clinical manifestation of the disease. Involvement of SARS-CoV-2 in development of alterations in other ocular structures was suggested, including the cornea, the retina, and blood vessels. Possible mechanisms include direct activity of the viral agent, as well as systemic inflammatory response with accompanying thromboembolic complications. Genetic material of SARS-CoV-2 was detected in ocular secretions of infected individuals, including asymptomatic patients. Moreover, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a receptor protein used by the virus to enter the cell, has been found on the surface of various structures of the eye, which indicates a risk of transmission through ocular tissues. Therefore, it is crucial to use eye protection by medical professionals having contact with potentially infected patients. This paper is a review of the literature regarding ocular manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection and a summary of the current state of knowledge about possibility of transmission from an ophthalmology point of view. For data collection, a thorough PubMed search was performed, using the key words: "COVID ocular", "COVID eye", "SARS-CoV-2 ocular", and "SARS-CoV-2 eye". Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 infection may manifest itself in various ocular conditions. Eye protection should not be neglected, as recent studies suggest the eye as a potential route of transmission. Further search for adequate safety measures in ophthalmology practice is required.},
}
@article {pmid34496461,
year = {2021},
author = {Correll, CU and Howes, OD},
title = {Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Definition, Predictors, and Therapy Options.},
journal = {The Journal of clinical psychiatry},
volume = {82},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.4088/JCP.MY20096AH1C},
pmid = {34496461},
issn = {1555-2101},
mesh = {Antipsychotic Agents/*administration &amp; dosage/adverse effects ; Clozapine/*administration &amp; dosage/adverse effects ; Drug Resistance/drug effects ; Drug Tolerance ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Schizophrenia/*drug therapy ; },
abstract = {Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) represents a major clinical challenge. The broad definition of TRS requires nonresponse to at least 2 sequential antipsychotic trials of sufficient dose, duration, and adherence. Several demographic, clinical, and neurologic predictors are associated with TRS. Primary (or early) TRS is present from the beginning of therapy, while patients with secondary (or later-onset) TRS initially respond to antipsychotics but become resistant over time, often after relapses. Guidelines worldwide recognize clozapine as the most effective treatment option for TRS, but clozapine is underused due to various barriers. Importantly, studies indicate that response rates are higher when clozapine is initiated earlier in the treatment course. Side effects are common with clozapine, particularly in the first few weeks, but can mostly be managed without discontinuation; they do require proactive assessment, intervention, and reassurance for patients. Furthermore, plasma leucocyte and granulocyte levels must be monitored weekly during the first 18-26 weeks of treatment, and regularly thereafter, according to country regulations. Therapeutic drug monitoring of clozapine trough plasma levels is helpful to guide dosing, with greatest efficacy at plasma clozapine levels ≥350 µg/L, although this level is not universal. Notably, plasma clozapine levels are generally greater at lower doses in nonsmokers, patients with heavy caffeine consumption, in women, in obese people, in those with inflammation (including COVID-19 infection), and in older individuals. Earlier and broader use of clozapine in patients with TRS is an important measure to improve outcomes of patients with this most severe form of the illness.},
}
@article {pmid34496408,
year = {2021},
author = {Koch, CA and Sharda, P and Patel, J and Gubbi, S and Bansal, R and Bartel, MJ},
title = {Climate Change and Obesity.},
journal = {Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme},
volume = {53},
number = {9},
pages = {575-587},
pmid = {34496408},
issn = {1439-4286},
mesh = {Agriculture/economics/trends ; COVID-19/complications/epidemiology/pathology ; *Climate Change/history ; Comorbidity ; Endocrine Disruptors/toxicity ; Environment ; Environmental Exposure/history/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Greenhouse Gases/toxicity ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Obesity/epidemiology/*etiology/metabolism ; Pandemics ; Risk Factors ; },
abstract = {Global warming and the rising prevalence of obesity are well described challenges of current mankind. Most recently, the COVID-19 pandemic arose as a new challenge. We here attempt to delineate their relationship with each other from our perspective. Global greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of fossil fuels have exponentially increased since 1950. The main contributors to such greenhouse gas emissions are manufacturing and construction, transport, residential, commercial, agriculture, and land use change and forestry, combined with an increasing global population growth from 1 billion in 1800 to 7.8 billion in 2020 along with rising obesity rates since the 1980s. The current Covid-19 pandemic has caused some decline in greenhouse gas emissions by limiting mobility globally via repetitive lockdowns. Following multiple lockdowns, there was further increase in obesity in wealthier populations, malnutrition from hunger in poor populations and death from severe infection with Covid-19 and its virus variants. There is a bidirectional relationship between adiposity and global warming. With rising atmospheric air temperatures, people typically will have less adaptive thermogenesis and become less physically active, while they are producing a higher carbon footprint. To reduce obesity rates, one should be willing to learn more about the environmental impact, how to minimize consumption of energy generating carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions, and to reduce food waste. Diets lower in meat such as a Mediterranean diet, have been estimated to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 72%, land use by 58%, and energy consumption by 52%.},
}
@article {pmid34495748,
year = {2021},
author = {Devassikutty, FM and Jain, A and Edavazhippurath, A and Joseph, MC and Peedikayil, MMT and Scaria, V and Sandhya, P and Govindaraj, GM},
title = {X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia and COVID-19: Two Case Reports and Review of Literature.},
journal = {Pediatric allergy, immunology, and pulmonology},
volume = {34},
number = {3},
pages = {115-118},
doi = {10.1089/ped.2021.0002},
pmid = {34495748},
issn = {2151-3228},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Agammaglobulinemia/*complications ; COVID-19/complications/*physiopathology/therapy ; Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/*complications ; Humans ; Male ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {Introduction: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has listed primary immunodeficiency disorders as being predisposed to severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, patients affected with X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) have shown contrary results. In this study, we present 2 boys in late adolescence from south India with XLA who were infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as well as a review of cases reported in the literature. Case Presentation: Two patients with XLA had been diagnosed late and were started on regular immunoglobulin prophylaxis only during adolescence. Both of them had developed bronchiectasis, an irreversible suppurative lung disease. However, both patients made an uneventful recovery without the need for artificial ventilation or convalescent plasma. Conclusion: Successful outcomes of patients with XLA and COVID-19, except for delayed recovery, from our experience and from global reports are intriguing and the role of B cell depletion is being studied as well. Further research and clinical experience are necessary to fully elucidate the reasons for these observations.},
}
@article {pmid34480328,
year = {2021},
author = {Martins, DC and Babajide, O and Maani, N and Abdalla, SM and Gómez, EJ and Pongsiri, MJ and Tlou, S and Leung, GM and Benjamin, GC and Goosby, E and Dain, K and Vega, J and Zeinali, Z and Stoeva, P and Galea, S and Sturchio, J and Twum-Danso, NAY},
title = {Integrating Social Determinants in Decision-Making Processes for Health: Insights from Conceptual Frameworks-the 3-D Commission.},
journal = {Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine},
volume = {98},
number = {Suppl 1},
pages = {51-59},
pmid = {34480328},
issn = {1468-2869},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Health Policy ; Humans ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Social Determinants of Health ; },
abstract = {The inclusion of social determinants of health offers a more comprehensive lens to fully appreciate and effectively address health. However, decision-makers across sectors still struggle to appropriately recognise and act upon these determinants, as illustrated by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Consequently, improving the health of populations remains challenging. This paper seeks to draw insights from the literature to better understand decision-making processes affecting health and the potential to integrate data on social determinants. We summarised commonly cited conceptual approaches across all stages of the policy process, from agenda-setting to evaluation. Nine conceptual approaches were identified, including two frameworks, two models and five theories. From across the selected literature, it became clear that the context, the actors and the type of the health issue are critical variables in decision-making for health, a process that by nature is a dynamic and adaptable one. The majority of these conceptual approaches implicitly suggest a possible role for data on social determinants of health in decision-making. We suggest two main avenues to make the link more explicit: the use of data in giving health problems the appropriate visibility and credibility they require and the use of social determinants of health as a broader framing to more effectively attract the attention of a diverse group of decision-makers with the power to allocate resources. Social determinants of health present opportunities for decision-making, which can target modifiable factors influencing health-i.e. interventions to improve or reduce risks to population health. Future work is needed to build on this review and propose an improved, people-centred and evidence-informed decision-making tool that strongly and explicitly integrates data on social determinants of health.},
}
@article {pmid34479395,
year = {2021},
author = {Daniel, C and Bellamine, A and Kalra, D and , },
title = {Key Contributions in Clinical Research Informatics.},
journal = {Yearbook of medical informatics},
volume = {30},
number = {1},
pages = {233-238},
pmid = {34479395},
issn = {2364-0502},
mesh = {*Biomedical Research ; Computer Security ; Data Mining ; Electronic Health Records ; Humans ; Machine Learning ; *Medical Informatics ; Pharmacovigilance ; Phenotype ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To summarize key contributions to current research in the field of Clinical Research Informatics (CRI) and to select best papers published in 2020.<br><br>METHOD: A bibliographic search using a combination of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) descriptors and free-text terms on CRI was performed using PubMed, followed by a double-blind review in order to select a list of candidate best papers to be then peer-reviewed by external reviewers. After peer-review ranking, a consensus meeting between two section editors and the editorial team was organized to finally conclude on the selected four best papers.<br><br>RESULTS: Among the 877 papers published in 2020 and returned by the search, there were four best papers selected. The first best paper describes a method for mining temporal sequences from clinical documents to infer disease trajectories and enhancing high-throughput phenotyping. The authors of the second best paper demonstrate that the generation of synthetic Electronic Health Record (EHR) data through Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) could be substantially improved by more appropriate training and evaluation criteria. The third best paper offers an efficient advance on methods to detect adverse drug events by computer-assisting expert reviewers with annotated candidate mentions in clinical documents. The large-scale data quality assessment study reported by the fourth best paper has clinical research informatics implications, in terms of the trustworthiness of inferences made from analysing electronic health records.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The most significant research efforts in the CRI field are currently focusing on data science with active research in the development and evaluation of Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning (AI/ML) algorithms based on ever more intensive use of real-world data and especially EHR real or synthetic data. A major lesson that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has already taught the scientific CRI community is that timely international high-quality data-sharing and collaborative data analysis is absolutely vital to inform policy decisions.},
}
@article {pmid34479394,
year = {2021},
author = {Christofidou, M and Lea, N and Coorevits, P},
title = {A Literature Review on the GDPR, COVID-19 and the Ethical Considerations of Data Protection During a Time of Crisis.},
journal = {Yearbook of medical informatics},
volume = {30},
number = {1},
pages = {226-232},
pmid = {34479394},
issn = {2364-0502},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Computer Security/ethics/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Confidentiality ; Data Collection/*ethics/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; European Union ; Government Regulation ; Humans ; Information Dissemination/*ethics/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This survey article presents a literature review of relevant publications aiming to explore whether the EU's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has held true during a time of crisis and the implications that arose during the COVID-19 outbreak.<br><br>METHOD AND RESULTS: Based on the approach taken and the screening of the relevant articles, the results focus on three themes: a critique on GDPR; the ethics surrounding the use of digital health technologies, namely in the form of mobile applications; and the possibility of cross border transfers of said data outside of Europe. Within this context, the article reviews the arising themes, considers the use of data through mobile health applications, and discusses whether data protection may require a revision when balancing societal and personal interests.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: In summary, although it is clear that the GDPR has been applied through a mixed and complex experience with data handling during the pandemic, the COVID-19 pandemic has indeed shown that it was a test the GDPR was designed and prepared to undertake. The article suggests that further review and research is needed to first ensure that an understanding of the state of the art in data protection during the pandemic is maintained and second to subsequently explore and carefully create a specific framework for the ethical considerations involved. The paper echoes the literature reviewed and calls for the creation of a unified and harmonised network or database to enable the secure data sharing across borders.},
}
@article {pmid34479393,
year = {2021},
author = {McGrath, SP and Benton, ML and Tavakoli, M and Tatonetti, NP},
title = {Predictions, Pivots, and a Pandemic: a Review of 2020's Top Translational Bioinformatics Publications.},
journal = {Yearbook of medical informatics},
volume = {30},
number = {1},
pages = {219-225},
pmid = {34479393},
issn = {2364-0502},
mesh = {Biological Specimen Banks ; *COVID-19 ; *Computational Biology ; Computer Security ; *Machine Learning ; Publishing/trends ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Provide an overview of the emerging themes and notable papers which were published in 2020 in the field of Bioinformatics and Translational Informatics (BTI) for the International Medical Informatics Association Yearbook.<br><br>METHODS: A team of 16 individuals scanned the literature from the past year. Using a scoring rubric, papers were evaluated on their novelty, importance, and objective quality. 1,224 Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms extracted from these papers were used to identify themes and research focuses. The authors then used the scoring results to select notable papers and trends presented in this manuscript.<br><br>RESULTS: The search phase identified 263 potential papers and central themes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), machine learning, and bioinformatics were examined in greater detail.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: When addressing a once in a centruy pandemic, scientists worldwide answered the call, with informaticians playing a critical role. Productivity and innovations reached new heights in both TBI and science, but significant research gaps remain.},
}
@article {pmid34479388,
year = {2021},
author = {Borbolla, D and Ficheur, G and , },
title = {Clinical Decision Support Systems and Computerized Provider Order Entry: Contributions from 2020.},
journal = {Yearbook of medical informatics},
volume = {30},
number = {1},
pages = {172-175},
pmid = {34479388},
issn = {2364-0502},
mesh = {COVID-19 ; *Decision Support Systems, Clinical ; Depression/therapy ; Humans ; *Medical Order Entry Systems ; *Telemedicine ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To summarize research contributions published in 2020 in the field of clinical decision support systems (CDSS) and computerized provider order entry (CPOE), and select the best papers for the Decision Support section of the International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) Yearbook 2021.<br><br>METHODS: Two bibliographic databases were searched for papers referring to clinical decision support systems. From search results, section editors established a list of candidate best papers, which were then peer-reviewed by seven external reviewers. The IMIA Yearbook editorial committee finally selected the best papers on the basis of all reviews including the section editors' evaluation.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 1,919 articles were retrieved. 15 best paper candidates were selected, the reviews of which resulted in the selection of two best papers. One paper reports on the use of electronic health records to support a public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. The second paper proposes a combination of CDSS and telemedicine as a technology-based intervention to improve the outcomes of depression as part of a cluster trial.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: As shown by the number and the variety of works related to clinical decision support, research in the field is very active. This year's selection highlighted the application of CDSS to fight COVID-19 and a combined technology-based strategy to improve the treatment of depression.},
}
@article {pmid34479385,
year = {2021},
author = {Hackl, WO and Hoerbst, A and , },
title = {Clinical Information Systems Research in the Pandemic Year 2020.},
journal = {Yearbook of medical informatics},
volume = {30},
number = {1},
pages = {134-140},
pmid = {34479385},
issn = {2364-0502},
mesh = {Biomedical Research ; *COVID-19 ; Health Information Systems ; Humans ; *Information Systems ; Medical Informatics ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: In this synopsis, we give an overview of recent research and propose a selection of best papers published in 2020 in the field of Clinical Information Systems (CIS).<br><br>METHOD: As CIS section editors, we annually apply a systematic process to retrieve articles for the International Medical Informatics Association Yearbook of Medical Informatics. For seven years now, we use the same query to find relevant publications in the CIS field. Each year we retrieve more than 2,400 papers which we categorize in a multi-pass review to distill a preselection of 15 candidate papers. External reviewers and yearbook editors then assess the selected candidate papers. Based on the review results, the IMIA Yearbook editorial board chooses up to four best publications for the section at a selection meeting. To get an overview of the content of the retrieved articles, we use text mining and term co-occurrence mapping techniques.<br><br>RESULTS: We carried out the query in mid-January 2021 and retrieved a deduplicated result set of 2,787 articles from 1,135 different journals. We nominated 15 papers as candidates and finally selected four of them as the best papers in the CIS section. As in the previous years, the content analysis of the articles revealed the broad spectrum of topics covered by CIS research. Thus, this year we could observe a significant impact of COVID-19 on CIS research.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The trends in CIS research, as seen in recent years, continue to be observable. What was very visible was the impact of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has affected not only our lives but also CIS.},
}
@article {pmid34479384,
year = {2021},
author = {Reeves, JJ and Pageler, NM and Wick, EC and Melton, GB and Tan, YG and Clay, BJ and Longhurst, CA},
title = {The Clinical Information Systems Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Yearbook of medical informatics},
volume = {30},
number = {1},
pages = {105-125},
pmid = {34479384},
issn = {2364-0502},
mesh = {Artificial Intelligence ; *COVID-19/diagnosis ; COVID-19 Testing ; Contact Tracing ; Decision Support Systems, Clinical ; Electronic Health Records ; Epidemics ; Health Information Exchange ; Health Information Interoperability ; Humans ; Information Dissemination ; *Information Systems ; *Medical Informatics ; *Telemedicine ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The year 2020 was predominated by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The objective of this article is to review the areas in which clinical information systems (CIS) can be and have been utilized to support and enhance the response of healthcare systems to pandemics, focusing on COVID-19.<br><br>METHODS: PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, the tables of contents of major informatics journals, and the bibliographies of articles were searched for studies pertaining to CIS, pandemics, and COVID-19 through October 2020. The most informative and detailed studies were highlighted, while many others were referenced.<br><br>RESULTS: CIS were heavily relied upon by health systems and governmental agencies worldwide in response to COVID-19. Technology-based screening tools were developed to assist rapid case identification and appropriate triaging. Clinical care was supported by utilizing the electronic health record (EHR) to onboard frontline providers to new protocols, offer clinical decision support, and improve systems for diagnostic testing. Telehealth became the most rapidly adopted medical trend in recent history and an essential strategy for allowing safe and effective access to medical care. Artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms were developed to enhance screening, diagnostic imaging, and predictive analytics - though evidence of improved outcomes remains limited. Geographic information systems and big data enabled real-time dashboards vital for epidemic monitoring, hospital preparedness strategies, and health policy decision making. Digital contact tracing systems were implemented to assist a labor-intensive task with the aim of curbing transmission. Large scale data sharing, effective health information exchange, and interoperability of EHRs remain challenges for the informatics community with immense clinical and academic potential. CIS must be used in combination with engaged stakeholders and operational change management in order to meaningfully improve patient outcomes.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Managing a pandemic requires widespread, timely, and effective distribution of reliable information. In the past year, CIS and informaticists made prominent and influential contributions in the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid34479380,
year = {2021},
author = {Massoudi, BL and Sobolevskaia, D},
title = {Keep Moving Forward: Health Informatics and Information Management beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Yearbook of medical informatics},
volume = {30},
number = {1},
pages = {75-83},
pmid = {34479380},
issn = {2364-0502},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Data Accuracy ; Data Collection/standards ; Humans ; *Information Management ; *Medical Informatics ; Public Health Administration ; Public Health Practice/legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; United States ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To identify gaps and challenges in health informatics and health information management during the COVID-19 pandemic. To describe solutions and offer recommendations that can address the identified gaps and challenges.<br><br>METHODS: A literature review of relevant peer-reviewed and grey literature published from January 2020 to December 2020 was conducted to inform the paper.<br><br>RESULTS: The literature revealed several themes regarding health information management and health informatics challenges and gaps: information systems and information technology infrastructure; data collection, quality, and standardization; and information governance and use. These challenges and gaps were often driven by public policy and funding constraints.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 exposed complexities related to responding to a world-wide, fast moving, quickly spreading novel virus. Longstanding gaps and ongoing challenges in the local, national, and global health and public health information systems and data infrastructure must be addressed before we are faced with another global pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid34479379,
year = {2021},
author = {Dixon, BE and Holmes, JH and , },
title = {Managing Pandemics with Health Informatics.},
journal = {Yearbook of medical informatics},
volume = {30},
number = {1},
pages = {69-74},
pmid = {34479379},
issn = {2364-0502},
mesh = {*COVID-19/epidemiology/therapy ; Humans ; *Medical Informatics ; Medical Records Systems, Computerized ; Public Health Practice ; Telemedicine ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To summarize significant research contributions on managing pandemics with health informatics published in 2020.<br><br>METHODS: An extensive search using PubMed and Scopus was conducted to identify peer-reviewed articles published in 2020 that examined health informatics systems used during the global COVID-19 pandemic. The selection process comprised three steps: 1) 15 candidate best papers were first selected by the two section editors; 2) external reviewers from internationally renowned research teams reviewed each candidate best paper; and 3) the final selection of three best papers was conducted by the editorial committee of the International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) Yearbook.<br><br>RESULTS: Selected best papers represent the important and diverse ways that health informatics supported clinical and public health responses to the global COVID-19 pandemic. Selected papers represent four groups of papers: 1) Use of analytics to screen, triage, and manage patients; 2) Use of telehealth and remote monitoring to manage patients and populations; 3) Use of EHR systems and administrative systems to manage internal operations of a hospital or health system; and 4) Use of informatics methods and systems by public health authorities to capture, store, manage, and visualize population-level data and information.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Health informatics played a critical role in managing patients and populations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Health care and public health organizations both leveraged available information systems and standards to rapidly identify cases, triage infected individuals, and monitor population trends. The selected best papers represent a fraction of the body of knowledge stemming from COVID-19, most of which is focused on pandemic response. Future work will be needed to help the world recover from the pandemic and strengthen the health information infrastructure in preparation for the next pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid34479378,
year = {2021},
author = {Tilahun, B and Gashu, KD and Mekonnen, ZA and Endehabtu, BF and Angaw, DA},
title = {Mapping the Role of Digital Health Technologies in Prevention and Control of COVID-19 Pandemic: Review of the Literature.},
journal = {Yearbook of medical informatics},
volume = {30},
number = {1},
pages = {26-37},
pmid = {34479378},
issn = {2364-0502},
mesh = {Artificial Intelligence ; *Biomedical Technology ; COVID-19/*prevention &amp; control ; *Information Management ; *Medical Informatics Applications ; Telemedicine ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) is currently spreading exponentially around the globe. Various digital health technologies are currently being used as weapons in the fight against the pandemic in different ways by countries. The main objective of this review is to explore the role of digital health technologies in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic and address the gaps in the use of these technologies for tackling the pandemic.<br><br>METHODS: We conducted a scoping review guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines. The articles were searched using electronic databases including MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane Library, and Hinari. In addition, Google and Google scholar were searched. Studies that focused on the application of digital health technologies on COVID-19 prevention and control were included in the review. We characterized the distribution of technological applications based on geographical locations, approaches to apply digital health technologies and main findings. The study findings from the existing literature were presented using thematic content analysis.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 2,601 potentially relevant studies were generated from the initial search and 22 studies were included in the final review. The review found that telemedicine was used most frequently, followed by electronic health records and other digital technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, and the internet of things (IoT). Digital health technologies were used in multiple ways in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, including screening and management of patients, methods to minimize exposure, modelling of disease spread, and supporting overworked providers.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Digital health technologies like telehealth, mHealth, electronic medical records, artificial intelligence, the internet of things, and big data/internet were used in different ways for the prevention and control of the COVID-19 pandemic in different settings using multiple approaches. For more effective deployment of digital health tools in times of pandemics, development of a guiding policy and standard on the development, deployment, and use of digital health tools in response to a pandemic is recommended.},
}
@article {pmid34444741,
year = {2021},
author = {Leung, R and Covasa, M},
title = {Do Gut Microbes Taste?.},
journal = {Nutrients},
volume = {13},
number = {8},
pages = {},
pmid = {34444741},
issn = {2072-6643},
support = {120/16.09.2016//European Regional Development Fund/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Bariatric Surgery ; COVID-19/physiopathology ; Diet ; Dysbiosis/physiopathology ; Feeding Behavior ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*physiology ; Hormones/metabolism ; Humans ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/physiopathology ; Intestines/*microbiology ; Neoplasms/drug therapy/physiopathology ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism ; Taste ; Taste Buds/physiology ; *Taste Perception ; Toll-Like Receptors/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Gut microbiota has emerged as a major metabolically active organ with critical functions in both health and disease. The trillions of microorganisms hosted by the gastrointestinal tract are involved in numerous physiological and metabolic processes including modulation of appetite and regulation of energy in the host spanning from periphery to the brain. Indeed, bacteria and their metabolic byproducts are working in concert with the host chemosensory signaling pathways to affect both short- and long-term ingestive behavior. Sensing of nutrients and taste by specialized G protein-coupled receptor cells is important in transmitting food-related signals, optimizing nutrition as well as in prevention and treatment of several diseases, notably obesity, diabetes and associated metabolic disorders. Further, bacteria metabolites interact with specialized receptors cells expressed by gut epithelium leading to taste and appetite response changes to nutrients. This review describes recent advances on the role of gut bacteria in taste perception and functions. It further discusses how intestinal dysbiosis characteristic of several pathological conditions may alter and modulate taste preference and food consumption via changes in taste receptor expression.},
}
@article {pmid34129968,
year = {2021},
author = {Martinez-Perez, R and Kortz, MW and Carroll, BW and Duran, D and Neill, JS and Luzardo, GD and Zachariah, MA},
title = {Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Pituitary Apoplexy: A Single-Center Case Series and Review of the Literature.},
journal = {World neurosurgery},
volume = {152},
number = {},
pages = {e678-e687},
pmid = {34129968},
issn = {1878-8769},
mesh = {Adenoma/*surgery ; Adult ; COVID-19/complications/*surgery ; Female ; Headache/complications ; Humans ; Hypopituitarism/complications ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pituitary Apoplexy/*surgery ; Pituitary Neoplasms/*surgery ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Pituitary apoplexy (PA) is a rare, but life-threatening, condition characterized by pituitary infarction and hemorrhage, most often in the setting of a preexisting adenoma. The risk factors and mechanisms associated with PA are poorly understood. Although neurovascular manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection have been documented, its association with PA has not yet been determined.<br><br>METHODS: From a prospectively collected database of patients treated at a tertiary care center for pituitary adenoma, we conducted a retrospective medical record review of PA cases during the COVID-19 pandemic from March 2020 to December 2020. We also conducted a literature review to identify other reported cases.<br><br>RESULTS: We identified 3 consecutive cases of PA and concomitant COVID-19 infection. The most common symptoms at presentation were headache and vision changes. The included patients were successfully treated with surgical decompression and medical management of the associated endocrinopathy, ultimately experiencing improvement in their visual symptoms at the latest follow-up examination. COVID-19 infection in the perioperative period was corroborated by polymerase chain reaction test results in all the patients.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: With the addition of our series to the literature, 10 cases of PA in the setting of COVID-19 infection have been confirmed. The present series was limited in its ability to draw conclusions about the relationship between these 2 entities. However, COVID-19 infection might represent a risk factor for the development of PA. Further studies are required.},
}
@article {pmid34096801,
year = {2021},
author = {Highet, M},
title = {Rapid Scoping Review on the Topic of Ensuring Social Protection and Basic Services to Inform the United Nations Framework for the Immediate Socioeconomic Response to COVID-19.},
journal = {International journal of health services : planning, administration, evaluation},
volume = {51},
number = {4},
pages = {462-473},
pmid = {34096801},
issn = {1541-4469},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Public Policy ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Socioeconomic Factors ; United Nations ; },
abstract = {This rapid scoping review has informed the development of the UN Research Roadmap for the COVID-19 Recovery on the topic of "Ensuring Social Protection and Basic Services." The aim was to provide a robust synthesis of key concepts and existing evidence drawn from a wide range of disciplines to support the identification and appraisal of research priorities. An emergent theme has been the notion that measures implemented in response to COVID-19 merely ameliorate symptoms of entrenched, systemic gender-, age-, and race-based inequity, inequality, and exclusion. Key findings include the critical role of contextual and community-based knowledge for informing the design, development, and delivery of programs, as well as the urgent need for implementation science to move existing knowledge into action. This review also describes how the disruption associated with "shock events" such as the COVID-19 pandemic is often associated with unusually high levels of interest and willingness to invest in programs and policies to strengthen strained systems. As such, an unprecedented window of opportunity exists to leverage measures implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic to effect large-scale, sustainable change and thereby increase the resiliency of our interconnected systems for the future.},
}
@article {pmid34081334,
year = {2021},
author = {Stingi, A and Cirillo, L},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 infection and cancer: Evidence for and against a role of SARS-CoV-2 in cancer onset.},
journal = {BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology},
volume = {43},
number = {8},
pages = {e2000289},
doi = {10.1002/bies.202000289},
pmid = {34081334},
issn = {1521-1878},
support = {//SNF Early Postoc Mobility/ ; //IGE3 PhD Salary Award/ ; },
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Humans ; *Neoplasms/genetics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Virus Diseases ; },
abstract = {Despite huge efforts towards understanding the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pathogenesis, little is known about the long-term consequences of the disease. Here, we critically review existing literature about oncogenesis as a potential long-term effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Like other viral infections, SARS-CoV-2 may promote cancer onset by inhibiting tumor suppressor genes. We conclude that, although unlikely, such hypothesis cannot be excluded a priori and we delineate an experimental approach to address it. Also see the video abstract here: https://youtu.be/TBUTDSLR7vY.},
}
@article {pmid34080537,
year = {2021},
author = {Feraoun, Y and Maisonnasse, P and Le Grand, R and Beignon, AS},
title = {[COVID-19: Warp Speed vaccines].},
journal = {Medecine sciences : M/S},
volume = {37},
number = {8-9},
pages = {759-772},
doi = {10.1051/medsci/2021094},
pmid = {34080537},
issn = {1958-5381},
mesh = {Acceleration ; Biomedical Research/methods/trends ; COVID-19/epidemiology/*prevention &amp; control ; COVID-19 Vaccines/*therapeutic use ; *Drug Development/methods/organization &amp; administration/standards ; Emergencies ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Pandemics/prevention &amp; control ; Public Health/methods/trends ; SARS-CoV-2/*immunology ; Vaccination/methods/statistics &amp; numerical data ; },
abstract = {A vaccine is required to effectively control the COVID-19 pandemic in the mid and long term. The development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 was initiated as soon as the genetic sequence of the virus was published, and has evolved at an unprecedented speed, with a first clinical trial launched in March 2020. One year later, more than a dozen of vaccines based on different concepts, with some having been evaluated only in clinical trials so far, are authorized under emergency procedures. Here, we review these vaccines, compare their properties and discuss the challenges they face, including the emergence of viral variants of concern.},
}
@article {pmid34047837,
year = {2021},
author = {Carneiro Gomes, PR and Rodrigues da Rocha, MD and da Rocha Coelho, FA and Sousa Pinho de Lira, JA and de Sousa Carmo, RR and Silva Nascimento, HM and Marques de Oliveira, S and Rodrigues da Silva, W and Galdino Medeiros, R and Pereira Alves, EH and Dos Santos Carvalho, A and Pereira Vasconcelos, DF},
title = {Alterations of the male and female reproductive systems induced by COVID-19.},
journal = {Wiener klinische Wochenschrift},
volume = {133},
number = {17-18},
pages = {966-972},
pmid = {34047837},
issn = {1613-7671},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Female ; Genitalia, Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Semen ; },
abstract = {A variety of pneumonia cases of unknown cause emerged in China in December 2019. A new virus belonging to the Coronaviridae family, called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Within a few days, COVID-19 became a pandemic disease. This review aimed to investigate the possible implications of COVID-19 for human reproductive systems, as in previous studies ACE2 was highly expressed in some organs of these systems, such as the testicles. A total of 41 publications were found in the specialized databases and, after selection, 7 articles were used to build this study. Our results showed that the fever caused by COVID-19 has a negative effect on spermatogenesis, there is high expression of ACE2 in the testicles and in the uterine tubes and there is a higher level of transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), which is also responsible for the entry of the virus into the cell. Moreover, it was noted that there was viral genetic material in the semen and an increase in the serum concentration of luteinizing hormone (LH) in men and women, which could cause hypogonadism. Thus, we conclude that there is the possibility of infection and malfunction in the reproductive organs as well as the plausibility of sexual transmission of this disease. Further analysis must be carried out to prove the effects of COVID-19 on the human reproductive systems.},
}
@article {pmid34036769,
year = {2021},
author = {Radovanovic, D and Santus, P and Coppola, S and Saad, M and Pini, S and Giuliani, F and Mondoni, M and Chiumello, DA},
title = {Characteristics, outcomes and global trends of respiratory support in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia: a scoping review.},
journal = {Minerva anestesiologica},
volume = {87},
number = {8},
pages = {915-926},
doi = {10.23736/S0375-9393.21.15486-0},
pmid = {34036769},
issn = {1827-1596},
mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; *COVID-19 ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Noninvasive Ventilation ; *Pneumonia ; Respiration, Artificial ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: To date, a shared international consensus on treatment of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with invasive or non-invasive respiratory support is lacking. Patients' management and outcomes, especially in severe and critical cases, can vary depending on regional standard operating procedures and local guidance.<br><br>EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Rapid review methodology was applied to include all the studies published on PubMed and Embase between December 15th, 2019 and February 28th, 2021, reporting in-hospital and respiratory support-related mortality in adult patients hospitalized with COVID-19 that underwent either continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), non-invasive ventilation (NIV) or invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Only English language studies with ≥100 patients and reporting data on respiratory failure were included. Data on comorbidities, ventilatory parameters and hospital-related complications were registered.<br><br>EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Fifty-two studies (287,359 patients; 57.5% males, mean age 64 years, range 24-98 years) from 17 different countries were included in the final analysis. 33.3% of patients were hospitalized in intensive care units. 44.2% had hypertension, 26.1% had diabetes, and 7.1% a chronic respiratory disease. 55% of patients underwent respiratory support (36% IMV, 62% NIV and 2% CPAP). Without considering a study with the highest number of patients treated with NIV (N.=96,729), prevalence of NIV and CPAP use was 12.5% and 13.5% respectively. Globally, invasive and non-invasive approaches were heterogeneously applied. In-hospital mortality was 33.7%, and IMV-related mortality was 72.6% (range: 4.3-99%). Specific mortality in patients treated with CPAP or NIV was available for 53% of studies, and was 29% (range: 7.2-100%). The median length of hospital stay was 13 days (range: 6-63). The most frequent hospital-related complication was acute kidney injury being reported in up to 55.7% of enrolled patients.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Global employment of respiratory supports and related outcomes are very heterogeneous. The most frequent respiratory support in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia is IMV, while NIV and CPAP are less frequently and equally applied, the latter especially in Europe, while data on NIV/CPAP-related mortality is often under-reported. Integrated and comprehensive reporting is desirable and needed to construct evidence-based recommendations.},
}
@article {pmid33974687,
year = {2021},
author = {Lee, JK and Bullen, C and Ben Amor, Y and Bush, SR and Colombo, F and Gaviria, A and Karim, SSA and Kim, B and Lavis, JN and Lazarus, JV and Lo, YC and Michie, SF and Norheim, OF and Oh, J and Reddy, KS and Rostila, M and Sáenz, R and Smith, LDG and Thwaites, JW and Were, MK and Xue, L and , },
title = {Institutional and behaviour-change interventions to support COVID-19 public health measures: a review by the Lancet Commission Task Force on public health measures to suppress the pandemic.},
journal = {International health},
volume = {13},
number = {5},
pages = {399-409},
doi = {10.1093/inthealth/ihab022},
pmid = {33974687},
issn = {1876-3405},
support = {//Health Research Council of New Zealand/ ; //Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea/ ; NRF-2018S1A3A2075117//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; //Gilead Sciences/ ; //NIHR/ ; //MRC/ ; //CIHR/Canada ; //PHA/ ; },
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Humans ; *Pandemics/prevention &amp; control ; Public Health ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {The Lancet COVID-19 Commission Task Force for Public Health Measures to Suppress the Pandemic was launched to identify critical points for consideration by governments on public health interventions to control coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Drawing on our review of published studies of data analytics and modelling, evidence synthesis and contextualisation, and behavioural science evidence and theory on public health interventions from a range of sources, we outline evidence for a range of institutional measures and behaviour-change measures. We cite examples of measures adopted by a range of countries, but especially jurisdictions that have, thus far, achieved low numbers of COVID-19 deaths and limited community transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Finally, we highlight gaps in knowledge where research should be undertaken. As countries consider long-term measures, there is an opportunity to learn, improve the response and prepare for future pandemics.},
}
@article {pmid33882604,
year = {2021},
author = {Magrabi, F and Ammenwerth, E and Craven, CK and Cresswell, K and De Keizer, NF and Medlock, SK and Scott, PJ and Wong, ZS and Georgiou, A},
title = {Managing Pandemic Responses with Health Informatics - Challenges for Assessing Digital Health Technologies.},
journal = {Yearbook of medical informatics},
volume = {30},
number = {1},
pages = {56-60},
pmid = {33882604},
issn = {2364-0502},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Humans ; *Medical Informatics ; *Technology Assessment, Biomedical ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To highlight the role of technology assessment in the management of the COVID-19 pandemic.<br><br>METHOD: An overview of existing research and evaluation approaches along with expert perspectives drawn from the International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) Working Group on Technology Assessment and Quality Development in Health Informatics and the European Federation for Medical Informatics (EFMI) Working Group for Assessment of Health Information Systems.<br><br>RESULTS: Evaluation of digital health technologies for COVID-19 should be based on their technical maturity as well as the scale of implementation. For mature technologies like telehealth whose efficacy has been previously demonstrated, pragmatic, rapid evaluation using the complex systems paradigm which accounts for multiple sociotechnical factors, might be more suitable to examine their effectiveness and emerging safety concerns in new settings. New technologies, particularly those intended for use on a large scale such as digital contract tracing, will require assessment of their usability as well as performance prior to deployment, after which evaluation should shift to using a complex systems paradigm to examine the value of information provided. The success of a digital health technology is dependent on the value of information it provides relative to the sociotechnical context of the setting where it is implemented.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Commitment to evaluation using the evidence-based medicine and complex systems paradigms will be critical to ensuring safe and effective use of digital health technologies for COVID-19 and future pandemics. There is an inherent tension between evaluation and the imperative to urgently deploy solutions that needs to be negotiated.},
}
@article {pmid33882600,
year = {2021},
author = {Gabarron, E and Rivera-Romero, O and Miron-Shatz, T and Grainger, R and Denecke, K},
title = {Role of Participatory Health Informatics in Detecting and Managing Pandemics: Literature Review.},
journal = {Yearbook of medical informatics},
volume = {30},
number = {1},
pages = {200-209},
pmid = {33882600},
issn = {2364-0502},
mesh = {*Consumer Health Informatics ; Humans ; *Medical Informatics ; Mobile Applications ; Pandemics/*prevention &amp; control ; Public Health Surveillance/*methods ; *Social Media ; Telemedicine ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Using participatory health informatics (PHI) to detect disease outbreaks or learn about pandemics has gained interest in recent years. However, the role of PHI in understanding and managing pandemics, citizens' role in this context, and which methods are relevant for collecting and processing data are still unclear, as is which types of data are relevant. This paper aims to clarify these issues and explore the role of PHI in managing and detecting pandemics.<br><br>METHODS: Through a literature review we identified studies that explore the role of PHI in detecting and managing pandemics. Studies from five databases were screened: PubMed, CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), IEEE Xplore, ACM (Association for Computing Machinery) Digital Library, and Cochrane Library. Data from studies fulfilling the eligibility criteria were extracted and synthesized narratively.<br><br>RESULTS: Out of 417 citations retrieved, 53 studies were included in this review. Most research focused on influenza-like illnesses or COVID-19 with at least three papers on other epidemics (Ebola, Zika or measles). The geographic scope ranged from global to concentrating on specific countries. Multiple processing and analysis methods were reported, although often missing relevant information. The majority of outcomes are reported for two application areas: crisis communication and detection of disease outbreaks.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: For most diseases, the small number of studies prevented reaching firm conclusions about the utility of PHI in detecting and monitoring these disease outbreaks. For others, e.g., COVID-19, social media and online search patterns corresponded to disease patterns, and detected disease outbreak earlier than conventional public health methods, thereby suggesting that PHI can contribute to disease and pandemic monitoring.},
}
@article {pmid33758930,
year = {2021},
author = {Shorey, S and Lau, LST and Tan, JX and Ng, ED and Aishworiya, R},
title = {Families With Children With Neurodevelopmental Disorders During COVID-19: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Journal of pediatric psychology},
volume = {46},
number = {5},
pages = {514-525},
doi = {10.1093/jpepsy/jsab029},
pmid = {33758930},
issn = {1465-735X},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Humans ; *Neurodevelopmental Disorders/epidemiology/etiology ; Pandemics ; Parenting ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Prolonged home isolation may lead to long-term negative consequences for both children and caregivers' psychological wellbeing, especially in families with children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Therefore, a scoping review was conducted to identify challenges faced by caregivers of children with neurodevelopmental disorders during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and to consolidate parenting interventions and guidelines.<br><br>METHODS: A systematic search was conducted on Embase, PsycInfo, PubMed, Scopus, and LitCovid. All article types published between December 2019 and November 2020 which reported on intervention guidelines and experiences of families with children with neurodevelopmental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic were included. Qualitative themes, quantitative data, and article summaries were charted, and a thematic analysis was conducted.<br><br>RESULTS: Twenty-nine articles were included in the review. Three themes were generated: (a) behavioral issues and health concerns, (b) disruptions of lifelines and daily routines, and (c) existing programs, models, and guidelines to support families. Additionally, a list of caregiver strategies such as scheduling regular online consultations, maintaining online therapy, educating a child on COVID-19, and preventive behaviors, creating a structured daily schedule and reinforcement system, and selecting child-appropriate activities was consolidated.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This review revealed a lack of evidence-based studies and articles on children with other neurodevelopmental disorders apart from autism and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. It also places emphasis on the importance of telehealth services as major lifelines to parents during this pandemic and urges healthcare organizations to provide funding to increase telehealth services to afflicted families.},
}
@article {pmid33573416,
year = {2021},
author = {Merchant, HA and Kow, CS and Hasan, SS},
title = {COVID-19 first anniversary review of cases, hospitalization, and mortality in the UK.},
journal = {Expert review of respiratory medicine},
volume = {15},
number = {8},
pages = {973-978},
doi = {10.1080/17476348.2021.1890035},
pmid = {33573416},
issn = {1747-6356},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; United Kingdom/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {Introduction: The first confirmed COVID-19 case in UK dates to 11 January 2020, exhibiting its first peak during April 2020. The country has since been hit by another wave in the winter 2020, almost at the first anniversary of the pandemic.Areas covered: An in-depth analysis of the COVID-19 positive cases in the UK throughout the year, hospitalizations, patients in critical care, and COVID-19 associated deaths.Expert opinion: The COVID-19 associated hospital admission accounts to 15% of total COVID-19 positive cases in November 2020. The percentage of total COVID-19 positive patients in the country died from the disease was under 4% in November 2020. Total deaths in England (all-cause) from June to October 2020 were similar to the historic averages. Age was the single most determinator of COVID-19 associated mortality, 50 years or older accounted for 98% of total COVID deaths. Age distribution of COVID-19 associated deaths in 2020 was similar to all-cause mortality age distribution in 2019. There was no significant improvement in the survival rate of COVID-19 patients receiving critical care. This prompts an urgent need to invest in novel antiviral therapeutics to save the most vulnerable in the society.},
}
@article {pmid33550959,
year = {2021},
author = {Raimundo E Silva, JP and Acevedo, CAH and de Souza, TA and de Menezes, RPB and Sessions, ZL and Abreu, LS and Cibulski, SP and Scotti, L and da Silva, MS and Muratov, EN and Scotti, MT and Tavares, JF},
title = {Natural Products as Potential Agents against SARS-CoV and SARSCoV- 2.},
journal = {Current medicinal chemistry},
volume = {28},
number = {27},
pages = {5498-5526},
doi = {10.2174/0929867328666210125113938},
pmid = {33550959},
issn = {1875-533X},
support = {FINANCE CODE 001//Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-Brasil (CAPES)/ ; 465536/2014-0//Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (INCT-RENNOFITO/CNPQ)/ ; 1R01GM114015, 1U01-CA207160//NIH/ ; },
mesh = {Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *Biological Products/pharmacology ; *COVID-19 ; Humans ; *Plants, Medicinal ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Natural products are useful agents for the discovery of new lead- compounds and effective drugs to combat coronaviruses (CoV).<br><br>OBJECTIVE: The present work provides an overview of natural substances, plant extracts, and essential oils as potential anti-SARS-CoV agents. In addition, this work evaluates their drug-like properties which are essential in the selection of compounds in order to accelerate the drug development process.<br><br>METHODS: The search was carried out using PubMed, ScienceDirect and SciFinder. Articles addressing plant-based natural products as potential SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 agents within the last seventeen years were analyzed and selected. The descriptors for Chemometrics analysis were obtained in alvaDesc and the principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out in SIMCA version 13.0.<br><br>RESULTS: Based on in vitro assays and computational analyses, this review covers twentynine medicinal plant species and more than 300 isolated substances as potential anti-coronavirus agents. Among them, flavonoids and terpenes are the most promising compound classes. In silico analyses of drug-like properties corroborate these findings and indicate promising candidates for in vitro and in vivo studies to validate their activity.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This paper highlights the role of ethnopharmacology in drug discovery and suggests the use of integrative (in silico/ in vitro) and chemocentric approaches to strengthen current studies and guide future research in the field of antiviral agents.},
}
@article {pmid33534399,
year = {2021},
author = {Cui, SN and Tan, HY and Fan, GC},
title = {Immunopathological Roles of Neutrophils in Virus Infection and COVID-19.},
journal = {Shock (Augusta, Ga.)},
volume = {56},
number = {3},
pages = {345-351},
doi = {10.1097/SHK.0000000000001740},
pmid = {33534399},
issn = {1540-0514},
mesh = {Animals ; COVID-19/*immunology/*virology ; Cytokine Release Syndrome ; Cytokines/immunology ; Humans ; Immune System ; Immunity, Innate ; Inflammation ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/immunology ; Lymphocytes/immunology ; Mice ; Neutrophils/metabolism/*virology ; Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules/immunology ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Thrombosis ; },
abstract = {ABSTRACT: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been spread around the world and is currently affecting global public health. Clinical evidence indicates that the elevated number of peripheral neutrophils and higher ratio of neutrophils-to-lymphocytes are correlated with severe outcomes in COVID-19 patients, suggesting the possible immunopathological role of neutrophils during SARS-CoV-2 infection. As an abundant innate immune cell type, neutrophils are well known for their contributions to antimicrobial defense. However, their dysfunction is also associated with different inflammatory signatures during the pathogenesis of infection. Herein, in this mini-review, we summarize the recent progress on the potential role of neutrophils during COVID-19-associated inflammatory responses. In particular, we highlight the interactions between neutrophils and viruses as well as the relationship of neutrophils with cytokine storm and thrombosis in COVID-19 patients. Lastly, we discuss the importance of neutrophils as potential therapeutic targets for COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid34524697,
year = {2021},
author = {Bano, I and Sharif, M and Alam, S},
title = {Genetic drift in the genome of SARS COV-2 and its global health concern.},
journal = {Journal of medical virology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/jmv.27337},
pmid = {34524697},
issn = {1096-9071},
abstract = {The outbreak of the current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) occurred in late 2019 and quickly spread all over the world. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 belongs to a genetically diverse group that mutates continuously leading to emergence of multiple variants. Although, few antiviral agents and anti-inflammatory medicines are available, thousands of individuals have passed away due to emergence of new viral variants. Thus, proper surveillance of the SARS-CoV-2 genome is needed for the rapid identification of developing mutations over time which are of the major concerns if occur specifically in the surface spike proteins of the virus (neutralizing analyte). This article reviewed the potential mutations acquired by the SARS-CoV2 since pandemic began and their significant impact on the neutralizing efficiency of vaccines and validity of the diagnostic assays. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
}
@article {pmid34524688,
year = {2021},
author = {Chen, JM},
title = {Should the world collaborate imminently to develop neglected live attenuated vaccines for COVID-19?.},
journal = {Journal of medical virology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/jmv.27335},
pmid = {34524688},
issn = {1096-9071},
abstract = {The rapid spread of the Delta variant suggests that SARS-CoV-2 will likely keep rampant for months or years and could claim millions of more lives. All known vaccines cannot well defeat SARS-CoV-2 except neglected live attenuated vaccines (LAVs), which could have much higher efficacy and much higher production efficiency than other vaccines. LAVs have well defeated more pathogenic viruses than other vaccines in the history, and most of the current human vaccines for viral diseases are safe LAVs. LAVs can block completely replication and transmission of the target viruses, and they can hence inhibit emergence of vaccine-escape and virulence-enhancing variants and protect immunologically abnormal individuals better in general. Safety of COVID-19 LAVs, which could save millions of more lives, can be solidly guaranteed through animal experiments and clinical trials. The safety could be greatly enhanced with intramuscular or oral administration, or administration along with humanized neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Together, extensive global collaboration, which can greatly accelerate the development of safe COVID-19 LAVs, is imminently needed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
}
@article {pmid34524614,
year = {2021},
author = {Anaeigoudari, A and Mollaei, HR and Arababadi, MK and Nosratabadi, R},
title = {Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: The Role of the Main Components of the Innate Immune System.},
journal = {Inflammation},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34524614},
issn = {1573-2576},
abstract = {At the end of December 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic began in Wuhan of China. COVID-19 affects different people with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic with recovery without hospitalization up to a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The innate and adaptive immunity appears responsible for the defense against the virus and recovery from the disease. The innate immune system, as the first line of defense, is essential for the detection of virus and subsequent activation of acquired immunity. The innate immune response is carried out by sentinel cells such as monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells and by receptors known as pattern recognition receptors (PRR). These receptors can recognize various components of the virus, which lead to intracellular signaling and subsequently the synthesis of various cytokines. These cytokines then recruit other immune cells, activate adaptive immune responses, and inhibit viral spreading. The most common receptors include Toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, and RIG-I like receptors. This review describes the current knowledge about the interplay between innate immune responses and SARS-CoV-2 with a focus on the innate immune cells and the role of their receptors in viral RNA recognition, as well as their mechanisms for recognizing SARS-CoV-2.},
}
@article {pmid34524562,
year = {2021},
author = {Montrucchio, G and Lupia, T and Lombardo, D and Stroffolini, G and Corcione, S and De Rosa, FG and Brazzi, L},
title = {Risk factors for invasive aspergillosis in ICU patients with COVID-19: current insights and new key elements.},
journal = {Annals of intensive care},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {136},
pmid = {34524562},
issn = {2110-5820},
abstract = {Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) has always been a challenging diagnosis and risk factors an important guide to investigate specific population, especially in Intensive Care Unit. Traditionally recognized risk factors for IPA have been haematological diseases or condition associated with severe immunosuppression, lately completed by chronic conditions (such as obstructive pulmonary disease, liver cirrhosis, chronic kidney disease and diabetes), influenza infection and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission. Recently, a new association with SARS-CoV2 infection, named COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA), has been reported worldwide, even if its basic epidemiological characteristics have not been completely established yet. In this narrative review, we aimed to explore the potential risk factors for the development of CAPA and to evaluate whether previous host factors or therapeutic approaches used in the treatment of COVID-19 critically ill patients (such as mechanical ventilation, intensive care management, corticosteroids, broad-spectrum antibiotics, immunomodulatory agents) may impact this new diagnostic category. Reviewing all English-language articles published from December 2019 to December 2020, we identified 21 papers describing risk factors, concerning host comorbidities, ICU management, and COVID-19 therapies. Although limited by the quality of the available literature, data seem to confirm the role of previous host risk factors, especially respiratory diseases. However, the attention is shifting from patients' related risk factors to factors characterizing the hospital and intensive care course, deeply influenced by specific features of COVID treatment itself. Prolonged invasive or non-invasive respiratory support, as well as the impact of corticosteroids and/or immunobiological therapies seem to play a pivotal role. ICU setting related factors, such as environmental factors, isolation conditions, ventilation systems, building renovation works, and temporal spread with respect to pandemic waves, need to be considered. Large, prospective studies based on new risk factors specific for CAPA are warranted to guide surveillance and decision of when and how to treat this particular population.},
}
@article {pmid34524476,
year = {2021},
author = {Broich, K and Löbker, W and Lauer, W},
title = {[Digitization of the healthcare system: the BfArM's contribution to the development of potential].},
journal = {Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s00103-021-03417-7},
pmid = {34524476},
issn = {1437-1588},
abstract = {Digitalization is a clear megatrend of our time, also in the health sector, which is currently experiencing enormous acceleration due to the COVID-19 pandemic in addition to paving the way due to changes in the legal framework. Looking to the future, this trend will contribute to further digitalization and the merging of individual digital products, including medicinal products and medical devices, into a digital ecosystem. This will be supported by ever-shorter development cycles and technological progress. Digitization will not only strengthen patient sovereignty, but also enable more patient-centered medicine; artificial intelligence will improve and accelerate diagnoses and will contribute to a better understanding of disease patterns and underlying mechanisms or causes.In order to continue to enable innovations in the future, to focus on emerging trends, and, above all, to further improve patient safety, the BfArM is contributing in many places to transforming the opportunities associated with digitalization into possibilities - without losing sight of the risks. The following is an overview of how, for example, the expansion of the Research Data Center, activities addressing interoperability, research projects using artificial intelligence, (inter-)national cooperation, the utilization and inclusion of "Real World Data" in our benefit/risk assessments, and the evaluation of digital health and digital care applications among other activities of the BfArM contribute to "digital readiness" in Germany and Europe.},
}
@article {pmid34523172,
year = {2021},
author = {Tan, SHX and Lee, CKJ and Yong, CW and Ding, YY},
title = {Scoping review: Facilitators and barriers in the adoption of teledentistry among older adults.},
journal = {Gerodontology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/ger.12588},
pmid = {34523172},
issn = {1741-2358},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: Access to oral health care among older adults is a key issue in society, which has been exacerbated by social distancing measures and lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic. Older adults would greatly benefit from teledentistry, yet little information exists on the enablers and challenges of adopting this technology for use with this group. The aim of this scoping review is to summarise the applications and key factors associated with the adoption of teledentistry among older adults.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: This scoping review was developed in accordance with Arksey and O'Malley's five-stage framework and the Joanna Briggs Institute scoping review protocol guidelines. Publications on teledentistry involving direct clinical services for older adults aged 60 and above were included. Publications that focused solely on teleeducation were excluded. A systematic search was carried out on major electronic databases until 25 August 2020. Out of 1084 articles screened, 25 articles were included. Facilitators and barriers were categorised using the socio-ecological model.<br><br>RESULTS/DISCUSSION: Teleconsultation and telediagnosis were the most reported applications of teledentistry among older adults. Reported policy-level factors were data privacy issues (n = 7) and regulations (n = 17). Community-level facilitators and barriers included the availability of resources (n = 15) and support (n = 3). Familiar care settings (n = 2) and effective administration (n = 20) were key organisational-level factors. Staff attitudes and education (n = 23) and individual patient knowledge, attitudes and practices (n = 10) can influence teledentistry adoption while complex medical conditions (n = 8) may pose a challenge.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Key factors in the uptake of teledentistry among older adults span across policy, community, organisational, interpersonal and individual factors. Commonly reported barriers included technical issues, lack of funding, consent issues and cognitive impairments.},
}
@article {pmid34522905,
year = {2021},
author = {Dunlap, NE and van Berkel, V and Cai, L},
title = {COVID-19 and low-dose radiation therapy.},
journal = {Radiation medicine and protection},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.radmp.2021.09.004},
pmid = {34522905},
issn = {2666-5557},
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative pathogen of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has caused more than 179 million infections and 3.8 million deaths worldwide. Global health authorities working on the COVID-19 outbreak continue to explore methods to reduce the rate of its transmission to healthy individuals. Treatment protocols thus far have focused on social distancing and masking, treatment with antivirals early in infection, and steroids to reduce the inflammatory response. An alternative approach is therapy with low dose radiation (LDR), which has several advantages compared to the current drugs and medicines. To date more than 10 case reports and pilot clinical trial preliminary outcome are available from different countries. These reports cover a wide range of patient conditions and LDR treatment strategies. Although one report showed the failure to observe the improvement of COVID-19 patients after LDR therapy, the majority showed some clinical improvement, and demonstrated the safety of LDR for COVID-19 patients, particularly with 0.5 Gy. This review aims to summarize the potential rationales and mechanisms of LDR therapy for COVID-19 patients, and its current clinical status and potential use.},
}
@article {pmid34522886,
year = {2021},
author = {Alderson, J and Batchelor, V and O'Hanlon, M and Cifuentes, L and Richter, FC and Kopycinski, J and , },
title = {Overview of approved and upcoming vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: a living review.},
journal = {Oxford open immunology},
volume = {2},
number = {1},
pages = {iqab010},
doi = {10.1093/oxfimm/iqab010},
pmid = {34522886},
issn = {2633-6960},
abstract = {The rapid design and implementation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines is testament to a successfully coordinated global research effort. While employing a variety of different technologies, some of which have been used for the first time, all approved vaccines demonstrate high levels of efficacy with excellent safety profiles. Despite this, there remains an urgent global demand for coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines that require further candidates to pass phase 3 clinical trials. In the expectation of SARS-CoV-2 becoming endemic, researchers are looking to adjust the vaccine constructs to tackle emerging variants. In this review, we outline different platforms used for approved vaccines and summarize latest research data with regards to immunogenicity, dosing regimens and efficiency against emerging variants.},
}
@article {pmid34522574,
year = {2021},
author = {Barceló, MA and Saez, M},
title = {Methodological limitations in studies assessing the effects of environmental and socioeconomic variables on the spread of COVID-19: a systematic review.},
journal = {Environmental sciences Europe},
volume = {33},
number = {1},
pages = {108},
doi = {10.1186/s12302-021-00550-7},
pmid = {34522574},
issn = {2190-4707},
abstract = {Background: While numerous studies have assessed the effects of environmental (meteorological variables and air pollutants) and socioeconomic variables on the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, many of them, however, have significant methodological limitations and errors that could call their results into question. Our main objective in this paper is to assess the methodological limitations in studies that evaluated the effects of environmental and socioeconomic variables on the spread of COVID-19.<br><br>Main body: We carried out a systematic review by conducting searches in the online databases PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus up to December 31, 2020. We first excluded those studies that did not deal with SAR-CoV-2 or COVID-19, preprints, comments, opinion or purely narrative papers, reviews and systematic literature reviews. Among the eligible full-text articles, we then excluded articles that were purely descriptive and those that did not include any type of regression model. We evaluated the risk of bias in six domains: confounding bias, control for population, control of spatial and/or temporal dependence, control of non-linearities, measurement errors and statistical model. Of the 5631 abstracts initially identified, we were left with 132 studies on which to carry out the qualitative synthesis. Of the 132 eligible studies, we evaluated 63.64% of the studies as high risk of bias, 19.70% as moderate risk of bias and 16.67% as low risk of bias.<br><br>Conclusions: All the studies we have reviewed, to a greater or lesser extent, have methodological limitations. These limitations prevent conclusions being drawn concerning the effects environmental (meteorological and air pollutants) and socioeconomic variables have had on COVID-19 outcomes. However, we dare to argue that the effects of these variables, if they exist, would be indirect, based on their relationship with social contact.<br><br>Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12302-021-00550-7.},
}
@article {pmid34522287,
year = {2021},
author = {Jabbar, R and Makki, M},
title = {Managing health disasters and Civil-Military Cooperation: A case of COVID-19 in Pakistan.},
journal = {Jamba (Potchefstroom, South Africa)},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {1113},
doi = {10.4102/jamba.v13i1.1113},
pmid = {34522287},
issn = {1996-1421},
abstract = {As an institution, the Pakistan Army has been playing a significant role in dealing with emergencies and disasters facing the nation. The novel coronavirus disease, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) COVID-19, was wreaking havoc around the world. The pandemic is a threat to health and has caused severe damage across most aspects of the society. The situation forced the formation of a unique series of civil-military inter-agency relationships to be formed, in order to curb the spread of the pandemic. The Pakistan Army that was neither trained nor equipped to undertake any such health disaster management operation played a significant role in preventing disease and overcoming the disaster. Civil-military cooperation (CIMIC) was the key to the successful response of Pakistan towards COVID-19. The research was based on qualitative interviews that analysed the phenomenon of COVID-19 pandemic, that is, 'health disaster', to elucidate the disaster management practices performed through the framework of CIMIC in Pakistan. With regard to this, the article argued that formulating a comprehensive guideline or framework was necessary to maintain an effective and cooperative relationship between civil and military components. It further demonstrated the need to recognise the constitutive factors that influenced the functionalisation and institutionalisation of CIMIC to manage the highly complex health-related emergencies.},
}
@article {pmid34522231,
year = {2021},
author = {Wan, Q and Liu, X and Zu, Y},
title = {Oligonucleotide aptamers for pathogen detection and infectious disease control.},
journal = {Theranostics},
volume = {11},
number = {18},
pages = {9133-9161},
doi = {10.7150/thno.61804},
pmid = {34522231},
issn = {1838-7640},
abstract = {During an epidemic or pandemic, the primary task is to rapidly develop precise diagnostic approaches and effective therapeutics. Oligonucleotide aptamer-based pathogen detection assays and control therapeutics are promising, as aptamers that specifically recognize and block pathogens can be quickly developed and produced through simple chemical synthesis. This work reviews common aptamer-based diagnostic techniques for communicable diseases and summarizes currently available aptamers that target various pathogens, including the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Moreover, this review discusses how oligonucleotide aptamers might be leveraged to control pathogen propagation and improve host immune system responses. This review offers a comprehensive data source to the further develop aptamer-based diagnostics and therapeutics specific for infectious diseases.},
}
@article {pmid34522180,
year = {2021},
author = {Tang, Y and Hu, L and Liu, Y and Zhou, B and Qin, X and Ye, J and Shen, M and Wu, Z and Zhang, P},
title = {Possible mechanisms of cholesterol elevation aggravating COVID-19.},
journal = {International journal of medical sciences},
volume = {18},
number = {15},
pages = {3533-3543},
doi = {10.7150/ijms.62021},
pmid = {34522180},
issn = {1449-1907},
abstract = {Importance: Despite the availability of a vaccine against the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), humans will have to live with this virus and the after-effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection for a long time. Cholesterol plays an important role in the infection and prognosis of SARS-CoV-2, and the study of its mechanism is of great significance not only for the treatment of COVID-19 but also for research on generic antiviral drugs. Observations: Cholesterol promotes the development of atherosclerosis by activating NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), and the resulting inflammatory environment indirectly contributes to COVID-19 infection and subsequent deterioration. In in vitro studies, membrane cholesterol increased the number of viral entry sites on the host cell membrane and the number of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors in the membrane fusion site. Previous studies have shown that the fusion protein of the virus interacts with cholesterol, and the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 also requires cholesterol to enter the host cells. Cholesterol in blood interacts with the spike protein to promote the entry of spike cells, wherein the scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1) plays an important role. Because of the cardiovascular protective effects of lipid-lowering therapy and the additional anti-inflammatory effects of lipid-lowering drugs, it is currently recommended to continue lipid-lowering therapy for patients with COVID-19, but the safety of extremely low LDL-C is questionable. Conclusions and Relevance: Cholesterol can indirectly increase the susceptibility of patients to SARS-CoV-2 and increase the risk of death from COVID-19, which are mediated by NLRP3 and atherosclerotic plaques, respectively. Cholesterol present in the host cell membrane, virus, and blood may also directly participate in the virus cell entry process, but the specific mechanism still needs further study. Patients with COVID-19 are recommended to continue lipid-lowering therapy.},
}
@article {pmid34522165,
year = {2021},
author = {Mukherjee, AP},
title = {Hypothesis: Immunotherapy by Selective Convalescent Blood Engineering to Stifle Diseases like COVID-19.},
journal = {International journal of medical sciences},
volume = {18},
number = {15},
pages = {3389-3394},
doi = {10.7150/ijms.46363},
pmid = {34522165},
issn = {1449-1907},
abstract = {Current standard vaccine testing protocols take approximately 10-24 months of testing before a vaccine can be declared successful. Sometimes by the time a successful vaccine is out for public use, the outbreak may already be over. With no vaccine or antiviral drug available to treat the infected, we are left with the age-old methods of isolation, quarantine, and rest, to arrest such a viral outbreak. Convalescent blood therapy and covalent plasma therapy have often proved effective in reducing mortality, however, the role of innate and adaptive immune cells in these therapies have been overlooked. Antigen presenting cells (APCs), CD4+ T memory cells, CD8+ T memory cells, and memory B-Cells all play a vital role in sustainable defense and subsequent recovery. This report incorporates all these aspects by suggesting a novel treatment therapy called selective convalescent leukapheresis and transfusion (SCLT) and also highlights its potential in vaccination. The anticipated advantages of the proposed technique outweigh the cost, time, and efficiency of other available transfusion and vaccination processes. It is envisioned that in the future this new approach could serve as a rapid emergency response to subdue a pathogen outbreak and to stop it from becoming an epidemic, or pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid34522158,
year = {2021},
author = {Campos-Ferreira, D and Visani, V and Córdula, C and Nascimento, GA and Montenegro, LML and Schindler, HC and Cavalcanti, IMF},
title = {COVID-19 challenges: from SARS-CoV-2 infection to effective point-of-care diagnosis by electrochemical biosensing platforms.},
journal = {Biochemical engineering journal},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {108200},
doi = {10.1016/j.bej.2021.108200},
pmid = {34522158},
issn = {1369-703X},
abstract = {In January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) identified a new zoonotic virus, SARS-CoV-2, responsible for causing the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019). Since then, there has been a collaborative trend between the scientific community and industry. Multidisciplinary research networks try to understand the whole SARS-CoV-2 pathophysiology and its relationship with the different grades of severity presented by COVID-19. The scientific community has gathered all the data in the quickly developed vaccines that offer a protective effect for all variants of the virus and promote new diagnostic alternatives able to have a high standard of efficiency, added to shorter response analysis time and portability. The industry enters in the context of accelerating the path taken by science until obtaining the final product. In this review, we show the principal diagnostic methods developed during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, when we observe the diagnostic tools section of an efficient infection outbreak containment report and the features required for such tools, we could observe a highlight of electrochemical biosensing platforms. Such devices present a high standard of analytical performance, are low-cost tools, easy to handle and interpret, and can be used in the most remote and low-resource regions. Therefore, probably, they are the ideal point-of-care diagnostic tools for pandemic scenarios.},
}
@article {pmid34522146,
year = {2021},
author = {Al Amiry, A and Maguire, BJ},
title = {Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Calls During COVID-19: Early Lessons Learned for Systems Planning (A Narrative Review).},
journal = {Open access emergency medicine : OAEM},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {407-414},
doi = {10.2147/OAEM.S324568},
pmid = {34522146},
issn = {1179-1500},
abstract = {Background: Over the course of the COVID-19 progress, reports from many locations around the world indicated major increases in EMS call volume, which imposed great pressure on EMS dispatch centers (EMSDC) globally. No studies yet have been done to examine this phenomenon.<br><br>Objective: This paper examines the interrelated effects of the unprecedented global increase of EMS call, the effect of the COVID-19 crisis on responding to non-COVID-19 emergencies, and the concurrent effects of having overwhelmed dispatch centers. It tries to explain the current evidence of the bottleneck of EMS calls during the early phase of the worldwide pandemic.<br><br>Eligibility Criteria: We examine the numbers of EMS calls internationally between March and June 2020, derived from published literature and news media. Only articles in English were selected, with certain keywords related to EMS calls, ambulance delay, stroke and cardiac arrest.<br><br>Source of Evidence: Google Scholar was the main searching source.<br><br>Results: After applying the selection criteria, a total of 29 citations were chosen, and a pattern of knowledge resulted in the emergence of five themes: EMS calls during COVID-19, Reduced EMS operator response time, Ambulance response delays, Collateral mortality and morbidity among non-COVID-19 cases, and Total ambulance call time.<br><br>Conclusion: Over the course of COVID-19 progress, there was a global phenomenon of exponential increases in EMS calls, which is expected to impose a great pressure on EMS dispatch centers. Several factors contributing to the bottleneck of EMS calls are identified and explained.},
}
@article {pmid34522102,
year = {2021},
author = {Hassan, TA and Sáenz, JE and Ducinskiene, D and Cook, JP and Imperato, JS and Zou, KH},
title = {New Strategies to Improve Patient Adherence to Medications for Noncommunicable Diseases During and After the COVID-19 Era Identified via a Literature Review.},
journal = {Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {2453-2465},
doi = {10.2147/JMDH.S313626},
pmid = {34522102},
issn = {1178-2390},
abstract = {Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) place a huge burden on healthcare systems and society as a whole. Relatively early in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, clinicians became aware that in individuals infected with COVID-19, those with preexisting NCDs such as diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD) were at a greater risk of poor outcomes and mortality than those without. The importance of adherence to medications and lifestyle changes to control and prevent NCDs has been a major focus for many years, but with limited success - the proportion of patients adherent and persistent to their medications remains very low. There are many facets to adherence and persistence. Recent evidence suggests that a patient-centric approach is important, and ensuring that a patient is both motivated and empowered is critical to improving adherence/persistence. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought many changes to the way in which patients with NCDs are managed, with telemedicine and ehealth becoming more common. Changes have also occurred in the way in which patients can gain access to medications during the pandemic. The potential for these changes forms the basis of improving the management of patients with NCDs both during and after the pandemic. Over the coming months, a huge amount of work will be put into initiatives to promote adherence to COVID-19 vaccination programs. Those at highest risk of severe COVID-19, such as people aged 80 years and older, are likely to receive the vaccine first in some parts of world. Finally, social determinants of health are critical elements that can impact not just the likelihood of having an NCD or becoming infected with COVID-19, but also access to healthcare, and a patient's adherence and persistence with their treatments.},
}
@article {pmid34521762,
year = {2021},
author = {Crimi, C and Pierucci, P and Renda, T and Pisani, L and Carlucci, A},
title = {High-Flow Nasal Cannula and COVID-19: A Clinical Review.},
journal = {Respiratory care},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.4187/respcare.09056},
pmid = {34521762},
issn = {1943-3654},
abstract = {During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, noninvasive respiratory support has played a central role in managing patients affected by moderate-to-severe acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, despite inadequate scientific evidence to support its usage. High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) treatment has gained tremendous popularity because of its effectiveness in delivering a high fraction of humidified oxygen, which improves ventilatory efficiency and the respiratory pattern, as well as its reported high tolerability, ease of use, and application outside of ICUs. Nevertheless, the risk of infection transmission to health-care workers has raised some concerns about its use in the first wave of the pandemic outbreak, with controversial recommendations provided by different scientific societies. This narrative review provides an overview of the recent evidence on the physiologic rationale, risks, and benefits of using HFNC instead of conventional oxygen therapy and other types of noninvasive respiratory support devices, such as continuous positive airway pressure and noninvasive ventilation in patients affected by COVID-19 pneumonia with associated acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. It also summarizes the available evidence with regard to the clinical use of HFNC during the current pandemic and its reported outcomes, and highlights the risks of bioaerosol dispersion associated with HFNC use.},
}
@article {pmid34521623,
year = {2021},
author = {Chu, K and Alharahsheh, B and Garg, N and Guha, P},
title = {Evaluating risk stratification scoring systems to predict mortality in patients with COVID-19.},
journal = {BMJ health &amp; care informatics},
volume = {28},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1136/bmjhci-2021-100389},
pmid = {34521623},
issn = {2632-1009},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated efficient and accurate triaging of patients for more effective allocation of resources and treatment.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: The objectives are to investigate parameters and risk stratification tools that can be applied to predict mortality within 90 days of hospital admission in patients with COVID-19.<br><br>METHODS: A literature search of original studies assessing systems and parameters predicting mortality of patients with COVID-19 was conducted using MEDLINE and EMBASE.<br><br>RESULTS: 589 titles were screened, and 76 studies were found investigating the prognostic ability of 16 existing scoring systems (area under the receiving operator curve (AUROC) range: 0.550-0.966), 38 newly developed COVID-19-specific prognostic systems (AUROC range: 0.6400-0.9940), 15 artificial intelligence (AI) models (AUROC range: 0.840-0.955) and 16 studies on novel blood parameters and imaging.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Current scoring systems generally underestimate mortality, with the highest AUROC values found for APACHE II and the lowest for SMART-COP. Systems featuring heavier weighting on respiratory parameters were more predictive than those assessing other systems. Cardiac biomarkers and CT chest scans were the most commonly studied novel parameters and were independently associated with mortality, suggesting potential for implementation into model development. All types of AI modelling systems showed high abilities to predict mortality, although none had notably higher AUROC values than COVID-19-specific prediction models. All models were found to have bias, including lack of prospective studies, small sample sizes, single-centre data collection and lack of external validation.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The single parameters established within this review would be useful to look at in future prognostic models in terms of the predictive capacity their combined effect may harness.},
}
@article {pmid34521433,
year = {2021},
author = {Jesus, TS and Kamalakannan, S and Bhattacharjya, S and Bogdanova, Y and Arango-Lasprilla, JC and Bentley, J and Landry, MD and Papadimitriou, C and , },
title = {PREparedness, REsponse and SySTemic transformation (PRE-RE-SyST): a model for disability-inclusive pandemic responses and systemic disparities reduction derived from a scoping review and thematic analysis.},
journal = {International journal for equity in health},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {204},
pmid = {34521433},
issn = {1475-9276},
support = {IA/CPHE/16/1/502650//The Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: People with disabilities (PwD) have been facing multiple health, social, and economic disparities during the COVID-19 pandemic, stemming from structural disparities experienced for long time. This paper aims to present the PREparedness, RESponse and SySTemic transformation (PRE-RE-SyST): a model for a disability-inclusive pandemic responses and systematic disparities reduction.<br><br>METHODS: Scoping review with a thematic analysis was conducted on the literature published up to mid-September 2020, equating to the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Seven scientific databases and three preprint databases were searched to identify empirical or perspective papers addressing health and socio-economic disparities experienced by PwD as well as reporting actions to address them. Snowballing searches and experts' consultation were also conducted. Two independent reviewers made eligibility decisions and performed data extractions on any action or recommended action to address disparities. A thematic analysis was then used for the model construction, informed by a systems-thinking approach (i.e., the Iceberg Model).<br><br>RESULTS: From 1027 unique references, 84 were included in the final analysis. The PRE-RE-SyST model articulates a four-level strategic action to: 1) Respond to prevent or reduce disability disparities during a pandemic crisis; 2) Prepare ahead for pandemic and other crises responses; 3) Design systems and policies for a structural disability-inclusiveness; and 4) Transform society's cultural assumptions about disability. 'Simple rules' and literature-based examples on how these strategies can be deployed are provided.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The PRE-RE-SyST model articulates main strategies, 'simple rules' and possible means whereby public health authorities, policy-makers, and other stakeholders can address disability disparities in pandemic crises, and beyond. Beyond immediate pandemic responses, disability-inclusiveness is needed to develop everyday equity-oriented policies and practices that can transform societies towards greater resiliency, as a whole, to pandemic and other health and social emergencies.},
}
@article {pmid34473556,
year = {2021},
author = {Robinson, P},
title = {Long COVID and breathlessness: an overview.},
journal = {British journal of community nursing},
volume = {26},
number = {9},
pages = {438-443},
doi = {10.12968/bjcn.2021.26.9.438},
pmid = {34473556},
issn = {1462-4753},
mesh = {COVID-19/*complications/nursing/physiopathology ; *Community Health Nursing ; *Dyspnea/etiology/nursing ; Humans ; Palliative Care ; },
abstract = {This article offers a review of what is known so far about post-acute covid-19 and the underlying pathophysiology related to this condition. The main focus will be on the respiratory symptoms. It will then explore how community nurses can monitor and support patients with symptoms of breathlessness with a supporting discussion of the current recommendations for the management and treatment of patients presenting with symptoms of breathlessness. Palliation of symptoms will be highlighted but managing the supportive care needs for patients affected by COVID-19 and nearing the end of life is outside the scope of this article.},
}
@article {pmid34473537,
year = {2021},
author = {Shamsian, N},
title = {Wound bed preparation: an overview.},
journal = {British journal of community nursing},
volume = {26},
number = {Sup9},
pages = {S6-S11},
doi = {10.12968/bjcn.2021.26.Sup9.S6},
pmid = {34473537},
issn = {1462-4753},
mesh = {Bandages ; COVID-19 ; *Community Health Nursing ; Debridement/methods/nursing ; Humans ; *Wounds and Injuries/nursing ; },
abstract = {Wound bed preparation is the management of a wound in order to optimise healing and/or facilitate other therapeutic measures. It is the most pivotal step in healing wounds. Early referral to a specialist wound clinic can markedly improve the wound healing process. This overview will discuss the techniques involved in the preparation of the wound bed that will effectively accelerate the healing process. The process begins with a correct diagnosis of the wound and optimising the patient's medical condition. The TIMERS framework is discussed. Wound dressings, including the use of negative-pressure wound therapy, are discussed, along with debridement techniques and agents. The timing of wound intervention and evaluating progress will also be discussed, and wound bed preparation strategies will be included. There has been an added challenge of wound care in the community as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The present article provides an overview of how to prepare a wound bed in the community.},
}
@article {pmid34469083,
year = {2021},
author = {Montinaro, V and Gallieni, M and Montinaro, A and Rella, F and Coppari, E and Rinaldi Miliani, M and Quintaliani, G and Santoro, E},
title = {[Social media for continuing education in nephrology. Myth or reality?].},
journal = {Giornale italiano di nefrologia : organo ufficiale della Societa italiana di nefrologia},
volume = {38},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {34469083},
issn = {1724-5990},
mesh = {COVID-19/epidemiology ; Education, Medical, Continuing/*methods ; Humans ; Information Dissemination/methods ; Internet Access/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Italy ; Nephrology/*education ; Pandemics ; *Social Media ; },
abstract = {About 60% of the world population has access to the Internet in 2021, making it the main tool in fostering communication between people. Lately, digital information and communication have especially taken place on platforms known as Social Media (SoMe) or Social Networks. In the last decade the usefulness of these tools in carrying information aimed at updating professionals in Medicine and Nephrology has become evident. There are several examples of SoMe utilization in Nephrology, as demonstrated by the existing accounts or Pages operated by the main international nephrological Scientific Societies, or the most renowned specialized medical journals. Twitter, Facebook and YouTube are the most versatile SoMe for these objectives; however, other platforms such as Tik Tok, Linkedin, Instagram, and WhatsApp may serve the same purpose. This digital revolution in disseminating information has proved very useful during the recent COVID-19 pandemic, even though some inappropriate uses have emerged, such as the diffusion of fake news, which has favored the emergence of "adverse effects" or a surge of antiscientific positions. In this review, we examine how physicians and nephrologists can take advantage of digital information for their continuing education. We quote the main resources in the international scenario and illustrate some specific national examples, such as the Journal Club of the Nephrology post-graduate program of the University of Milan and the Facebook group "Medical and Nephrology Community".},
}
@article {pmid34469058,
year = {2021},
author = {},
title = {Your help is needed in the fight against COVID-19: Please contribute to the COVID-19 Global rheumatology alliance registry.},
journal = {International journal of rheumatic diseases},
volume = {24},
number = {9},
pages = {1224},
doi = {10.1111/1756-185X.14193},
pmid = {34469058},
issn = {1756-185X},
mesh = {COVID-19/*epidemiology ; Comorbidity ; Humans ; *Pandemics ; Rheumatic Diseases/*epidemiology/prevention &amp; control ; Rheumatology/*methods ; },
}
@article {pmid34343152,
year = {2021},
author = {Jiang, HD and Tao, YY and Jia, SY and Li, JX and Zhu, FC},
title = {Coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines: landscape of global studies and potential risks.},
journal = {Chinese medical journal},
volume = {134},
number = {17},
pages = {2037-2044},
pmid = {34343152},
issn = {2542-5641},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Vaccines ; },
abstract = {ABSTRACT: With the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the importance of vaccines in epidemic prevention and public health has become even more obvious than ever. However, the emergence of multiple severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variants worldwide has raised concerns about the effectiveness of current COVID-19 vaccines. Here, we review the characteristics of COVID-19 vaccine candidates in five platforms and the latest clinical trial results of them. In addition, we further discuss future directions for the research and development of the next generation of COVID-19 vaccines. We also summarize the serious adverse events reported recently after the large-scale vaccination with the current COVID-19 vaccines, including the thromboembolism caused by the AstraZeneca and Johnson &amp; Johnson vaccines.},
}
@article {pmid34298237,
year = {2021},
author = {Millroth, P and Frey, R},
title = {Fear and anxiety in the face of COVID-19: Negative dispositions towards risk and uncertainty as vulnerability factors.},
journal = {Journal of anxiety disorders},
volume = {83},
number = {},
pages = {102454},
doi = {10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102454},
pmid = {34298237},
issn = {1873-7897},
mesh = {Anxiety ; Bayes Theorem ; *COVID-19 ; Depression ; Fear ; Humans ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Uncertainty ; },
abstract = {In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic it is important to identify factors that make people particularly vulnerable of developing mental-health issues in order to provide case-specific treatments. In this article, we examine the roles of two psychological constructs - originally put forth in the behavioral decision sciences - in predicting interindividual differences in fear responses: general risk aversion (GRA) and intolerance of uncertainty (IU). We first provide a review of these constructs and illustrate why they may play important roles in shaping anxiety-related disorders. Thereafter we present an empirical study that collected survey data from 550 U.S. residents, comprising self-assessments of dispositions towards risk and uncertainty, anxiety- and depression levels, as well as demographic variables - to thus test the extent to which these psychological constructs are predictive of strong fear responses related to COVID-19 (i.e., mortal fear, racing heart). The results from Bayesian multi-model inference analyses showed that GRA and IU were more powerful predictors of fear responses than demographic variables. Moreover, the predictive power of these constructs was independent of general anxiety- and depression levels. Subsequent mediation analyses showed that the effects of GRA and IU were both direct and indirect via anxiety. We conclude by discussing possible treatment options, but also highlight that future research needs to further examine causal pathways and conceptual overlaps.},
}
@article {pmid34273582,
year = {2021},
author = {Giardino, G and Romano, R and Coppola, E and Cillo, F and Borzachiello, C and De Luca, M and Palamaro, L and Toriello, E and Prencipe, R and Cirillo, E and Pignata, C},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Immunodeficient Host: Necessary and Dispensable Immune Pathways.},
journal = {The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice},
volume = {9},
number = {9},
pages = {3237-3248},
doi = {10.1016/j.jaip.2021.06.045},
pmid = {34273582},
issn = {2213-2201},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Child ; Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; *Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Since its outbreak in late December 2019 in Wuhan, coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has posed a therapeutic challenge for the world population, with a plenty of clinical pictures and a broad spectrum of severity of the manifestations. In spite of initial speculations on a direct role of primary or acquired immune deficiency in determining a worse disease outcome, recent studies have provided evidence that specific immune defects may either serve as an experimentum naturae entailing this risk or may not be relevant enough to impact the host defense against the virus. Taken together, these observations may help unveil pathogenetic mechanisms of the infection and suggest new therapeutic strategies. Thus, in this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of immune response against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and clinical manifestations with a special focus on children and patients presenting with congenital or acquired immune deficiency.},
}
@article {pmid34254894,
year = {2021},
author = {Huang, HY and Wang, SH and Tang, Y and Sheng, W and Zuo, CJ and Wu, DW and Fang, H and Du, Q and Li, N},
title = {Landscape and progress of global COVID-19 vaccine development.},
journal = {Human vaccines &amp; immunotherapeutics},
volume = {17},
number = {10},
pages = {3276-3280},
pmid = {34254894},
issn = {2164-554X},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccination ; *Vaccines ; },
abstract = {The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected billions of lives globally, and the world hopes to end this epidemic by effective vaccination. In this review, we depict the latest panorama of global COVID-19 vaccine research and development based on different technology platforms, and summarize key characteristics and available evidence on vaccines authorized for emergency use, in order to provide insights into improve coordination in the COVID-19 outbreak response for related stakeholders.},
}
@article {pmid34170788,
year = {2021},
author = {He, Y and Ding, Y and Cao, B and Huang, Y and Wang, X},
title = {COVID-19 vaccine development from the perspective of cancer patients.},
journal = {Human vaccines &amp; immunotherapeutics},
volume = {17},
number = {10},
pages = {3281-3287},
pmid = {34170788},
issn = {2164-554X},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Humans ; *Neoplasms/therapy ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Vaccines ; },
abstract = {Currently, many companies around the world are actively developing COVID-19 vaccines. Fourteen vaccines with reliable safety and effectiveness are being successfully distributed to the public. However, there is no specific clinical trial data of the vaccines currently on the market on cancer patients at various stages, so the safety and effectiveness on cancer patients is unknown. This mini-review aims to discuss the impact of COVID-19 on cancer patients, and the urgent need of COVID-19 vaccines for cancer patients. In this review, we described the current status of the COVID-19 vaccine usages in cancer patients, as well as discussed potential problems in the use of vaccine. In addition, we included an original survey of the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccines in 209 cancer patients and their family members. COVID-19 vaccine can provide cancer patients with social and medical benefits; therefore, clinical trials of vaccines on cancer patients are in great need.},
}
@article {pmid34109900,
year = {2021},
author = {Mahmoodpoor, A and Sanaie, S and Samadi, P and Yousefi, M and Nader, ND},
title = {SARS-CoV-2: Unique Challenges of the Virus and Vaccines.},
journal = {Immunological investigations},
volume = {50},
number = {7},
pages = {802-809},
doi = {10.1080/08820139.2021.1936009},
pmid = {34109900},
issn = {1532-4311},
mesh = {Animals ; COVID-19/*immunology ; COVID-19 Vaccines/*immunology ; China ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/*immunology ; },
abstract = {In November 2019, the highly infectious coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 emerged in Wuhan, China, and has since spread to almost all countries worldwide. Since its emergence, the COVID-19 infection has led to significant public health, economic and social problems. The current pandemic has inspired researchers to make every effort to design and develop an effective COVID-19 vaccine to provide sufficient protection against the virus and control the infection. In December 2020, the Pfizer vaccine was the first COVID-19 vaccine given Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), and the second FDA so-approved vaccine was the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine, which was introduced a week later. Both Pfizer and Moderna vaccines are mRNA-based vaccines, and are estimated to have an efficacy rate of more than 94%. The aim of this article is to provide a review of the attempts made to develop safe SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, highlighting potential challenges and concerns, such as disease enhancement, virus mutations, and public acceptance of the vaccine.},
}
@article {pmid34101528,
year = {2021},
author = {Zhang, X and Zhang, Z and Xia, N and Zhao, Q},
title = {Carbohydrate-containing nanoparticles as vaccine adjuvants.},
journal = {Expert review of vaccines},
volume = {20},
number = {7},
pages = {797-810},
doi = {10.1080/14760584.2021.1939688},
pmid = {34101528},
issn = {1744-8395},
mesh = {Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration &amp; dosage/*chemistry ; Animals ; COVID-19/immunology/*prevention &amp; control ; COVID-19 Vaccines/administration &amp; dosage/*chemistry/immunology ; Carbohydrates/administration &amp; dosage/*chemistry/immunology ; Chitosan/administration &amp; dosage/chemistry/immunology ; Humans ; Mannans/administration &amp; dosage/chemistry/immunology ; Nanoparticles/administration &amp; dosage/*chemistry ; beta-Glucans/administration &amp; dosage/chemistry/immunology ; },
abstract = {Introduction: Adjuvants are essential to vaccines for immunopotentiation in the elicitation of protective immunity. However, classical and widely used aluminum-based adjuvants have limited capacity to induce cellular response. There are increasing needs for appropriate adjuvants with improved profiles for vaccine development toward emerging pathogens. Carbohydrate-containing nanoparticles (NPs) with immunomodulatory activity and particulate nanocarriers for effective antigen presentation are capable of eliciting a more balanced humoral and cellular immune response.Areas covered: We reviewed several carbohydrates with immunomodulatory properties. They include chitosan, β-glucan, mannan, and saponins, which have been used in vaccine formulations. The mode of action, the preparation methods, characterization of these carbohydrate-containing NPs and the corresponding vaccines are presented.Expert opinion: Several carbohydrate-containing NPs have entered the clinical stage or have been used in licensed vaccines for human use. Saponin-containing NPs are being evaluated in a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the pathogen causing the on-going worldwide pandemic. Vaccines with carbohydrate-containing NPs are in different stages of development, from preclinical studies to late-stage clinical trials. A better understanding of the mode of action for carbohydrate-containing NPs as vaccine carriers and as immunostimulators will likely contribute to the design and development of new generation vaccines against cancer and infectious diseases.},
}
@article {pmid34096442,
year = {2021},
author = {Kauffmann, F and Heffernan, C and Meurice, F and Ota, MOC and Vetter, V and Casabona, G},
title = {Measles, mumps, rubella prevention: how can we do better?.},
journal = {Expert review of vaccines},
volume = {20},
number = {7},
pages = {811-826},
doi = {10.1080/14760584.2021.1927722},
pmid = {34096442},
issn = {1744-8395},
mesh = {Disease Outbreaks/prevention &amp; control ; Humans ; Measles/epidemiology/*prevention &amp; control/psychology ; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine/*administration &amp; dosage ; Mumps/epidemiology/*prevention &amp; control/psychology ; Rubella/epidemiology/*prevention &amp; control/psychology ; Vaccination/*methods/psychology ; Vaccination Coverage/*methods ; Vaccination Refusal/psychology ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Measles, mumps, and rubella incidence decreased drastically following vaccination programs' implementation. However, measles and mumps' resurgence was recently reported, outbreaks still occur, and challenges remain to control these diseases.<br><br>AREAS COVERED: This qualitative narrative review provides an objective appraisal of the literature regarding current challenges in controlling measles, mumps, rubella infections, and interventions to address them.<br><br>EXPERT OPINION: While vaccines against measles, mumps, and rubella (including trivalent vaccines) are widely used and effective, challenges to control these diseases are mainly related to insufficient immunization coverage and changing vaccination needs owing to new global environment (e.g. traveling, migration, population density). By understanding disease transmission peculiarities by setting, initiatives are needed to optimize vaccination policies and increase vaccination coverage, which was further negatively impacted by COVID-19 pandemic. Also, awareness of the potential severity of infections and the role of vaccines should increase. Reminder systems, vaccination of disadvantaged, high-risk and difficult-to-reach populations, accessibility of vaccination, healthcare infrastructure, and vaccination services management should improve. Outbreak preparedness should be strengthened, including implementation of high-quality surveillance systems to monitor epidemiology. While the main focus should be on these public health initiatives to increase vaccination coverage, slightly more benefits could come from evolution of current vaccines.},
}
@article {pmid34078215,
year = {2021},
author = {Gong, W and Aspatwar, A and Wang, S and Parkkila, S and Wu, X},
title = {COVID-19 pandemic: SARS-CoV-2 specific vaccines and challenges, protection via BCG trained immunity, and clinical trials.},
journal = {Expert review of vaccines},
volume = {20},
number = {7},
pages = {857-880},
doi = {10.1080/14760584.2021.1938550},
pmid = {34078215},
issn = {1744-8395},
mesh = {Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration &amp; dosage ; BCG Vaccine/administration &amp; dosage/*immunology ; COVID-19/*immunology/*prevention &amp; control ; COVID-19 Vaccines/administration &amp; dosage/*immunology ; Clinical Trials as Topic/*methods ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate/drug effects/*immunology ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to spread worldwide and vaccination remains the most effective approach to control COVID-19. Currently, at least ten COVID-19 vaccines have been authorized under emergency authorization. However, these vaccines still face many challenges.Areas covered: This study reviews the concept and mechanisms of trained immunity induced by the Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) vaccine and identifies questions that should be answered before the BCG vaccine could be used to combat COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, we present for the first time the details of current BCG vaccine clinical trials, which are underway in various countries, to assess its effectiveness in combating the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, we discuss the challenges of COVID-19 vaccines and opportunities for the BCG vaccine. The literature was found by searching the PubMed (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), Web of Science (www.webofknowledge.com), Embase (https://www.embase.com), and CNKI (https://www.cnki.net/) databases. The date was set as the default parameter for each database.Expert opinion: The advantages of the BCG vaccine can compensate for the shortcomings of other COVID-19 vaccines. If the efficacy of the BCG vaccine against COVID-19 is confirmed by these clinical trials, the BCG vaccine may be essential to resolve the challenges faced by COVID-19 vaccines.},
}
@article {pmid34016804,
year = {2021},
author = {Kapoor, A and Kapoor, A and Badyal, DK},
title = {Simulated Patients for Competency-Based Undergraduate Medical Education Post COVID-19: A New Normal in India.},
journal = {Indian pediatrics},
volume = {58},
number = {9},
pages = {881-887},
pmid = {34016804},
issn = {0974-7559},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Clinical Competence ; Curriculum ; *Education, Medical, Undergraduate ; Humans ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Students ; *Students, Medical ; },
abstract = {The conventional medical curriculum in India needed more focus on explicit teaching and assessment of interpersonal and communication skills, professionalism, team-work and reflection for prevention and better management of increasing incidences of violence against doctors by building good doctor-patient relationships. Increasing number of seats in Indian medical colleges, decreasing hospital stay of patients, and decrease in faculty requirements will hamper adequate supervised authentic clinical experiences of undergraduates for developing clinical skills. The recent COVID-19 pandemic has led to a significant decrease in student-patient encounters. Simulated patients are being used in many countries to address many of these issues. To make the Indian medical graduates competent to function as primary physician of first contact, competency-based medical education along with guidelines for use of skill-lab and simulation has been introduced from 2019. The current review is focused on the need and use of simulated patients; their advantages, limitations and role in students' teaching and assessment. It also gives a brief outline of their training process. Simulated patients should be used to supplement day-to-day learning, help in transition to attending real patients and also save enormous faculty time in the post-COVID-19 new normal. However, simulated patients are unlikely to completely replace real patients' experiences.},
}
@article {pmid33941025,
year = {2021},
author = {Ostrov, BE and Amsterdam, D},
title = {Interplay of Anti-Viral Vaccines with Biologic Agents and Immunomodulators in Individuals with Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Diseases.},
journal = {Immunological investigations},
volume = {50},
number = {7},
pages = {833-856},
doi = {10.1080/08820139.2021.1900863},
pmid = {33941025},
issn = {1532-4311},
mesh = {Antiviral Agents/*immunology ; Biological Factors/*immunology ; Hereditary Autoinflammatory Diseases/*immunology/virology ; Humans ; Immunologic Factors/*immunology ; Inflammation/*immunology/virology ; Virus Diseases/*immunology/virology ; Viruses/*immunology ; },
abstract = {Vaccines are an essential part of a preventative healthcare strategy. However, response to vaccines may be less predictable in immunocompromised people. While outcomes for individuals with autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases have dramatically improved with treatment using immunomodulating and biologic agents, infections have caused significant morbidity in these people today often more than due to their underlying diseases. Immune-based biologic therapies contribute to these infectious complications. This review addresses anti-viral vaccines, their effectiveness and safety in patients treated with approved biologic agents and immune targeted therapy with a focus on vaccines against influenza, human papillomavirus, hepatitis B virus and varicella zoster virus. Preliminary information regarding SARS-CoV-2 anti-viral vaccines is addressed. Additionally, we present recommendations regarding the safe use of vaccines in immunocompromised individuals with the goal to enhance awareness of the safety and efficacy of these anti-viral vaccines in these high-risk populations.},
}
@article {pmid33929280,
year = {2021},
author = {Hofman, K and Shenoy, GN and Chak, V and Balu-Iyer, SV},
title = {Pharmaceutical Aspects and Clinical Evaluation of COVID-19 Vaccines.},
journal = {Immunological investigations},
volume = {50},
number = {7},
pages = {743-779},
doi = {10.1080/08820139.2021.1904977},
pmid = {33929280},
issn = {1532-4311},
mesh = {Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology ; COVID-19/*immunology ; COVID-19 Vaccines/*immunology ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Humans ; Pandemics/prevention &amp; control ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; },
abstract = {COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first detected in December 2019 and has since morphed into a global pandemic claiming over 2.4 million human lives and severely impacting global economy. The race for a safe and efficacious vaccine was thus initiated with government agencies as well as major pharmaceutical companies as frontrunners. An ideal vaccine would activate multiple arms of the adaptive immune system to generate cytotoxic T cell responses as well as neutralizing antibody responses, while avoiding pathological or deleterious immune responses that result in tissue damage or exacerbation of the disease. Developing an effective vaccine requires an inter-disciplinary effort involving virology, protein biology, biotechnology, immunology and pharmaceutical sciences. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the pathology and immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, which are fundamental to vaccine development. We then summarize the rationale for developing COVID-19 vaccines and provide novel insights into vaccine development from a pharmaceutical science perspective, such as selection of different antigens, adjuvants, delivery platforms and formulations. Finally, we review multiple clinical trial outcomes of novel vaccines in terms of safety and efficacy.},
}
@article {pmid33830864,
year = {2021},
author = {Bartley, JM and Cadar, AN and Martin, DE},
title = {Better, Faster, Stronger: mRNA Vaccines Show Promise for Influenza Vaccination in Older Adults.},
journal = {Immunological investigations},
volume = {50},
number = {7},
pages = {810-820},
doi = {10.1080/08820139.2021.1909617},
pmid = {33830864},
issn = {1532-4311},
mesh = {Aged ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; Humans ; Influenza A virus/*immunology ; Influenza Vaccines/*immunology ; Influenza, Human/*immunology/virology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/*immunology ; Pandemics/prevention &amp; control ; Vaccination/methods ; Vaccines, Synthetic/*immunology ; },
abstract = {Older adults have diminished immune responses that lead to increased susceptibility and severity of infectious diseases. Influenza is a leading killer of older adults despite the availability of seasonal influenza vaccination. Influenza vaccines are strain specific, and their efficacy varies greatly year to year based on how well the vaccine virus matches the circulating strains. Additionally, older adults have reduced vaccination responses. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the increased mortality rate in older adults for infectious disease, and brought vaccine development to the forefront. The speed of vaccine development was met with an equally impressive vaccine efficacy. Interestingly, both mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines currently available have shown similar efficacy in both young and older adults. mRNA vaccine production has significantly reduced the production timeline compared to current influenza vaccines, making them particularly attractive for influenza vaccine development. Faster production coupled with improved efficacy would be a tremendous advancement in protecting older adults from influenza morbidity and mortality.},
}
@article {pmid33779464,
year = {2021},
author = {Luo, W and Yin, Q},
title = {B Cell Response to Vaccination.},
journal = {Immunological investigations},
volume = {50},
number = {7},
pages = {780-801},
doi = {10.1080/08820139.2021.1903033},
pmid = {33779464},
issn = {1532-4311},
mesh = {Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; COVID-19/*immunology ; COVID-19 Vaccines/*immunology ; Humans ; Pandemics/*prevention &amp; control ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Vaccination/methods ; },
abstract = {As one of the most important weapons against infectious diseases, vaccines have saved countless lives since their first use in the late eighteenth century. Antibodies produced by effector B cells upon vaccination play a critical role in mediating protection. The past several decades of research have led to a revolution in our understanding of B cell response to vaccination. Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus were developed at an unprecedented speed to power our global fight against COVID-19 pandemic. Nevertheless, we still face many challenges in the development of vaccines against many other deadly viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and influenza virus. In this review, we summarize the latest findings on B cell response to vaccination and pathogen infection. We also discuss the current challenges in the field and the potential strategies targeting B cell response to improve vaccine efficacy.Key abbreviations box: BCR: B cell receptor; bNAb: broadly neutralizing antibody; DC: dendritic cells; DZ: dark zone; EF response: extrafollicular response; FDC: follicular dendritic cell; GC: germinal center; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; IC: immune complex; LLPC: long-lived plasma cell; LZ: light zone; MBC: memory B cell; SLPB: short-lived plasmablast; TFH: T follicular helper cells; TLR: Toll-like receptor.},
}
@article {pmid33593248,
year = {2021},
author = {Steele, H and Tague, AJ and Skropeta, D},
title = {The Role of Sialylation in Respiratory Viral Infection and Treatment.},
journal = {Current medicinal chemistry},
volume = {28},
number = {26},
pages = {5251-5267},
doi = {10.2174/0929867328666210201153901},
pmid = {33593248},
issn = {1875-533X},
mesh = {Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *COVID-19 ; Humans ; *Influenza, Human/drug therapy ; Neuraminidase ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Virus Diseases/drug therapy ; },
abstract = {Respiratory infections caused by viruses such as influenza and coronavirus are a serious global problem due to their high infection rates and potential to spark pandemics, such as the current COVID-19 pandemic. Although preventing these infections by using vaccines has been the most successful strategy to date, effective vaccines are not always available. Therefore, developing broad-spectrum anti-viral drugs to treat such infections is essential, especially in the case of immunocompromised patients or for outbreaks of novel virus strains. Sialic acids have been highlighted as a key molecule in the viral infection cycle, with terminally sialylated glycans acting as a target for several viral proteins involved in infection, particularly respiratory infection. Inhibitors of one such protein, neuraminidase, are the only anti-influenza drugs currently on the market. Problems with neuraminidase inhibitors, including the development of resistance and a relatively narrow spectrum of activity, drive the need for an improved understanding of the viral infection cycle and the development of more resilient, broader-spectrum anti-viral treatments. Hence, this review outlines the various roles played by sialic acids in respiratory viral infection and provides examples of drugs that exploit sialic acids to inhibit viral infections. It has been concluded that drugs targeting host cell expression of sialic acid could be especially well suited to inhibiting a broad spectrum of respiratory infections. This warrants the continued design and improvement of such drugs in an attempt to lessen the burden of respiratory infections.},
}
@article {pmid33590931,
year = {2021},
author = {Ali, SI and Sheikh, WM and Rather, MA and Venkatesalu, V and Muzamil Bashir, S and Nabi, SU},
title = {Medicinal plants: Treasure for antiviral drug discovery.},
journal = {Phytotherapy research : PTR},
volume = {35},
number = {7},
pages = {3447-3483},
doi = {10.1002/ptr.7039},
pmid = {33590931},
issn = {1099-1573},
mesh = {*Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; COVID-19 ; Humans ; *Plants, Medicinal/chemistry ; *Virus Diseases/drug therapy ; },
abstract = {The pandemic of viral diseases like novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) prompted the scientific world to examine antiviral bioactive compounds rather than nucleic acid analogous, protease inhibitors, or other toxic synthetic molecules. The emerging viral infections significantly associated with 2019-nCoV have challenged humanity's survival. Further, there is a constant emergence of new resistant viral strains that demand novel antiviral agents with fewer side effects and cell toxicity. Despite significant progress made in immunization and regenerative medicine, numerous viruses still lack prophylactic vaccines and specific antiviral treatments that are so often influenced by the generation of viral escape mutants. Of importance, medicinal herbs offer a wide variety of therapeutic antiviral chemotypes that can inhibit viral replication by preventing viral adsorption, adhering to cell receptors, inhibiting virus penetration in the host cell, and competing for pathways of activation of intracellular signals. The present review will comprehensively summarize the promising antiviral activities of medicinal plants and their bioactive molecules. Furthermore, it will elucidate their mechanism of action and possible implications in the treatment/prevention of viral diseases even when their mechanism of action is not fully understood, which could serve as the base for the future development of novel or complementary antiviral treatments.},
}
@article {pmid33583366,
year = {2021},
author = {Lanza, K and Dias, R and Dos Santos Oliveira, RM and Belotto, L and Miranda, AS and Simões E Silva, AC},
title = {Renin-Angiotensin System in Central Nervous System Diseases and its Interaction with COVID-19.},
journal = {Current medicinal chemistry},
volume = {28},
number = {28},
pages = {5733-5787},
doi = {10.2174/0929867328666210212101854},
pmid = {33583366},
issn = {1875-533X},
support = {302153/2019-5//Brazilian National Council of Research Development (CNPq)/ ; 002345/2019//Coordination of High Education Level Personnel (CAPES)/ ; FAPEMIG-CDS-APQ-02541-17//Foundation of Research of Minas Gerais/ ; },
mesh = {Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ; *COVID-19 ; *Central Nervous System Diseases ; Humans ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism ; Renin-Angiotensin System ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) comprises a complex molecular cascade with two counter-regulatory axes, the classical and the alternative. Angiotensin II and Angiotensin-(1-7), the main peptides of the RAS, exert opposite effects in multiple organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, renal, pulmonary, and immune systems. Strong evidence supports the hypothesis of a local RAS in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and its modulatory roles in neuroendocrinology and neurotransmission.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: In this narrative review, we provide a comprehensive approach to experimental and clinical data regarding RAS molecule expression and their possible roles in the physiology and physiopathology of CNS diseases.<br><br>METHODS: This non-systematic review summarizes evidence on RAS implications in CNS diseases and their possible relationships with COVID-19.<br><br>RESULTS: We divided the possible RAS mechanisms in distinct conditions during the lifespan, approaching from congenital infections to neurodegenerative alterations, passing through mood disorders and cerebrovascular diseases. We also gathered current evidence about the possible effects of RAS in Covid-19, particularly in cases with neurological manifestations.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Although there are limitations and controversies, the analysis of RAS mechanisms in the CNS certainly represents an interesting field of research. However, further investigation is necessary to support the noteworthy interactions and provide a better comprehension of the cross-talk between RAS and the CNS. Investigations in this research field may shed light on the novel therapeutic targets.},
}
@article {pmid33563148,
year = {2021},
author = {Zenchenko, AA and Drenichev, MS and Mikhailov, SN},
title = {Nucleoside Inhibitors of Coronaviruses.},
journal = {Current medicinal chemistry},
volume = {28},
number = {26},
pages = {5284-5310},
doi = {10.2174/0929867328666210208181724},
pmid = {33563148},
issn = {1875-533X},
support = {20-34-70116//Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR)/ ; },
mesh = {Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *COVID-19 ; Humans ; *Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ; Nucleosides/pharmacology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Coronaviruses (CoVs) belong to a large family of zoonotic supercapsid viruses, including about 40 species of RNA-containing viruses with several strains capable of causing damage to the lungs and respiratory tract. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was responsible for the worldwide SARS outbreak in 2003. The rapid global spread of SARS-CoV-2 has been the cause of significant health concerns and thousands of deaths in 2019-2020 and outlined the need for novel antivirals. The present review is devoted to the development of effective and selective nucleoside drugs for the treatment of coronavirus infections. To date, about half of antivirals have been created based on nucleosides. The majority of drugs based on nucleosides have been approved by FDA. This indicates a fruitful area for the development of novel antivirals based on nucleosides. The review describes the main features of pathogenic SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 strains, presents their comparison, considers promising approaches to creating nucleoside drugs for the treatment of coronavirus infections and provides a systematic evaluation of all the known nucleoside derivatives, which inhibit the reproduction of coronaviruses in cells. To date, two known nucleoside drugs (Remdesivir, Favipiravir) have been recommended for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection and nine hit compounds based on nucleosides and their analogues have been found, one of which efficiently suppressing SARS-CoV-2 replication and eight others inhibiting SARS-CoV replication.},
}
@article {pmid34521025,
year = {2021},
author = {Sanaie, S and Golipour, E and Shamekh, A and Sadaie, MR and Mahmoodpoor, A and Yousefi, M},
title = {Immune response variables and viral mutations impact on COVID-19 reinfection and relapse.},
journal = {International immunopharmacology},
volume = {100},
number = {},
pages = {108108},
doi = {10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108108},
pmid = {34521025},
issn = {1878-1705},
abstract = {The possibility of human reinfection with SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus responsible for COVID-19, has not previously been thoroughly investigated. Although it is generally believed that virus-specific antibodies protect against COVID-19 pathogenesis, their duration of function and temporal activity remain unknown. Contrary to media reports that people retain protective antibody responses for a few months, science does not exclude reinfection and disease relapse shortly after initiating all immune responses during the primary onset of COVID-19. Despite production of antiviral antibodies, activated CD4+/CD8+ lymphocytes, and long-lived memory B cells, susceptibility to reinfection in humans for extended periods cannot be precluded due to repeated exposures to coronavirus or potential reactivation of the virus due to incomplete virus clearance. However, the mechanism of reinfection remains unknown. The biological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, such as emergence of multiple mutations in the virus RNA molecules, transmissibility, rates of infection, reactivation and reinfection, can all affect the trajectory of the virus spread. Innate and adaptive immune response variables, differences in underlying diseases, and comorbidities, particularly in high risk individuals, can influence the dynamics of the virus infection. In this article, immune parameters and viral mutations pertaining to reinfection and disease relapse are reviewed and scientific gaps are discussed.},
}
@article {pmid34520854,
year = {2021},
author = {Piña, IL and Allen, LA and Desai, NR},
title = {Policy and Payment Challenges in the Post-Pandemic Treatment of Heart Failure: Value-Based Care and Telehealth.},
journal = {Journal of cardiac failure},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.cardfail.2021.08.019},
pmid = {34520854},
issn = {1532-8414},
abstract = {Increasing patient and therapeutic complexity have created both challenges and opportunities for heart failure care. Within this background, the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted care as usual, accelerating the need for transition from volume-based to value-based care and demanding a rapid expansion of telehealth and remote care for heart failure. Patients, clinicians, health systems, and payors have by necessity become more invested in these issues. Herein we review recent changes in healthcare policy related to the movement from volume to value-based payment and from in-person to remote care delivery.},
}
@article {pmid34519975,
year = {2021},
author = {Hesary, FB and Salehiniya, H},
title = {The Impact of the COVID-19 Epidemic on Diagnosis, Treatment, Concerns, Problems, and Mental Health in Patients with Gastric Cancer.},
journal = {Journal of gastrointestinal cancer},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34519975},
issn = {1941-6636},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 epidemic has had different effects on many diseases, including gastric cancer. Due to COVID-19 epidemic the importance of knowing the effects of the epidemic in patients to deal with it, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of COVID-19 on the diagnosis, treatment, concerns, problems, and mental health of patients with gastric cancer.<br><br>METHODS: The present study was a systematic review by searching the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases with the keywords of COVID-19 and gastric cancer. The articles that addressed any aspect of COVID-19 epidemic on diagnosis, treatment, problems, and mental health in patients with gastric cancer were included; the data were qualitatively summarized and presented in related tables.<br><br>RESULTS: A total 22 articles were included. The effects of COVID-19 on gastric cancer were divided into four categories of the effects of COVID-19 on the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up, concerns, and problems and mental health of patients with gastric cancer. The COVID-19 epidemic has reduced the number of screenings, altered treatment, and delayed or discontinued treatment, which caused problems and concerns such as sleep disturbances and stress.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Considering the effects of COVID-19 epidemic on gastric cancer and on the other hand, the continuation of the epidemic in the society, it is necessary for the officials and experts of the health system to design and implement necessary interventions to minimize the negative effects of epidemic on patients with gastric cancer.},
}
@article {pmid34519838,
year = {2021},
author = {Ming, W and Zuo, J and Han, J and Chen, J},
title = {The impact of comorbid allergic airway disease on the severity and mortality of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34519838},
issn = {1434-4726},
support = {2011CBD484//Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province/ ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE: To analyze the impact of AAD on the severity and mortality of COVID-19 patients and compare clinical outcomes between patients with and without AAD.<br><br>METHODS: In the systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science for studies reporting allergic rhinitis, asthma prevalence in COVID-19 patients and compared clinical outcomes, and excluded duplicate publications, reviews, comments, single or few cases reports (< 100 cases). We determined the pooled effect estimates using random effect model.<br><br>RESULTS: Thirty-four studies (345,091) were finally included for the meta-analysis. On the basis of 32 studies (337,821) involving with the severity of COVID-19, we did not find significant association between AAD and the severity of COVID-19 (p = 0.35, OR 1.10, 95% CI 0.90-1.35). Subgroup analysis indicated there was no the variability in the prevalence of AAD among COVID-19 patients in different study designs, disease categories, countries, the definition of severity, and population size of AAD. Based on 21 studies (306,331) involving with the mortality of COVID-19, AAD was significantly associated with the decreased mortality of COVID-19 (p < 0.05, OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.70-0.99). The subgroup analysis showed AAD was not associated with the mortality of COVID-19 in different countries or regions. Based on the population size of AAD, we found AAD within 100 cases was not associated with the mortality of COVID-19 (p = 0.63, OR 1.15, 95% CI 0.65-2.03). Moreover, study design was possible heterogeneity source as the heterogeneity I2 was reduced to 0 in prospective studies.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The preexisting AAD was not inclined to deteriorate the course of COVID-19. The prevalence of AAD was not associated with the severity of COVD-19 patients and inclined to be significantly associated with the decreased mortality risk of COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid34519154,
year = {2021},
author = {Brüssow, H},
title = {Clinical Trials with Antiviral Drugs against COVID-19: Some Progress and Many Shattered Hopes.},
journal = {Environmental microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.15769},
pmid = {34519154},
issn = {1462-2920},
abstract = {Vaccines and drugs are the cornerstones in the fight against the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. While vaccines were a success story, the development of antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 turned out to be difficult. For an accelerated use of antivirals in the clinic, most SARS-CoV-2 antivirals represented repurposed drugs. The present article summarizes the outcomes of clinical trials with antiviral drugs in COVID-19 patients. Many antiviral drugs failed to demonstrate beneficial effects or showed mixed results. One reason for the low success rate of clinical trials were shortcomings of antiviral tests in cell culture systems; another reason was the abundance of ill-coordinated and underpowered clinical trials. However, large pragmatic clinical trials particularly of the British RECOVERY trial series demonstrated that even under emergency situation drug trials can be conducted in a timely way such that the therapy of COVID-19 patients can be based on evidence basis instead on expert opinion or even worse on political pressure. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
}
@article {pmid34519063,
year = {2021},
author = {Ogulur, I and Pat, Y and Ardicli, O and Barletta, E and Cevhertas, L and Fernandez-Santamaria, R and Huang, M and Bel Imam, M and Koch, J and Ma, S and Maurer, DJ and Mitamura, Y and Peng, Y and Radzikowska, U and Rinaldi, AO and Rodriguez-Coira, J and Satitsuksanoa, P and Schneider, SR and Wallimann, A and Zhakparov, D and Ziadlou, R and Brüggen, MC and van de Veen, W and Sokolowska, M and Baerenfaller, K and Zhang, L and Akdis, M and Akdis, CA},
title = {Advances and highlights in biomarkers of allergic diseases.},
journal = {Allergy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/all.15089},
pmid = {34519063},
issn = {1398-9995},
abstract = {During the past years, there has been a global outbreak of allergic diseases, presenting a considerable medical and socioeconomical burden. A large fraction of allergic diseases is characterized by a type 2 immune response involving Th2 cells, type 2 innate lymphoid cells, eosinophils, mast cells, and M2 macrophages. Biomarkers are valuable parameters for precision medicine as they provide information on the disease endotypes, clusters, precision diagnoses, identification of therapeutic targets, and monitoring of treatment efficacies. The availability of powerful omics technologies, together with integrated data analysis and network-based approaches can help the identification of clinically useful biomarkers. These biomarkers need to be accurately quantified using robust and reproducible methods, such as reliable and point-of-care systems. Ideally, samples should be collected using quick, cost-efficient and non-invasive methods. In recent years, a plethora of research has been directed towards finding novel biomarkers of allergic diseases. Promising biomarkers of type 2 allergic diseases include sputum eosinophils, serum periostin and exhaled nitric oxide. Several other biomarkers, such as pro-inflammatory mediators, miRNAs, eicosanoid molecules, epithelial barrier integrity, and microbiota changes are useful for diagnosis and monitoring of allergic diseases and can be quantified in serum, body fluids and exhaled air. Herein, we review recent studies on biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of asthma, chronic urticaria, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, food allergies, anaphylaxis, drug hypersensitivity and allergen immunotherapy. In addition, we discuss COVID-19 and allergic diseases within the perspective of biomarkers and recommendations on the management of allergic and asthmatic patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid34518827,
year = {2021},
author = {Mawalla, WF and Njiro, BJ and Bwire, GM and Nasser, A and Sunguya, B},
title = {No evidence of SARS-CoV-2 transmission through transfusion of human blood products: A systematic review.},
journal = {EJHaem},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/jha2.263},
pmid = {34518827},
issn = {2688-6146},
abstract = {The presence of viral nucleic material in the circulation poses a theoretical risk of transmission through transfusion. However, little is known about the possibility of the actual transmission through transfusion or transplantation of blood products. A PROSPERO registered systematic review pooled evidence from PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar and CINAHL. The search included studies on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission through human blood products. In total 537 studies were extracted, and only eight articles (1.5%) were eligible for the final analysis. A total of 14 patients received blood products from coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) virus-positive donors, and six (42.9%) tested negative for COVID-19 RT-PCR for up to 14 days post-transfusion/transplantation. There were no documented clinical details on the COVID-19 test for eight (57.1%) blood products recipients. Of the eight patients, none of them developed any COVID-19-related symptoms. In conclusion, there is limited evidence of transfusion transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via human blood products. Consolidation of further evidence, as it emerges, is warranted.},
}
@article {pmid34518804,
year = {2021},
author = {Gupta, P and Singh, MP and Goyal, K and Tripti, P and Ansari, MI and Obli Rajendran, V and Dhama, K and Malik, YS},
title = {Bats and viruses: a death-defying friendship.},
journal = {Virusdisease},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-13},
doi = {10.1007/s13337-021-00716-0},
pmid = {34518804},
issn = {2347-3584},
abstract = {Bats have a primeval evolutionary origin and have adopted various survival methods. They have played a central role in the emergence of various viral diseases. The sustenance of a plethora of virus species inside them has been an earnest area of study. This review explains how the evolution of viruses in bats has been linked to their metabolic pathways, flight abilities, reproductive abilities and colonization behaviors. The utilization of host immune response by DNA and RNA viruses is a commencement of the understanding of differences in the impact of viral infection in bats from other mammals. Rabies virus and other lyssa viruses have had long documented history as bat viruses. While many others like Ebola virus, Nipah virus, Hantavirus, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and other new emerging viruses like Sosuga virus, Menangle and Tioman virus are now being studied extensively for their transmission in new hosts. The ongoing pandemic SARS-CoV-2 virus has also been implicated to be originated from bats. Certain factors have been linked to spillover events while the scope of entitlement of other conditions in the spread of diseases from bats still exists. However, certain physiological and ecological parameters have been linked to specific transmission patterns, and more definite proofs are awaited for establishing these connections.},
}
@article {pmid34518801,
year = {2021},
author = {Ezugwu, AE and Hashem, IAT and Oyelade, ON and Almutari, M and Al-Garadi, MA and Abdullahi, IN and Otegbeye, O and Shukla, AK and Chiroma, H},
title = {A Novel Smart City-Based Framework on Perspectives for Application of Machine Learning in Combating COVID-19.},
journal = {BioMed research international},
volume = {2021},
number = {},
pages = {5546790},
doi = {10.1155/2021/5546790},
pmid = {34518801},
issn = {2314-6141},
abstract = {The spread of COVID-19 worldwide continues despite multidimensional efforts to curtail its spread and provide treatment. Efforts to contain the COVID-19 pandemic have triggered partial or full lockdowns across the globe. This paper presents a novel framework that intelligently combines machine learning models and the Internet of Things (IoT) technology specifically to combat COVID-19 in smart cities. The purpose of the study is to promote the interoperability of machine learning algorithms with IoT technology by interacting with a population and its environment to curtail the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, the study also investigates and discusses some solution frameworks, which can generate, capture, store, and analyze data using machine learning algorithms. These algorithms can detect, prevent, and trace the spread of COVID-19 and provide a better understanding of the disease in smart cities. Similarly, the study outlined case studies on the application of machine learning to help fight against COVID-19 in hospitals worldwide. The framework proposed in the study is a comprehensive presentation on the major components needed to integrate the machine learning approach with other AI-based solutions. Finally, the machine learning framework presented in this study has the potential to help national healthcare systems in curtailing the COVID-19 pandemic in smart cities. In addition, the proposed framework is poised as a pointer for generating research interests that would yield outcomes capable of been integrated to form an improved framework.},
}
@article {pmid34518798,
year = {2021},
author = {Hu, H and Ji, Z and Feng, C and Pang, W and Chen, Z and Zhang, J and Wang, H},
title = {PROSPERO's Systematic Review Protocols of Traditional Chinese Medicine for COVID-19: An Overview.},
journal = {Integrative medicine research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {100774},
doi = {10.1016/j.imr.2021.100774},
pmid = {34518798},
issn = {2213-4220},
abstract = {Background: At present, many protocols for Systematic Reviews (SR) of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). This study aimed to analyze the innovativeness and rigorousness of the SR protocols and make recommendations for the design and implementation of future SRs on TCM for COVID-19. This effort is likely to enhance the value of the produced information and prevent the futility of the research.<br><br>Methods: PROSPERO was searched comprehensively for identifying SRs of TCM for COVID-19 from the inception of the database to August 2020. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted the data, and cross-checked the retrieved information for consistency. The following details were recorded: database, registration time, organizations, types of research included, participants, interventions, and outcome indicators. All extracted data were analyzed by an overview. The "P - participants, I - interventions, C - controls, and O - outcomes (PICO)" included in the protocols were compared for similarity. The outcomes of the included SR protocols were compared with the newly published Core Outcome Sets (COSs).<br><br>Results: Eighty protocols of SR related to TCM for COVID-19 were obtained after a primary search; finally, 71 protocols were included. The majority of the protocols were from China. Thirty-two organizations participated in the protocol registrations, including 11 hospitals and 21 universities/colleges. However, some protocols were not innovative or rigorous enough. Such as, the PICO of some protocols were similar. The searched literature was incomprehensive, and PICO was not specific and correct. In addition, outcome indicators-arterial oxygen partial pressure, a fraction of inspired oxygen, respiratory failure, and WHO Clinical Progression Scale-in the newly published COSs were infrequently used and often neglected.<br><br>Conclusions: Registering and implementing an innovative and rigorous SR ensures the usefulness of the produced information and avoids the duplication of research and the wastage of resources. It is important to focus on and solve the methodological problems, such as non-specific PICO, incomprehensive literature retrieval, COS application, and incorrect indicator name, in future SR protocols.},
}
@article {pmid34518797,
year = {2021},
author = {Ebi, KL and Bowen, KJ and Calkins, J and Chen, M and Huq, S and Nalau, J and Palutikof, JP and Rosenzweig, C},
title = {Interactions between two existential threats: COVID-19 and climate change.},
journal = {Climate risk management},
volume = {34},
number = {},
pages = {100363},
doi = {10.1016/j.crm.2021.100363},
pmid = {34518797},
issn = {2212-0963},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic and climate change are complex existential threats, unpredictable in many ways and unprecedented in modern times. There are parallels between the scale and scope of their impacts and responses. Understanding shared drivers, coupled vulnerabilities, and criteria for effective responses will help societies worldwide prepare for the simultaneous threats of climate change and future pandemics. We summarize some shared characteristics of COVID-19 and climate change impacts and interventions and discuss key policy implications and recommendations.},
}
@article {pmid34518778,
year = {2021},
author = {Nickerson, AM and Sobotka, LA and Kelly, SG},
title = {PRO: Liver Transplantation in the Times of COVID-19: "To Transplant or Not to Transplant".},
journal = {Clinical liver disease},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/cld.1131},
pmid = {34518778},
issn = {2046-2484},
}
@article {pmid34518777,
year = {2021},
author = {van Leeuwen, DJ},
title = {Ethical and Legal Aspects of Pandemics During COVID-19 and Beyond for the Hepatology Community.},
journal = {Clinical liver disease},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/cld.1124},
pmid = {34518777},
issn = {2046-2484},
}
@article {pmid34518771,
year = {2021},
author = {Makvandi, P and Chen, M and Sartorius, R and Zarrabi, A and Ashrafizadeh, M and Dabbagh Moghaddam, F and Ma, J and Mattoli, V and Tay, FR},
title = {Endocytosis of abiotic nanomaterials and nanobiovectors: Inhibition of membrane trafficking.},
journal = {Nano today},
volume = {40},
number = {},
pages = {101279},
doi = {10.1016/j.nantod.2021.101279},
pmid = {34518771},
issn = {1748-0132},
abstract = {Humans are exposed to nanoscopical nanobiovectors (e.g. coronavirus SARS-CoV-2) as well as abiotic metal/carbon-based nanomaterials that enter cells serendipitously or intentionally. Understanding the interactions of cell membranes with these abiotic and biotic nanostructures will facilitate scientists to design better functional nanomaterials for biomedical applications. Such knowledge will also provide important clues for the control of viral infections and the treatment of virus-induced infectious diseases. In the present review, the mechanisms of endocytosis are reviewed in the context of how nanomaterials are uptaken into cells. This is followed by a detailed discussion of the attributes of man-made nanomaterials (e.g. size, shape, surface functional groups and elasticity) that affect endocytosis, as well as the different human cell types that participate in the endocytosis of nanomaterials. Readers are then introduced to the concept of viruses as nature-derived nanoparticles. The mechanisms in which different classes of viruses interact with various cell types to gain entry into the human body are reviewed with examples published over the last five years. These basic tenets will enable the avid reader to design advanced drug delivery and gene transfer nanoplatforms that harness the knowledge acquired from endocytosis to improve their biomedical efficacy. The review winds up with a discussion on the hurdles to be addressed in mimicking the natural mechanisms of endocytosis in nanomaterials design.},
}
@article {pmid34518763,
year = {2021},
author = {Umar, Y and Al-Batty, S and Rahman, H and Ashwaq, O and Sarief, A and Sadique, Z and Sreekumar, PA and Haque, SKM},
title = {Polymeric Materials as Potential Inhibitors Against SARS-CoV-2.},
journal = {Journal of polymers and the environment},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-20},
doi = {10.1007/s10924-021-02272-6},
pmid = {34518763},
issn = {1566-2543},
abstract = {Recently discovered SARS-CoV-2 caused a pandemic that triggered researchers worldwide to focus their research on all aspects of this new peril to humanity. However, in the absence of specific therapeutic intervention, some preventive strategies and supportive treatment minimize the viral transmission as studied by some factors such as basic reproduction number, case fatality rate, and incubation period in the epidemiology of viral diseases. This review briefly discusses coronaviruses' life cycle of SARS-CoV-2 in a human host cell and preventive strategies at some selected source of infection. The antiviral activities of synthetic and natural polymers such as chitosan, hydrophobically modified chitosan, galactosylated chitosan, amine-based dendrimers, cyclodextrin, carrageenans, polyethyleneimine, nanoparticles are highlighted in this article. Mechanism of virus inhibition, detection and diagnosis are also presented. It also suggests that polymeric materials and nanoparticles can be effective as potential inhibitors and immunization against coronaviruses which would further develop new technologies in the field of polymer and nanoscience.},
}
@article {pmid34518151,
year = {2021},
author = {González-Melado, FJ and Di Pietro, ML},
title = {The vaccine against COVID-19 and institutional trust.},
journal = {Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica (English ed.)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.eimce.2021.09.001},
pmid = {34518151},
issn = {2529-993X},
abstract = {Major public and private laboratories have entered into a race to find an effective Covid-19 vaccine. When that vaccine arrives, the governments will have to implement vaccination programs to achieve the necessary immunization levels to prevent the disease transmission. In this context, the ethical dilemma of compulsory vaccination vs. voluntary vaccination will be raised. Underlying this dilemma, lies the problem of the ethical models on which the political decisions of governments in matters of health are based. The article proposes and argues the need to base health policy decisions on an ethical "first person" model, based on responsibility, that allows us to move from a normative ethic to an ethic of responsible behavior. This change in the ethical model, together with certain proposals for political action, will help us to restore institutional trust so that the necessary levels of collective immunity against Covid-19 can be achieved through the voluntary vaccination of the citizens.},
}
@article {pmid34518031,
year = {2021},
author = {Bieber, SD and Young, BA},
title = {Home Hemodialysis: Core Curriculum 2021.},
journal = {American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.01.025},
pmid = {34518031},
issn = {1523-6838},
abstract = {In the early days of dialysis, because of a lack of existing in-center infrastructure, home hemodialysis (HHD) was frequently used to expand dialysis programs. Recently, HHD has been thrust into the spotlight of kidney care programs once again. Patients and policymakers are demanding more choices for the management of kidney failure while controlling for cost. Perhaps it is not surprising that the kidney community's interest in HHD has been revived, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. To meet this increased interest and demand, nephrologists and dialysis providers must embrace new technologies and improve their understanding of HHD systems. This installment of AJKD's Core Curriculum in Nephrology seeks to inform the reader about factors that can improve success in the training and retention of HHD patients. Benefits, pitfalls, and challenges of HHD are outlined. The features of novel and commonly used HHD equipment are also summarized. Examples of prescriptions and prescription adjustments to meet the needs of patients will also be reviewed. Finally, considerations related to medical management of HHD patients and their dialysis access at home are also included. HHD is an important tool for the management and rehabilitation of patients with kidney failure, which allows for patient-centered care and increased patient choice.},
}
@article {pmid34517601,
year = {2021},
author = {Selvakumar, B and Kathiravan, A},
title = {Sensory materials for microfluidic paper based analytical devices - A review.},
journal = {Talanta},
volume = {235},
number = {},
pages = {122733},
doi = {10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122733},
pmid = {34517601},
issn = {1873-3573},
abstract = {The microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) have grown-up swiftly over the decade due to its low cost, simple fabrication procedure, resource-limitedness, non-toxicity and their environmentally benign nature. The μPADs, also identified as point-of-care devices or health care devices have successfully applied in several fields such as diagnostics, biological, food safety, environmental, electrochemical and most importantly colorimetric/fluorimetric sensors, owing to the attractive passive motions of analyte without any external forces. In recent years, a large number of colorimetric and fluorimetric probes have been reported that can selectively recognize the analytes in μPADs. However, there is no organized review on its structure-activity relationship. In this review, we have focused to summarize the colorimetric and fluorimetric probes utilized in μPADs. This review discuss about the relationships between the structure and functions of various probes as signaling units of the efficient μPADs. The probes including nanomaterials, nanozymes, polymers and organic molecules, their structural activity with regard to sensing performances along with their limit of detection are also discussed. This review is expected to assist readers for better understanding of the sensing mechanisms of various chemo and bio-probes utilized in μPADs, as well as promote their advancement in the field. On the other hand, this review also helps the researchers for enhancement of μPADs and paves way for synergistic application of existing molecular probes as an effective diagnostic tool for the worldwide pandemic novel corona virus COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid34508537,
year = {2021},
author = {Wang, L and Zhang, S and Ma, J and Ni, J and Wang, J and Li, X and Mu, Z and Han, W and He, G and Ma, L and Shah, J and Shah, J and Jiao, F},
title = {Kawasaki Disease- Management Strategies Given Symptoms Overlap to COVID-19: A Review.},
journal = {JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association},
volume = {59},
number = {236},
pages = {417-424},
pmid = {34508537},
issn = {1815-672X},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Child ; Humans ; *Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/complications/diagnosis/drug therapy ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ; },
abstract = {Kawasaki disease is an acute, self-limiting vasculitis in children. Early treatment is necessary to prevent cardiovascular complications. The acute phase of Kawasaki disease may present with hemodynamic instability. An association between viral respiratory infections and Kawasaki disease has been reported. Studies have shown that Kawasaki and Kawasaki-like disease may be associated with and have symptoms overlapping COVID-19. Children with COVID-19 may present as Kawasaki-like disease with pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome, or macrophage activation syndrome. Clinicians need to be aware of the early diagnosis and management of Kawasaki disease to prevent the development of coronary artery aneurysms. The symptoms overlap of multisystem inflammatory disease seen in COVID-19 adds to the difficulties in timely diagnosis and treatment. Children with Kawasaki disease require regular follow-up plans for coronary artery aneurysms. This adds to the difficulties during the changed environment of COVID-19 for control and prevention. Missed diagnosis and early treatment of Kawasaki disease with immunoglobulin and aspirin results in the development of coronary artery aneurysm in up to 25% of cases, with grave consequences. Here, we briefly review the management of typical and atypical Kawasaki disease which has symptoms overlapping with the multisystem inflammatory disease as seen in COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid34508415,
year = {2021},
author = {Dhakal, N and Poudyal, A and Gyanwali, P},
title = {Pharmacological Treatment for the Management of COVID 19: A Narrative Review.},
journal = {JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association},
volume = {59},
number = {238},
pages = {614-621},
doi = {10.31729/jnma.5920},
pmid = {34508415},
issn = {1815-672X},
mesh = {Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; *COVID-19 ; Humans ; Nepal ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections is alarming worldwide incurring tremendous loss of life and possession. Individuals are facing a terrible pandemic condition in the absence of appropriate medicines and vaccines to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review aimed to provide details on potential treatment steps that can be taken in the current pandemic-fighting situation in Nepal. A massive review was performed including 60 articles from the relevant field. Preliminary results on the efficacy of some existing anti-viral agents were found, however, promising data on effective treatment regimen for COVID 19 are yet to be obtained. This review examines various drugs and their mechanism of actions which are currently used in clinical trials or may be used to treat COVID-19 in the near future.},
}
@article {pmid34465169,
year = {2021},
author = {Chen, Q and Leaman, R and Allot, A and Luo, L and Wei, CH and Yan, S and Lu, Z},
title = {Artificial Intelligence in Action: Addressing the COVID-19 Pandemic with Natural Language Processing.},
journal = {Annual review of biomedical data science},
volume = {4},
number = {},
pages = {313-339},
doi = {10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-021821-061045},
pmid = {34465169},
issn = {2574-3414},
mesh = {COVID-19/*epidemiology ; Communication ; Data Mining/methods ; Datasets as Topic ; Emotions ; Humans ; Information Storage and Retrieval/*methods ; Knowledge Discovery ; *Natural Language Processing ; Pandemics ; Periodicals as Topic ; Software ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic has had a significant impact on society, both because of the serious health effects of COVID-19 and because of public health measures implemented to slow its spread. Many of these difficulties are fundamentally information needs; attempts to address these needs have caused an information overload for both researchers and the public. Natural language processing (NLP)-the branch of artificial intelligence that interprets human language-can be applied to address many of the information needs made urgent by the COVID-19 pandemic. This review surveys approximately 150 NLP studies and more than 50 systems and datasets addressing the COVID-19 pandemic. We detail work on four core NLP tasks: information retrieval, named entity recognition, literature-based discovery, and question answering. We also describe work that directly addresses aspects of the pandemic through four additional tasks: topic modeling, sentiment and emotion analysis, caseload forecasting, and misinformation detection. We conclude by discussing observable trends and remaining challenges.},
}
@article {pmid34460863,
year = {2021},
author = {Vu, MN and Menachery, VD},
title = {Binding and entering: COVID finds a new home.},
journal = {PLoS pathogens},
volume = {17},
number = {8},
pages = {e1009857},
pmid = {34460863},
issn = {1553-7374},
support = {AI153602/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; AG049042/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R24 AI120942/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/*metabolism ; COVID-19/metabolism/*virology ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/*metabolism ; Virus Internalization ; },
abstract = {Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged as a virus with a pathogenicity closer to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and a transmissibility similar to common cold coronaviruses (CoVs). In this review, we briefly discuss the features of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and protease cleavage of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein that enable SARS-CoV-2 to be a pandemic virus.},
}
@article {pmid34453703,
year = {2021},
author = {Tran, A and Witek, TJ},
title = {The Emergency Use Authorization of Pharmaceuticals: History and Utility During the COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Pharmaceutical medicine},
volume = {35},
number = {4},
pages = {203-213},
pmid = {34453703},
issn = {1178-2595},
mesh = {Antiviral Agents/administration &amp; dosage/adverse effects/*standards ; Bioterrorism/history/prevention &amp; control ; COVID-19/drug therapy/epidemiology/*prevention &amp; control ; COVID-19 Vaccines/administration &amp; dosage/adverse effects/*standards ; Canada/epidemiology ; Civil Defense/history ; Drug Approval/history/*legislation &amp; jurisprudence ; Emergencies/epidemiology/*history ; Europe/epidemiology ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Pandemics/prevention &amp; control ; United States/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {The Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) originated in 2004 because of the need for emergency medical countermeasures (MCMs) against potential bioterrorist attacks. The EUA also proved useful in dealing with subsequent pandemics and has emerged as a critical regulatory pathway for therapeutics and vaccines throughout the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. With the EUA process in the USA, we witnessed emergency authorizations, their expansions, as well as withdrawal of previously authorized products, which exemplifies the dynamic nature of scientific review of EUA products. EUAs proved vital for the first group of COVID-19 vaccines, including the temporary pause of one vaccine while emergency safety issues were evaluated. Although this review on the EUA is primarily focused on the USA, distinctions were made with other jurisdictions such as Europe and Canada with respect to the emergency authorizations of the vaccines. Finally, we discuss some important differences following EUA and formal new drug/vaccine application (NDA/BLA) approvals.},
}
@article {pmid34406962,
year = {2021},
author = {Abd-Alrazaq, A and Hassan, A and Abuelezz, I and Ahmed, A and Alzubaidi, MS and Shah, U and Alhuwail, D and Giannicchi, A and Househ, M},
title = {Overview of Technologies Implemented During the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Scoping Review.},
journal = {Journal of medical Internet research},
volume = {23},
number = {9},
pages = {e29136},
doi = {10.2196/29136},
pmid = {34406962},
issn = {1438-8871},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Technologies have been extensively implemented to provide health care services for all types of clinical conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. While several reviews have been conducted regarding technologies used during the COVID-19 pandemic, they were limited by focusing either on a specific technology (or features) or proposed rather than implemented technologies.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: This review aims to provide an overview of technologies, as reported in the literature, implemented during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.<br><br>METHODS: We conducted a scoping review using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) Extension for Scoping Reviews. Studies were retrieved by searching 8 electronic databases, checking the reference lists of included studies and relevant reviews (backward reference list checking), and checking studies that cited included studies (forward reference list checking). The search terms were chosen based on the target intervention (ie, technologies) and the target disease (ie, COVID-19). We included English publications that focused on technologies or digital tools implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic to provide health-related services regardless of target health condition, user, or setting. Two reviewers independently assessed the eligibility of studies and extracted data from eligible papers. We used a narrative approach to synthesize extracted data.<br><br>RESULTS: Of 7374 retrieved papers, 126 were deemed eligible. Telemedicine was the most common type of technology (107/126, 84.9%) implemented in the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the most common mode of telemedicine was synchronous (100/108, 92.6%). The most common purpose of the technologies was providing consultation (75/126, 59.5%), followed by following up with patients (45/126, 35.7%), and monitoring their health status (22/126, 17.4%). Zoom (22/126, 17.5%) and WhatsApp (12/126, 9.5%) were the most commonly used videoconferencing and social media platforms, respectively. Both health care professionals and health consumers were the most common target users (103/126, 81.7%). The health condition most frequently targeted was COVID-19 (38/126, 30.2%), followed by any physical health conditions (21/126, 16.7%), and mental health conditions (13/126, 10.3%). Technologies were web-based in 84.1% of the studies (106/126). Technologies could be used through 11 modes, and the most common were mobile apps (86/126, 68.3%), desktop apps (73/126, 57.9%), telephone calls (49/126, 38.9%), and websites (45/126, 35.7%).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Technologies played a crucial role in mitigating the challenges faced during the COVID-19 pandemic. We did not find papers describing the implementation of other technologies (eg, contact-tracing apps, drones, blockchain) during the first wave. Furthermore, technologies in this review were used for other purposes (eg, drugs and vaccines discovery, social distancing, and immunity passport). Future research on studies on these technologies and purposes is recommended, and further reviews are required to investigate technologies implemented in subsequent waves of the pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid34351418,
year = {2021},
author = {Hoch, NC},
title = {Host ADP-ribosylation and the SARS-CoV-2 macrodomain.},
journal = {Biochemical Society transactions},
volume = {49},
number = {4},
pages = {1711-1721},
doi = {10.1042/BST20201212},
pmid = {34351418},
issn = {1470-8752},
mesh = {*ADP-Ribosylation ; COVID-19/*metabolism ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/*metabolism ; SARS-CoV-2/*metabolism/physiology ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted intense research efforts into elucidating mechanisms of coronavirus pathogenesis and to propose antiviral interventions. The interferon (IFN) response is the main antiviral component of human innate immunity and is actively suppressed by several non-structural SARS-CoV-2 proteins, allowing viral replication within human cells. Differences in IFN signalling efficiency and timing have emerged as central determinants of the variability of COVID-19 disease severity between patients, highlighting the need for an improved understanding of host-pathogen interactions that affect the IFN response. ADP-ribosylation is an underexplored post-translational modification catalyzed by ADP-ribosyl transferases collectively termed poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). Several human PARPs are induced by the IFN response and participate in antiviral defences by regulating IFN signalling itself, modulating host processes such as translation and protein trafficking, as well as directly modifying and inhibiting viral target proteins. SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses encode a macrodomain that hydrolyzes ADP-ribose modifications, thus counteracting antiviral PARP activity. This mini-review provides a brief overview of the known targets of IFN-induced ADP-ribosylation and the functions of viral macrodomains, highlighting several open questions in the field.},
}
@article {pmid34344162,
year = {2021},
author = {Lee, S and Bradley, WPL and Brewster, DJ and Chahal, R and Poon, L and Segal, R and Totonidis, S and Tsang, D and Ng, M},
title = {Airway management in the adult patient with COVID-19: High flow nasal oxygen or not? A summary of evidence and local expert opinion.},
journal = {Anaesthesia and intensive care},
volume = {49},
number = {4},
pages = {268-274},
doi = {10.1177/0310057X211024691},
pmid = {34344162},
issn = {0310-057X},
mesh = {Adult ; *COVID-19 ; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure ; Expert Testimony ; Humans ; *Obesity, Morbid ; Oxygen ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {The use of high flow nasal oxygen in the care of COVID-19-positive adult patients remains an area of contention. Early guidelines have discouraged the use of high flow nasal oxygen therapy in this setting due to the risk of viral spread to healthcare workers. However, there is the need to balance the relative risks of increased aerosol generation and virus transmission to healthcare workers against the role high flow nasal oxygen has in reducing hypoxaemia when managing the airway in high-risk patients during intubation or sedation procedures. The authors of this article undertook a narrative review to present results from several recent papers. Surrogate outcome studies suggest that the risk of high flow nasal oxygen in dispersing aerosol-sized particles is probably not as great as first perceived. Smoke laser-visualisation experiments and particle counter studies suggest that the generation and dispersion of bio-aerosols via high flow nasal oxygen with flow rates up to 60 l/min is similar to standard oxygen therapies. The risk appears to be similar to oxygen supplementation via a Hudson mask at 15 l/min and significantly less than low flow nasal prong oxygen 1-5 l/min, nasal continuous positive airway pressure with ill-fitting masks, bilevel positive airway pressure, or from a coughing patient. However, given the limited safety data, we recommend a cautious approach. For intubation in the COVID-positive or suspected COVID-positive patient we support the use of high flow nasal oxygen to extend time to desaturation in the at-risk groups, which include the morbidly obese, those with predicted difficult airways and patients with significant hypoxaemia, ensuring well-fitted high flow nasal oxygen prongs with staff wearing full personal protective equipment. For sedation cases, we support the use of high flow nasal oxygen when there is an elevated risk of hypoxaemia (e.g. bariatric endoscopy or prone-positioned procedures), but recommend securing the airway with a cuffed endotracheal tube for the longer duration procedures when theatre staff remain in close proximity to the upper airway, or considering the use of a surgical mask to reduce the risk of exhaled particle dispersion.},
}
@article {pmid34314002,
year = {2021},
author = {Mace Davis, C and Spear, JM},
title = {Instrument Set Decontamination Workflows Designed for Success in Sterile Processing.},
journal = {AORN journal},
volume = {114},
number = {2},
pages = {149-157},
doi = {10.1002/aorn.13468},
pmid = {34314002},
issn = {1878-0369},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; *Decontamination ; Equipment Contamination/prevention &amp; control ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Surgical Instruments ; Workflow ; },
abstract = {In sterile processing, several factors can result in confusion and unpredictable quality outcomes in surgical instrument sets, including the large number of instruments to manage, the complexity of certain instruments, and the multiple instructions for cleaning solutions and cleaning equipment for use. At a multihospital health system, the director of sterile processing had a vision that involved designing standard decontamination workflows and standardized cleaning pathways based on quality concepts to support patient safety. When there was a pause in elective surgeries in the spring of 2020 as a result of the spread of coronavirus disease 2019, sterile processing personnel became available to participate in a project to create and test these new standardized cleaning pathways and decontamination workflows. This article provides an overview of the inception and execution of this project and how instrument cleaning and decontamination was streamlined to promote a more efficient workflow for sterile processing.},
}
@article {pmid34252336,
year = {2021},
author = {Cooper, S and van Rooyen, H and Wiysonge, CS},
title = {COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in South Africa: how can we maximize uptake of COVID-19 vaccines?.},
journal = {Expert review of vaccines},
volume = {20},
number = {8},
pages = {921-933},
doi = {10.1080/14760584.2021.1949291},
pmid = {34252336},
issn = {1744-8395},
mesh = {COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention &amp; control/*psychology ; COVID-19 Vaccines/*administration &amp; dosage ; Humans ; Patient Acceptance of Health Care/psychology ; South Africa/epidemiology ; Vaccination/psychology/trends ; Vaccination Refusal/*psychology/trends ; },
abstract = {Introduction: Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines is critical to personal health, protecting vulnerable populations, reopening socio-economic life, and achieving population health and safety through immunity. The primary aim of this review was to investigate the extent and determinants of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in South Africa to inform the development of strategies to address it. A secondary aim was to enhance understandings of and responses to vaccine hesitancy more generally in South Africa, with potential positive effect on vaccination uptake during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.Areas covered: We reviewed the findings from surveys conducted in South Africa from February 2020 to March 2021 that investigated acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines. Surveys were identified through searching electronic databases of peer-reviewed and gray literature and contacting experts.Expert opinion: The review reveals the inherently social nature of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in South Africa, potentially influenced by age, race, education, politics, geographical location, and employment. Along with the provision of information, COVID-19 vaccine communication strategies need to form part of broader trust-building measures that focus on relationships, transparency, participation, and justice. The pandemic also provides a unique opportunity to positively intervene and reduce vaccine hesitancy trends more generally in South Africa and potentially elsewhere.},
}
@article {pmid34225131,
year = {2021},
author = {Hammad, WAB and Al Beloushi, M and Ahmed, B and Konje, JC},
title = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus-2 infection (COVID-19) in pregnancy - An overview.},
journal = {European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology},
volume = {263},
number = {},
pages = {106-116},
pmid = {34225131},
issn = {1872-7654},
mesh = {Anticoagulants ; *COVID-19 ; Cesarean Section ; Ethnic Groups ; Female ; Humans ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; *Labor, Obstetric ; Lactation ; Minority Groups ; Pregnancy ; *Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/diagnosis ; Pregnancy Outcome ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Venous Thromboembolism ; },
abstract = {The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus-2 which causes COVID-19 disease results in severe morbidity and mortality especially in vulnerable groups. Pregnancy by virtue of its physiological and anatomical adaptations increases the risk of severe infections especially those of the respiratory tract. This single stranded RNA virus is transmitted by droplets as well as soiled fomites. There are various degrees of disease severity- asymptomatic, mild, moderate severe and critical. Most infections in pregnancy are asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic. For these women, the consequences on the mother or pregnancy are minimal unless they have additional risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiorespiratory disease, obesity or are of ethnic minority background. Most women with symptoms will present with fever, unproductive cough, sore throat, myalgia, nasal congestion, loss of smell and taste with associated leukocytosis and lymphopenia. Diagnosis is by RT-PCR on nasopharyngeal flocked swabs or saliva and pathognomonic features of ground-glass appearance and pulmonary infiltrates on chest X-ray or CT scans. Management in pregnancy is same as that for non-pregnant women with COVID-19. It is not an indication for elective delivery but assisted delivery in the second stage for those with moderate, severe or critical disease may be required to shorten this stage. COVID-19 is not an indication for interrupting pregnancy or caesarean section but the latter may be performed to facilitate ventilation support or resuscitation in those with severe disease. Pain relief in labour should not be different but regional analgesia is preferred for operative deliveries. Postpartum thromboprophylaxis should be considered and breast feeding encouraged with appropriate precautions to minimize vertical transmission. Pregnant and lactating women should be encouraged to receive the mRNA based vaccines as there is no evidence of adverse outcomes with these.},
}
@article {pmid34180347,
year = {2021},
author = {Lai, CC and Chen, IT and Chao, CM and Lee, PI and Ko, WC and Hsueh, PR},
title = {COVID-19 vaccines: concerns beyond protective efficacy and safety.},
journal = {Expert review of vaccines},
volume = {20},
number = {8},
pages = {1013-1025},
doi = {10.1080/14760584.2021.1949293},
pmid = {34180347},
issn = {1744-8395},
mesh = {Animals ; COVID-19/epidemiology/*prevention &amp; control ; COVID-19 Vaccines/*administration &amp; dosage/*adverse effects ; Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic/methods ; Fatigue/chemically induced ; Female ; Fever/chemically induced ; Headache/chemically induced ; Humans ; Immunocompromised Host/drug effects/physiology ; Male ; *Patient Safety ; Pregnancy ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic/methods ; Treatment Outcome ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Several vaccine candidates have been developed using different platforms, including nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), viral vectors (replicating and non-replicating), virus-like particles, peptide-based, recombinant proteins, live attenuated, and inactivated virus modalities. Although many of these vaccines are undergoing pre-clinical trials, several large clinical trials investigating the clinical efficacy and safety of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines have produced promising findings.<br><br>AREAS COVERED: In this review, we provide a status update on COVID-19 vaccines currently undergoing clinical trials and discuss issues of concern beyond vaccine efficacy and safety, including dosing regimens, the mixed vaccine strategy, prior severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection, antibody levels, cellular immunity and protection, variants of concern, COVID-19 vaccine distribution, vaccination willingness, herd immunity, immunity passports, and vaccine indications.<br><br>EXPERT OPINION: Four vaccines have obtained emergency use authorization, 87 are at the clinical development stage, and 186 are in pre-clinical development. While the knowledge and development of COVID-19 vaccines is rapidly expanding, the benefits of COVID-19 vaccines must outweigh the potential risks of adverse events. To combat the COVID-19 pandemic, clinicians should consistently update COVID-19-associated information, and healthcare authorities and manufacturers should work together to provide adequate and appropriate vaccinations for the prevention of COVID-19.<br><br>PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: What is the context?Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a global pandemic: the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. The development and implementation of the COVID-19 vaccine could be an important measure to control the COVID-19 pandemic.What is new?Several phase 3 clinical trials have demonstrated the effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccines for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Several COVID-19 vaccines have obtained emergency use authorization and been implemented in many countries. Although concerns regarding unusual blood clots and low platelet counts have been raised, the benefits of COVID-19 vaccines outweigh the potential risks of adverse events.What is the impact?Except for children, the COVID-19 vaccine is recommended for all people, including those pregnant or immunocompromised. Healthcare authorities should advise people receiving the vaccine that they must seek medical attention if they have associated thromboembolism and thrombocytopenia symptoms. More studies are necessary to determine the appropriate vaccine dose and regimen strategy, as well as the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against variants of concerns. A global effort must be made to achieve widespread vaccination and herd immunity.},
}
@article {pmid34176415,
year = {2021},
author = {Lai, CC and Ko, WC and Chen, CJ and Chen, PY and Huang, YC and Lee, PI and Hsueh, PR},
title = {COVID-19 vaccines and thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome.},
journal = {Expert review of vaccines},
volume = {20},
number = {8},
pages = {1027-1035},
doi = {10.1080/14760584.2021.1949294},
pmid = {34176415},
issn = {1744-8395},
mesh = {COVID-19/diagnosis/epidemiology/*prevention &amp; control ; COVID-19 Vaccines/*administration &amp; dosage/*adverse effects ; Humans ; Thrombocytopenia/*chemically induced/diagnosis/epidemiology ; Thrombosis/*chemically induced/diagnosis/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: To combat COVID-19, scientists all over the world have expedited the process of vaccine development. Although interim analyses of clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines, a serious but rare adverse event, thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS), has been reported following COVID-19 vaccination.<br><br>AREAS COVERED: This review, using data from both peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed studies, aimed to provide updated information about the critical issue of COVID-19 vaccine-related TTS.<br><br>EXPERT OPINION: : The exact epidemiological characteristics and possible pathogenesis of this adverse event remain unclear. Most cases of TTS developed in women within 2 weeks of the first dose of vaccine on the receipt of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and Ad26.COV2.S vaccines. In countries with mass vaccination against COVID-19, clinicians should be aware of the relevant clinical features of this rare adverse event and perform related laboratory and imaging studies for early diagnosis. Non-heparin anticoagulants, such as fondaparinux, argatroban, or a direct oral anticoagulant (e.g. apixaban or rivaroxaban) and intravenous immunoglobulins are recommended for the treatment of TTS. However, further studies are required to explore the underlying mechanisms of this rare clinical entity.<br><br>PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: What is the context?Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) usually develops within 2 weeks of the first doses of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 vaccines.TTS mainly occurs in patients aged < 55 years and is associated with high morbidity and mortality.What is new?TTS mimics autoimmune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and can be mediated by platelet-activating antibodies against platelet factor 4. Non-heparin anticoagulants, such as fondaparinux, argatroban, or a direct oral anticoagulant (e.g. apixaban or rivaroxaban) should be considered as the treatment of choice if the platelet count is > 50 × 109/L and there is no serious bleeding. Intravenous immunoglobulins and glucocorticoids may help increase the platelet count within days and reduce the risk of hemorrhagic transformation when anticoagulation is initiated.What is the impact?TTS should be a serious concern during the implementation of mass COVID-19 vaccination, and patients should be educated about this complication along with its symptoms such as severe headache, blurred vision, seizure, severe and persistent abdominal pain, painful swelling of the lower leg, and chest pain or dyspnea. The incidence of TTS is low; therefore, maintenance of high vaccination coverage against COVID-19 should be continued.},
}
@article {pmid34058768,
year = {2021},
author = {Sochet, AA and Kiskaddon, A and Betensky, M and Goldenberg, N},
title = {Venous Thromboembolism among Critically Ill Children: A Narrative Review.},
journal = {Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis},
volume = {47},
number = {6},
pages = {631-642},
doi = {10.1055/s-0041-1722847},
pmid = {34058768},
issn = {1098-9064},
mesh = {Anticoagulants/therapeutic use ; COVID-19/complications ; Child ; *Critical Illness/epidemiology/therapy ; Disease Management ; Humans ; Risk Factors ; Thrombolytic Therapy ; Venous Thromboembolism/*epidemiology/*therapy ; },
abstract = {Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients, including children. In recent years, it has become clear that hospitalization and critical illness bestow an increased VTE risk in pediatrics and relate to mortality and life-limiting comorbidities. For critically ill children, reported rates of VTE vary by study sampling techniques, presence of inherited or acquired thrombophilia, acute and chronic immobility, underlying illness prompting hospitalization, and clinical factors related to illness severity such as central venous catheterization, length of stay, mechanical ventilation, and patient age. Accordingly, critically ill children with new signs of venous congestion, acute inflammation, or unexplained acute organ dysfunction should be routinely evaluated for VTE. This narrative review summarizes recent and historical literature regarding risk factors, prevention, presentation, treatment, and outcomes of VTE in critically ill children. In addition, we identify knowledge gaps and priorities for future collaborative research on this vital condition. Special attention is given to the clinical trial opportunities, challenges, and ongoing efforts in thromboprophylaxis in critically ill children, including those hospitalized for disease related to novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and multisystem inflammatory disease in children.},
}
@article {pmid33787418,
year = {2021},
author = {Favalli, EG and Maioli, G and Biggioggero, M and Caporali, R},
title = {Clinical management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis during the COVID-19 pandemic.},
journal = {Expert review of clinical immunology},
volume = {17},
number = {6},
pages = {561-571},
doi = {10.1080/1744666X.2021.1908887},
pmid = {33787418},
issn = {1744-8409},
mesh = {Antirheumatic Agents/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/*drug therapy/epidemiology/immunology ; COVID-19/epidemiology/immunology/*therapy ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology/pathogenicity ; Treatment Outcome ; },
abstract = {Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic raises a great challenge in the management of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which are generally more susceptible to infection events because of the autoimmune condition itself and the treatment with immunomodulatory drugs. The use of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), including biologics and targeted-synthetic DMARDs, has aroused particular interest because of both their immunosuppressive effects and their hypothetical potential in COVID-19 treatment.Areas covered: For this narrative review, a literature search was conducted between December 2019 and February 2021 on PubMed including epidemiological studies, gathering the main evidence available to date about the impact of COVID-19 on RA patients and the influence of anti-rheumatic drugs on patients' susceptibility to this infection. We also summarize the recommendations from the international guidelines on the management of rheumatic diseases and treatments in this pandemic context, especially focused on RA.Expert opinion: About a year after the outbreak of the pandemic, we are able to answer some of the most relevant questions regarding patients with RA and their management in this pandemic context. Our efforts must now be directed toward consolidating the currently available data with more rigorous studies and facing new issues and challenges including, foremost, vaccination.},
}
@article {pmid33787412,
year = {2021},
author = {Mohit, E and Rostami, Z and Vahidi, H},
title = {A comparative review of immunoassays for COVID-19 detection.},
journal = {Expert review of clinical immunology},
volume = {17},
number = {6},
pages = {573-599},
doi = {10.1080/1744666X.2021.1908886},
pmid = {33787412},
issn = {1744-8409},
mesh = {Antibodies, Neutralizing/*blood ; Antibodies, Viral/*blood ; Biomarkers/blood ; COVID-19/*diagnosis/immunology/virology ; *COVID-19 Serological Testing ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G/*blood ; Immunoglobulin M/*blood ; Luminescent Measurements ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Reproducibility of Results ; SARS-CoV-2/*immunology ; },
abstract = {Introduction: The gold standard for diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is detecting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), which is expensive, time-consuming and may result in false-negative results. Serological tests can be employed for RT-PCR negative patients, contact tracing, determining the probability of protection against re-infection, and seroepidemiological studies.Areas covered: The main methodologies of serology-based tests for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), chemiluminescent immunoassays (CLIAs) and lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) were reviewed and their diagnostic performances were compared. Herein, a literature review on the databases of PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar between January 1, 2020 and June 30, 2020 based on the main serological methods for COVID-19 detection with the focus on comparative experiments was performed. The review was updated on December 31, 2020.Expert opinion: Serology testing could be considered as a part of diagnostic panel two-week post symptom onset. Higher sensitivity for serology-based tests could be achieved by determining combined IgG/IgM titers. Furthermore, higher sensitive serological test detecting neutralization antibody could be developed by targeting spike (S) antigen. It was also demonstrated that the sensitivity of ELISA/CLIA-based methods are higher than LFIA devices.},
}
@article {pmid33781605,
year = {2021},
author = {Patel, KA and Sexton, A and Shah, M and Hexom, B and Gottlieb, M},
title = {More Than Meets the Eye: Addressing the Role of Telemedicine in Resident Education.},
journal = {Annals of emergency medicine},
volume = {78},
number = {3},
pages = {429-433},
doi = {10.1016/j.annemergmed.2021.01.018},
pmid = {33781605},
issn = {1097-6760},
mesh = {COVID-19 ; Emergency Medicine/*education/methods ; Healthcare Disparities ; Humans ; *Internship and Residency ; Program Development/*methods ; Telemedicine/*organization &amp; administration ; },
}
@article {pmid33704348,
year = {2021},
author = {Faria, BCD and Sacramento, LGG and Filipin, CSA and Cruz, AFD and Nagata, SN and Silva, ACSE},
title = {An analysis of chronic kidney disease as a prognostic factor in pediatric cases of COVID-19.},
journal = {Jornal brasileiro de nefrologia : 'orgao oficial de Sociedades Brasileira e Latino-Americana de Nefrologia},
volume = {43},
number = {3},
pages = {400-409},
doi = {10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2020-0208},
pmid = {33704348},
issn = {2175-8239},
mesh = {Adult ; *COVID-19 ; Child ; Humans ; Prognosis ; *Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ; },
abstract = {Advanced age is a risk factor for severe infection by acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Children, however, often present with milder manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Associations have been found between COVID-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Patients with the latter condition present more severe involvement. Adults with comorbidities such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) are more severely affected. This narrative review aimed to look into whether CKD contributed to more severe involvement in pediatric patients with COVID-19. The studies included in this review did not report severe cases or deaths, and indicated that pediatric patients with CKD and previously healthy children recovered quickly from infection. However, some patients with MIS-C required hospitalization in intensive care units and a few died, although it was not possible to correlate MIS-C and CKD. Conversely, adults with CKD reportedly had increased risk of severe infection by SARS-CoV-2 and higher death rates. The discrepancies seen between age groups may be due to immune system and renin-angiotensin system differences, with more pronounced expression of ACE2 in children. Immunosuppressant therapy has not been related with positive or negative effects in individuals with COVID-19, although current recommendations establish decreases in the dosage of some medications. To sum up with, CKD was not associated with more severe involvement in children diagnosed with COVID-19. Studies enrolling larger populations are still required.},
}
@article {pmid34517248,
year = {2021},
author = {Fornaro, M and De Prisco, M and Billeci, M and Ermini, E and Young, AH and Lafer, B and Soares, JC and Vieta, E and Quevedo, J and de Bartolomeis, A and Sim, K and Yatham, LN and Bauer, M and Stein, DJ and Solmi, M and Berk, M and Carvalho, AF},
title = {Implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for people with bipolar disorders: A scoping review.},
journal = {Journal of affective disorders},
volume = {295},
number = {},
pages = {740-751},
doi = {10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.091},
pmid = {34517248},
issn = {1573-2517},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019)-related pandemic represents a global source of societal and health burden. Yet, the impact of the pandemic on people with severe mental illness, including bipolar disorder (BD), remains unclear, warranting scoping review on the matter.<br><br>METHODS: The MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were systematically searched from inception up to April 24, 2021, adopting broad inclusion criteria to assess a variety of clinical and public health themes related to people with a primary diagnosis of BD during the COVID-19 pandemics. The present work complying with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) registered in the Open Science Framework (OSF) repository (https://osf.io/7evpx/).<br><br>RESULTS: Fourteen papers informed the present scoping review. Four major themes were identified: (i) impact of COVID-19-related stressors on BD; (ii) impact of COVID-19 on mental health service utilization among people with BD; (iii) impact of BD on the risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection; (iv) engagement in preventative behaviors among people with BD. Additional themes warranting further research were nonetheless detected.<br><br>LIMITATIONS: Further original studies are needed.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The present study confirmed the high-vulnerability hypothesis concerning people with BD versus the general population, reinforcing the need for further research related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Additional information is warranted to compare the impact of the pandemic period among BD people against pre-pandemic records, the general population, and other severe mental illnesses, namely people with schizophrenia or major depressive disorder, to inform the public health and the delivery of patient-tailored interventions.},
}
@article {pmid34516971,
year = {2021},
author = {Choudhary, S and Sharma, K and Singh, PK},
title = {Von Willebrand factor: A key glycoprotein involved in thrombo-inflammatory complications of COVID-19.},
journal = {Chemico-biological interactions},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {109657},
doi = {10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109657},
pmid = {34516971},
issn = {1872-7786},
abstract = {COVID-19 is an ongoing public health emergency that has affected millions of people worldwide and is still a threat to many more. One of the pathophysiological features of COVID-19 is associated with the activation of vascular endothelial cells (ECs) leading to the disruption of vascular integrity, coagulation and inflammation. An interlink mechanism between coagulation and inflammatory pathways has been reported in COVID-19. Multiple components are involved in these pathological pathways. Out of all, Von Willebrand Factor (VWF) is one of the primary components of coagulation pathway and also a mediator of vascular inflammation that plays an important role in thrombo-inflammation that further leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The thrombo-inflammatory co-morbidities such as hyper-coagulation, thrombosis, ARDS etc. have become the major cause of mortality in the patients of COVID-19 admitted to the ICU. Thus, VWF can be explored as a potential target to manage COVID-19 associated co-morbidities. Supporting this hypothesis, there are literature reports which disclose previous attempts to target VWF for the management of thrombo-inflammation in other pathological conditions. The current report summarizes emerging insights into the pathophysiology, mechanism(s), diagnosis, management and foundations for research on this less explored clinically relevant glycoprotein as coagulation biomarker in COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid34515981,
year = {2021},
author = {Ebob, OT and Babiaka, SB and Ntie-Kang, F},
title = {Natural Products as Potential Lead Compounds for Drug Discovery Against SARS-CoV-2.},
journal = {Natural products and bioprospecting},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34515981},
issn = {2192-2195},
abstract = {For the past 2 years, the coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 infection has become a world pandemic, ruining the lives and economies of several nations in the world. This has scaled up research on the virus and the resulting infection with the goal of developing new vaccines and therapies. Natural products are known to be a rich source of lead compounds for drug discovery, including against infectious diseases caused by microbes (viruses, bacteria and fungi). In this review article, we conducted a literature survey aimed at identifying natural products with inhibitory concentrations against the coronaviruses or their target proteins, which lie below 10 µM. This led to the identification of 42 compounds belonging to the alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoid, phenolic, xanthone and saponin classes. The cut off concentration of 10 µM was to limit the study to the most potent chemical entities, which could be developed into therapies against the viral infection to make a contribution towards limiting the spread of the disease.},
}
@article {pmid34515967,
year = {2021},
author = {Chiampas, GT and Ibiebele, AL},
title = {A Sports Practitioner's Perspective on the Return to Play During the Early Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned and Next Steps.},
journal = {Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34515967},
issn = {1179-2035},
abstract = {With high profile events such as sporting and mass gathering events, recent history has revealed the importance of developing incident command structures to streamline communication, maximize coordination and establish contingencies. With the advent of COVID-19, a virus with significant human-to-human transmission and the potential for super-spreader events, there has been a brief universal cessation of sports, and the main question now is how to return to play in a way that keeps our athletes and general population healthy. This review aims to describe the core principles regarding return to play using a focus on incident command centers and disaster management. These principles include appropriate hygiene and social distancing, use of masks, rigorous monitoring and screening of symptoms, widespread testing, comprehensive contact tracing and considerations for travel and facilities. In addition, organizations need to have established scalable protocols for athletes who do contract the virus with symptom-based algorithms for length of time away from play and with screening for cardiac and pulmonary complications from COVID-19. Also, encouraging our athletes to become immunized against the virus and educating our athletes about nutrition and the relation to immune health is important as we return to play.},
}
@article {pmid34515857,
year = {2021},
author = {Gundavda, MK and Gundavda, KK},
title = {Cancer or COVID-19? A Review of Recommendations for COVID-19 Vaccination in Cancer Patients.},
journal = {Current treatment options in oncology},
volume = {22},
number = {10},
pages = {95},
pmid = {34515857},
issn = {1534-6277},
abstract = {OPINION STATEMENT: While emergency use is authorized for numerous COVID-19 vaccines and the high-risk population including cancer patients or those with immunosuppression due to disease or therapy is prioritized, data on this group's specific safety and efficacy of these vaccines remains limited. Safety data from clinical trials and population data may be extrapolated, and these vaccines may be used for cancer patients. However, concerns of efficacy due to the variable immune response in patients with active cancers undergoing active therapy and cancer survivors with chronic immunosuppression remain. The authors aim to discuss the current recommendations for use of COVID-19 vaccination in patients with cancer.},
}
@article {pmid34515829,
year = {2021},
author = {Alsaied, T and Ashfaq, A},
title = {From Other Journals: A Review of Recent Articles by Our Editorial Team.},
journal = {Pediatric cardiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34515829},
issn = {1432-1971},
abstract = {In this review we provide a brief description of recently published articles addressing topics relevant to pediatric cardiologists. Our hope is to provide a summary of the latest articles published recently in other journals in our field. The articles address (1) a summary of a scientific statement of the American Heart Association for diagnosis and treatment of myocarditis, (2) development of a perioperative risk score for in-hospital mortality after cardiac surgery in adults with congenital heart disease, (3) using a machine learning algorithm to predict cardiopulmonary deterioration in patients in the interstage period 1-2 h in advance using hospital monitor generated data, (4) risk factors for reoperation after the arterial switch operation, (5) the effect of mitochondrial transplantation for cardiogenic shock in pediatric patients, (6) comparing outcomes of primary or staged repair in tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia.},
}
@article {pmid34515227,
year = {2021},
author = {Taha, HR and Keewan, N and Slati, F and Al-Sawalha, NA},
title = {Remdesivir: A Closer Look at Its Effect in COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Pharmacology},
volume = {106},
number = {9-10},
pages = {462-468},
doi = {10.1159/000518440},
pmid = {34515227},
issn = {1423-0313},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiology of COVID-19 pandemic, resulted in significant harm to the affected countries in every aspect of life. The virus infected over 139 million patients and resulted in over 2.9 million deaths until April 16, 2021. New variants of this virus were identified that spread rapidly worldwide.<br><br>SUMMARY: Remdesivir, a prodrug of adenosine nucleotide analog, is an antiviral with a broad spectrum of activity that was tested on SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome infections. In vitro studies conducted on SARS-CoV-2 revealed that remdesivir inhibited viral replication with high selectivity index in cell cultures. In vivo studies showed that remdesivir reduced viral load in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and attenuated pulmonary infiltrates in infected animals. Further, remdesivir showed promising results in terms of clinical improvement, shortening the recovery time, mortality rate, and the duration of oxygen need, despite that some clinical trials did not reveal significant effect on remdesivir use. Several studies showed positive results of remdesivir against the new variants. Key Messages: Remdesivir showed a promising beneficial effect against new variants of SARS-CoV-2, but more clinical evidence is needed to confirm this effect.},
}
@article {pmid34514769,
year = {2021},
author = {Cwynar-Zając, Ł},
title = {Metformin - a new approach.},
journal = {Pediatric endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism},
volume = {27},
number = {2},
pages = {134-140},
doi = {10.5114/pedm.2021.107166},
pmid = {34514769},
issn = {2083-8441},
abstract = {Metformin is a widely used biguanide drug recommended as a first-line antidiabetic for type 2 diabetes. Currently, metformin is used not only in the treatment of diabetes but also in other diseases. Some studies have shown that metformin causes weight loss in insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant overweight and obese patients. Metformin is an effective and safe option for women with gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes in pregnancy, and it may also increase the ovulation rate in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Longer survival times have been observed in cancer patients using metformin. Metformin has been shown to significantly correlate with lower mortality in obese or type 2 diabetic women hospitalized for COVID-19. It also has a protective effect on the development and progression of many types of cancer. The mechanisms of action of metformin are complex and still not fully understood. Metformin has been shown to act through both AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent mechanisms and AMPK-independent mechanisms. This paper presents the benefits of using metformin in the treatment of various diseases.},
}
@article {pmid34514624,
year = {2021},
author = {Combden, S and Forward, A and Sarkar, A},
title = {COVID-19 pandemic responses of Canada and United States in first 6 months: A comparative analysis.},
journal = {The International journal of health planning and management},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/hpm.3323},
pmid = {34514624},
issn = {1099-1751},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Canada and the United States have distinct health care and social policies, and it is important to see how they had been responding to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.<br><br>METHODS: The study period was limited to the first 6 months of the pandemic and aimed to explore the responses by public health authorities, media, general population, and law makers during the initial phase of pandemic.<br><br>RESULTS: Social disparity, underfunded pandemic preparation, and the initial failure to act appropriately have resulted in the rapid spread of infection in both countries. In the United States, prevailing social inequalities and racism, inaccessible health care, higher rates of preexisting medical conditions and disputed political leadership have further deteriorated the situation and enhanced public suffering, particularly for the black and Indigenous communities. In Canada, its poorly regulated services of long-term care facilities, initial restriction of testing and lack of access to epidemiological data have helped spread the infection and increased casualties in vulnerable populations.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Analysis of the pandemic responses of the United States and Canada has revealed how existing social disparity, underfunded pandemic preparation, and the initial failure to act appropriately have resulted in the rapid spread of infection.},
}
@article {pmid34514368,
year = {2021},
author = {Chen, KL and Brozen, M and Rollman, JE and Ward, T and Norris, KC and Gregory, KD and Zimmerman, FJ},
title = {How is the COVID-19 pandemic shaping transportation access to health care?.},
journal = {Transportation research interdisciplinary perspectives},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {100338},
doi = {10.1016/j.trip.2021.100338},
pmid = {34514368},
issn = {2590-1982},
abstract = {The Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic has disrupted both transportation and health systems. While about 40% of Americans have delayed seeking medical care during the pandemic, it remains unclear to what extent transportation is contributing to missed care. To understand the relationship between transportation and unmet health care needs during the pandemic, this paper synthesizes existing knowledge on transportation patterns and barriers across five types of health care needs. While the literature is limited by the absence of detailed data for trips to health care, key themes emerged across populations and settings. We find that some patients, many of whom already experience transportation disadvantage, likely need extra support during the pandemic to overcome new travel barriers related to changes in public transit or the inability to rely on others for rides. Telemedicine is working as a partial substitute for some visits but cannot fulfill all health care needs, especially for vulnerable groups. Structural inequality during the pandemic has likely compounded health care access barriers for low-income individuals and people of color, who face not only disproportionate health risks, but also greater difficulty in transportation access and heightened economic hardship due to COVID-19. Partnerships between health and transportation systems hold promise for jointly addressing disparities in health- and transportation-related challenges but are largely limited to Medicaid-enrolled patients. Our findings suggest that transportation and health care providers should look for additional strategies to ensure that transportation access is not a reason for delayed medical care during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid34514364,
year = {2021},
author = {Shi, J and Li, H and Xu, F and Tao, X},
title = {Materials in Advanced Design of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): A Review.},
journal = {Materials today. Advances},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {100171},
doi = {10.1016/j.mtadv.2021.100171},
pmid = {34514364},
issn = {2590-0498},
abstract = {The outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic has aroused tremendous attention towards personal protective equipment (PPE) in both scientific research and industrial manufacture. Despite decades of development in PPE design and fabrication, there's still much room for further optimization, in terms of both protection performance and wear comfort. Interdisciplinary efforts have been devoted in this research field in recent years. Significantly, the innovation of materials, which brings about improved performance and versatile new functions for PPEs, has been widely adopted in PPE design. In this minireview, recent progress in the development of novel materials and structural designs for PPE application are presented in detail, with the introduction of various material-based strategies for different PPE type, as well as the examples which applies auxiliary components into face masks to enrich the functionalities and improve the personal feelings in pandemic period.},
}
@article {pmid34514292,
year = {2021},
author = {Parveen, S and George, SM and Chand, S},
title = {Was Sleep a Problem for the Elderly During COVID-19?.},
journal = {Sleep and vigilance},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-7},
doi = {10.1007/s41782-021-00164-2},
pmid = {34514292},
issn = {2510-2265},
abstract = {Over the past few decades, the population of geriatrics has seen an exponential rise and it is well known that the prevalence of chronic diseases and other associated comorbidities is higher among them which in turn, has an established association with sleep disorders. During these unprecedented circumstances, geriatrics are predisposed to be at an increased risk of sleep disorders due to the social isolation and loneliness imposed on them by the lockdowns. The fact that older adults are at a greater risk of contracting the virus due to the presence of comorbidities and the high virulence adds on to the existing risk of sleep disturbances. A lack of sleep in these circumstances has the potential to add on to the vicious cycle of sleep disorders predisposed by chronic disease and vice versa. Mental health, sleep and the presence of comorbidities are closely interlinked and they often tend to overlap. Research in sleep has established insomnia to be the most commonly diagnosed sleep disorder affecting almost 50% of the older adults which can subsequently, elevate their risk of falls. This prevalence of sleep disorders is hypothesized to increase during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and a good sleep routine needs to be advocated for to improve the quality of life of this population. However, scientific evidence concerning this is scarce and this review aims to highlight the significance of sleep and urges its readers to undertake studies that investigate the architecture of sleep amongst older adults during the pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid34514283,
year = {2021},
author = {Malyavko, A and Kim, Y and Harmon, TG and Quan, T and Gu, A and Bernstein, SA and Tabaie, SA and Thakkar, S},
title = {Utility of Social Media for Recruitment by Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Programs.},
journal = {JB &amp; JS open access},
volume = {6},
number = {3},
pages = {},
doi = {10.2106/JBJS.OA.21.00076},
pmid = {34514283},
issn = {2472-7245},
abstract = {Background: As the use of social media continues to rise, the presence of social media accounts among orthopaedic surgery residency programs can foster connections with other specialties, highlight departmental achievements, and be a resource for applicants to learn more about the program. This study evaluated the current utility and landscape of social media, with an emphasis on the use of Instagram, in orthopaedic surgery residency programs in the United States.<br><br>Methods: A cross-sectional study of orthopaedic surgery residency Instagram accounts was performed. The Instagram accounts were evaluated for the number of followers, number of accounts following, and number of posts. Instagram posts were further categorized into academic, departmental, education, and COVID-19-related content. In addition, a search was performed to identify the presence of Twitter and Facebook accounts among orthopaedic surgery residency programs. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to analyze the data in this study.<br><br>Results: Of the 192 orthopaedic surgery residency programs evaluated, 108 programs (56%) had an Instagram account, 65 programs (34%) had a Twitter account, and 58 programs (30%) had a Facebook account. Of the 108 programs with an Instagram account, 92 accounts (85%) were created in 2020. A higher Doximity ranking of a program was positively associated with the presence of an Instagram account (p < 0.001). A significant correlation was found between the number of posts and the Instagram engagement score (p = 0.018). The majority of Instagram posts contained departmental content (54%) followed by social (13%) and COVID-19-related (10%) content.<br><br>Conclusions: The presence of orthopaedic surgery residency programs on social media has grown significantly in the year 2020. With the presence of more than 50% of residency programs on Instagram, this can be a useful resource for prospective applicants and other healthcare professionals to gain insight into the activities of orthopaedic surgery residency programs across the United States.},
}
@article {pmid34514159,
year = {2021},
author = {Anselmo, AC and Mitragotri, S},
title = {Nanoparticles in the clinic: An update post COVID-19 vaccines.},
journal = {Bioengineering &amp; translational medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e10246},
doi = {10.1002/btm2.10246},
pmid = {34514159},
issn = {2380-6761},
abstract = {Nanoparticles are used in the clinic to treat cancer, resolve mineral deficiencies, image tissues, and facilitate vaccination. As a modular technology, nanoparticles combine diagnostic agents or therapeutics (e.g., elements, small molecules, biologics), synthetic materials (e.g., polymers), and biological molecules (e.g., antibodies, peptides, lipids). Leveraging these parameters, nanoparticles can be designed and tuned to navigate biological microenvironments, negotiate biological barriers, and deliver therapeutics or diagnostic agents to specific cells and tissues in the body. Recently, with the Emergency Use Authorization of the COVID-19 lipid nanoparticle vaccines, the advantages and potential of nanoparticles as a delivery vehicle have been displayed at the forefront of biotechnology. Here, we provide a 5-year status update on our original "Nanoparticles in the Clinic" review (also a 2-year update on our second "Nanoparticles in the Clinic" review) by discussing recent nanoparticle delivery system approvals, highlighting new clinical trials, and providing an update on the previously highlighted clinical trials.},
}
@article {pmid34514087,
year = {2021},
author = {Rinoldi, C and Zargarian, SS and Nakielski, P and Li, X and Liguori, A and Petronella, F and Presutti, D and Wang, Q and Costantini, M and De Sio, L and Gualandi, C and Ding, B and Pierini, F},
title = {Nanotechnology-Assisted RNA Delivery: From Nucleic Acid Therapeutics to COVID-19 Vaccines.},
journal = {Small methods},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {2100402},
doi = {10.1002/smtd.202100402},
pmid = {34514087},
issn = {2366-9608},
abstract = {In recent years, the main quest of science has been the pioneering of the groundbreaking biomedical strategies needed for achieving a personalized medicine. Ribonucleic acids (RNAs) are outstanding bioactive macromolecules identified as pivotal actors in regulating a wide range of biochemical pathways. The ability to intimately control the cell fate and tissue activities makes RNA-based drugs the most fascinating family of bioactive agents. However, achieving a widespread application of RNA therapeutics in humans is still a challenging feat, due to both the instability of naked RNA and the presence of biological barriers aimed at hindering the entrance of RNA into cells. Recently, material scientists' enormous efforts have led to the development of various classes of nanostructured carriers customized to overcome these limitations. This work systematically reviews the current advances in developing the next generation of drugs based on nanotechnology-assisted RNA delivery. The features of the most used RNA molecules are presented, together with the development strategies and properties of nanostructured vehicles. Also provided is an in-depth overview of various therapeutic applications of the presented systems, including coronavirus disease vaccines and the newest trends in the field. Lastly, emerging challenges and future perspectives for nanotechnology-mediated RNA therapies are discussed.},
}
@article {pmid34514085,
year = {2021},
author = {Panchal, D and Kataria, J and Patel, K and Crowe, K and Pai, V and Azizogli, AR and Kadian, N and Sanyal, S and Roy, A and Dodd-O, J and Acevedo-Jake, AM and Kumar, VA},
title = {Peptide-Based Inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV.},
journal = {Advanced therapeutics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {2100104},
doi = {10.1002/adtp.202100104},
pmid = {34514085},
issn = {2366-3987},
abstract = {The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease) global pandemic, caused by the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) virus, currently has limited treatment options which include vaccines, anti-virals, and repurposed therapeutics. With their high specificity, tunability, and biocompatibility, small molecules like peptides are positioned to act as key players in combating SARS-CoV-2, and can be readily modified to match viral mutation rate. A recent expansion of the understanding of the viral structure and entry mechanisms has led to the proliferation of therapeutic viral entry inhibitors. In this comprehensive review, inhibitors of SARS and SARS-CoV-2 are investigated and discussed based on therapeutic design, inhibitory mechanistic approaches, and common targets. Peptide therapeutics are highlighted, which have demonstrated in vitro or in vivo efficacy, discuss advantages of peptide therapeutics, and common strategies in identifying targets for viral inhibition.},
}
@article {pmid34514075,
year = {2021},
author = {Zeng, Z and Lan, T and Wei, Y and Wei, X},
title = {CCL5/CCR5 axis in human diseases and related treatments.},
journal = {Genes &amp; diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.gendis.2021.08.004},
pmid = {34514075},
issn = {2352-3042},
abstract = {To defense harmful stimuli or maintain the immune homeostasis, the body produces and recruits a superfamily of cytokines such as interleukins, interferons, chemokines etc. Among them, chemokines act as crucial regulators in defense systems. CCL5/CCR5 combination is known for facilitating inflammatory responses, as well as inducing the adhesion and migration of different T cell subsets in immune responses. In addition, recent studies have shown that the interaction between CCL5 and CCR5 is involved in various pathological processes including inflammation, chronic diseases, cancers as well as the infection of COVID-19. This review focuses on how CCL5/CCR5 axis participates in the pathological processes of different diseases and their relevant signaling pathways for the regulation of the axis. Moreover, we highlighted the gene therapy and chemotherapy studies for treating CCR5-related diseases, including the ongoing clinical trials. The barriers and perspectives for future application and translational research were also summarized.},
}
@article {pmid34513959,
year = {2021},
author = {Dickey, J and Davtyan, C and Davtyan, D and Taegtmeyer, H},
title = {Homeostasis Disrupted and Restored-A Fresh Look at the Mechanism and Treatment of Obesity During COVID-19.},
journal = {Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {721956},
doi = {10.3389/fcvm.2021.721956},
pmid = {34513959},
issn = {2297-055X},
abstract = {The prevalence of obesity in the United States approaches half of the adult population. The COVID-19 pandemic endangers the health of obese individuals. In addition, the metabolic syndrome poses a challenge to the health of obese adults. Bariatric surgery and diet restore metabolic homeostasis in obese individuals; however, it is still unclear which strategy is most effective. For example, intermittent fasting improves insulin sensitivity and diet alone decreases visceral adipose tissue at a disproportionately high rate compared to weight loss. Bariatric surgery causes rapid remission of type 2 diabetes and increases incretins for long-term remission of insulin resistance before meaningful weight loss has occurred. Malabsorptive surgeries have provided insight into the mechanism of altering metabolic parameters, but strong evidence to determine the duration of their effects is yet to be established. When determining the best method of weight loss, metabolic parameters, target weight loss, and risk-benefit analysis must be considered carefully. In this review, we address the pros and cons for the optimal way to restore metabolic homeostasis.},
}
@article {pmid34513868,
year = {2021},
author = {Cousin, VL and Giraud, R and Bendjelid, K},
title = {Pathophysiology of COVID-19: Everywhere You Look You Will See ACE2!.},
journal = {Frontiers in medicine},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {694029},
doi = {10.3389/fmed.2021.694029},
pmid = {34513868},
issn = {2296-858X},
abstract = {Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) seems to be a central actor in the pathophysiology of SARS-Cov-2 infection. First, it acts as the receptor for the virus and permits its attachment to cells expressing ACE2. Second, the relative deficiency of ACE2 during infection could be linked to several clinical features encountered during the disease, like ARDS and coagulation abnormalities. This study explores the strong link between ACE2 and the majority of risk factors for the severe evolution of COVID-19. It seems that all these risks factors are linked to an increased level of ACE2 and/or imbalance in ACE/ACE2.},
}
@article {pmid34513131,
year = {2021},
author = {Zhong, L and Zhu, L and Cai, ZW},
title = {Mass Spectrometry-based Proteomics and Glycoproteomics in COVID-19 Biomarkers Identification: A Mini-review.},
journal = {Journal of analysis and testing},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-16},
doi = {10.1007/s41664-021-00197-6},
pmid = {34513131},
issn = {2096-241X},
abstract = {The first corona-pandemic, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused a huge health crisis and incalculable damage worldwide. Knowledge of how to cure the disease is urgently needed. Emerging immune escaping mutants of the virus suggested that it may be potentially persistent in human society as a regular health threat as the flu virus. Therefore, it is imperative to identify appropriate biomarkers to indicate pathological and physiological states, and more importantly, clinic outcomes. Proteins are the performers of life functions, and their abundance and modification status can directly reflect the immune status. Protein glycosylation serves a great impact in modulating protein function. The use of both unmodified and glycosylated proteins as biomarkers has also been proved feasible in the studies of SARS, Zika virus, influenza, etc. In recent years, mass spectrometry-based glycoproteomics, as well as proteomics approaches, advanced significantly due to the evolution of mass spectrometry. We focus on the current development of the mass spectrometry-based strategy for COVID-19 biomarkers' investigation. Potential application of glycoproteomics approaches and challenges in biomarkers identification are also discussed.},
}
@article {pmid34513115,
year = {2021},
author = {Luo, L and Qiu, Q and Huang, F and Liu, K and Lan, Y and Li, X and Huang, Y and Cui, L and Luo, H},
title = {Drug repurposing against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A review.},
journal = {Journal of pharmaceutical analysis},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jpha.2021.09.001},
pmid = {34513115},
issn = {2214-0883},
abstract = {Since December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been found to be the culprit in the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), causing a global pandemic. Despite the existence of many vaccine programs, the number of confirmed cases and fatalities due to COVID-19 is still increasing. Furthermore, a number of variants have been reported. Because of the absence of approved anti-coronavirus drugs, the treatment and management of COVID-19 has become a global challenge. Under these circumstances, drug repurposing is an effective method to identify candidate drugs with a shorter cycle of clinical trials. Here, we summarize the current status of the application of drug repurposing in COVID-19, including drug repurposing based on virtual computer screening, network pharmacology, and bioactivity, which may be beneficial COVID-19 treatment.},
}
@article {pmid34513114,
year = {2021},
author = {Homayoonnia, S and Lee, Y and Andalib, D and Rahman, MS and Shin, J and Kim, K and Kim, S},
title = {Micro/nanotechnology-inspired rapid diagnosis of respiratory infectious diseases.},
journal = {Biomedical engineering letters},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-31},
doi = {10.1007/s13534-021-00206-8},
pmid = {34513114},
issn = {2093-985X},
abstract = {Humans have suffered from a variety of infectious diseases since a long time ago, and now a new infectious disease called COVID-19 is prevalent worldwide. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has led to research of the effective methods of diagnosing respiratory infectious diseases, which are important to reduce infection rate and help the spread of diseases be controlled. The onset of COVID-19 has led to the further development of existing diagnostic methods such as polymerase chain reaction, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Furthermore, this has contributed to the further development of micro/nanotechnology-based diagnostic methods, which have advantages of high-throughput testing, effectiveness in terms of cost and space, and portability compared to conventional diagnosis methods. Micro/nanotechnology-based diagnostic methods can be largely classified into (1) nanomaterials-based, (2) micromaterials-based, and (3) micro/nanodevice-based. This review paper describes how micro/nanotechnologies have been exploited to diagnose respiratory infectious diseases in each section. The research and development of micro/nanotechnology-based diagnostics should be further explored and advanced as new infectious diseases continue to emerge. Only a handful of micro/nanotechnology-based diagnostic methods has been commercialized so far and there still are opportunities to explore.},
}
@article {pmid34512975,
year = {2021},
author = {Sato, K and Sinclair, JE and Sadeghirad, H and Fraser, JF and Short, KR and Kulasinghe, A},
title = {Cardiovascular disease in SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
journal = {Clinical &amp; translational immunology},
volume = {10},
number = {9},
pages = {e1343},
doi = {10.1002/cti2.1343},
pmid = {34512975},
issn = {2050-0068},
abstract = {Pre-existing cardiovascular disease (CVD) increases the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 and is strongly associated with poor disease outcomes. However, SARS-CoV-2 infection can also trigger de novo acute and chronic cardiovascular disease. Acute cardiac complications include arrhythmia, myocarditis and heart failure, which are significantly associated with higher in-hospital mortality. The possible mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 causes this acute cardiac disease include direct damage caused by viral invasion of cardiomyocytes as well as indirect damage through systemic inflammation. The long-term cardiac complications associated with COVID-19 are incompletely characterised and thought to include hypertension, arrhythmia, coronary atherosclerosis and heart failure. Although some cardiac-related symptoms can last over 6 months, the effect of these complications on long-term patient health remains unclear. The risk factors associated with long-term cardiovascular disease remain poorly defined. Determining which patients are most at-risk of long-term cardiovascular disease is vital so that targeted follow-up and patient care can be provided. The aim of this review was to summarise the current evidence of the acute and long-term cardiovascular consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 may cause cardiovascular disease.},
}
@article {pmid34512943,
year = {2021},
author = {Gebreslassie, MG},
title = {Comparative assessment of the challenges faced by the solar energy industry in Ethiopia before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.},
journal = {Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Energy and environment},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e418},
doi = {10.1002/wene.418},
pmid = {34512943},
issn = {2041-840X},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic is having an unprecedented impact on social, economic, and political situations of all countries around the world with no sight to its end. Business sectors such as solar distributors, which have been instrumental in supporting the governments' ambitious universal electrification programs, have been negatively affected by the pandemic. The main aim of this paper is therefore to explore and conduct a comparative assessment before and during the COVID-19 pandemic of the key challenges of solar-based businesses in Ethiopia focusing on the distributors and installers and to provide policy recommendations. Qualitative and quantitative assessments were employed during this study. The results show that before the pandemic, finding a skilled workforce, gaining a technical knowledge of the technology, competing in the market, and lack of consumer awareness and initial investment were the key challenges. The importation of solar technologies has been halted by the arrival of the COVID-19 exacerbating existing challenges and threatening the very existence of the businesses. The impact of the pandemic on income levels of end-users of solar technologies, together with the lack of sufficient supply of technologies to the businesses, most of the businesses are forced to lay off their employees deepening the unemployment rate and, in some cases, forcing businesses to be closed. These circumstances affect economic development and dents the progress made so far in facilitating energy access to remote communities. To protect these vulnerable but very essential small businesses, necessary interventions are recommended. This article is categorized under:Photovoltaics > Economics and Policy.},
}
@article {pmid34512902,
year = {2021},
author = {Gulinac, M and Novakov, IP and Antovic, S and Velikova, T},
title = {Surgical complications in COVID-19 patients in the setting of moderate to severe disease.},
journal = {World journal of gastrointestinal surgery},
volume = {13},
number = {8},
pages = {788-795},
doi = {10.4240/wjgs.v13.i8.788},
pmid = {34512902},
issn = {1948-9366},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a considerable impact on the work of physicians and surgeons. The connection between the patient and the surgeon cannot be replaced by telemedicine. For example, the surgical staff faces more serious difficulties compared to non-surgical specialists during the COVID-19 pandemic. The primary concerns include the safest solutions for protecting healthcare staff and patients and the ability to provide adequate surgical care. Additionally, the adverse effects of any surgery delays and the financial consequences complicate the picture. Therefore, patients' admission during the COVID-19 pandemic should be taken into consideration, as well as preoperative measures. The COVID-19 situation brings particular risk to patients during surgery, where preoperative morbidity and mortality rise in either asymptomatic or symptomatic COVID-19 patients. This review discusses the recent factors associated with surgical complications, mortality rates, outcomes, and experience in COVID-19 surgical patients.},
}
@article {pmid34512643,
year = {2021},
author = {Kaklamanos, A and Belogiannis, K and Skendros, P and Gorgoulis, VG and Vlachoyiannopoulos, PG and Tzioufas, AG},
title = {COVID-19 Immunobiology: Lessons Learned, New Questions Arise.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {719023},
doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2021.719023},
pmid = {34512643},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {There is strong evidence that COVID-19 pathophysiology is mainly driven by a spatiotemporal immune deregulation. Both its phenotypic heterogeneity, spanning from asymptomatic to severe disease/death, and its associated mortality, are dictated by and linked to maladaptive innate and adaptive immune responses against SARS-CoV-2, the etiologic factor of the disease. Deregulated interferon and cytokine responses, with the contribution of immune and cellular stress-response mediators (like cellular senescence or uncontrolled inflammatory cell death), result in innate and adaptive immune system malfunction, endothelial activation and inflammation (endothelitis), as well as immunothrombosis (with enhanced platelet activation, NET production/release and complement hyper-activation). All these factors play key roles in the development of severe COVID-19. Interestingly, another consequence of this immune deregulation, is the production of autoantibodies and the subsequent development of autoimmune phenomena observed in some COVID-19 patients with severe disease. These new aspects of the disease that are now emerging (like autoimmunity and cellular senescence), could offer us new opportunities in the field of disease prevention and treatment. Simultaneously, lessons already learned from the immunobiology of COVID-19 could offer new insights, not only for this disease, but also for a variety of chronic inflammatory responses observed in autoimmune and (auto)inflammatory diseases.},
}
@article {pmid34512561,
year = {2021},
author = {Hakim, A and Hasan, MM and Hasan, M and Lokman, SM and Azim, KF and Raihan, T and Chowdhury, PA and Azad, AK},
title = {Major Insights in Dynamics of Host Response to SARS-CoV-2: Impacts and Challenges.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {637554},
doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2021.637554},
pmid = {34512561},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a pandemic declared by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020, is caused by the infection of highly transmissible species of a novel coronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of July 25, 2021, there are 194,372,584 cases and 4,167,937 deaths with high variability in clinical manifestations, disease burden, and post-disease complications among different people around the globe. Overall, COVID-19 is manifested as mild to moderate in almost 90% of the cases and only the rest 10% of the cases need hospitalization. However, patients with older age and those having different comorbidities have made worst the pandemic scenario. The variability of pathological consequences and clinical manifestations of COVID-19 is associated with differential host-SARS-CoV-2 interactions, which are influenced by the factors that originated from the SARS-CoV-2 and the host. These factors usually include the genomic attributes and virulent factors of the SARS-CoV-2, the burden of coinfection with other viruses and bacteria, age and gender of the individuals, different comorbidities, immune suppressions/deficiency, genotypes of major histocompatibility complex, and blood group antigens and antibodies. We herein retrieved and reviewed literatures from PubMed, Scopus, and Google relevant to clinical complications and pathogenesis of COVID-19 among people of different age, sex, and geographical locations; genomic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 including its variants, host response under different variables, and comorbidities to summarize the dynamics of the host response to SARS-CoV-2 infection; and host response toward approved vaccines and treatment strategies against COVID-19. After reviewing a large number of published articles covering different aspects of host response to SARS-CoV-2, it is clear that one aspect from one region is not working with the scenario same to others, as studies have been done separately with a very small number of cases from a particular area/region of a country. Importantly, to combat such a pandemic as COVID-19, a conclusive understanding of the disease dynamics is required. This review emphasizes on the identification of the factors influencing the dynamics of host responses to SARS-CoV-2 and offers a future perspective to explore the molecular insights of COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid34512337,
year = {2021},
author = {Anywar, G and Akram, M and Chishti, MA},
title = {African and Asian Medicinal Plants as a Repository for Prospective Antiviral Metabolites Against HIV-1 and SARS CoV-2: A Mini Review.},
journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {703837},
doi = {10.3389/fphar.2021.703837},
pmid = {34512337},
issn = {1663-9812},
abstract = {Introduction: The worldwide burden of viral infections has triggered a resurgence in the search for new and more efficient antiviral drugs. Scientists are also repurposing existing natural compounds such as the antimalarial drug artemisinin from Artemesia annua L. as potential drug candidates for some of the emerging and re-emerging viral infections such as covid-19 Aim: The aim of this review was to analyse the existing literature to explore the actual or potential natural antiviral compounds from African and Asian medicinal plants as lead compounds in the drug discovery process. Methods: We searched the literature on African and Asian medicinal plant species as antiviral agents for HIV-1 and the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in various databases and search engines such as Web of Science, Google Scholar and PubMed. The search was limited to in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies and excluded in silico studies. Results: We present 16 plant species with actual or potential antiviral activity against HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. These plant species span the continents of Africa and Asia where they are widely used for treating several other ailments. Conclusion: Natural compounds from plants can play a significant role in the clinical management of HIV/AIDS and the covid-19 pandemic. More research needs to be conducted to investigate the potential toxicities of the various compounds and their efficacies in clinical settings.},
}
@article {pmid34512335,
year = {2021},
author = {Liu, D and Zeng, X and Ding, Z and Lv, F and Mehta, JL and Wang, X},
title = {Adverse Cardiovascular Effects of Anti-COVID-19 Drugs.},
journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {699949},
doi = {10.3389/fphar.2021.699949},
pmid = {34512335},
issn = {1663-9812},
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or COVID-19 infection is the cause of the ongoing global pandemic. Mortality from COVID-19 infection is particularly high in patients with cardiovascular diseases. In addition, COVID-19 patients with preexisting cardiovascular comorbidities have a higher risk of death. Main cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 are myocardial infarction, myocarditis, acute myocardial injury, arrhythmias, heart failure, stroke, and venous thromboembolism. Therapeutic interventions in terms of drugs for COVID-19 have many cardiac adverse effects. Here, we review the relative therapeutic efficacy and adverse effects of anti-COVID-19 drugs.},
}
@article {pmid34512253,
year = {2021},
author = {Anand, H and Ende, V and Singh, G and Qureshi, I and Duong, TQ and Mehler, MF},
title = {Nervous System-Systemic Crosstalk in SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19: A Unique Dyshomeostasis Syndrome.},
journal = {Frontiers in neuroscience},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {727060},
doi = {10.3389/fnins.2021.727060},
pmid = {34512253},
issn = {1662-4548},
abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with a spectrum of acute neurological syndromes. A subset of these syndromes promotes higher in-hospital mortality than is predicted by traditional parameters defining critical care illness. This suggests that deregulation of components of the central and peripheral nervous systems compromises the interplay with systemic cellular, tissue and organ interfaces to mediate numerous atypical manifestations of COVID-19 through impairments in organismal homeostasis. This unique dyshomeostasis syndrome involves components of the ACE-2/1 lifecycles, renin-angiotensin system regulatory axes, integrated nervous system functional interactions and brain regions differentially sculpted by accelerated evolutionary processes and more primordial homeostatic functions. These biological contingencies suggest a mechanistic blueprint to define long-term neurological sequelae and systemic manifestations such as premature aging phenotypes, including organ fibrosis, tissue degeneration and cancer. Therapeutic initiatives must therefore encompass innovative combinatorial agents, including repurposing FDA-approved drugs targeting components of the autonomic nervous system and recently identified products of SARS-CoV-2-host interactions.},
}
@article {pmid34512224,
year = {2021},
author = {Han, S and Liu, X},
title = {Can imported cold food cause COVID-19 recurrent outbreaks? A review.},
journal = {Environmental chemistry letters},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-11},
doi = {10.1007/s10311-021-01312-w},
pmid = {34512224},
issn = {1610-3653},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is still spreading all over the world. Although China quickly brought the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) under control in 2020, sporadic outbreaks have recurred from time to time. Outbreaks since June 2020 have suggested that the imported cold food supply chain is a major cause for the recurrence and spread of COVID-19. Here we review recurrent outbreaks in China from June 2020 to March 2021, and we analyse the main causes for recurrence and transmission by the supply of imported cold food from port to fork. Contaminated cold food or food packaging material can transmit the virus through 'person-to-thing-to-person', by contrast with the classical 'person-to-person' pathway. We decribe safety precautions for the food system, operating environment and people along the cold chain logistics. Surface disinfection and nucleic acid inspection are needed in each stage of the logistics of imported cold food supply.},
}
@article {pmid34512103,
year = {2021},
author = {Franch-Pardo, I and Desjardins, MR and Barea-Navarro, I and Cerdà, A},
title = {A review of GIS methodologies to analyze the dynamics of COVID-19 in the second half of 2020.},
journal = {Transactions in GIS : TG},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/tgis.12792},
pmid = {34512103},
issn = {1361-1682},
abstract = {COVID-19 has infected over 163 million people and has resulted in over 3.9 million deaths. Regarding the tools and strategies to research the ongoing pandemic, spatial analysis has been increasingly utilized to study the impacts of COVID-19. This article provides a review of 221 scientific articles that used spatial science to study the pandemic published from June 2020 to December 2020. The main objectives are: to identify the tools and techniques used by the authors; to review the subjects addressed and their disciplines; and to classify the studies based on their applications. This contribution will facilitate comparisons with the body of work published during the first half of 2020, revealing the evolution of the COVID-19 phenomenon through the lens of spatial analysis. Our results show that there was an increase in the use of both spatial statistical tools (e.g., geographically weighted regression, Bayesian models, spatial regression) applied to socioeconomic variables and analysis at finer spatial and temporal scales. We found an increase in remote sensing approaches, which are now widely applied in studies around the world. Lockdowns and associated changes in human mobility have been extensively examined using spatiotemporal techniques. Another dominant topic studied has been the relationship between pollution and COVID-19 dynamics, which enhance the impact of human activities on the pandemic's evolution. This represents a shift from the first half of 2020, when the research focused on climatic and weather factors. Overall, we have seen a vast increase in spatial tools and techniques to study COVID-19 transmission and the associated risk factors.},
}
@article {pmid34512059,
year = {2021},
author = {Shibeeb, S and Ahmad, MN},
title = {Thrombotic and Hypercoagulability Complications of COVID-19: An Update.},
journal = {Journal of blood medicine},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {785-793},
doi = {10.2147/JBM.S316014},
pmid = {34512059},
issn = {1179-2736},
abstract = {The current COVID-19 pandemic emerged in December 2019, in China, affecting millions of people worldwide. COVID-19 is mainly a disease of the respiratory system, yet systematic complications have also been reported among SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Thrombotic complications are one of the severe clinical outcomes of COVID-19, especially among critically ill patients, and are associated with poor prognosis. To date, many studies have concluded that COVID-19 increases the incidence of thrombotic events and coagulopathies; however, the exact mechanism behind such a disease outcome is not well known. Various pathophysiological mechanisms for thrombotic events in COVID-19 have been proposed, these include virus-induced endothelial cell damage, inflammation, and excess production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. As a result, most critically diseased COVID-19 patients are managed with prophylactic anticoagulant, yet some still develop thrombotic episodes. Therefore, better understanding of the mechanisms behind the thrombotic complications is needed to develop treatments that specifically target such pathways, which may aid in better disease management and improve the prognosis.},
}
@article {pmid34511939,
year = {2021},
author = {Mascellino, MT and Di Timoteo, F and De Angelis, M and Oliva, A},
title = {Overview of the Main Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Mechanism of Action, Efficacy and Safety.},
journal = {Infection and drug resistance},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {3459-3476},
doi = {10.2147/IDR.S315727},
pmid = {34511939},
issn = {1178-6973},
abstract = {This review takes into consideration the principal vaccines developed against the SARS-CoV-2 in this unprecedented period of Covid-19 pandemic. We evaluated the mechanism of action of each vaccine as well as the efficacy, the safety and the storage temperature. In addition, the problem of the dose units, the vaccinal strategy, the activity of alternative compounds such as the monoclonal antibodies and especially the issue of the virus variants were also described in detail. Four vaccines are currently used in Italy: Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA BNT162b2 (Comirnaty) (USA), Moderna mRNA 1273 (USA), Astra-Zeneca ChAdOx1-S (recombinant) viral vector adenovirus belonging to Oxford (UK) and Pomezia (Italy), Janssen (two recombinant viral vector adenoviruses) belonging to Johnson &amp; Johnson (USA). The efficacy of Pfizer and Moderna for preventing disease or severe disease results 95-87.5% and 94.5-100%, respectively. The efficacy of Astra-Zeneca and Janssen is about 70% and 65%, respectively; in the case of Janssen, it depends on the geographical area ranging from 72% to 57%. The problem of the administrated doses (one dose, two doses from the same vaccine or from different vaccines, half dose) is also discussed. The vaccination strategy based on the age group remains the simplest, most transparent and fair criterion. This strategy is also based on accelerating the administration of the vaccines, so that as many subjects as possible can be vaccinated quickly for achieving the "herd immunity". The monoclonal antibodies appeared to be a valid solution for the treatment of Covid-19 disease. Two antibodies (bamlanivimab and etesevimab) have just been approved by the FDA. They could also be used for the infection by virus variants which represent a big problem due to their higher transmissibility and virulence and to their lower response to the vaccines.},
}
@article {pmid34511901,
year = {2021},
author = {Piperno, A and Sciortino, MT and Giusto, E and Montesi, M and Panseri, S and Scala, A},
title = {Recent Advances and Challenges in Gene Delivery Mediated by Polyester-Based Nanoparticles.},
journal = {International journal of nanomedicine},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {5981-6002},
doi = {10.2147/IJN.S321329},
pmid = {34511901},
issn = {1178-2013},
abstract = {Gene therapy is a promising approach for the treatment of several diseases, such as chronic or viral infections, inherited disorders, and cancer. The cellular internalization of exogenous nucleic acids (NA) requires efficient delivery vehicles to overcome their inherent pharmacokinetic drawbacks, e.g. electrostatic repulsions, enzymatic degradation, limited cellular uptake, fast clearance, etc. Nanotechnological advancements have enabled the use of polymer-based nanostructured biomaterials as safe and effective gene delivery systems, in addition to viral vector delivery methods. Among the plethora of polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), this review will provide a comprehensive and in-depth summary of the polyester-based nanovehicles, including poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and polylactic acid (PLA) NPs, used to deliver a variety of foreign NA, e.g. short interfering RNA (siRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), and plasmid DNA (pDNA). The article will review the versatility of polyester-based nanocarriers including their recent application in the delivery of the clustered, regularly-interspaced, short palindromic repeats/Cas (CRISPR/Cas) genome editing system for treating gene-related diseases. The remaining challenges and future trend of the targeted delivery of this revolutionary genome-editing system will be discussed. Special attention will be given to the pivotal role of nanotechnology in tackling emerging infections such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): ground-breaking mRNA vaccines delivered by NPs are currently used worldwide to fight the pandemic, pushing the boundaries of gene therapy.},
}
@article {pmid34511868,
year = {2021},
author = {Peterson, CJ and Sarangi, A and Bangash, F},
title = {Neurological sequelae of COVID-19: a review.},
journal = {The Egyptian journal of neurology, psychiatry and neurosurgery},
volume = {57},
number = {1},
pages = {122},
doi = {10.1186/s41983-021-00379-0},
pmid = {34511868},
issn = {1110-1083},
abstract = {Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has produced a myriad of challenges, including identifying and treating neurological sequelae.<br><br>Main body: COVID-19 can cause olfactory and respiratory dysfunction with average recovery within 1 month and a minority of patients experiencing symptoms at 8-month follow-up. Headaches are also very common (up to 93%) amongst patients with persistent COVID-19 symptoms. COVID-19 illness may also affect cognition, although results are mixed.<br><br>Conclusion: While many studies have focused on acute COVID-19 symptoms, more longitudinal studies will need to assess the neurological sequelae of the disease. Furthermore, care must be taken when attributing sequelae to COVID-19 illness and not an unrelated cause. Finally, there is concern that COVID-19 may be associated with secondary illnesses, such as Guillain-Barre, and may even contribute to the development of diseases, such as Alzheimer's.},
}
@article {pmid34511734,
year = {2021},
author = {Bär, C and Derda, AA and Thum, T},
title = {.},
journal = {Biospektrum : Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft fur Biologishe Chemie (GBCH) und der Vereinigung fur Allgemeine und Angewandte Mikrobiologie (VAAM)},
volume = {27},
number = {5},
pages = {485-487},
doi = {10.1007/s12268-021-1620-6},
pmid = {34511734},
issn = {0947-0867},
abstract = {COVID-19 still remains a severe global health threat. Despite the high-speed development of vaccines that efficiently prevent COVID-19, there are still no effective treatments of the disease once people are infected. MicroRNAs are powerful regulators of gene expression. They are intensely investigated as therapeutic targets up to the clinical stage. In addition, microRNAs can be detected in the circulation, and thus, represent promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for (long)-COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid34511726,
year = {2021},
author = {Chu, H and Liu, C and Liu, J and Yang, J and Li, Y and Zhang, X},
title = {Recent Advances and Challenges of Biosensing in Point-of-Care Molecular Diagnosis.},
journal = {Sensors and actuators. B, Chemical},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {130708},
doi = {10.1016/j.snb.2021.130708},
pmid = {34511726},
issn = {0925-4005},
abstract = {Molecular diagnosis, which plays a major role in infectious disease screening with successful understanding of the human genome, has attracted more attention because of the outbreak of COVID-19 recently. Since point-of-care testing (POCT) can expand the application of molecular diagnosis with the benefit of rapid reply, low cost, and working in decentralized environments, many researchers and commercial institutions have dedicated tremendous effort and enthusiasm to POCT-based biosensing for molecular diagnosis. In this review, we firstly summarize the state-of-the-art techniques and the construction of biosensing systems for POC molecular diagnosis. Then, the application scenarios of POCT-based biosensing for molecular diagnosis were also reviewed. Finally, several challenges and perspectives of POC biosensing for molecular diagnosis are discussed. This review is expected to help researchers deepen comprehension and make progresses in POCT-based biosensing field for molecular diagnosis applications.},
}
@article {pmid34511721,
year = {2021},
author = {Debbouche, N and Ouannas, A and Batiha, IM and Grassi, G},
title = {Chaotic dynamics in a novel COVID-19 pandemic model described by commensurate and incommensurate fractional-order derivatives.},
journal = {Nonlinear dynamics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-13},
doi = {10.1007/s11071-021-06867-5},
pmid = {34511721},
issn = {0924-090X},
abstract = {Mathematical models based on fractional-order differential equations have recently gained interesting insights into epidemiological phenomena, by virtue of their memory effect and nonlocal nature. This paper investigates the nonlinear dynamic behavior of a novel COVID-19 pandemic model described by commensurate and incommensurate fractional-order derivatives. The model is based on the Caputo operator and takes into account the daily new cases, the daily additional severe cases, and the daily deaths. By analyzing the stability of the equilibrium points and by continuously varying the values of the fractional order, the paper shows that the conceived COVID-19 pandemic model exhibits chaotic behaviors. The system dynamics are investigated via bifurcation diagrams, Lyapunov exponents, time series, and phase portraits. A comparison between integer-order and fractional-order COVID-19 pandemic models highlights that the latter is more accurate in predicting the daily new cases. Simulation results, besides to confirming that the novel fractional model well fit the real pandemic data, also indicate that the numbers of new cases, severe cases, and deaths undertake chaotic behaviors without any useful attempt to control the disease.<br><br>Supplementary Information: The online version supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11071-021-06867-5.},
}
@article {pmid34511591,
year = {2021},
author = {Szeto, MD and Maghfour, J and Sivesind, TE and Anderson, J and Olayinka, JT and Mamo, A and Runion, TM and Dellavalle, RP},
title = {Interferon and Toll-Like Receptor 7 Response in COVID-19: Implications of Topical Imiquimod for Prophylaxis and Treatment.},
journal = {Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-10},
doi = {10.1159/000518471},
pmid = {34511591},
issn = {1421-9832},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The innate immune system is recognized as an essential aspect of COVID-19 pathogenesis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important in inducing antiviral response, triggering downstream production of interferons (IFNs). Certain loss-of-function variants in TLR7 are associated with increased COVID-19 disease severity, and imiquimod (ImiQ) is known to have immunomodulating effects as an agonist of TLR7. Given that topical imiquimod (topImiQ) is indicated for various dermatologic conditions, it is necessary for dermatologists to understand the interplay between innate immunity mechanisms and the potential role of ImiQ in COVID-19, with a particular focus on TLR7.<br><br>SUMMARY: Our objective was to survey recent peer-reviewed scientific literature in the PubMed database, examine relevant evidence, and elucidate the relationships between IFNs, TLR7, the innate immune system, and topImiQ in the context of COVID-19. Despite limited studies on this topic, current evidence supports the critical role of TLRs in mounting a strong immune response against COVID-19. Of particular interest to dermatologists, topImiQ can result in systemic upregulation of the immune system via activation of TLR7. Key Message: Given the role of TLR7 in the systemic activation of the immune system, ImiQ, as a ligand of the TLR7 receptor, may have potential therapeutic benefit as a topical immunomodulatory treatment for COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid34511264,
year = {2021},
author = {Megha, KB and Joseph, X and Akhil, V and Mohanan, PV},
title = {Cascade of immune mechanism and consequences of inflammatory disorders.},
journal = {Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {153712},
doi = {10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153712},
pmid = {34511264},
issn = {1618-095X},
abstract = {Inflammatory responses arise as an outcome of tissues or organs exposure towards harmful stimuli like injury, toxic chemicals or pathogenic microorganism. It is a complex cascade of immune mechanism to overcome from tissue injury and to initiate the healing process by recruiting various immune cells, chemical mediators such as the vasoactive peptides and amines, pro-inflammatory cytokines, eicosanoids and acute-phase proteins to prevent tissue damage and ultimately complete restoration of the tissue function. The cytokines exhibits a central function in communication between the cells, inflammatory response initiation, amplification and their regulation. This review covers the importance of inflammatory responses; the significance of cytokines in inflammation and numerous inflammatory disorders/ailments due to the abrupt expression of cytokines and the hyper-inflammatory response or cytokine storm associated with poor prognosis in COVID-19 pandemic. Also highlighting the importance of naturally derived anti-inflammatory metabolites to overcome the side-effects of currently prevailing anti-inflammatory drugs.},
}
@article {pmid34511233,
year = {2021},
author = {Waterman, RS and Brzenski, A and Robbins, K and Frugoni, B and Reyes, G and Khoche, S and Weinstein, L and Schmidt, UH and Scandurro, SA and Gabriel, RA},
title = {Recommendations for developing clinical care protocols during pandemics: From theory and practice.},
journal = {Best practice &amp; research. Clinical anaesthesiology},
volume = {35},
number = {3},
pages = {461-475},
doi = {10.1016/j.bpa.2021.02.002},
pmid = {34511233},
issn = {1878-1608},
abstract = {In 2019, a novel coronavirus called the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 led to the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019, which was deemed a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. Owing to the accelerated rate of mortality and utilization of hospital resources, health care systems had to adapt to these major changes. This affected patient care across all disciplines and specifically within the perioperative services. In this review, we discuss the strategies and pitfalls of how perioperative services in a large academic medical center responded to the initial onset of a pandemic, adjustments made to airway management and anesthesia specialty services - including critical care medicine, obstetric anesthesiology, and cardiac anesthesiology - and strategies for reopening surgical caseload during the pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid34511232,
year = {2021},
author = {Kaye, AD and Okeagu, CN and Tortorich, G and Pham, AD and Ly, EI and Brondeel, KC and Eng, MR and Luedi, MM and Urman, RD and Cornett, EM},
title = {COVID-19 impact on the renal system: Pathophysiology and clinical outcomes.},
journal = {Best practice &amp; research. Clinical anaesthesiology},
volume = {35},
number = {3},
pages = {449-459},
doi = {10.1016/j.bpa.2021.02.004},
pmid = {34511232},
issn = {1878-1608},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) causes many deleterious effects throughout the body. Prior studies show that the incidence of acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients could be as high as 25%. There are also autopsy reports showing evidence of viral tropism to the renal system. In this regard, COVID-19 can damage the kidneys and increase a patient's risk of requiring dialysis. Available evidence suggests that renal involvement in COVID-19 infection is not uncommon, and there has been an increased incidence of chronic kidney disease related to the pandemic. In this literature analysis, we address COVID-19 and its effects on the renal system, including the pathophysiologic mechanisms. We also address current studies on the causes of injury to the renal system, the cause of kidney failure, its effect on mortality, the impact on dialysis patients, and the impact on renal transplant patients. COVID-19 disease may have unique features in individuals on chronic dialysis and kidney transplant recipients, requiring increased vigilance in limiting viral transmission in perioperative, in-patient, and dialysis center settings.},
}
@article {pmid34511231,
year = {2021},
author = {Kaye, AD and Spence, AL and Mayerle, M and Sardana, N and Clay, CM and Eng, MR and Luedi, MM and Carroll Turpin, MA and Urman, RD and Cornett, EM},
title = {Impact of COVID-19 infection on the cardiovascular system: An evidence-based analysis of risk factors and outcomes.},
journal = {Best practice &amp; research. Clinical anaesthesiology},
volume = {35},
number = {3},
pages = {437-448},
doi = {10.1016/j.bpa.2021.02.003},
pmid = {34511231},
issn = {1878-1608},
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as COVID-19, emerged in late 2019 in Wuhan, China. The World Health Organization declared the virus a pandemic on March 11, 2020. Disease progression from COVID-19 infection has shown significant symptom manifestations within organ systems beyond the respiratory system. The literature has shown increasing evidence of cardiovascular involvement during disease course and an associated increase in mortality among infected patients. Although the understanding of this novel virus is continually evolving, it is currently proposed that the mechanism by which the SARS-CoV-2 virus contributes to cardiovascular manifestations involves the ACE2 transmembrane protein. The protein ACE2 is highly expressed in blood vessel pericytes, and infection can result in microvascular dysfunction and subsequent acute coronary syndromes. Complications involving the cardiovascular system include myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, shock, and heart failure. In this evidence-based review, we discuss risk factors of cardiovascular involvement in COVID-19 infection, pathophysiology of COVID-19-related cardiovascular infection, and injury, COVID-19 effects on the cardiovascular system and corresponding treatments, and hematologic effects of COVID-19 and COVID-19 in heart transplant patients. Clinicians managing COVID-19 patients should appreciate the potential cardiovascular effects related to the disease process.},
}
@article {pmid34511230,
year = {2021},
author = {Shaparin, N and Mann, GE and Streiff, A and Kiyatkin, ME and Choice, C and Ramachandran, S and Delphin, E and Adams, DC},
title = {Adaptation and restructuring of an academic anesthesiology department during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City: Challenges and lessons learned.},
journal = {Best practice &amp; research. Clinical anaesthesiology},
volume = {35},
number = {3},
pages = {425-435},
doi = {10.1016/j.bpa.2020.12.010},
pmid = {34511230},
issn = {1878-1608},
abstract = {The novel SARS-CoV-2 pandemic starting in 2019 profoundly changed the world, and thousands of residents of New York City were affected, leading to one of the most acute surges in regional hospital capacity. As the largest academic medical center in the Bronx, Montefiore Medical Center was immediately impacted, and the entire hospital was mobilized to address the needs of its community. In this article, we describe our experiences as a large academic anesthesiology department during this pandemic. Our goals were to maximize our staff's expertise, maintain our commitment to wellness and safety, and preserve the quality of patient care. Lessons learned include the importance of critical care training presence and leadership, the challenges of converting an ambulatory surgery center to an intensive care unit (ICU), and the management of effective communication. Lastly, we provide suggestions for institutions facing an acute surge, or subsequent waves of COVID-19, based on a single center's experiences.},
}
@article {pmid34511228,
year = {2021},
author = {Beilstein, CM and Lehmann, LE and Braun, M and Urman, RD and Luedi, MM and Stüber, F},
title = {Leadership in a time of crisis: Lessons learned from a pandemic.},
journal = {Best practice &amp; research. Clinical anaesthesiology},
volume = {35},
number = {3},
pages = {405-414},
doi = {10.1016/j.bpa.2020.11.011},
pmid = {34511228},
issn = {1878-1608},
abstract = {The current COVID-19 pandemic is testing political leaders and healthcare systems worldwide, exposing deficits in crisis communication, leadership, preparedness and flexibility. Extraordinary situations abound, with global supply chains suddenly failing, media communicating contradictory information, and politics playing an increasingly bigger role in shaping each country's response to the crisis. The pandemic threatens not just our health but also our economy, liberty, and privacy. It challenges the speed at which we work, the quality of our research, and the effectiveness of communication within the scientific community. It can impose ethical dilemmas and emotional stress on healthcare workers. Nevertheless, the pandemic also provides an opportunity for healthcare organizations, leaders, and researchers to learn from their mistakes and to place their countries and institutions in a better position to face future challenges.},
}
@article {pmid34511227,
year = {2021},
author = {Holthof, N and Luedi, MM},
title = {Considerations for acute care staffing during a pandemic.},
journal = {Best practice &amp; research. Clinical anaesthesiology},
volume = {35},
number = {3},
pages = {389-404},
doi = {10.1016/j.bpa.2020.12.008},
pmid = {34511227},
issn = {1878-1608},
abstract = {The increase in interconnectedness of the global population has enabled a highly transmissible virus to spread rapidly around the globe in 2020. The COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) pandemic has led to physical, social, and economic repercussions of previously unseen proportions. Although recommendations for pandemic preparedness have been published in response to previous viral disease outbreaks, these guidelines are primarily based on expert opinion and few of them focus on acute care staffing issues. In this review, we discuss how working in acute care medicine during a pandemic can affect the physical and mental health of medical and nursing staff. We provide ideas for limiting staff shortages and creating surge capacity in acute care settings, and strategies for sustainability that can help hospitals maintain adequate staffing throughout their pandemic response.},
}
@article {pmid34511226,
year = {2021},
author = {Kaye, AD and Cornett, EM and Kallurkar, A and Colontonio, MM and Chandler, D and Mosieri, C and Brondeel, KC and Kikkeri, S and Edinoff, A and Fitz-Gerald, MJ and Ghali, GE and Liu, H and Urman, RD and Fox, CJ},
title = {Framework for creating an incident command center during crises.},
journal = {Best practice &amp; research. Clinical anaesthesiology},
volume = {35},
number = {3},
pages = {377-388},
doi = {10.1016/j.bpa.2020.11.008},
pmid = {34511226},
issn = {1878-1608},
abstract = {The Hospital Incident Command System (HICS) is an incident management system specific to hospitals based on the principles of Incident Command System (ICS), and it includes prevention, protection, mitigation, response, and recovery. It plays a crucial role in effective and timely response during the periods of disasters, mass casualties, and public health emergencies. In recent times, hospitals have used a customized HICS structure to coordinate effective responses to public health problems such as the Ebola outbreak in the US and SARS epidemic in Taiwan. The current COVID-19 pandemic has placed unprecedented challenges on the healthcare system, necessitating the creation of HICS that can help in the proper allocation of resources and ineffective utilization of healthcare personnel. The key elements in managing a response to this pandemic include screening and early diagnosis, quarantining affected individuals, monitoring disease progression, delivering appropriate treatment, and ensuring an adequate supply of personal protective equipment (PPE) to healthcare staff.},
}
@article {pmid34511225,
year = {2021},
author = {Okeagu, CN and Reed, DS and Sun, L and Colontonio, MM and Rezayev, A and Ghaffar, YA and Kaye, RJ and Liu, H and Cornett, EM and Fox, CJ and Urman, RD and Kaye, AD},
title = {Principles of supply chain management in the time of crisis.},
journal = {Best practice &amp; research. Clinical anaesthesiology},
volume = {35},
number = {3},
pages = {369-376},
doi = {10.1016/j.bpa.2020.11.007},
pmid = {34511225},
issn = {1878-1608},
abstract = {Hospitals face catastrophic financial challenges in light of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Acute shortages in materials such as masks, ventilators, intensive care unit capacity, and personal protective equipment (PPE) are a significant concern. The future success of supply chain management involves increasing the transparency of where our raw materials are sourced, diversifying of our product resources, and improving our technology that is able to predict potential shortages. It is also important to develop a proactive budgeting strategy to meet supply demands through early designation of dependable roles to support organizations and through the education of healthcare staff. In this paper, we discuss supply chain management, governance and financing, emergency protocols, including emergency procurement and supply chain, supply chain gaps and how to address them, and the importance of communication in the times of crisis.},
}
@article {pmid34511224,
year = {2021},
author = {Pfortmueller, CA and Spinetti, T and Urman, RD and Luedi, MM and Schefold, JC},
title = {COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS): Current knowledge on pathophysiology and ICU treatment - A narrative review.},
journal = {Best practice &amp; research. Clinical anaesthesiology},
volume = {35},
number = {3},
pages = {351-368},
doi = {10.1016/j.bpa.2020.12.011},
pmid = {34511224},
issn = {1878-1608},
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induces coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) and is a major health concern. Following two SARS-CoV-2 pandemic "waves," intensive care unit (ICU) specialists are treating a large number of COVID19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients. From a pathophysiological perspective, prominent mechanisms of COVID19-associated ARDS (CARDS) include severe pulmonary infiltration/edema and inflammation leading to impaired alveolar homeostasis, alteration of pulmonary physiology resulting in pulmonary fibrosis, endothelial inflammation (endotheliitis), vascular thrombosis, and immune cell activation. Although the syndrome ARDS serves as an umbrella term, distinct, i.e., CARDS-specific pathomechanisms and comorbidities can be noted (e.g., virus-induced endotheliitis associated with thromboembolism) and some aspects of CARDS can be considered ARDS "atypical." Importantly, specific evidence-based medical interventions for CARDS (with the potential exception of corticosteroid use) are currently unavailable, limiting treatment efforts to mostly supportive ICU care. In this article, we will discuss the underlying pulmonary pathophysiology and the clinical management of CARDS. In addition, we will outline current and potential future treatment approaches.},
}
@article {pmid34511223,
year = {2021},
author = {Fuchs, A and Lanzi, D and Beilstein, CM and Riva, T and Urman, RD and Luedi, MM and Braun, M},
title = {Clinical recommendations for in-hospital airway management during aerosol-transmitting procedures in the setting of a viral pandemic.},
journal = {Best practice &amp; research. Clinical anaesthesiology},
volume = {35},
number = {3},
pages = {333-349},
doi = {10.1016/j.bpa.2020.12.002},
pmid = {34511223},
issn = {1878-1608},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), can lead to severe pneumonia and multiorgan failure. While most of the infected patients develop no or only mild symptoms, some need respiratory support or even invasive ventilation. The exact route of transmission is currently under investigation. While droplet exposure and direct contact seem to be the most significant ways of transmitting the disease, aerosol transmission appears to be possible under circumstances favored by high viral load. Despite the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), this situation potentially puts healthcare workers at risk of infection, especially if they are involved in airway management. Various recommendations and international guidelines aim to protect healthcare workers, although evidence-based research confirming the benefits of these approaches is still scarce. In this article, we summarize the current literature and recommendations for airway management of COVID-19 patients.},
}
@article {pmid34511222,
year = {2021},
author = {Mihalj, M and Mosbahi, S and Schmidli, J and Heinisch, PP and Reineke, D and Schoenhoff, F and Kadner, A and Schefold, JC and Räber, L and Potapov, EV and Luedi, MM},
title = {Providing safe perioperative care in cardiac surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic.},
journal = {Best practice &amp; research. Clinical anaesthesiology},
volume = {35},
number = {3},
pages = {321-332},
doi = {10.1016/j.bpa.2021.01.002},
pmid = {34511222},
issn = {1878-1608},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has potentiated the need for implementation of strict safety measures in the medical care of surgical patients - and especially in cardiac surgery patients, who are at a higher risk of COVID-19-associated morbidity and mortality. Such measures not only require minimization of patients' exposure to COVID-19 but also careful balancing of the risks of postponing nonemergent surgical procedures and providing appropriate and timely surgical care. We provide an overview of current evidence for preoperative strategies used in cardiac surgery patients, including risk stratification, telemedicine, logistical challenges during inpatient care, appropriate screening capacity, and decision-making on when to safely operate on COVID-19 patients. Further, we focus on perioperative measures such as safe operating room management and address the dilemma over when to perform cardiovascular surgical procedures in patients at risk.},
}
@article {pmid34511221,
year = {2021},
author = {Wahezi, SE and Kohan, LR and Spektor, B and Brancolini, S and Emerick, T and Fronterhouse, JM and Luedi, MM and Colon, MA and Kitei, PM and Anitescu, M and Goeders, NE and Patil, S and Siddaiah, H and Cornett, EM and Urman, RD and Kaye, AD},
title = {Telemedicine and current clinical practice trends in the COVID-19 pandemic.},
journal = {Best practice &amp; research. Clinical anaesthesiology},
volume = {35},
number = {3},
pages = {307-319},
doi = {10.1016/j.bpa.2020.11.005},
pmid = {34511221},
issn = {1878-1608},
abstract = {Telemedicine is the medical practice of caring for and treating patients remotely. With the spread of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, telemedicine has become increasingly prevalent. Although telemedicine was already in practice before the 2020 pandemic, the internet, smartphones, computers, and video-conferencing tools have made telemedicine easily accessible and available to almost everyone. However, there are also new challenges that health care providers may not be prepared for, including treating and diagnosing patients without physical contact. Physician adoption also depends upon reimbursement and education to improve the telemedicine visits. We review current trends involving telemedicine, how pandemics such as COVID-19 affect the remote treatment of patients, and key concepts important to healthcare providers who practice telemedicine.},
}
@article {pmid34511220,
year = {2021},
author = {Kaye, AD and Okeagu, CN and Pham, AD and Silva, RA and Hurley, JJ and Arron, BL and Sarfraz, N and Lee, HN and Ghali, GE and Gamble, JW and Liu, H and Urman, RD and Cornett, EM},
title = {Economic impact of COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare facilities and systems: International perspectives.},
journal = {Best practice &amp; research. Clinical anaesthesiology},
volume = {35},
number = {3},
pages = {293-306},
doi = {10.1016/j.bpa.2020.11.009},
pmid = {34511220},
issn = {1878-1608},
abstract = {International hospitals and healthcare facilities are facing catastrophic financial challenges related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The American Hospital Association estimates a financial impact of $202.6 billion in lost revenue for America's hospitals and healthcare systems, or an average of $50.7 billion per month. Furthermore, it could cost low- and middle-income countries ~ US$52 billion (equivalent to US$8.60 per person) each four weeks to provide an effective healthcare response to COVID-19. In the setting of the largest daily COVID-19 new cases in the US, this burden will influence patient care, surgeries, and surgical outcomes. From a global economic standpoint, The World Bank projects that global growth is projected to shrink by almost 8% with poorer countries feeling most of the impact, and the United Nations projects that it will cost the global economy around 2 trillion dollars this year. Overall, a lack of preparedness was a major contributor to the struggles experienced by healthcare facilities around the world. Items such as personal protective equipment (PPE) for healthcare workers, hospital equipment, sanitizing supplies, toilet paper, and water were in short supply. These deficiencies were exposed by COVID-19 and have prompted healthcare organizations around the world to invent new essential plans for pandemic preparedness. In this paper, we will discuss the economic impact of COVID-19 on US and international hospitals, healthcare facilities, surgery, and surgical outcomes. In the future, the US and countries around the world will benefit from preparing a plan of action to use as a guide in the event of a disaster or pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid34511219,
year = {2021},
author = {Kaye, AD and Cornett, EM and Brondeel, KC and Lerner, ZI and Knight, HE and Erwin, A and Charipova, K and Gress, KL and Urits, I and Urman, RD and Fox, CJ and Kevil, CG},
title = {Biology of COVID-19 and related viruses: Epidemiology, signs, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.},
journal = {Best practice &amp; research. Clinical anaesthesiology},
volume = {35},
number = {3},
pages = {269-292},
doi = {10.1016/j.bpa.2020.12.003},
pmid = {34511219},
issn = {1878-1608},
abstract = {Coronaviruses belong to the family Coronaviridae order Nidovirales and are known causes of respiratory and intestinal disease in various mammalian and avian species. Species of coronaviruses known to infect humans are referred to as human coronaviruses (HCoVs). While traditionally, HCoVs have been a significant cause of the common cold, more recently, emergent viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic. Here, we discuss coronavirus disease (COVID-19) biology, pathology, epidemiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and recent clinical trials involving promising treatments.},
}
@article {pmid34510676,
year = {2021},
author = {Katsiki, N and Gómez-Huelgas, R and Mikhailidis, DP and Pérez-Martínez, P},
title = {Narrative review on clinical considerations for patients with diabetes and COVID-19: more questions than answers.},
journal = {International journal of clinical practice},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e14833},
doi = {10.1111/ijcp.14833},
pmid = {34510676},
issn = {1742-1241},
abstract = {Diabetes, obesity and hypertension are common comorbidities associated with increased severity and mortality rates from Corona Virus Disease (COVID)-19 [Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)]. In this narrative review (using the PubMed database), we discuss epidemiological data and pathophysiological links between diabetes and COVID-19. The potential effects of glycaemic control on the prevalence of COVID-19, and vice versa, are also reviewed, as well as the role of telemedicine and diabetes self-management in the post-COVID-19 era. Finally, we comment on the possible impact of certain antidiabetic drugs on COVID-19 prevention and management. Diabetes has been linked to COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, although further research is needed to elucidate this association. In the meantime, physicians should be aware of the potential rise in the prevalence of diabetes, its severity and complications and focus on achieving optimal diabetes prevention and management. Telemedicine and diabetes self-management may help towards this direction. Dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors may affect viral entry and infection, and thus COVID-19 outcomes, as shown in observational studies. The results of ongoing randomized clinical trials will shed more light on this field.},
}
@article {pmid34510645,
year = {2021},
author = {Swai, J and Gui, M and Long, M and Wei, Z and Hu, Z and Liu, S},
title = {Humoral and cellular immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 vaccination in hemodialysis and kidney transplant patients.},
journal = {Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/nep.13974},
pmid = {34510645},
issn = {1440-1797},
abstract = {End-stage renal disease patients are among the vulnerable groups and thus prioritized in the Coronavirus disease-2019 vaccination programs. However, this cohort was excluded from vaccine-trials and yet shares the same vaccination scheme with the general population. Here, we explore trends of immune response-proportions among end-stage renal disease patients on renal replacement therapy for up to four weeks post-vaccination completion with Pfizer/Moderna vaccines. From inception to 10th-July-2021, we searched six online-databases for articles reporting humoral and cellular immune response proportions for up to four weeks post booster-vaccination. We pooled the responders' proportions by meta-analysis and conducted a meta-regression stratifying outcomes by significant confounders. Twenty-seven eligible studies reported 2789 end-stage renal disease patients. 1337, 1452, and 477 were on haemodialysis, received kidney transplantation, and healthy controls, respectively. Haemodialysis patients' proportions of humoral and cellular immune responses varied from 87.29%[80.77-93.81]-88.78%[86.76-90.80] and 62.86%[56.56, 69.17]-85.78%[78.99, 92.57], respectively, between first- and fourth-weeks. Kidney transplant patients' proportions of humoral and cellular immune responses ranged from 2.6%[0.06-13.48]-29.87%[27.68,32.07] and 5.13%[0.63-17.3]-59.84%[54.57-65.10], respectively, between first- and fourth-weeks. All healthy controls maintained ≥93% proportions of both responses throughout the follow-up. Study design and country of study influenced the pooled response proportions. Conclusively, haemodialysis and kidney transplant patients have lower proportions of humoral and cellular immune responses than healthy controls. However, haemodialysis patients' response proportions improve, reaching near healthy-control levels by the fourth week. Kidney transplant patients' lower responses' proportions also improve but remain significantly lower than healthy controls throughout four-weeks. The "one-size-fits-all" vaccination scheme might be inadequate for kidney transplant patients. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
}
@article {pmid34510542,
year = {2021},
author = {Yamada, C and Hofmann, JC and Witt, V and Gupta, GK and Winters, JL and , },
title = {The report from ASFA COVID-19 taskforce: Considerations and prioritization on apheresis procedures during the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.},
journal = {Journal of clinical apheresis},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/jca.21939},
pmid = {34510542},
issn = {1098-1101},
abstract = {Since vaccination for SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus started, the trajectory of patient numbers infected with the virus has improved once; however, variants of SARS-CoV-2 have emerged and more people have been infected; therefore, pandemic status is still far from resolution. Government and social efforts to prevent coronavirus infection continue in most states in the US and globally even after the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention declared some restriction relief for fully vaccinated people in March 2021. Healthcare institutions and various professional organizations have developed guidelines or policies to prevent the spread of these coronaviruses in the setting of apheresis. In this report, the issues that apheresis services may encounter under the current COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus disease) pandemic will be discussed with potential strategies that can be adapted for efficient and optimum use of apheresis resources.},
}
@article {pmid34510341,
year = {2021},
author = {Biswas, P and Hasan, MM and Dey, D and Dos Santos Costa, AC and Polash, SA and Bibi, S and Ferdous, N and Kaium, MA and Rahman, MDH and Jeet, FK and Papadakos, S and Islam, K and Uddin, MS},
title = {Candidate antiviral drugs for COVID-19 and their environmental implications: a comprehensive analysis.},
journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34510341},
issn = {1614-7499},
abstract = {Emerging from Wuhan, China, SARS-CoV-2 is the new global threat that killed millions of people, and many are still suffering. This pandemic has not only affected people but also caused economic crisis throughout the world. Researchers have shown good progress in revealing the molecular insights of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and developing vaccines, but effective treatment against SARS-CoV-2-infected patients are yet to be found. Several vaccines are available and used in many countries, while many others are still in clinical or preclinical studies. However, this involves a long-term process, considering the safety procedures and requirements and their long-term protection capacity and in different age groups are still questionable. Therefore, at present, the drug repurposing of the existing therapeutics previously designed against other viral diseases seems to be the only practical approach to mitigate the current situation. The safety of most of these therapeutic agents has already been tested. Recent clinical reports revealed promising therapeutic efficiency of several drugs such as remdesivir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, azithromycin, lopinavir/ritonavir, chloroquine, baricitinib, and cepharanthine. Besides, plasma therapies were used to treat patients and prevent fatal outcomes. Thus, in this article, we have summarized the epidemiological and clinical data from several clinical trials conducted since the beginning of the pandemic, emphasizing the efficiency of the known agents against SARS-CoV-2 and their harmful side effects on the human body as well as their environmental implications. This review shows a clear overview of the current pharmaceutical perspective on COVID-19 treatment.},
}
@article {pmid34510331,
year = {2021},
author = {Lv, L and Zhang, L},
title = {Host proviral and antiviral factors for SARS-CoV-2.},
journal = {Virus genes},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34510331},
issn = {1572-994X},
support = {2016YFD0500300//National Key Plan for Research and Development of China/ ; 81871663//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82072270//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2019LJ001//Academic promotion programme of Shandong First Medical University/ ; },
abstract = {Throughout the viral life cycle, interplays between cellular host factors and virus determine the infectious capacity of the virus. The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses a great threat to human life and health. Extensive studies identified a number of host proviral and antiviral factors for SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and cellular factors during virus entry and replication. Our review will highlight the future direction of study on the infection and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2, as well as novel therapeutic strategies and effective antiviral targets for COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid34510032,
year = {2021},
author = {Chen, F and Dai, Z and Huang, C and Chen, H and Wang, X and Li, X},
title = {Gastrointestinal disease and COVID-19: A review of current evidence.},
journal = {Digestive diseases (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1159/000519412},
pmid = {34510032},
issn = {1421-9875},
}
@article {pmid34509970,
year = {2021},
author = {Westrupp, EM and Macdonald, J and Evans, S},
title = {Developmental gains and losses during parenthood.},
journal = {Current opinion in psychology},
volume = {43},
number = {},
pages = {295-299},
doi = {10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.08.014},
pmid = {34509970},
issn = {2352-2518},
abstract = {The onset of parenthood irrevocably changes the landscape of adults' functioning, amplifying the potential for parents' experiences of both developmental losses and gains/growth, in context of increased responsibilities and more limited access to environmental resources/supports. In this article, we draw on dual theoretical lenses to integrate the frameworks of Baltes' lifespan development theory of gains and loss and Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model. We summarize empirical evidence in relation to a normative transition, exemplified by the transition to parenthood, and a non-normative event, the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, and show that parents' experiences of developmental loss and gains/growth are inextricably linked. Our findings illustrate how parents' losses/gains are influenced by a broad range of individual and environmental factors, with implications for parent prevention/intervention programs.},
}
@article {pmid34509655,
year = {2021},
author = {Mahroum, N and Zoubi, M and Lavine, N and Ohayon, A and Amital, H and Shoenfeld, Y},
title = {The mosaic of autoimmunity - A taste for more. The 12th international congress of autoimmunity 2021 (AUTO12) virtual.},
journal = {Autoimmunity reviews},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {102945},
doi = {10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102945},
pmid = {34509655},
issn = {1873-0183},
abstract = {Notwithstanding the fact that the 12th international congress of autoimmunity (AUTO12) was held virtual this year, the number of the abstracts submitted and those presented crossed the thousand marks. Leading investigators and researchers from all over the world presented the latest developments of their research in the domain of autoimmunity and its correlation with various diseases. In terms of mechanisms of autoimmunity, an update on the mechanisms behind the association of autoimmunity with systemic diseases focusing on hyperstimulation was presented during AUTO12. In addition, a new mechanism of ASIA syndrome caused by an intrauterine contraceptive device was revealed demonstrating a complete resolution of symptoms following device removal. In regard to the correlation between autoimmunity and neurogenerative diseases, the loss of structural protein integrity as the trigger of immunological response was shown. Schizophrenia as well, and its correlation to pro-inflammatory cytokines was also addressed. Furthermore, and as it was said AUTO12 virtual due to COVID-19 pandemic, various works were dedicated to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 in terms of autoimmune mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis, treatment and complications of COVID-19. For instance, the correlation between autoimmunity and the severity of COVID-19 was viewed. Moreover, the presence and association of autoantibodies in COVID-19 was also demonstrated, as well as the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with rheumatic diseases. Finally, immune-mediated reactions and processes secondary to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was displayed. Due to the immense importance of all of the topics addressed and while several hundreds of works were presented which cannot be summed up in one paper, we aimed hereby to highlight some of the outstanding abstracts and presentations during AUTO12.},
}
@article {pmid34509651,
year = {2021},
author = {Jara, LJ and López-Zamora, B and Ordoñez-González, I and Galaviz-Sánchez, MF and Gutiérrez-Melgarejo, CI and Saavedra, MA and Vera-Lastra, OL and Cruz-Domínguez, MP and Medina, G},
title = {The immune-neuroendocrine system in COVID-19, advanced age and rheumatic diseases.},
journal = {Autoimmunity reviews},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {102946},
doi = {10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102946},
pmid = {34509651},
issn = {1873-0183},
}
@article {pmid34509649,
year = {2021},
author = {Anaya, JM and Rojas, M and Salinas, ML and Rodríguez, Y and Roa, G and Lozano, M and Rodríguez-Jiménez, M and Montoya, N and Zapata, E and , and Monsalve, DM and Acosta-Ampudia, Y and Ramírez-Santana, C},
title = {Post-COVID syndrome. A case series and comprehensive review.},
journal = {Autoimmunity reviews},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {102947},
doi = {10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102947},
pmid = {34509649},
issn = {1873-0183},
abstract = {The existence of a variety of symptoms with a duration beyond the acute phase of COVID-19, is referred to as post-COVID syndrome (PCS). We aimed to report a series of patients with PCS attending a Post-COVID Unit and offer a comprehensive review on the topic. Adult patients with previously confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were systematically assessed through a semi-structured and validated survey. Total IgG, IgA and IgM serum antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 were evaluated by an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. A systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis were conducted, following PRISMA guidelines. Univariate and multivariate methods were used to analyze data. Out of a total of 100 consecutive patients, 53 were women, the median of age was 49 years (IQR: 37.8-55.3), the median of post-COVID time after the first symptoms was 219 days (IQR: 143-258), and 65 patients were hospitalized during acute COVID-19. Musculoskeletal, digestive (i.e., diarrhea) and neurological symptoms including depression (by Zung scale) were the most frequent observed in PCS patients. A previous hospitalization was not associated with PCS manifestation. Arthralgia and diarrhea persisted in more than 40% of PCS patients. The median of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was 866.2 U/mL (IQR: 238.2-1681). Despite this variability, 98 patients were seropositive. Based on autonomic symptoms (by COMPASS 31) two clusters were obtained with different clinical characteristics. Levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were not different between clusters. A total of 40 articles (11,196 patients) were included in the meta-analysis. Fatigue/muscle weakness, dyspnea, pain and discomfort, anxiety/depression and impaired concentration were presented in more than 20% of patients reported. In conclusion, PCS is mainly characterized by musculoskeletal, pulmonary, digestive and neurological involvement including depression. PCS is independent of severity of acute illness and humoral response. Long-term antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and a high inter-individual variability were confirmed. Future studies should evaluate the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 may cause PCS and the best therapeutic options.},
}
@article {pmid34509615,
year = {2021},
author = {Chan, RJ and Crichton, M and Crawford-Williams, F and Agbejule, OA and Yu, K and Hart, NH and de Abreu Alves, F and Ashbury, FD and Eng, L and Fitch, M and Jain, H and Jefford, M and Klemanski, D and Koczwara, B and Loh, K and Prasad, M and Rugo, H and Soto-Perez-de-Celis, E and van den Hurk, C and Chan, A and , },
title = {The efficacy, challenges, and facilitators of telemedicine in post-treatment cancer survivorship care: an overview of systematic reviews.},
journal = {Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.annonc.2021.09.001},
pmid = {34509615},
issn = {1569-8041},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Telemedicine services have been increasingly used to facilitate post-treatment cancer survivorship care, including improving access; monitoring health status, health behaviors, and symptom management; enhancing information exchange; and mitigating the costs of care delivery, especially since the COVID-19 pandemic. To inform guidance for the use of telemedicine in the post-COVID era, the aim of this overview of systematic reviews was to evaluate the efficacy of, and survivor engagement in, telemedicine interventions in the post-treatment survivorship phase, and to consider implementation barriers and facilitators.<br><br>METHODS: PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched. Systematic reviews that examined the use of telemedicine in the post-treatment phase of cancer survivorship, published between January 2010 and April 2021 were included. Efficacy data were synthesized narratively. Implementation barriers and facilitators were synthesized using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research.<br><br>RESULTS: Twenty-nine systematic reviews were included. A substantive body of evidence found telemedicine to benefit the management of psychosocial and physical effects, particularly for improving fatigue and cognitive function. There was a lack of evidence on the use of telemedicine in the prevention and surveillance for recurrences and new cancers as well as management of chronic medical conditions. This overview highlights a range of diverse barriers and facilitators at the patient, health service, and system levels.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This review highlights the benefits of telemedicine in addressing psychosocial and physical effects, but not in other areas of post-treatment cancer survivorship care. This large review provides practical guidance for use of telemedicine in post-treatment survivorship care.},
}
@article {pmid34509604,
year = {2021},
author = {Arunachalam, K and Yang, X and San, TT},
title = {Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers: Protection mechanisms and strategies against oxidative stress-related diseases.},
journal = {Journal of ethnopharmacology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {114540},
doi = {10.1016/j.jep.2021.114540},
pmid = {34509604},
issn = {1872-7573},
abstract = {Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers (Menispermaceae) is a Mediterranean herb, used in Ayurvedic, Siddha, Unani, and folk medicines. The herb is also used in conventional medicine to treat oxidative stress-related diseases and conditions, including inflammation, pain, diarrhea, asthma, respiratory infections, cancer, diabetes, and gastrointestinal disorders.<br><br>AIM OF THE REVIEW: The taxonomy, botanical classification, geographical distribution, and ethnobotanical uses of T. cordifolia, as well as the phytochemical compounds found in the herb, the toxicology of and pharmacological and clinical studies on the effects of T. cordifolia are all covered in this study.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: To gather information on T. cordifolia, we used a variety of scientific databases, including Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and Springer Link. The information discussed focuses on biologically active compounds found in T. cordifolia, and common applications and pharmacological activity of the herb, as well as toxicological and clinical studies on its properties.<br><br>RESULTS: The findings of this study reveal a connection between the use of T. cordifolia in conventional medicine and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, anticancer, immunomodulatory, and other biological effects. The entire plant, stem, leaves, root, and extracts of T. cordifolia have been shown to have a variety of biological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, antiparasitic, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective impact. Toxicological testing demonstrated that this plant may have medicinal applications. T. cordifolia contains a variety of biologically active compounds from various chemical classes, including alkaloids, terpenoids, sitosterols, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. Based on the reports researched for this review, we believe that chemicals in T. cordifolia may activate Nrf2, which leads to the overexpression of antioxidant enzymes such as CAT, GPx, GST, and GR, and thereby induces the adaptive response to oxidative stress. T. cordifolia is also able to reduce NF-κB signalling by inhibiting PI3K/Akt, activating AMPK and sirtuins, and downregulating PI3K/Akt.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that the pharmacological properties displayed by T. cordifolia back up its conventional uses. Antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antidiabetic, nephroprotective, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective activities were all demonstrated in T. cordifolia stem extracts. To validate pharmacodynamic targets, further research is needed to evaluate the molecular mechanisms of the known compounds against gastrointestinal diseases, inflammatory processes, and microbial infections, as immunostimulants, and in chemotherapy. The T. cordifolia safety profile was confirmed in a toxicological analysis, which prompted pharmacokinetic assessment testing to confirm its bioavailability.},
}
@article {pmid34504360,
year = {2020},
author = {Gao, Q and Liu, J and Mu, Z and Yan, X and Shah, JN and Jiao, F},
title = {Clinical Profile of COVID-19 in Children and Research Progress on Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2: A Mini-review.},
journal = {JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association},
volume = {58},
number = {230},
pages = {813-819},
pmid = {34504360},
issn = {1815-672X},
mesh = {*Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 ; *COVID-19 ; Child ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {The cases of coronavirusdisease 2019 in children have been increasing with the ongoing pandemic.The finding suggests children have mild symptoms and a short course of the disease. Angiotensinconverting enzyme-2 mediates entry of the virus into the cell, the combination of virus and ACE2 leads to an increase in activity of angiotensin II, resulting in acute injury to lungs, myocardium and other organs. The infection causes down-regulation of ACE2 expression. The ACE2 plays an important role in the infection progression and clinical characteristics of COVID-19. Works on ACE2 and virus spike protein have future prospects of strategic information on prevention, management as well as vaccine development. Keywords: children;Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19);SARS-Cov-2;angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2).},
}
@article {pmid34503570,
year = {2021},
author = {Eldaly, AS and Fath, AR and Mashaly, SM and Elhadi, M},
title = {Acute pancreatitis associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection: a case report and review of the literature.},
journal = {Journal of medical case reports},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {461},
pmid = {34503570},
issn = {1752-1947},
mesh = {Acute Disease ; Adult ; *COVID-19 ; Humans ; Male ; *Pancreatitis/diagnosis/etiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: We report a case of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection with acute pancreatitis as the only presenting symptom. To the best of our knowledge, there are few case reports of the same presentation.<br><br>CASE PRESENTATION: An otherwise healthy 44-year-old white male from Egypt presented to the hospital with severe epigastric pain and over ten attacks of nonprojectile vomiting (first, gastric content, then bilious). Acute pancreatitis was suspected and confirmed by serum amylase, serum lipase, and computed tomography scan that showed mild diffuse enlargement of the pancreas. The patient did not have any risk factor for acute pancreatitis, and extensive investigations did not reveal a clear etiology. Given a potential occupational exposure, a nasopharyngeal swab for polymerase chain reaction testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was done, which was positive despite the absence of the typical symptoms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 such as fever and respiratory symptoms. The patient was managed conservatively. For pancreatitis, he was kept nil per os for 2 days and received intravenous lactated Ringer's (10 ml per kg per hour), nalbuphine, alpha chymotrypsin, omeprazole, and cyclizine lactate. For severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, he received a 5-day course of intravenous azithromycin (500 mg per day). He improved quickly and was discharged by the fifth day. We know that abdominal pain is not a rare symptom of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and we also know that elevated levels of serum amylase and lipase were reported in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 patients, especially those with severe symptoms. However, the association between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection and idiopathic acute pancreatitis is rare and has been reported only a few times.<br><br>CONCLUSION: We believe further studies should be conducted to determine the extent of pancreatic involvement in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 patients and the possible causality between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and acute pancreatitis. We reviewed the literature regarding the association between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and acute pancreatitis patients. Published data suggest that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 possibly could be a risk factor for acute pancreatitis.},
}
@article {pmid34495624,
year = {2021},
author = {Daniore, P and Ballouz, T and Menges, D and von Wyl, V},
title = {​The SwissCovid Digital Proximity Tracing App after one year: Were expectations fulfilled?.},
journal = {Swiss medical weekly},
volume = {151},
number = {35-36},
pages = {},
doi = {10.4414/smw.2021.w30031},
pmid = {34495624},
issn = {1424-3997},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Contact Tracing ; Humans ; *Mobile Applications ; Motivation ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {​Digital proximity tracing has been promoted as a major technological innovation for its potential added benefits of greater speed, wider reach and better scalability compared with traditional manual contact tracing. First launched in Switzerland on 25 June 2020, the SwissCovid digital proximity tracing app has now been in use for more than one year. In light of this milestone, we raise the questions: What is currently known about the role of SwissCovid in mitigating the pandemic? Were the expectations fulfilled? ​In this review, we will summarise the current state of the literature from empirical studies on the adoption, performance and effectiveness of SwissCovid. The review consists of three sections. The first section summarizes findings from effectiveness studies, which suggest that SwissCovid exposure notifications contributed to preventive actions in 76% of exposure notification recipients and were associated with a faster quarantine time in some SwissCovid user groups. The second describes the public perception and current state of adoption of SwissCovid in Switzerland in light of prevalent misconceptions and overemphasised expectations. the third places the evidence on SwissCovid in an international context. Specifically, we compare key performance indicators of SwissCovid, which are of similar magnitude as for digital proximity tracing apps from other European countries. Using findings from Switzerland, we subsequently derive a preliminary measure of the population-level effectiveness of digital proximity tracing apps. We estimate that exposure notifications may have contributed to the notification and identification of 500 to 1000 SARS-CoV-2-positive app users per month. We explore why this effectiveness estimation is somewhat lower when compared with Germany or the United Kingdom. ​In light of the presented evidence, we conclude that digital proximity tracing works well in specific contexts, such as in mitigating non-household spread. However, future applications of digital proximity tracing should invest into stakeholder onboarding and increased process automatization - without deviating from the principles of voluntariness and user privacy.},
}
@article {pmid34495598,
year = {2021},
author = {Zamberg, I and Mavrakanas, T and Ernandez, T and Bourquin, V and Zellweger, M and Marangon, N and Raimbault, F and Winzeler, R and Iten, A and Hammer, N and Ponte, B and Carballo, S and Martin, PY and Saudan, P},
title = {Management and outcomes of patients on maintenance dialysis during the first and second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Geneva, Switzerland.},
journal = {Swiss medical weekly},
volume = {151},
number = {33-34},
pages = {},
doi = {10.4414/SMW.2021.w30006},
pmid = {34495598},
issn = {1424-3997},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Humans ; Male ; *Pandemics ; Renal Dialysis ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Switzerland/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Patients on maintenance dialysis are at high risk for serious complications from COVID-19 infection, including death. We present an overview of local experience with dialysis unit management and reorganisation, local epidemiology and outcomes during the COVID-19 outbreak in Geneva, Switzerland, where SARS-CoV-2 incidence was one of the highest in Europe.<br><br>METHODS: All SARS-CoV-2-positive outpatients on maintenance dialysis were transferred from their usual dialysis facility to the Geneva University Hospitals dialysis unit to avoid creation of new clusters of transmission. Within this unit, appropriate mitigation measures were enforced, as suggested by the institutional team for prevention and control of infectious diseases.<br><br>RESULTS: From 25 February to 31 December 2020, 82 of 279 patients on maintenance dialysis tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 during two distinct waves, with an incidence rate of 73 cases per 100,000 person-days during the first wave and 342 cases per 100,000 during the second wave, approximately four- to six-fold higher than the general population. The majority of infections (55%) during both waves were traced to clusters. Most infections (62%) occurred in men. Sixteen patients (34%) died from COVID-19 related complications. Deceased patients were older and had a lower body mass index as compared with patients who survived the infection.<br><br>CONCLUSION: SARS-CoV-2 is associated with high infection and fatality rates in the dialysis population. Strict mitigation measures seemed to be effective in controlling infection spread among patients on maintenance dialysis outside of clusters. Large scale epidemiological studies are needed to assess the efficacy of preventive measures in decreasing infection and mortality rates within the dialysis population.},
}
@article {pmid34495239,
year = {2021},
author = {Sacilotto, L and Olivetti, NQS and Pisani, CF and Wu, TC and Hajjar, LA and Melo, SL and Bueno, SCP and Rivarola, EWR and Chokr, MO and Hardy, CA and Hachul, DT and Darrieux, FCDC and Scanavacca, MI},
title = {Peculiar Aspects of Patients with Inherited Arrhythmias during the COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia},
volume = {117},
number = {2},
pages = {394-403},
pmid = {34495239},
issn = {1678-4170},
mesh = {Arrhythmias, Cardiac/epidemiology/genetics ; *Brugada Syndrome ; *COVID-19 ; Humans ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Since December 2019 we have observed the rapid advance of the severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). The impact of the clinical course of a respiratory infection is little known in patients with hereditary arrhythmias, due to the low prevalence of these diseases. Patients who present with infectious conditions may exacerbate hidden or well-controlled primary arrhythmias, due to several factors, such as fever, electrolyte disturbances, drug interactions, adrenergic stress and, eventually, the septic patient's own myocardial damage. The aim of this review is to highlight the main challenges we may encounter during the Covid 19 pandemic, specifically in patients with hereditary arrhythmias, with emphasis on the congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS), Brugada syndrome (SBr), ventricular tachycardia polymorphic catecholaminergic (CPVT) and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.},
}
@article {pmid34495072,
year = {2021},
author = {Gonçalves, LF and Stolz, JV and Haas, P},
title = {Vaccines Developed against COVID-19: a narrative review.},
journal = {Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992)},
volume = {67},
number = {4},
pages = {625-631},
doi = {10.1590/1806-9282.20210084},
pmid = {34495072},
issn = {1806-9282},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Vaccines ; },
}
@article {pmid34486708,
year = {2021},
author = {Barbato, C and Di Certo, MG and Gabanella, F and Petrella, C and Fiore, M and Passananti, C and Colizza, A and Cavalcanti, L and Ralli, M and Greco, A and De Vincentiis, M and Minni, A},
title = {Staying tuned for post-COVID-19 syndrome: looking for new research to sniff out.},
journal = {European review for medical and pharmacological sciences},
volume = {25},
number = {16},
pages = {5318-5321},
doi = {10.26355/eurrev_202108_26553},
pmid = {34486708},
issn = {2284-0729},
mesh = {COVID-19/*complications/diagnosis/metabolism ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation &amp; purification ; },
abstract = {Post-COVID-19 syndrome was defined as a persistent and protracted illness, which follows acute COVID-19 infection. This condition continues for more than 12 weeks and cannot be attributed to other clinical situations. Researchers and clinicians are allied in unraveling the molecular pathogenetic mechanisms and the clinical development of this unexpected SARS-CoV-2 infectious evolution. Anosmia, dysgeusia, fatigue, dyspnea, and 'brain fog' are common symptoms observed in the Post-COVID-19 syndrome, depicting a multiorgan involvement associated with injuries involving mainly cardiovascular, pulmonary, musculoskeletal, and neuropsychiatric systems. This commentary analyzes the state of the art of Post-COVID-19 interdisciplinary studies, confirming that we are facing a truly intricate biomedicine story.},
}
@article {pmid34470433,
year = {2021},
author = {Pawar, SD and Khare, AB and Keng, SS and Kode, SS and Tare, DS and Singh, DK and More, RL and Mullick, J},
title = {Selection and application of biological safety cabinets in diagnostic and research laboratories with special emphasis on COVID-19.},
journal = {The Review of scientific instruments},
volume = {92},
number = {8},
pages = {081401},
pmid = {34470433},
issn = {1089-7623},
mesh = {Animals ; *COVID-19 ; *Containment of Biohazards ; Humans ; *Laboratories ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; *Specimen Handling ; *Virus Inactivation ; },
abstract = {The ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is a global public health emergency. Adherence to biosafety practices is mandatory to protect the user as well as the environment, while handling infectious agents. A biological safety cabinet (BSC) is the most important equipment used in diagnostic and research laboratories in order to safeguard the product, the person, and the environment. The World Health Organization has emphasized the use of validated BSCs in order to ensure quality of the results. There are different classes of BSCs that are used in various work environments based on the need. It is imperative to use appropriate levels of biosafety and types of BSCs in laboratories based on the risk assessment of the pathogen used. During the development of COVID-19 laboratories and training of laboratory staff, we came across several queries about the functions and selection of BSCs and realized that the knowledge about the detailed information on selections and applications of BSCs is scanty. There are several guidelines regarding the biosafety aspects for diagnostic and research laboratories handling infectious pathogens from national and international agencies. However, there is no detailed information on the use of appropriate types of BSCs and their functions in the context of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In view of this, the present paper describes in detail the selection and applications of BSCs, which could be useful for laboratories handling or planning to handle SARS-CoV-2 and suspected samples.},
}
@article {pmid34469468,
year = {2021},
author = {Rahman, MK and Gazi, MAI and Bhuiyan, MA and Rahaman, MA},
title = {Effect of Covid-19 pandemic on tourist travel risk and management perceptions.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {16},
number = {9},
pages = {e0256486},
pmid = {34469468},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {*COVID-19/economics/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Pandemics ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; *Tourism ; },
abstract = {This study aims to explore the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on tourists' travel risk and management perceptions. Driven on the effect of the pandemic, we investigate tourists' travel risk and management perceptions and its effect on society using a sample of 716 respondents. The data was collected through social media platforms using a representative sampling method and analyzed applying the PLS-SEM tool. The findings reveal that Covid-19 pandemic has greatly affected travel risk and management perceptions. Travel risk and management perception had a significant association with risk management, service delivery, transportation patterns, distribution channels, avoidance of overpopulated destinations, and hygiene and safety. The results also identified the mediating effect of travel risk and management perceptions. The finding of this study contributes to tourism crises and provides future research insights in the travel and tourism sector and response to change tourists' travel risk and management perceptions in the post-covid recovery period.},
}
@article {pmid34448733,
year = {2021},
author = {Weiss, KJ and Dube, AR},
title = {What Ever Happened to Nostalgia (the Diagnosis)?.},
journal = {The Journal of nervous and mental disease},
volume = {209},
number = {9},
pages = {622-627},
pmid = {34448733},
issn = {1539-736X},
mesh = {COVID-19/*psychology ; Humans ; Loneliness/*psychology ; Mental Disorders/diagnosis ; *Social Behavior ; Social Problems ; },
abstract = {ABSTRACT: Nostalgia and homesickness are not currently regarded as mental disorders. The psychic pain associated with longing to return home had been considered a mental disorder for centuries, especially in Europe, where it was a sign of moral weakness between nations. Nostalgia's effects on American Civil War soldiers-anxiety, depression, and sleep and appetite disturbances, for example-were described by clinicians and linked to significant morbidity and mortality. Since then, although these effects of combat have been of interest, focus has shifted to psychic trauma, relegating the concept of nostalgia to an unclassified but commonly encountered condition. Besides wartime trauma, symptomatic conditions related to nostalgia have been described among displaced persons and refugees living in the diaspora longing for their homelands (e.g., social displacement syndrome). More recently, nostalgia has pervaded culture as a benign pastime, with no implications for psychopathology. Finally, the longing for return to an idyllic or imagined lifestyle has returned amid worldwide quarantining and isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this new sense, nostalgia has become a remedy rather than a disease. We identify four major iterations of nostalgia: the medical condition of homesickness, the condition studied in wartime, the application to migration and social displacement, and as a remedy for existential anxiety. We conclude that nostalgia per se is neither pathological nor normative, but a consistent phenomenon in human existence that should not be overlooked in cultural assessment and psychotherapy.},
}
@article {pmid34403258,
year = {2021},
author = {Anokhina, VS and Miller, BL},
title = {Targeting Ribosomal Frameshifting as an Antiviral Strategy: From HIV-1 to SARS-CoV-2.},
journal = {Accounts of chemical research},
volume = {54},
number = {17},
pages = {3349-3361},
doi = {10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00316},
pmid = {34403258},
issn = {1520-4898},
mesh = {Antiviral Agents/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques ; Frameshifting, Ribosomal/drug effects ; HIV-1/*drug effects ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; SARS-CoV-2/*drug effects ; },
abstract = {Treatment of HIV-1 has largely involved targeting viral enzymes using a cocktail of inhibitors. However, resistance to these inhibitors and toxicity in the long term have pushed the field to identify new therapeutic targets. To that end, -1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting (-1 PRF) has gained attention as a potential node for therapeutic intervention. In this process, a ribosome moves one nucleotide backward in the course of translating a mRNA, revealing a new reading frame for protein synthesis. In HIV-1, -1 PRF allows the virus to regulate the ratios of enzymatic and structural proteins as needed for correct viral particle assembly. Two RNA structural elements are central to -1 PRF in HIV: a slippery sequence and a highly conserved stable hairpin called the HIV-1 frameshifting stimulatory signal (FSS). Dysregulation of -1 PRF is deleterious for the virus. Thus, -1 PRF is an attractive target for new antiviral development. It is important to note that HIV-1 is not the only virus exploiting -1 PRF for regulating production of its proteins. Coronaviruses, including the COVID-19 pandemic virus SARS-CoV-2, also rely on -1 PRF. In SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses, -1 PRF is required for synthesis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and several other nonstructural proteins. Coronaviruses employ a more complex RNA structural element for regulating -1 PRF called a pseudoknot. The purpose of this Account is primarily to review the development of molecules targeting HIV-1 -1 PRF. These approaches are case studies illustrating how the entire pipeline from screening to the generation of high-affinity leads might be implemented. We consider both target-based and function-based screening, with a particular focus on our group's approach beginning with a resin-bound dynamic combinatorial library (RBDCL) screen. We then used rational design approaches to optimize binding affinity, selectivity, and cellular bioavailability. Our tactic is, to the best of our knowledge, the only study resulting in compounds that bind specifically to the HIV-1 FSS RNA and reduce infectivity of laboratory and drug-resistant strains of HIV-1 in human cells. Lessons learned from strategies targeting -1 PRF HIV-1 might provide solutions in the development of antivirals in areas of unmet medical need. This includes the development of new frameshift-altering therapies for SARS-CoV-2, approaches to which are very recently beginning to appear.},
}
@article {pmid34343638,
year = {2021},
author = {Mate, A and Reyes-Goya, C and Santana-Garrido, Á and Sobrevia, L and Vázquez, CM},
title = {Impact of maternal nutrition in viral infections during pregnancy.},
journal = {Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease},
volume = {1867},
number = {11},
pages = {166231},
pmid = {34343638},
issn = {1879-260X},
mesh = {Female ; Humans ; *Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Nutritional Requirements ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/epidemiology/*physiopathology/virology ; Virus Diseases/epidemiology/*physiopathology ; },
abstract = {Other than being a physiological process, pregnancy is a condition characterized by major adaptations of maternal endocrine and metabolic homeostasis that are necessary to accommodate the fetoplacental unit. Unfortunately, all these systemic, cellular, and molecular changes in maternal physiology also make the mother and the fetus more prone to adverse outcomes, including numerous alterations arising from viral infections. Common infections during pregnancy that have long been recognized as congenitally and perinatally transmissible to newborns include toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex viruses (originally coined as ToRCH infections). In addition, enterovirus, parvovirus B19, hepatitis virus, varicella-zoster virus, human immunodeficiency virus, Zika and Dengue virus, and, more recently, coronavirus infections including Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) infections (especially the novel SARS-CoV-2 responsible for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic), constitute relevant targets for current research on maternal-fetal interactions in viral infections during pregnancy. Appropriate maternal education from preconception to the early postnatal period is crucial to promote healthy pregnancies in general and to prevent and/or reduce the impact of viral infections in particular. Specifically, an adequate lifestyle based on proper nutrition plans and feeding interventions, whenever possible, might be crucial to reduce the risk of virus-related gestational diseases and accompanying complications in later life. Here we aim to provide an overview of the emerging literature addressing the impact of nutrition in the context of potentially harmful viral infections during pregnancy.},
}
@article {pmid34311080,
year = {2021},
author = {Fuentes-Zacarías, P and Murrieta-Coxca, JM and Gutiérrez-Samudio, RN and Schmidt, A and Schmidt, A and Markert, UR and Morales-Prieto, DM},
title = {Pregnancy and pandemics: Interaction of viral surface proteins and placenta cells.},
journal = {Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease},
volume = {1867},
number = {11},
pages = {166218},
doi = {10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166218},
pmid = {34311080},
issn = {1879-260X},
mesh = {Female ; Humans ; Placenta/metabolism/*virology ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/metabolism/*virology ; SARS-CoV-2/metabolism/pathogenicity ; Variola virus/metabolism/pathogenicity ; Viral Envelope Proteins/*metabolism ; Virus Diseases/metabolism/*virology ; Zika Virus/metabolism/pathogenicity ; },
abstract = {Throughout history, pandemics of infectious diseases caused by emerging viruses have spread worldwide. Evidence from previous outbreaks demonstrated that pregnant women are at high risk of contracting the diseases and suffering from adverse outcomes. However, while some viruses can cause major health complications for the mother and her fetus, others do not appear to affect pregnancy. Viral surface proteins bind to specific receptors on the cellular membrane of host cells and begin therewith the infection process. During pregnancy, the molecular features of these proteins may determine specific target cells in the placenta, which may explain the different outcomes. In this review, we display information on Variola, Influenza, Zika and Corona viruses focused on their surface proteins, effects on pregnancy, and possible target placental cells. This will contribute to understanding viral entry during pregnancy, as well as to develop strategies to decrease the incidence of obstetrical problems in current and future infections.},
}
@article {pmid33939499,
year = {2021},
author = {Peters, ZV and Norwood, LN and Modi, HP and Goodman, H and Yang, PH and Coleman, N and Monroe, A and Goodman, WK and , and Storch, EA},
title = {Addressing the mental health needs of learners and nonlearners in an academic medical center during COVID-19.},
journal = {Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic},
volume = {85},
number = {3},
pages = {283-297},
doi = {10.1521/bumc_2021_85_02},
pmid = {33939499},
issn = {1943-2828},
mesh = {Academic Medical Centers ; Adaptation, Psychological ; COVID-19/*psychology ; Faculty/*psychology ; Humans ; Mental Disorders/psychology/*therapy ; Mental Health ; Mobile Applications ; Psychotherapy/*methods ; Psychotherapy, Group ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Stress, Psychological ; Students, Medical/*psychology ; Telemedicine/*methods ; },
abstract = {The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has impacted life for people throughout the world, especially for those in health care who experience unique stressors. To support the psychological needs of staff, faculty, and learners at a biomedical sciences university, faculty at Baylor College of Medicine created a mental health and wellness support program consisting of multiple behavioral health care pathways, including phone support, a self-guided mental health app, a coping skills group, and individual therapy services. The authors present this program as a model for academic institutions to support the well-being of faculty, staff, and learners.},
}
@article {pmid33836039,
year = {2021},
author = {Pecly, IMD and Azevedo, RB and Muxfeldt, ES and Botelho, BG and Albuquerque, GG and Diniz, PHP and Silva, R and Rodrigues, CIS},
title = {COVID-19 and chronic kidney disease: a comprehensive review.},
journal = {Jornal brasileiro de nefrologia : 'orgao oficial de Sociedades Brasileira e Latino-Americana de Nefrologia},
volume = {43},
number = {3},
pages = {383-399},
doi = {10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2020-0203},
pmid = {33836039},
issn = {2175-8239},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Renal Dialysis ; *Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications/epidemiology/therapy ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Kidney impairment in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with increased in-hospital mortality and worse clinical evolution, raising concerns towards patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). From a pathophysiological perspective, COVID-19 is characterized by an overproduction of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha), causing systemic inflammation and hypercoagulability, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Emerging data postulate that CKD under conservative treatment or renal replacement therapy (RRT) is an important risk factor for disease severity and higher in-hospital mortality amongst patients with COVID-19. Regarding RAAS blockers therapy during the pandemic, the initial assumption of a potential increase and deleterious impact in infectivity, disease severity, and mortality was not evidenced in medical literature. Moreover, the challenge of implementing social distancing in patients requiring dialysis during the pandemic prompted national and international societies to publish recommendations regarding the adoption of safety measures to reduce transmission risk and optimize dialysis treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Current data convey that kidney transplant recipients are more vulnerable to more severe infection. Thus, we provide a comprehensive review of the clinical outcomes and prognosis of patients with CKD under conservative treatment and dialysis, and kidney transplant recipients and COVID-19 infection.},
}
@article {pmid34508917,
year = {2021},
author = {Elrashdy, F and Tambuwala, MM and Hassan, SS and Adadi, P and Seyran, M and El-Aziz, TMA and Rezaei, N and Lal, A and Aljabali, AAA and Kandimalla, R and Bazan, NG and Azad, GK and Sherchan, SP and Choudhury, PP and Serrano-Aroca, Á and Takayama, K and Chauhan, G and Pizzol, D and Barh, D and Panda, PK and Mishra, YK and Palù, G and Lundstrom, K and Redwan, EM and Uversky, VN},
title = {Autoimmunity roots of the thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination.},
journal = {Autoimmunity reviews},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {102941},
doi = {10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102941},
pmid = {34508917},
issn = {1873-0183},
abstract = {Although vaccination represents the most promising way to stop or contain the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and safety and effectiveness of available vaccines were proven, a small number of individuals who received anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines developed a prothrombotic syndrome. Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) can be triggered by the adenoviral vector-based vaccine, whereas lipid nanoparticle-mRNA-based vaccines can induce rare cases of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Although the main pathogenic mechanisms behind this rare phenomenon have not yet been identified, both host and vaccine factors might be involved, with pathology at least in part being related to the vaccine-triggered autoimmune reaction. In this review, we are considering some aspects related to pathogenesis, major risk factors, as well as peculiarities of diagnosis and treatment of this rare condition.},
}
@article {pmid34507934,
year = {2021},
author = {Mung, SM and Jude, EB},
title = {Interplay between endocrinology, metabolism and COVID-19 infection.},
journal = {Clinical medicine (London, England)},
volume = {21},
number = {5},
pages = {e499-e504},
doi = {10.7861/clinmed.2021-0200},
pmid = {34507934},
issn = {1473-4893},
abstract = {There are more than 170 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 worldwide, yet its effects on the endocrine system remain under-reported due to lack of awareness by the public, primary care givers and specialists. This is a narrative review using up-to-date literature discussing the consequences that infection with SARS-CoV-2 can have on diabetes and the endocrine glands including the adrenals, thyroid and pituitary, as well as hyponatremia and hypogonadism. Endocrinologists, internists and primary care physicians need to be aware of the involvement of the endocrine organs when dealing with people recovering from COVID-19 and actively manage any complications to reduce mortality and improve the quality of life of those affected.},
}
@article {pmid34507933,
year = {2021},
author = {Malik, S and Hamer, R and Shabir, S and Youssouf, S and Morsy, M and Rashid, R and Waqar, S and Ghouri, N},
title = {Effects of fasting on solid organ transplant recipients during Ramadan - a practical guide for healthcare professionals.},
journal = {Clinical medicine (London, England)},
volume = {21},
number = {5},
pages = {e492-e498},
doi = {10.7861/clinmed.2021-0250},
pmid = {34507933},
issn = {1473-4893},
abstract = {Fasting in the month of Ramadan is an obligatory act for healthy adult Muslims. It requires abstinence from food and drink from dawn to sunset. Although there are exemptions from fasting, many patients are keen to fulfil what they see as a religious obligation, even if this may be against medical advice in some cases. Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients often ask healthcare professionals for advice on fasting. Studies on the effect of fasting in transplant patients have all been done in the Middle East and North Africa where the average fasting duration is between 12 and 14 hours. In comparison, in temperate regions in the summer, fasting duration can be as long as 20 hours. Fasting when patients have to take immunosuppression 12 hours apart with little time variation poses unique challenges. In this review, current literature is reviewed, and a decision-making tool has been developed to assist clinicians in discussing the risks of fasting in transplant recipients, with consideration also given to circumstances such as the COVID-19 pandemic.Our review highlights that SOT recipients wishing to fast should undergo a thorough risk assessment, ideally 3 months before Ramadan. They may require medication changes and a plan for regular monitoring of graft function and electrolytes in order to fast safely. Recommendations have been based on risk tiers (very high risk, high risk and low/moderate risk) established by the International Diabetes Federation and the Diabetes and Ramadan International Alliance. Patients in the 'very high risk' and 'high risk' categories should be encouraged to explore alternative options to fasting such as winter fasting or Fidyah. Those in the 'low/moderate' category may be able to cautiously fast with guidance from their clinician. Prior to the commencement of Ramadan, all patients must receive up-to-date education on sick-day rules, instructions on when to terminate their fast or abstain from fasting.},
}
@article {pmid34507521,
year = {2021},
author = {Giacalone, M and Scheier, E and Shavit, I},
title = {Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C): a mini-review.},
journal = {International journal of emergency medicine},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {50},
pmid = {34507521},
issn = {1865-1372},
abstract = {Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a novel, life-threatening hyperinflammatory condition that develops in children a few weeks after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This disease has created a diagnostic challenge due to overlap with Kawasaki disease (KD) and KD shock syndrome. The majority of patients with MIS-C present with the involvement of at least four organ systems, and all have evidence of a marked inflammatory state. Most patients show an increase in the level of at least four inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, neutrophil count, ferritin, procalcitonin, fibrinogen, interleukin-6, and triglycerides). Therapy is primarily with immunomodulators, suggesting that the disease is driven by post-infectious immune dysregulation. Most patients, even those with severe cardiovascular involvement, recover without sequelae. Since coronary aneurysms have been reported, echocardiographic follow-up is needed.Further study is needed to create uniform diagnostic criteria, therapy, and follow-up protocols.},
}
@article {pmid34507391,
year = {2021},
author = {Ganapathy, K},
title = {Good Death in Neurological Practice.},
journal = {Neurology India},
volume = {69},
number = {4},
pages = {792-796},
doi = {10.4103/0028-3886.325314},
pmid = {34507391},
issn = {1998-4022},
abstract = {Background: Clinicians in neurological practice, particularly surgeons, encounter more deaths than most other specialists.<br><br>Objective: This communication reviews the literature on "good death" and extrapolates the observations and inferences to neurological practice. Changes in approaches to "good death" in the COVID-19 era (coronavirus disease 2019) are also discussed.<br><br>Materials and Methods: The author, over a 40-year period, has come across 2,500 deaths in a government, trust, and corporate hospital in Chennai, India. Retrospectively, the author questions if, in spite of his conservatism and obsession with quality of life, he should have taken proactive measures to also ensure a good quality of death.<br><br>Results and Conclusion: In the background of the lessons learned in a metro, across various socioeconomic groups and with varied access to technology, the author concludes that ensuring "good death" should also fall within the domain of neurologic practice.},
}
@article {pmid34507116,
year = {2021},
author = {Shah, MD and Sumeh, AS and Sheraz, M and Kavitha, MS and Venmathi Maran, BA and Rodrigues, KF},
title = {A mini-review on the impact of COVID 19 on vital organs.},
journal = {Biomedicine &amp; pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine &amp; pharmacotherapie},
volume = {143},
number = {},
pages = {112158},
doi = {10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112158},
pmid = {34507116},
issn = {1950-6007},
abstract = {COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease-2019) is an infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus, known as the acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This is a highly contagious disease that has already affected more than 220 countries globally, infecting more than 212 million people and resulting in the death of over 4.4 million people. This review aims to highlight the pertinent documentary evidence upon the adverse effects of the SARS-CoV-2 infection on several vital human organs. SARS-CoV-2 primarily targets the lung tissue by causing diffuse alveolar damage and may result in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). SARS-CoV-2 infects the cell via cell surface receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Besides lungs, SARS-CoV-2 critically damage tissues in other vital human organs such as the heart, kidney, liver, brain, and gastrointestinal tract. The effect on the heart includes muscle dysfunction (acute or protracted heart failure), myocarditis, and cell necrosis. Within hepatic tissue, it alters serum aminotransferase, total bilirubin, and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels. It contributes to acute kidney injury (AKI). Localized infection of the brain can lead to loss or attenuation of olfaction, muscular pain, headaches, encephalopathy, dizziness, dysgeusia, psychomotor disorders, and stroke; while the gastrointestinal symptoms include the disruption of the normal intestinal mucosa, leading to diarrhea and abdominal pain. This review encompassed a topical streak of systemic malfunctions caused by the SARS-CoV-2 infection. As the pandemic is still in progress, more studies will enrich our understanding and analysis of this disease.},
}
@article {pmid34507112,
year = {2021},
author = {Gajewski, A and Kośmider, A and Nowacka, A and Puk, O and Wiciński, M},
title = {Potential of herbal products in prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Literature review.},
journal = {Biomedicine &amp; pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine &amp; pharmacotherapie},
volume = {143},
number = {},
pages = {112150},
doi = {10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112150},
pmid = {34507112},
issn = {1950-6007},
abstract = {The COVID-19 epidemic is the greatest pandemic that human kind experienced for decades, with high morbidity and mortality. Despite recent development of vaccines there is still many severe cases of COVID-19. Unfortunately there is still no standardized therapies and treatment of severe cases is very challenging. The aim of this study is to indicate if herbs administered alone or as a complementary therapy could be used as prophylaxis or treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Over 85% of patients with COVID-19 in China used Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), and a most common herb is Glycyrrhiza glabra, which in vitro inhibits replication of different enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses. Glycyrrhizin in vitro connects and changes conformation of ACE2 receptors, which are vital for SARS-CoV-2 penetration into host cells. Pelargonium sidoides show immunomodulatory and antiviral properties in clinical and in vitro studies, and it inhibits replication of HCo-229E coronavirus. Glycyrrhiza glabra in combination with standard therapies significantly reduces the hospitalization rate and occurrence of COVID-19 symptoms. As complementary therapies lianhuaqingwen capsules and jinhua qinggan granules reduces hospitalization rates, time to symptoms recovery and improve patient psychological comfort. In view of SARS-CoV-2 other herbs are not effective, e.g. maxingshigan-yinqiaosan, or therapeutic concentration would be impossible to achieve, e.g. ephedra herb, or there is simply no proper data. Therefore, Liquorice and Pelargonium sidoides are effective against coronaviruses and could be possibly used as prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19, while lianhuaqingwen capsules and jinhua qinggan granules can be useful as a complementary therapy to conventional treatment.},
}
@article {pmid34506794,
year = {2021},
author = {Kim, JA and Wahlster, S and LaBuzetta, JN and Nobleza, COS and Johnson, NJ and Rubinos, C and Malaiyandi, D and O'Phalen, KH and Mainali, S and Sarwal, A and Gilmore, EJ},
title = {Focused Management of Patients with Severe Acute Brain Injury and ARDS.},
journal = {Chest},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.chest.2021.08.066},
pmid = {34506794},
issn = {1931-3543},
abstract = {Considering the COVID-19 pandemic where concomitant occurrence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and severe acute brain injury (sABI) has increasingly co-emerged, we synthesize existing data regarding the simultaneous management of both conditions. Our aim is to provide readers with fundamental principles and concepts for the management of sABI and ARDS, and highlight challenges and conflicts encountered while managing concurrent disease. Up to 40 percent of patients with sABI can develop ARDS. While there are trials and guidelines to support the mainstays of treatment for ARDS and sABI independently, guidance on concomitant management is limited. Treatment strategies aimed at managing severe ARDS may at times conflict with the management of sABI. In this narrative review, we discuss the physiological basis and risks involved during simultaneous management of ARDS and sABI, summarize evidence for treatment decisions, and demonstrate these principles using hypothetical case scenarios. Use of invasive or non-invasive monitoring to assess brain and lung physiology may facilitate goal-directed treatment strategies with the potential to improve outcome. Understanding the pathophysiology and key treatment concepts for co-management of these conditions is critical to optimizing care in this high-acuity patient population.},
}
@article {pmid34506770,
year = {2021},
author = {Nimako, K and Kruk, ME},
title = {Seizing the moment to rethink health systems.},
journal = {The Lancet. Global health},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00356-9},
pmid = {34506770},
issn = {2214-109X},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has made vivid the need for resilient, high-quality health systems and presents an opportunity to reconsider how to build such systems. Although even well resourced, well performing health systems have struggled at various points to cope with surges of COVID-19, experience suggests that establishing health system foundations based on clear aims, adequate resources, and effective constraints and incentives is crucial for consistent provision of high-quality care, and that these cannot be replaced by piecemeal quality improvement interventions. We identify four mutually reinforcing structural investments that could transform health system performance in resource-constrained countries: revamping health provider education, redesigning platforms for care delivery, instituting strategic purchasing and management strategies, and developing patient-level data systems. Countries should seize the political and moral energy provided by the COVID-19 pandemic to build health systems fit for the future.},
}
@article {pmid34506686,
year = {2021},
author = {Fung, BM and Perumpail, M and Patel, YA and Tabibian, JH},
title = {Telemedicine in hepatology: current applications and future directions.},
journal = {Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/lt.26293},
pmid = {34506686},
issn = {1527-6473},
abstract = {Telemedicine refers to the use of information and communication technologies for providing health care at a distance. Through the use of telecommunication technologies such as cellphones, computers, and other electronic devices, healthcare providers are able to conduct patient visits, mentor/train other providers, and monitor patients' chronic diseases remotely, potentially hundreds or thousands of miles away. Over the past two decades, the use of telemedicine has grown in the field of hepatology. In this review, we provide a focused primer on telemedicine and its current applications in hepatology. In particular, we discuss the use of telemedicine in the management of chronic hepatitis C, the complications of liver disease, as well as pre-liver transplantation evaluation and post-transplantation care. In addition, we provide a synopsis of the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the use of telemedicine in hepatology.},
}
@article {pmid34506003,
year = {2021},
author = {Storz, MA},
title = {Lifestyle Adjustments in Long-COVID Management: Potential Benefits of Plant-Based Diets.},
journal = {Current nutrition reports},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34506003},
issn = {2161-3311},
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The SARS-CoV-2-pandemic has caused mortality and morbidity at an unprecedented global scale. Many patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 continue to experience symptoms after the acute phase of infection and report fatigue, sleep difficulties, anxiety, and depression as well as arthralgia and muscle weakness. Summarized under the umbrella term "long-COVID," these symptoms may last weeks to months and impose a substantial burden on affected individuals. Dietary approaches to tackle these complications have received comparably little attention. Although plant-based diets in particular were shown to exert benefits on underlying conditions linked to poor COVID-19 outcomes, their role with regard to COVID-19 sequelae is yet largely unknown. Thus, this review sought to investigate whether a plant-based diet could reduce the burden of long-COVID.<br><br>RECENT FINDINGS: The number of clinical trials investigating the role of plant-based nutrition in COVID-19 prevention and management is currently limited. Yet, there is evidence from pre-pandemic observational and clinical studies that a plant-based diet may be of general benefit with regard to several clinical conditions that can also be found in individuals with COVID-19. These include anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, and musculoskeletal pain. Adoption of a plant-based diet leads to a reduced intake in pro-inflammatory mediators and could be one accessible strategy to tackle long-COVID associated prolonged systemic inflammation. Plant-based diets may be of general benefit with regard to some of the most commonly found COVID-19 sequelae. Additional trials investigating which plant-based eating patterns confer the greatest benefit in the battle against long-COVID are urgently warranted.},
}
@article {pmid34504999,
year = {2021},
author = {Sadasivaiah, S and Shaffer, E and Enanoria, W and Su, G and Goldman, S and Scarafia, J and Lee, T and Yu, A and Goldman, LE and Ratanawongsa, N},
title = {Informatics response to address the COVID-19 pandemic in a safety net healthcare system.},
journal = {JAMIA open},
volume = {4},
number = {3},
pages = {ooaa057},
doi = {10.1093/jamiaopen/ooaa057},
pmid = {34504999},
issn = {2574-2531},
abstract = {In service of particularly vulnerable populations, safety net healthcare systems must nimbly leverage health information technology (IT), including electronic health records (EHRs), to coordinate the medical and public health response to the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Six months after the San Francisco Department of Public Health implemented a new EHR across its hospitals and citywide clinics, California declared a state of emergency in response to COVID-19. This paper describes how the IT and informatics teams supported San Francisco Department of Public Health's goals of expanding the safety net healthcare system capacity, meeting the needs of specific vulnerable populations, increasing equity in COVID-19 testing access, and expanding public health analytics and research capacity. Key enabling factors included critical partnerships with operational leaders, early identification of priorities, a clear governance structure, agility in the face of rapidly changing circumstances, and a commitment to vulnerable populations.},
}
@article {pmid34504607,
year = {2021},
author = {Giannopoulou, I and Galinaki, S and Kollintza, E and Adamaki, M and Kympouropoulos, S and Alevyzakis, E and Tsamakis, K and Tsangaris, I and Spandidos, DA and Siafakas, N and Zoumpourlis, V and Rizos, E},
title = {COVID-19 and post-traumatic stress disorder: The perfect 'storm' for mental health (Review).},
journal = {Experimental and therapeutic medicine},
volume = {22},
number = {4},
pages = {1162},
doi = {10.3892/etm.2021.10596},
pmid = {34504607},
issn = {1792-1015},
abstract = {Since its outbreak, in December, 2019, in the Chinese city of Wuhan, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has evolved into an ongoing global pandemic. Due to the novel antigenic properties of this virus, the world population could not develop immunity effectively and this led to the subsequent spread of COVID-19. This caused an unprecedented emergency situation with significant negative effects on health and well-being both on an individual and societal level. Apart from health, economic and social consequences, the impact of this pandemic on mental health is increasingly being reported in the scientific literature. The present review aimed to provide a comprehensive discussion of the possible neurological and neuropsychiatric manifestations of SARS-CoV-2, together with the related underlying molecular pathways. In addition, the present review focused on populations which are at a higher risk of developing psychiatric disturbances due to the COVID-19 pandemic and discussed possible routes of clinical management and therapeutics to minimize the burden associated with psychiatric disorders. Moreover, research findings exploring the prevalence of COVID-19-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms across vulnerable groups, including children, adolescents and COVID-19 survivors are presented, with particular emphasis on those with severe disease who required hospitalization and/or intensive care unit admission. Based on the available literature, the identification of potential determinants associated with PTSD across the different populations is underlined. Lessons learnt from the pandemics across the globe together with the ongoing research on COVID-19 and its impact on mental health, highlight the utmost importance for evidence-based, proactive and targeted interventions in high-risk groups aiming to mitigate the risks and manage vulnerabilities.},
}
@article {pmid34504335,
year = {2021},
author = {Oude Munnink, BB and Worp, N and Nieuwenhuijse, DF and Sikkema, RS and Haagmans, B and Fouchier, RAM and Koopmans, M},
title = {The next phase of SARS-CoV-2 surveillance: real-time molecular epidemiology.},
journal = {Nature medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34504335},
issn = {1546-170X},
support = {874735//EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 European Institute of Innovation and Technology (H2020 The European Institute of Innovation and Technology)/ ; 874735//EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 European Institute of Innovation and Technology (H2020 The European Institute of Innovation and Technology)/ ; 874735//EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 European Institute of Innovation and Technology (H2020 The European Institute of Innovation and Technology)/ ; 874735//EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 European Institute of Innovation and Technology (H2020 The European Institute of Innovation and Technology)/ ; 874735//EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 European Institute of Innovation and Technology (H2020 The European Institute of Innovation and Technology)/ ; 874735//EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 European Institute of Innovation and Technology (H2020 The European Institute of Innovation and Technology)/ ; 874735//EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Euratom (H2020 Euratom Research and Training Programme 2014-2018)/ ; },
abstract = {The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is the first to apply whole-genome sequencing near to real time, with over 2 million severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) whole-genome sequences generated and shared through the GISAID platform. This genomic resource informed public health decision-making throughout the pandemic; it also allowed detection of mutations that might affect virulence, pathogenesis, host range or immune escape as well as the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics and therapeutics. However, genotype-to-phenotype predictions cannot be performed at the rapid pace of genomic sequencing. To prepare for the next phase of the pandemic, a systematic approach is needed to link global genomic surveillance and timely assessment of the phenotypic characteristics of novel variants, which will support the development and updating of diagnostics, vaccines, therapeutics and nonpharmaceutical interventions. This Review summarizes the current knowledge on key viral mutations and variants and looks to the next phase of surveillance of the evolving pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid34504310,
year = {2021},
author = {Beasley, MB},
title = {Acute lung injury-from cannabis to COVID.},
journal = {Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34504310},
issn = {1530-0285},
abstract = {Recent world events have refocused attention on the pathology associated with clinical acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The vast majority of cases of clinical ARDS will have diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) histologically, but other histologies may occur less frequently. The aim of this paper is to provide a review of the pathology of DAD and acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia and provide insights into the pathologic features associated with the E-cigarette/vaping-associated lung-injury outbreak and the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid34503664,
year = {2021},
author = {Townsend, JA and Randall, CL},
title = {Adolescent Dental Fear and Anxiety: Background, Assessment, and Nonpharmacologic Behavior Guidance.},
journal = {Dental clinics of North America},
volume = {65},
number = {4},
pages = {731-751},
doi = {10.1016/j.cden.2021.07.002},
pmid = {34503664},
issn = {1558-0512},
abstract = {Adolescence, the period from 11 to 21 years of age, bridges the chasm between childhood and adulthood. Adolescence can be challenging as bodies, cognition, and personality go through major transformations, but it is also a time of great joy as confident adults with a clear identity develop. Dentists need to be knowledgeable about the developmental characteristics of this group because some of the cognitive and emotional changes make adolescents vulnerable to new fears. Dentists must tailor behavior guidance to this developing psyche in a way that respects independence and promotes confidence to foster lifelong positive views of dentistry.},
}
@article {pmid34503647,
year = {2021},
author = {Gani, F and Cottini, M and Landi, M and Berti, A and Comberiati, P and Peroni, D and Senna, G and Lombardi, C},
title = {Allergic rhinitis and COVID-19: friends or foes?.},
journal = {European annals of allergy and clinical immunology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.23822/EurAnnACI.1764-1489.234},
pmid = {34503647},
issn = {1764-1489},
abstract = {Summary: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common disease affecting up to 40% of the general population worldwide. In the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic era, many observational studies analysing the effect of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on the risk of developing COVID-19 were conducted, while data on AR are limited.In this paper, we review the risk of developing SARS-Cov-2 infection carried by AR patients, the outcomes of those with COVID-19 disease, and the COVID-19 influence on the allergic and nasal symptoms and the psychological status of AR patients, in both adult and paediatric populations.AR patients seem to be protected from COVID 19 infection. Even if data about the influence of AR on the severity of COVID-19 disease are still not conclusive, it seems that being an AR patient does not increase the risk of poor COVID-19 prognoses. The clinical manifestation of AR can be distinguished by COVID-19 symptoms. Treating AR adequately is also strongly recommended, especially during pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid34503447,
year = {2021},
author = {Barten, DG and Klokman, VW and Cleef, S and Peters, NALR and Tan, ECTH and Boin, A},
title = {When disasters strike the emergency department: a case series and narrative review.},
journal = {International journal of emergency medicine},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {49},
pmid = {34503447},
issn = {1865-1372},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Emergency departments (EDs) are reasonably well prepared for external disasters, such as natural disasters, mass casualty incidents, and terrorist attacks. However, crises and disasters that emerge and unfold within hospitals appear to be more common than external events. EDs are often affected. Internal hospital crises and disasters (IHCDs) have the potential to endanger patients, staff, and visitors, and to undermine the integrity of the facility as a steward of public health and safety. Furthermore, ED patient safety and logistics may be seriously hampered.<br><br>METHODS: Case series of 3 disasters within EDs. Narrative overview of the current IHCD-related literature retrieved from searches of PubMed databases, hand searches, and authoritative texts.<br><br>DISCUSSION: The causes of IHCDs are multifaceted and an internal disaster is often the result of a cascade of events. They may or may not be associated with a community-wide event. Examples include fires, floods, power outages, structural damage, information and communication technology (ICT) failures, and cyberattacks. EDs are particularly at-risk. While acute-onset disasters have immediate consequences for acute care services, epidemics and pandemics are threats that can have long-term sequelae.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Hospitals and their EDs are at-risk for crises and their potential escalation to hospital disasters. Emerging risks due to climate-related emergencies, infectious disease outbreaks, terrorism, and cyberattacks pose particular threats. If a hospital is not prepared for IHCDs, it undermines the capacity of administration and staff to safeguard the safety of patients. Therefore, hospitals and their EDs must check and where necessary enhance their preparedness for these contingencies.},
}
@article {pmid34503323,
year = {2021},
author = {Kanannejad, Z and Alyasin, S and Esmaeilzadeh, H and Nabavizadeh, H and Amin, R},
title = {Asthma and COVID-19 pandemic: focused on the eosinophil count and ACE2 expression.},
journal = {European annals of allergy and clinical immunology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.23822/EurAnnACI.1764-1489.233},
pmid = {34503323},
issn = {1764-1489},
abstract = {Summary: Currently, the world is engaged with a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) infection. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has proposed moderate to severe asthma as a risk factor for COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. However, current evidences have not identified asthma in the top 10 comorbidities associated with COVID-19 fatalities. It raises the question that why patients with different type of asthma are not more vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection like other respiratory infection. Increased number of eosinophils and elevated angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expressions in asthma are supposed as two mechanisms which associated with decreased COVID-19 susceptibility in asthmatics. Some studies have been performed to evaluate two mentioned factors in asthmatic patients compared with healthy individuals. Herein, we address these mechanisms and investigate whether ACE2 and eosinophil could protect asthmatic patients against SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
}
@article {pmid34502679,
year = {2021},
author = {Channa, A and Popescu, N and Skibinska, J and Burget, R},
title = {The Rise of Wearable Devices during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {21},
number = {17},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/s21175787},
pmid = {34502679},
issn = {1424-8220},
support = {813278//European Union's Horizon 2020 (H2020) Marie Sklodowska-Curie Innovative Training Networks H2020-MSCA-ITN-2018 call, under the Grant Agreement no 813278/ ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has wreaked havoc globally and still persists even after a year of its initial outbreak. Several reasons can be considered: people are in close contact with each other, i.e., at a short range (1 m), and the healthcare system is not sufficiently developed or does not have enough facilities to manage and fight the pandemic, even in developed countries such as the USA and the U.K. and countries in Europe. There is a great need in healthcare for remote monitoring of COVID-19 symptoms. In the past year, a number of IoT-based devices and wearables have been introduced by researchers, providing good results in terms of high accuracy in diagnosing patients in the prodromal phase and in monitoring the symptoms of patients, i.e., respiratory rate, heart rate, temperature, etc. In this systematic review, we analyzed these wearables and their need in the healthcare system. The research was conducted using three databases: IEEE Xplore®, Web of Science®, and PubMed Central®, between December 2019 and June 2021. This article was based on the PRISMA guidelines. Initially, 1100 articles were identified while searching the scientific literature regarding this topic. After screening, ultimately, 70 articles were fully evaluated and included in this review. These articles were divided into two categories. The first one belongs to the on-body sensors (wearables), their types and positions, and the use of AI technology with ehealth wearables in different scenarios from screening to contact tracing. In the second category, we discuss the problems and solutions with respect to utilizing these wearables globally. This systematic review provides an extensive overview of wearable systems for the remote management and automated assessment of COVID-19, taking into account the reliability and acceptability of the implemented technologies.},
}
@article {pmid34502487,
year = {2021},
author = {Karaźniewicz-Łada, M and Główka, AK and Mikulska, AA and Główka, FK},
title = {Pharmacokinetic Drug-Drug Interactions among Antiepileptic Drugs, Including CBD, Drugs Used to Treat COVID-19 and Nutrients.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {22},
number = {17},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms22179582},
pmid = {34502487},
issn = {1422-0067},
abstract = {Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are an important group of drugs of several generations, ranging from the oldest phenobarbital (1912) to the most recent cenobamate (2019). Cannabidiol (CBD) is increasingly used to treat epilepsy. The outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in 2019 created new challenges in the effective treatment of epilepsy in COVID-19 patients. The purpose of this review is to present data from the last few years on drug-drug interactions among of AEDs, as well as AEDs with other drugs, nutrients and food. Literature data was collected mainly in PubMed, as well as google base. The most important pharmacokinetic parameters of the chosen 29 AEDs, mechanism of action and clinical application, as well as their biotransformation, are presented. We pay a special attention to the new potential interactions of the applied first-generation AEDs (carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital and primidone), on decreased concentration of some medications (atazanavir and remdesivir), or their compositions (darunavir/cobicistat and lopinavir/ritonavir) used in the treatment of COVID-19 patients. CBD interactions with AEDs are clearly defined. In addition, nutrients, as well as diet, cause changes in pharmacokinetics of some AEDs. The understanding of the pharmacokinetic interactions of the AEDs seems to be important in effective management of epilepsy.},
}
@article {pmid34502274,
year = {2021},
author = {Lubkowska, A and Pluta, W and Strońska, A and Lalko, A},
title = {Role of Heat Shock Proteins (HSP70 and HSP90) in Viral Infection.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {22},
number = {17},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms22179366},
pmid = {34502274},
issn = {1422-0067},
abstract = {Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a large group of chaperones found in most eukaryotes and bacteria. They are responsible for the correct protein folding, protection of the cell against stressors, presenting immune and inflammatory cytokines; furthermore, they are important factors in regulating cell differentiation, survival and death. Although the biological function of HSPs is to maintain cell homeostasis, some of them can be used by viruses both to fold their proteins and increase the chances of survival in unfavorable host conditions. Folding viral proteins as well as replicating many different viruses are carried out by, among others, proteins from the HSP70 and HSP90 families. In some cases, the HSP70 family proteins directly interact with viral polymerase to enhance viral replication or they can facilitate the formation of a viral replication complex and/or maintain the stability of complex proteins. It is known that HSP90 is important for the expression of viral genes at both the transcriptional and the translational levels. Both of these HSPs can form a complex with HSP90 and, consequently, facilitate the entry of the virus into the cell. Current studies have shown the biological significance of HSPs in the course of infection SARS-CoV-2. A comprehensive understanding of chaperone use during viral infection will provide new insight into viral replication mechanisms and therapeutic potential. The aim of this study is to describe the molecular basis of HSP70 and HSP90 participation in some viral infections and the potential use of these proteins in antiviral therapy.},
}
@article {pmid34502130,
year = {2021},
author = {Nezametdinova, VZ and Yunes, RA and Dukhinova, MS and Alekseeva, MG and Danilenko, VN},
title = {The Role of the PFNA Operon of Bifidobacteria in the Recognition of Host's Immune Signals: Prospects for the Use of the FN3 Protein in the Treatment of COVID-19.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {22},
number = {17},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms22179219},
pmid = {34502130},
issn = {1422-0067},
abstract = {Bifidobacteria are some of the major agents that shaped the immune system of many members of the animal kingdom during their evolution. Over recent years, the question of concrete mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory properties of bifidobacteria has been addressed in both animal and human studies. A possible candidate for this role has been discovered recently. The PFNA cluster, consisting of five core genes, pkb2, fn3, aaa-atp, duf58, tgm, has been found in all gut-dwelling autochthonous bifidobacterial species of humans. The sensory region of the species-specific serine-threonine protein kinase (PKB2), the transmembrane region of the microbial transglutaminase (TGM), and the type-III fibronectin domain-containing protein (FN3) encoded by the I gene imply that the PFNA cluster might be implicated in the interaction between bacteria and the host immune system. Moreover, the FN3 protein encoded by one of the genes making up the PFNA cluster, contains domains and motifs of cytokine receptors capable of selectively binding TNF-α. The PFNA cluster could play an important role for sensing signals of the immune system. Among the practical implications of this finding is the creation of anti-inflammatory drugs aimed at alleviating cytokine storms, one of the dire consequences resulting from SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
}
@article {pmid34502105,
year = {2021},
author = {Pogue, AI and Lukiw, WJ},
title = {microRNA-146a-5p, Neurotropic Viral Infection and Prion Disease (PrD).},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {22},
number = {17},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms22179198},
pmid = {34502105},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {NEI EY006311/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; NIA AG18031/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; NIA AG038834/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {The human brain and central nervous system (CNS) harbor a select sub-group of potentially pathogenic microRNAs (miRNAs), including a well-characterized NF-kB-sensitive Homo sapiens microRNA hsa-miRNA-146a-5p (miRNA-146a). miRNA-146a is significantly over-expressed in progressive and often lethal viral- and prion-mediated and related neurological syndromes associated with progressive inflammatory neurodegeneration. These include ~18 different viral-induced encephalopathies for which data are available, at least ~10 known prion diseases (PrD) of animals and humans, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other sporadic and progressive age-related neurological disorders. Despite the apparent lack of nucleic acids in prions, both DNA- and RNA-containing viruses along with prions significantly induce miRNA-146a in the infected host, but whether this represents part of the host's adaptive immunity, innate-immune response or a mechanism to enable the invading prion or virus a successful infection is not well understood. Current findings suggest an early and highly interactive role for miRNA-146a: (i) as a major small noncoding RNA (sncRNA) regulator of innate-immune responses and inflammatory signaling in cells of the human brain and CNS; (ii) as a critical component of the complement system and immune-related neurological dysfunction; (iii) as an inducible sncRNA of the brain and CNS that lies at a critical intersection of several important neurobiological adaptive immune response processes with highly interactive associations involving complement factor H (CFH), Toll-like receptor pathways, the innate-immunity, cytokine production, apoptosis and neural cell decline; and (iv) as a potential biomarker for viral infection, TSE and AD and other neurological diseases in both animals and humans. In this report, we review the recent data supporting the idea that miRNA-146a may represent a novel and unique sncRNA-based biomarker for inflammatory neurodegeneration in multiple species. This paper further reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the nature and mechanism of miRNA-146a in viral and prion infection of the human brain and CNS with reference to AD wherever possible.},
}
@article {pmid34502086,
year = {2021},
author = {de la Fuente, M and Lombardero, L and Gómez-González, A and Solari, C and Angulo-Barturen, I and Acera, A and Vecino, E and Astigarraga, E and Barreda-Gómez, G},
title = {Enzyme Therapy: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {22},
number = {17},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms22179181},
pmid = {34502086},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {48-AF-W2-2019-00006//Ekonomiaren Garapen eta Lehiakortasun Saila, Eusko Jaurlaritza/ ; 201900016247//Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea/ ; },
abstract = {In recent years, enzymes have risen as promising therapeutic tools for different pathologies, from metabolic deficiencies, such as fibrosis conditions, ocular pathologies or joint problems, to cancer or cardiovascular diseases. Treatments based on the catalytic activity of enzymes are able to convert a wide range of target molecules to restore the correct physiological metabolism. These treatments present several advantages compared to established therapeutic approaches thanks to their affinity and specificity properties. However, enzymes present some challenges, such as short in vivo half-life, lack of targeted action and, in particular, patient immune system reaction against the enzyme. For this reason, it is important to monitor serum immune response during treatment. This can be achieved by conventional techniques (ELISA) but also by new promising tools such as microarrays. These assays have gained popularity due to their high-throughput analysis capacity, their simplicity, and their potential to monitor the immune response of patients during enzyme therapies. In this growing field, research is still ongoing to solve current health problems such as COVID-19. Currently, promising therapeutic alternatives using the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) are being studied to treat COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid34502019,
year = {2021},
author = {Liu, P and Li, S and Tang, L},
title = {Nerve Growth Factor: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Lung Diseases.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {22},
number = {17},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms22179112},
pmid = {34502019},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {No. 82002909//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; KYPY-20-01//Chengdu Medical College Research Foundation/ ; CYB20069//graduate scientific research and innovation foundation of Chongqing, China/ ; },
abstract = {The lungs play a very important role in the human respiratory system. However, many factors can destroy the structure of the lung, causing several lung diseases and, often, serious damage to people's health. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a polypeptide which is widely expressed in lung tissues. Under different microenvironments, NGF participates in the occurrence and development of lung diseases by changing protein expression levels and mediating cell function. In this review, we summarize the functions of NGF as well as some potential underlying mechanisms in pulmonary fibrosis (PF), coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), pulmonary hypertension (PH), asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer. Furthermore, we highlight that anti-NGF may be used in future therapeutic strategies.},
}
@article {pmid34502016,
year = {2021},
author = {Štambuk, N and Konjevoda, P and Pavan, J},
title = {Antisense Peptide Technology for Diagnostic Tests and Bioengineering Research.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {22},
number = {17},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms22179106},
pmid = {34502016},
issn = {1422-0067},
abstract = {Antisense peptide technology (APT) is based on a useful heuristic algorithm for rational peptide design. It was deduced from empirical observations that peptides consisting of complementary (sense and antisense) amino acids interact with higher probability and affinity than the randomly selected ones. This phenomenon is closely related to the structure of the standard genetic code table, and at the same time, is unrelated to the direction of its codon sequence translation. The concept of complementary peptide interaction is discussed, and its possible applications to diagnostic tests and bioengineering research are summarized. Problems and difficulties that may arise using APT are discussed, and possible solutions are proposed. The methodology was tested on the example of SARS-CoV-2. It is shown that the CABS-dock server accurately predicts the binding of antisense peptides to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain without requiring predefinition of the binding site. It is concluded that the benefits of APT outweigh the costs of random peptide screening and could lead to considerable savings in time and resources, especially if combined with other computational and immunochemical methods.},
}
@article {pmid34502010,
year = {2021},
author = {Jurecka, A and Skucińska, P and Gądek, A},
title = {Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus Pandemic on Physical Activity, Mental Health and Quality of Life in Professional Athletes-A Systematic Review.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {18},
number = {17},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijerph18179423},
pmid = {34502010},
issn = {1660-4601},
abstract = {Due to the rapid rate of spread of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, a number of restrictions have been introduced into public spaces, including those related to the operation of sports facilities, compounding the difficulty for athletes to conduct appropriate forms of training. The aim of this study was to review current scientific reports assessing the impact of the pandemic on the physical activity, mental state, and quality of life of professional athletes. Popular scientific databases-PubMed, Scopus, and Embase-were systematically searched from the beginning of the pandemic until 12 July 2021. According to the adopted criteria, 14 articles were included in the review. Ten of the qualified studies determined the impact of the pandemic on the physical activity of athletes. The authors of 11 papers assessed the mental state and quality of life of athletes during the pandemic. The studies showed negative effects of the pandemic: a decrease in overall physical fitness and number of days and hours of training, as well as an increase in the occurrence of negative emotions (stress, fatigue, and depression) and a decrease in sleep quality. Changes in physical activity had an impact on overall well-being ratings, which depended on the sex of the subjects. Women were more likely to experience negative emotions compared to men. The mental state of the athletes affected the quality of sleep. This review summarises the negative effects of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic on the physical and mental health of professional athletes.},
}
@article {pmid34501932,
year = {2021},
author = {AlShurman, BA and Khan, AF and Mac, C and Majeed, M and Butt, ZA},
title = {What Demographic, Social, and Contextual Factors Influence the Intention to Use COVID-19 Vaccines: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {18},
number = {17},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijerph18179342},
pmid = {34501932},
issn = {1660-4601},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 crisis, an apparent growth in vaccine hesitancy has been noticed due to different factors and reasons. Therefore, this scoping review was performed to determine the prevalence of intention to use COVID-19 vaccines among adults aged 18-60, and to identify the demographic, social, and contextual factors that influence the intention to use COVID-19 vaccines.<br><br>METHODS: This scoping review was conducted by using the methodological framework for scoping review outlined by Arksey and O'Malley. A search strategy was carried out on four electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. All peer-reviewed articles published between November 2019 and December 2020 were reviewed. Data were extracted to identify the prevalence of, and factors that influence, the intention to use COVID-19 vaccines.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 48 relevant articles were identified for inclusion in the review. Outcomes presented fell into seven themes: demographics, social factors, vaccination beliefs and attitudes, vaccine-related perceptions, health-related perceptions, perceived barriers, and vaccine recommendations. Age, gender, education level, race/ethnicity, vaccine safety and effectiveness, influenza vaccination history, and self-protection from COVID-19 were the most prominent factors associated with intention to use COVID-19 vaccines. Furthermore, the majority of studies (n = 34/48) reported a relatively high prevalence of intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19, with a range from 60% to 93%.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This scoping review enables the creation of demographic, social, and contextual constructs associated with intention to vaccinate among the adult population. These factors are likely to play a major role in any targeted vaccination programs, particularly COVID-19 vaccination. Thus, our review suggests focusing on the development of strategies to promote the intention to get vaccinated against COVID-19 and to overcome vaccine hesitancy and refusal. These strategies could include transparent communication, social media engagement, and the initiation of education programs.},
}
@article {pmid34501894,
year = {2021},
author = {Bartnicka, J and Kabiesz, P and Palka, D and Gajewska, P and Islam, EU and Szymanek, D},
title = {Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Employers and H&amp;S Services in Relation to the COVID-19 System in Polish Manufacturing Companies.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {18},
number = {17},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijerph18179302},
pmid = {34501894},
issn = {1660-4601},
abstract = {With the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, companies had to adapt quickly to survive in the market. During this time, employers played a key role, along with employees involved in Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) activities, as they were responsible for implementing the recommendations of the European Commission. There is no unambiguous definition of OHS in Polish legislation. It is assumed that it is a set of rules defining the manner of performing work, and above all, a method of providing employees with working conditions so that their performance is safe and hygienic. Responsibility for the health and safety in the workplace is imposed on the employer by the legislature. Thus, effective health and safety training is an essential element of the success of any properly operating company. In the literature, no studies have been identified that evaluate the effectiveness of actions during the COVID-19 outbreak. The aim of the article is to present the actions of Polish employers along with their effectiveness assessment related to the protection of employees during the COVID-19 outbreak. The article presents a proposal for conducting remote OHS (Occupational Health and Safety) training using the platform Moodle. The created course was implemented during OHS training conducted in a selected manufacturing company. At its end, an evaluation of the course was carried out, and the collected opinions of training participants allowed the formulation of interesting conclusions, which became the contribution of this paper. The authors pay special attention to three main points of the work. The first is the form of training, which gives the possibility to conduct training at a distance while maintaining its effectiveness. The second important point is the mandatory feedback of the trainees, ensuring the possibility of continuous improvement and quality enhancement of both the program and the form of training. The evaluation was developed on the basis of the extended Kirkpatrick model, which is a completely new approach to OHS training evaluation. The third point emphasized by the authors is the possibility of precise adaptation of the training to other plants and even industries. Therefore, it can be concluded that the course developed by the authors is a very interesting and practical didactic tool with great implementation potential.},
}
@article {pmid34501747,
year = {2021},
author = {Norhayati, MN and Che Yusof, R and Azman, MY},
title = {Prevalence of Psychological Impacts on Healthcare Providers during COVID-19 Pandemic in Asia.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {18},
number = {17},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijerph18179157},
pmid = {34501747},
issn = {1660-4601},
abstract = {COVID-19 has impacted people psychologically globally, including healthcare providers. Anxiety, depression, and stress are the most common impacts that have affected these people. Thus, this study was aimed to ascertain the estimated prevalence of psychological impacts among healthcare providers in the Asian region. A systematic search was performed in the MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Scopus databases for original research articles published between 2020 and April 2021. Only studies published in English were included. The quality of data was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis, and the analysis was performed using generic inverse variance with a random-effects model by Review Manager software. A total of 80 studies across 18 countries in Asia region were pooled to assess the data prevalence on anxiety (34.81% (95% CI: 30.80%, 38.83%)), depression (34.61% (95% CI: 30.87%, 38.36%)), stress (31.72% (95% CI: 21.25%, 42.18%)), insomnia (37.89% (95% CI: 25.43%, 50.35%)), and post-traumatic stress disorder (15.29% (95% CI: 11.43%, 19.15%)). Subgroup analyses were conducted across regions, type of healthcare providers, sex, and occupation. This review has identified a high prevalence of anxiety, depression, stress, and insomnia but a low prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among healthcare providers in Asia regions. Effective intervention support programs are urgently needed to improve psychological health of healthcare providers and maintaining the health system.},
}
@article {pmid34501738,
year = {2021},
author = {Mahroum, N and Watad, A and Bridgewood, C and Mansour, M and Nasr, A and Hussein, A and Khamisy-Farah, R and Farah, R and Gendelman, O and Lidar, M and Shoenfeld, Y and Amital, H and Kong, JD and Wu, J and Bragazzi, NL and McGonagle, D},
title = {Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Tocilizumab Therapy versus Standard of Care in over 15,000 COVID-19 Pneumonia Patients during the First Eight Months of the Pandemic.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {18},
number = {17},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijerph18179149},
pmid = {34501738},
issn = {1660-4601},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Tocilizumab is an anti-IL-6 therapy widely adopted in the management of the so-called "cytokine storm" related to SARS-CoV-2 virus infection, but its effectiveness, use in relation to concomitant corticosteroid therapy and safety were unproven despite widespread use in numerous studies, mostly open label at the start of the pandemic.<br><br>METHODS: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies utilising tocilizumab in COVID-19 on different databases (PubMed/MEDLINE/Scopus) and preprint servers (medRxiv and SSRN) from inception until 20 July 2020 (PROSPERO CRD42020195690). Subgroup analyses and meta-regressions were performed. The impact of tocilizumab and concomitant corticosteroid therapy or tocilizumab alone versus standard of care (SOC) on the death rate, need for mechanical ventilation, ICU admission and bacterial infections were assessed.<br><br>RESULTS: Thirty-nine studies with 15,531 patients (3657 cases versus 11,874 controls) were identified. Unadjusted estimates (n = 28) failed to demonstrate a protective effect of tocilizumab on survival (OR 0.74 ([95%CI 0.55-1.01], p = 0.057), mechanical ventilation prevention (OR 2.21 [95%CI 0.53-9.23], p = 0.277) or prevention of ICU admission (OR 3.79 [95%CI 0.38-37.34], p = 0.254). Considering studies with adjusted, estimated, tocilizumab use was associated with mortality rate reduction (HR 0.50 ([95%CI 0.38-0.64], p < 0.001) and prevention of ICU admission (OR 0.16 ([95%CI 0.06-0.43], p < 0.001). Tocilizumab with concomitant steroid use versus SOC was protective with an OR of 0.49 ([95%CI 0.36-0.65], p < 0.05) as was tocilizumab alone versus SOC with an OR of 0.59 ([95%CI 0.34-1.00], p < 0.001). Risk of infection increased (2.36 [95%CI 1.001-5.54], p = 0.050; based on unadjusted estimates).<br><br>CONCLUSION: Despite the heterogeneity of included studies and large number of preprint articles, our findings from the first eight of the pandemic in over 15,000 COVID-19 cases suggested an incremental efficacy of tocilizumab in severe COVID-19 that were confirmed by subsequent meta-analyses of large randomized trials of tocilizumab. This suggests that analysis of case-control studies and pre-print server data in the early stages of a pandemic appeared robust for supporting incremental benefits and lack of major therapeutic toxicity of tocilizumab for severe COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid34501718,
year = {2021},
author = {Anand, SV and Shuy, YK and Lee, PSS and Lee, ES},
title = {One Year on: An Overview of Singapore's Response to COVID-19-What We Did, How We Fared, How We Can Move Forward.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {18},
number = {17},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijerph18179125},
pmid = {34501718},
issn = {1660-4601},
support = {NMRC/CG/C019/2017//National Medical Research Council/ ; },
abstract = {Background-One year has passed since the first COVID-19 case in Singapore. This scoping review commemorates Singaporean researchers that have expanded the knowledge on this novel virus. We aim to provide an overview of healthcare-related articles published in peer-reviewed journals, authored by the Singapore research community about COVID-19 during the first year of the pandemic. Methods-This was reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) protocol. It included healthcare-related articles about COVID-19 published between 23 January 2020 and 22 January 2021 with a Singapore-affiliated author. MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Google Scholar, and local journals were searched. The articles were screened independently by two reviewers. Results-The review included 504 articles. Most of the articles narrated the changes to hospital practice (210), while articles on COVID-19 pathology (94) formed most of the non-narrative papers. Publications on public health (61) and the indirect impacts to clinical outcomes (45) were other major themes explored by the research community. The remaining articles detailed the psychological impact of the pandemic (35), adaptations of medical education (30), and narratives of events (14). Conclusion-Amidst a resurgence of community cases involving variant COVID-19 strains, the resources from the research community will provide valuable guidance to navigate these uncertain times.},
}
@article {pmid34501581,
year = {2021},
author = {Khamisy-Farah, R and Gilbey, P and Furstenau, LB and Sott, MK and Farah, R and Viviani, M and Bisogni, M and Kong, JD and Ciliberti, R and Bragazzi, NL},
title = {Big Data for Biomedical Education with a Focus on the COVID-19 Era: An Integrative Review of the Literature.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {18},
number = {17},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijerph18178989},
pmid = {34501581},
issn = {1660-4601},
abstract = {Medical education refers to education and training delivered to medical students in order to become a practitioner. In recent decades, medicine has been radically transformed by scientific and computational/digital advances-including the introduction of new information and communication technologies, the discovery of DNA, and the birth of genomics and post-genomics super-specialties (transcriptomics, proteomics, interactomics, and metabolomics/metabonomics, among others)-which contribute to the generation of an unprecedented amount of data, so-called 'big data'. While these are well-studied in fields such as medical research and methodology, translational medicine, and clinical practice, they remain overlooked and understudied in the field of medical education. For this purpose, we carried out an integrative review of the literature. Twenty-nine studies were retrieved and synthesized in the present review. Included studies were published between 2012 and 2021. Eleven studies were performed in North America: specifically, nine were conducted in the USA and two studies in Canada. Six studies were carried out in Europe: two in France, two in Germany, one in Italy, and one in several European countries. One additional study was conducted in China. Eight papers were commentaries/theoretical or perspective articles, while five were designed as a case study. Five investigations exploited large databases and datasets, while five additional studies were surveys. Two papers employed visual data analytical/data mining techniques. Finally, other two papers were technical papers, describing the development of software, computational tools and/or learning environments/platforms, while two additional studies were literature reviews (one of which being systematic and bibliometric).The following nine sub-topics could be identified: (I) knowledge and awareness of big data among medical students; (II) difficulties and challenges in integrating and implementing big data teaching into the medical syllabus; (III) exploiting big data to review, improve and enhance medical school curriculum; (IV) exploiting big data to monitor the effectiveness of web-based learning environments among medical students; (V) exploiting big data to capture the determinants and signatures of successful academic performance and counteract/prevent drop-out; (VI) exploiting big data to promote equity, inclusion, and diversity; (VII) exploiting big data to enhance integrity and ethics, avoiding plagiarism and duplication rate; (VIII) empowering medical students, improving and enhancing medical practice; and, (IX) exploiting big data in continuous medical education and learning. These sub-themes were subsequently grouped in the following four major themes/topics: namely, (I) big data and medical curricula; (II) big data and medical academic performance; (III) big data and societal/bioethical issues in biomedical education; and (IV) big data and medical career. Despite the increasing importance of big data in biomedicine, current medical curricula and syllabuses appear inadequate to prepare future medical professionals and practitioners that can leverage on big data in their daily clinical practice. Challenges in integrating, incorporating, and implementing big data teaching into medical school need to be overcome to facilitate the training of the next generation of medical professionals. Finally, in the present integrative review, state-of-art and future potential uses of big data in the field of biomedical discussion are envisaged, with a focus on the still ongoing "Coronavirus Disease 2019" (COVID-19) pandemic, which has been acting as a catalyst for innovation and digitalization.},
}
@article {pmid34501463,
year = {2021},
author = {Becchetti, C and Gschwend, SG and Dufour, JF and Banz, V},
title = {COVID-19 in Liver Transplant Recipients: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {10},
number = {17},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/jcm10174015},
pmid = {34501463},
issn = {2077-0383},
abstract = {Liver transplant (LT) recipients are considered a vulnerable population amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. To date, available data have been heterogeneous and scarce. Therefore, we conducted a systematic literature review identifying English-language articles published in PubMed between November 2019 and 30 May 2021. We aimed to explore three areas: (1) outcome and clinical course; (2) immunological response after COVID-19 in LT recipients; and (3) vaccination response. After systematic selection, 35, 4, and 5 articles, respectively, were considered suitable for each area of analysis. Despite the heterogeneity of the reports included in this study, we found that gastrointestinal symptoms were common in LT recipients. The outcome of the LT population was not per se worse compared to the general population, although careful management of immunosuppressive therapy is required. While a complete therapy discontinuation is not encouraged, caution needs to be taken with use of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), favoring tacrolimus (TAC) use. Although data conflicted about acquired immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccine immunogenicity appeared to be low, suggesting that the level of surveillance should be kept high in this population.},
}
@article {pmid34501332,
year = {2021},
author = {Triposkiadis, F and Xanthopoulos, A and Giamouzis, G and Boudoulas, KD and Starling, RC and Skoularigis, J and Boudoulas, H and Iliodromitis, E},
title = {ACE2, the Counter-Regulatory Renin-Angiotensin System Axis and COVID-19 Severity.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {10},
number = {17},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/jcm10173885},
pmid = {34501332},
issn = {2077-0383},
abstract = {Angiotensin (ANG)-converting enzyme (ACE2) is an entry receptor of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). ACE2 also contributes to a deviation of the lung renin-angiotensin system (RAS) towards its counter-regulatory axis, thus transforming harmful ANG II to protective ANG (1-7). Based on this purported ACE2 double function, it has been put forward that the benefit from ACE2 upregulation with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) counterbalances COVID-19 risks due to counter-regulatory RAS axis amplification. In this manuscript we discuss the relationship between ACE2 expression and function in the lungs and other organs and COVID-19 severity. Recent data suggested that the involvement of ACE2 in the lung counter-regulatory RAS axis is limited. In this setting, an augmentation of ACE2 expression and/or a dissociation of ACE2 from the ANG (1-7)/Mas pathways that leaves unopposed the ACE2 function, the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor, predisposes to more severe disease and it appears to often occur in the relevant risk factors. Further, the effect of RAASi on ACE2 expression and on COVID-19 severity and the overall clinical implications are discussed.},
}
@article {pmid34501316,
year = {2021},
author = {Nakanishi, N and Liu, K and Kawakami, D and Kawai, Y and Morisawa, T and Nishida, T and Sumita, H and Unoki, T and Hifumi, T and Iida, Y and Katsukawa, H and Nakamura, K and Ohshimo, S and Hatakeyama, J and Inoue, S and Nishida, O},
title = {Post-Intensive Care Syndrome and Its New Challenges in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic: A Review of Recent Advances and Perspectives.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {10},
number = {17},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/jcm10173870},
pmid = {34501316},
issn = {2077-0383},
abstract = {Intensive care unit survivors experience prolonged physical impairments, cognitive impairments, and mental health problems, commonly referred to as post-intensive care syndrome (PICS). Previous studies reported the prevalence, assessment, and prevention of PICS, including the ABCDEF bundle approach. Although the management of PICS has been advanced, the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) posed an additional challenge to PICS. The prevalence of PICS after COVID-19 extensively varied with 28-87% of cases pertaining to physical impairments, 20-57% pertaining to cognitive impairments, and 6-60% pertaining to mental health problems after 1-6 months after discharge. Each component of the ABCDEF bundle is not sufficiently provided from 16% to 52% owing to the highly transmissible nature of the virus. However, new data are emerging about analgesia, sedation, delirium care, nursing care, early mobilization, nutrition, and family support. In this review, we summarize the recent data on PICS and its new challenge in PICS after COVID-19 infection.},
}
@article {pmid34500592,
year = {2021},
author = {Bautista-Hernández, I and Aguilar, CN and Martínez-Ávila, GCG and Torres-León, C and Ilina, A and Flores-Gallegos, AC and Kumar Verma, D and Chávez-González, ML},
title = {Mexican Oregano (Lippia graveolens Kunth) as Source of Bioactive Compounds: A Review.},
journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {26},
number = {17},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/molecules26175156},
pmid = {34500592},
issn = {1420-3049},
abstract = {Lippia graveolens is a traditional crop and a rich source of bioactive compounds with various properties (e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, UV defense, anti-glycemic, and cytotoxicity) that is primarily cultivated for essential oil recovery. The isolated bioactive compounds could be useful as additives in the functional food, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Carvacrol, thymol, β-caryophyllene, and p-cymene are terpene compounds contained in oregano essential oil (OEO); flavonoids such as quercetin O-hexoside, pinocembrin, and galangin are flavonoids found in oregano extracts. Furthermore, thermoresistant compounds that remain in the plant matrix following a thermal process can be priced in terms of the circular economy. By using better and more selective extraction conditions, the bioactive compounds present in Mexican oregano can be studied as potential inhibitors of COVID-19. Also, research on extraction technologies should continue to ensure a higher quality of bioactive compounds while preventing an undesired chemical shift (e.g., hydrolysis). The oregano fractions can be used in the food, health, and agricultural industries.},
}
@article {pmid34495131,
year = {2021},
author = {Silva, OMD and Cabral, DB and Marin, SM and Bitencourt, JVOV and Vargas, MAO and Meschial, WC},
title = {Biosafety measures to prevent COVID-19 in healthcare professionals: an integrative review.},
journal = {Revista brasileira de enfermagem},
volume = {75},
number = {1},
pages = {e20201191},
doi = {10.1590/0034-7167-2020-1191},
pmid = {34495131},
issn = {1984-0446},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Containment of Biohazards ; Delivery of Health Care ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: to identify the main biosafety measures for preventing COVID-19 in healthcare professionals.<br><br>METHODS: this is an integrative literature review, with studies published between January and July 2020, on the MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, LILACS, SciELo, Wiley Online Library, Cochrane CINAHL databases. The selection of studies followed the PRISMA recommendations.<br><br>RESULTS: among the 2,208 publications identified, 12 studies comprised the sample, which enabled the analysis in four thematic categories: The importance of using recommendations about the use of personal protective equipment; The restructuring of new operational and clinical routines and flows in the practice of services; Monitoring professionals, especially testing; Conducting training.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: the phenomena involved are innumerable, covering operational management and the training of teams to deal with highly infectious pathogens and disease outbreaks.},
}
@article {pmid34462057,
year = {2021},
author = {Napodano, C and Gulli, F and Rapaccini, GL and Marino, M and Basile, U},
title = {Cryoglobulins: Identification, classification, and novel biomarkers of mysterious proteins.},
journal = {Advances in clinical chemistry},
volume = {104},
number = {},
pages = {299-340},
pmid = {34462057},
issn = {2162-9471},
mesh = {Animals ; Autoantibodies/blood ; Biomarkers/*blood ; COVID-19/*complications ; Chemical Precipitation ; Cryoglobulinemia/*blood/therapy ; Cryoglobulins/*analysis/chemistry ; Hepatitis C/blood/*physiopathology ; Humans ; Vasculitis/virology ; },
abstract = {Cryoglobulins consist of serum immunoglobulins that precipitate below 37°C and resolubilize upon warming. The clinical triad of cryoglobulinemia usually includes purpura, weakness, and arthralgia. Cryoglobulinemic syndrome, clinically defined as a systemic vasculitis, is associated with chronic infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and autoimmune disorders and can evolve into B-cell malignancies. While the current literature about HCV-associated cryoglobulinemia is not very limited, little is known about the immunologic and serologic profiles of affected patients. Therefore, comprehension of the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying cryoprecipitation could be very helpful. Due to the persistence of viral antigenic stimulation, biomarkers to use after the worsening progression of HCV infection to lymphoproliferative and/or autoimmune diseases are widely needed. Laboratory methods used to detect and characterize low concentrations of cryoprecipitates and immunotyping patterns could improve patient management. The most critical factor affecting cryoglobulin testing is that the pre-analytical phase is not fully completed at 37°C.},
}
@article {pmid34461710,
year = {2021},
author = {Değirmenci, MFK and Yalçındağ, FN and Tugal-Tutkun, İ},
title = {COVID-19 and the Use of Immunomodulatory Agents in Ophthalmology.},
journal = {Turkish journal of ophthalmology},
volume = {51},
number = {4},
pages = {231-242},
doi = {10.4274/tjo.galenos.2021.68252},
pmid = {34461710},
issn = {2149-8709},
mesh = {COVID-19/*epidemiology/transmission ; Clinical Decision-Making ; Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention &amp; control ; Glucocorticoids/*therapeutic use ; Humans ; *Immunomodulation ; Immunosuppressive Agents/*therapeutic use ; Kidney Function Tests ; Leukocyte Count ; Liver Function Tests ; Ophthalmology ; Risk Assessment ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Uveitis/*drug therapy ; },
abstract = {Immunomodulatory agents are often used in the systemic treatment of non-infectious uveitis. These drugs consist of corticosteroids, conventional immunosuppressives, and biological agents. As it is known that they suppress the immune system, the most important concern associated with immunomodulatory therapy (IMT) is the increased risk of infection. The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic on 11 March 2020. Although severe acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection may develop in all people, patients who receive IMT may be at higher risk in terms of both the transmission of the infection and more severe disease course. Therefore, guidelines on the management of patients receiving IMT due to uveitis during the pandemic are needed. In this review, we examined the immunomodulatory drugs used in the treatment of uveitis in terms of infectious complications and the data of patients who received IMT during the COVID-19 pandemic and discussed recommendations for the use of these drugs. According to the latest information, patients who receive IMT may continue their treatment as long as there are no disruptions in regular complete blood count (especially white blood cell count >4,000/µL) and liver and kidney function tests. Patients diagnosed with COVID-19 should be managed with a multidisciplinary approach.},
}
@article {pmid34500351,
year = {2021},
author = {de Freitas, RF and Torres, SC and Martín-Sánchez, FJ and Carbó, AV and Lauria, G and Nunes, JPL},
title = {Syncope and COVID-19 disease - A systematic review.},
journal = {Autonomic neuroscience : basic &amp; clinical},
volume = {235},
number = {},
pages = {102872},
doi = {10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102872},
pmid = {34500351},
issn = {1872-7484},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Syncope is not a common manifestation of COVID-19, but it may occur in this context and it can be the presenting symptom in some cases. Different mechanisms may explain the pathophysiology behind COVID-19 related syncope. In this report, we aimed to examine the current frequency and etiology of syncope in COVID-19.<br><br>METHODS: A systematic review across PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge and SCOPUS was performed, according to PRISMA guidelines, in order to identify all relevant articles regarding both COVID-19 and syncope.<br><br>RESULTS: We identified 136 publications, of which 99 were excluded. The frequency of syncope and pre-syncope across the selected studies was 4.2% (604/14,437). Unexplained syncope was the most common type (87.9% of the episodes), followed by reflex syncope (7.8% of the cases). Orthostatic hypotension was responsible for 2.2% of the cases and syncope of presumable cardiac cause also accounted for 2.2% of cases. Arterial hypertension was present in 52.0% of syncope patients. The use of angiotensin receptor blockers or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors were not associated with an increased incidence of syncope (chi-square test 1.07, p 0.30), unlike the use of beta-blockers (chi-square test 12.48, p < 0.01).<br><br>CONCLUSION: Syncope, although not considered a typical symptom of COVID-19, can be associated with it, particularly in early stages. Different causes of syncope were seen in this context. A reevaluation of blood pressure in patients with COVID-19 is suggested, including reassessment of antihypertensive therapy, especially in the case of beta-blockers.},
}
@article {pmid34500181,
year = {2021},
author = {Wang, HB and Wu, YH and Luo, LW and Yu, T and Xu, A and Xue, S and Chen, GQ and Ni, XY and Peng, L and Chen, Z and Wang, YH and Tong, X and Bai, Y and Xu, YQ and Hu, HY},
title = {Risks, characteristics, and control strategies of disinfection-residual-bacteria (DRB) from the perspective of microbial community structure.},
journal = {Water research},
volume = {204},
number = {},
pages = {117606},
doi = {10.1016/j.watres.2021.117606},
pmid = {34500181},
issn = {1879-2448},
abstract = {The epidemic of COVID-19 has aroused people's particular attention to biosafety. A growing number of disinfection products have been consumed during this period. However, the flaw of disinfection has not received enough attention, especially in water treatment processes. While cutting down the quantity of microorganisms, disinfection processes exert a considerable selection effect on bacteria and thus reshape the microbial community structure to a great extent, causing the problem of disinfection-residual-bacteria (DRB). These systematic and profound changes could lead to the shift in regrowth potential, bio fouling potential, as well as antibiotic resistance level and might cause a series of potential risks. In this review, we collected and summarized the data from the literature in recent 10 years about the microbial community structure shifting of natural water or wastewater in full-scale treatment plants caused by disinfection. Based on these data, typical DRB with the most reporting frequency after disinfection by chlorine-containing disinfectants, ozone disinfection, and ultraviolet disinfection were identified and summarized, which were the bacteria with a relative abundance of over 5% in the residual bacteria community and the bacteria with an increasing rate of relative abundance over 100% after disinfection. Furthermore, the phylogenic relationship and potential risks of these typical DRB were also analyzed. Twelve out of fifteen typical DRB genera contain pathogenic strains, and many were reported of great secretion ability. Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter possess multiple disinfection resistance and could be considered as model bacteria in future studies of disinfection. We also discussed the growth, secretion, and antibiotic resistance characteristics of DRB, as well as possible control strategies. The DRB phenomenon is not limited to water treatment but also exists in the air and solid disinfection processes, which need more attention and more profound research, especially in the period of COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid34500118,
year = {2021},
author = {Papaefthymiou, A and Koffas, A and Laskaratos, FM and Epstein, O},
title = {Upper gastrointestinal video capsule endoscopy: the state of the art.},
journal = {Clinics and research in hepatology and gastroenterology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {101798},
doi = {10.1016/j.clinre.2021.101798},
pmid = {34500118},
issn = {2210-741X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Video capsule can illuminate the entire gastrointestinal mucosa. Upper gastrointestinal capsule endoscopy (UGICE) has the potential to survey for oesophageal, gastric and duodenal pathology and determine whether biopsy or intervention is indicated.<br><br>AIMS: This review traces the evolution of foregut video capsule endoscopy.<br><br>METHODS: A broad literature research was performed independently by two investigators. Extracted articles were organized and evaluated to interpret all current data.<br><br>RESULTS: In contrast to small bowel capsule, UGICE required sequential innovations to deal with rapid oesophageal transit, the irregular shape of the stomach and unpredictable gastric peristalsis. Oesophageal capsule endoscopy required the development of a two-camera device operating at a high frame rate, and postural change was developed to improve image capture, especially at the level of the Z-line, thus providing good imaging of Barrett's oesophagus, erosive oesophagitis and oesophageal varices, with optimal patients' tolerance. UGICE in patients presenting to the emergency room with acute bleeding has demonstrated accuracy when deciding on the need for emergency intervention. The latest development of a high frame rate UGICE, designed to image the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum has overtaken dedicated oesophageal capsule development. Capsule control is possible by exposing a magnetised capsule to an external magnetic field, and early reports indicate high accuracy in the oesophagus and stomach with high levels of patient acceptability. There is little information on cost-benefit.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Capsule endoscopy offers gastroenterologists a new device to investigate the upper gastrointestinal tract with promising future potential.},
}
@article {pmid34500046,
year = {2021},
author = {Antonarelli, G and Corti, C and Tarantino, P and Ascione, L and Cortes, J and Romero, P and Mittendorf, EA and Disis, ML and Curigliano, G},
title = {Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines Revamping: Technology Advancements and Pitfalls.},
journal = {Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.annonc.2021.08.2153},
pmid = {34500046},
issn = {1569-8041},
abstract = {Cancer vaccines (CVs) represent a long-sought therapeutic and prophylactic immunotherapy strategy to obtain antigen-specific T-cell responses, and potentially achieve long-term clinical benefit. However, historically, most CV clinical trials have resulted in disappointing outcomes, despite promising signs of immunogenicity across most formulations. In the past decade, technologic advances regarding vaccine delivery platforms, tools for immunogenomic profiling and antigen/epitope selection have occurred. Consequently, the ability of CVs to induce tumor-specific and, in some cases, remarkable clinical responses have been observed in early-phase clinical trials. It is notable that the record-breaking speed of vaccine development in response to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic mainly relied on manufacturing infrastructures and technological platforms already developed for CVs. In turn, research, clinical data, and infrastructures put in place for the SARS-CoV2 pandemic can further speed CV development processes. This review outlines the main technological advancements as well as major issues to tackle in the development of CVs. Possible applications for unmet clinical needs will be described, putting into perspective the future of cancer vaccinology.},
}
@article {pmid34500013,
year = {2021},
author = {Martins, R and Capitão, C and Fialho, M and Feteira-Santos, R and Virgolino, A and Santos, RR and Alarcão, V and Silva, M and Arriaga, M and Graça, P and Gregório, MJ and Santos, O},
title = {Are beliefs and attitudes about COVID-19 associated with self-perceived changes in food consumption? Results from a nationwide survey during lockdown.},
journal = {Appetite},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {105681},
doi = {10.1016/j.appet.2021.105681},
pmid = {34500013},
issn = {1095-8304},
abstract = {This study aimed to understand how beliefs and attitudes regarding COVID-19 are associated with self-perceived changes in food consumption during lockdown between March 19 and May 2, 2020. We conducted a cross-sectional study with a non-probabilistic weighted sample of the Portuguese population. Data were collected using an online survey and telephone interviews. The association between agreement with sentences about food and COVID-19 and perceived changes in food consumption were assessed by multinomial logistic regression models. Overall, 5858 citizens were included, with a mean age of 38.2 (17.3) years. Exclusive agreement with the belief "SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted by food" (27.5%) was associated with decreased odds of perceived positive changes (e.g., increased consumption of fruit and vegetables). Agreement only with the attitudinal sentence "I started to consume foods that may protect against COVID-19" (11.9%) was associated with positive perceived consumption changes (e.g., increasing fruit and vegetables, and decreasing soft drinks and snacks). Cumulative agreement (with both sentences; 10.6%) was also associated with mostly positive food consumption changes. Specific beliefs and attitudes regarding COVID-19 and food are associated with self-perceived changes in food consumption. Longitudinal research is needed to understand how beliefs and/or attitudes about the role of food in infectious diseases act as determinants of eating behavior modification.},
}
@article {pmid34499784,
year = {2021},
author = {Zarei, M and Bose, D and Nouri-Vaskeh, M and Tajiknia, V and Zand, R and Ghasemi, M},
title = {Long-term side effects and lingering symptoms post COVID-19 recovery.},
journal = {Reviews in medical virology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e2289},
doi = {10.1002/rmv.2289},
pmid = {34499784},
issn = {1099-1654},
abstract = {Since the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), our understanding regarding the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of this disease have been improving. However, we still have limited data on long-term effects and lingering symptoms of post COVID-19 recovery. Despite predilection of COVID-19 for lungs, multiple extra-pulmonary manifestations appear in multiple organs and biological systems and with continued infection and recovery worldwide. It is necessary that clinicians provide patients with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection with expectations of long-term effects during or after recovery from COVID-19. Herein, we review the long-term impact of COVID-19 on different organ systems reported from different clinical studies. Understanding risk factors and signs and symptoms of long-term consequences after recovery from COVID-19 will allow for proper follow-up and management of the disease post recovery.},
}
@article {pmid34499333,
year = {2021},
author = {Chérifi, F and Laraba-Djebari, F},
title = {Bioactive Molecules Derived from Snake Venoms with Therapeutic Potential for the Treatment of Thrombo-Cardiovascular Disorders Associated with COVID-19.},
journal = {The protein journal},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34499333},
issn = {1875-8355},
abstract = {As expected, several new variants of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-CoronaVirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged and have been detected around the world throughout this Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Currently, there is no specific developed drug against COVID-19 and the challenge of developing effective antiviral strategies based on natural agents with different mechanisms of action becomes an urgent need and requires identification of genetic differences among variants. Such data is used to improve therapeutics to combat SARS-CoV-2 variants. Nature is known to offer many biotherapeutics from animal venoms, algae and plant that have been historically used in traditional medicine. Among these bioresources, snake venom displays many bioactivities of interest such as antiviral, antiplatelet, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antitumoral. COVID-19 is a viral respiratory sickness due to SARS-CoV-2 which induces thrombotic disorders due to cytokine storm, platelet hyperactivation and endothelial dysfunction. This review aims to: (1) present an overview on the infection, the developed thrombo-inflammatory responses and mechanisms of induced thrombosis of COVID-19 compared to other similar pathogenesis; (2) underline the role of natural compounds such as anticoagulant, antiplatelet and thrombolytic agents; (3) investigate the management of coagulopathy related to COVID-19 and provide insight on therapeutic such as venom compounds. We also summarize the updated advances on antiviral proteins and peptides derived from snake venoms that could weaken coagulopathy characterizing COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid34499313,
year = {2021},
author = {Kumar, S and Kumar, P and Kodidela, S and Duhart, B and Cernasev, A and Nookala, A and Kumar, A and Singh, UP and Bissler, J},
title = {Racial Health Disparity and COVID-19.},
journal = {Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34499313},
issn = {1557-1904},
abstract = {The infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and resultant coronavirus diseases-19 (COVID-19) disproportionally affects minorities, especially African Americans (AA) compared to the Caucasian population. The AA population is disproportionally affected by COVID-19, in part, because they have high prevalence of underlying conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension, which are known to exacerbate not only kidney diseases, but also COVID-19. Further, a decreased adherence to COVID-19 guidelines among tobacco smokers could result in increased infection, inflammation, reduced immune response, and lungs damage, leading to more severe form of COVID-19. As a result of high prevalence of underlying conditions that cause kidney diseases in the AA population coupled with tobacco smoking make the AA population vulnerable to severe form of both COVID-19 and kidney diseases. In this review, we describe how tobacco smoking interact with SARS-CoV-2 and exacerbates SARS-CoV-2-induced kidney diseases including renal failure, especially in the AA population. We also explore the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in COVID-19 patients who smoke tobacco. EVs, which play important role in tobacco-mediated pathogenesis in infectious diseases, have also shown to be important in COVID-19 pathogenesis and organ injuries including kidney. Further, we explore the potential role of EVs in biomarker discovery and therapeutics, which may help to develop early diagnosis and treatment of tobacco-induced renal injury in COVID-19 patients, respectively.},
}
@article {pmid34499188,
year = {2021},
author = {Garner, M and Reith, W and Yilmaz, U},
title = {[COVID-19: neurological manifestations-update : What we know so far].},
journal = {Der Radiologe},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34499188},
issn = {1432-2102},
abstract = {Beyond pulmonary presentation, COVID-19 infection can manifest with a variety of both acute and chronic neurologic and neuropsychiatric (concomitant) symptoms and diseases. Nonspecific symptoms such as headache, fatigue, olfactory and gustatory disturbance have been reported more frequently, and severe disease such as encephalopathy, encephalitis, and cerebrovascular events have been reported relatively rarely. The heterogeneity of neurologic and neuropsychiatric presentations is large, as well as the range of recorded prevalences. Older patients, pre-existing neurologic and non neurologic comorbidities and severe COVID-19 disease were associated with increased risk of severe neurologic complications and higher in-hospital mortality. Probable neurotropic pathomechanisms of SARS-CoV‑2 have been discussed, but a multifactorial genesis of neurologic/neuropsychiatric symptoms and disease beyond these is likely.},
}
@article {pmid34498553,
year = {2021},
author = {Choubey, AP and Bullock, B and Hoste, B and Ortiz, A and Khan, SA and Mishra, A and Pearson, T and Koizumi, N and Ortiz, J},
title = {Diversity in American Society of Transplant Surgeons Governance: Equitable but Unequal.},
journal = {Experimental and clinical transplantation : official journal of the Middle East Society for Organ Transplantation},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.6002/ect.2021.0111},
pmid = {34498553},
issn = {2146-8427},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The diversity in the governance of the American Society of Transplant Surgeons has not been described. We aimed to quantify the present state of its leadership as a baseline to inform future research.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lists of leaders on the American Society of Transplant Surgeons Council, the COVID-19 Strike Force, and 20 different American Society of Transplant Surgeons committees were obtained from the Society's website. Demographic and training information for the members were compiled through internet searches and analyzed.<br><br>RESULTS: The American Society of Transplant Surgeons Council included 15 members, with 20% women. It was 93.3% non-Hispanic White. The COVID-19 Strike Force included 12 surgeons, 16.7% of whom were female, with 75% non-Hispanic White. Of the 198 committee members, 23.7% were women, 68.7% were nonHispanic White, 16.6% were Asian, 8.1% were Hispanic, and 6.6% were Black. Among female committee members, underrepresented minorities comprised 23.6%. Committee chairs included 23% women, 23% underrepresented minorities, and 2.3% minority women. International medical graduates were more likely men (P = .02).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Representation of women in the American Society of Transplant Surgeons leadership has kept pace with their membership in the transplant surgery workforce. There is a deficiency of female under - represented minorities in leadership positions at the Society. Further interventions are required to recruit underrepresented minorities to transplant surgery, catalog their footprint in the workforce, and champion their role as leaders within the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.},
}
@article {pmid34498423,
year = {2021},
author = {Wang, J and Drelich, AJ and Hopkins, CM and Mecozzi, S and Li, L and Kwon, G and Hong, S},
title = {Gold nanoparticles in virus detection: Recent advances and potential considerations for SARS-CoV-2 testing development.},
journal = {Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e1754},
doi = {10.1002/wnan.1754},
pmid = {34498423},
issn = {1939-0041},
support = {RF1AG052324//National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; R01DK071801//National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; 1808251//Division of Materials Research/ ; //UW-Madison School of Pharmacy/ ; //Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation/ ; //Milton J. Henrichs Chair Professorship/ ; DMR-1808251//National Science Foundation/ ; //Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems/ ; },
abstract = {Viruses are infectious agents that pose significant threats to plants, animals, and humans. The current coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread globally and resulted in over 2 million deaths and immeasurable financial losses. Rapid and sensitive virus diagnostics become crucially important in controlling the spread of a pandemic before effective treatment and vaccines are available. Gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-based testing holds great potential for this urgent unmet biomedical need. In this review, we describe the most recent advances in AuNP-based viral detection applications. In addition, we discuss considerations for the design of AuNP-based SARS-CoV-2 testings. Finally, we highlight and propose important parameters to consider for the future development of effective AuNP-based testings that would be critical for not only this COVID-19 pandemic, but also potential future outbreaks. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing Diagnostic Tools > In Vitro Nanoparticle-Based Sensing.},
}
@article {pmid34497683,
year = {2021},
author = {Dai, J and Teng, X and Jin, S and Wu, Y},
title = {The Antiviral Roles of Hydrogen Sulfide by Blocking the Interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and Its Potential Cell Surface Receptors.},
journal = {Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity},
volume = {2021},
number = {},
pages = {7866992},
doi = {10.1155/2021/7866992},
pmid = {34497683},
issn = {1942-0994},
abstract = {The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is posing a great threat to the global economy and public health security. Together with the acknowledged angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, glucose-regulated protein 78, transferrin receptor, AXL, kidney injury molecule-1, and neuropilin 1 are also identified as potential receptors to mediate SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, how to inhibit or delay the binding of SARS-CoV-2 with the abovementioned receptors is a key step for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. As the third gasotransmitter, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays an important role in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. Recently, survivors were reported to have significantly higher H2S levels in COVID-19 patients, and mortality was significantly greater among patients with decreased H2S levels. Considering that the beneficial role of H2S against COVID-19 and COVID-19-induced comorbidities and multiorgan damage has been well-examined and reported in some excellent reviews, this review will discuss the recent findings on the potential receptors of SARS-CoV-2 and how H2S modulates the above receptors, in turn blocking SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells.},
}
@article {pmid34497660,
year = {2021},
author = {Puangsri, P and Jinanarong, V and Wattanapisit, A},
title = {Impacts on and Care of Psychiatric Patients during the Outbreak of COVID-19.},
journal = {Clinical practice and epidemiology in mental health : CP &amp; EMH},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {52-60},
doi = {10.2174/1745017902117010052},
pmid = {34497660},
issn = {1745-0179},
abstract = {The outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in December 2019 has led to massive lifestyle, economic, and health changes. The COVID-19 pandemic has had broad impacts on psychiatric patients, exacerbating symptoms such as psychosis, depression, and suicidal ideation. Therefore, we aimed to review the psychological impacts of COVID-19 on psychiatric patients and mental healthcare staff and provide practical guidance for medical staff and authorities. The main findings of this review included the impacts of COVID-19 on psychiatric patients and mental health professionals as well as the transformation of mental health care. Greater consideration should be given to the care of patients with psychosis and depression because of their lack of self-care ability, neurocognitive impairment, and impaired immune function. Depressive symptoms can be exacerbated due to several factors, such as economic crises, social isolation, and limited physical activity. Unemployment and financial problems can lead to an increased suicide rate. Consequently, mental healthcare workers' workload can increase, which could lead to burnout and psychological symptoms such as insomnia, depression, and anxiety. A transformation of psychiatric care is needed during the time of the pandemic. While emergency care should be maintained, outpatient care should be limited to decrease viral spread. Shifting care to telemedicine and community-based psychiatry can be helpful. Inpatient services should be adapted by tightening admission criteria, shortening the length of hospital stays, suspending some group activities, limiting visitors, and preparing for quarantine if necessary. Mental healthcare workers can be supported with telecommunication, appropriate work shifts, alternative accommodations, and good communication between the team leader and staff.},
}
@article {pmid34497535,
year = {2021},
author = {Azinheira Nobrega Cruz, N and Gonçalves de Oliveira, LC and Tedesco Silva Junior, H and Osmar Medina Pestana, J and Casarini, DE},
title = {Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 in the Pathogenesis of Renal Abnormalities Observed in COVID-19 Patients.},
journal = {Frontiers in physiology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {700220},
doi = {10.3389/fphys.2021.700220},
pmid = {34497535},
issn = {1664-042X},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first reported in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The etiological agent of this disease is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the high transmissibility of the virus led to its rapid global spread and a major pandemic (ongoing at the time of writing this review). The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 can vary widely from non-evident or minor symptoms to severe acute respiratory syndrome and multi-organ damage, causing death. Acute kidney injury (AKI) has been recognized as a common complication of COVID-19 and in many cases, kidney replacement therapy (KRT) is required. The presence of kidney abnormalities on hospital admission and the development of AKI are related to a more severe presentation of COVID-19 with higher mortality rate. The high transmissibility and the broad spectrum of clinical manifestations of COVID-19 are in part due to the high affinity of SARS-CoV-2 for its receptor, angiotensin (Ang)-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is widely expressed in human organs and is especially abundant in the kidneys. A debate on the role of ACE2 in the infectivity and pathogenesis of COVID-19 has emerged: Does the high expression of ACE2 promotes higher infectivity and more severe clinical manifestations or does the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with ACE2 reduce the bioavailability of the enzyme, depleting its biological activity, which is closely related to two important physiological systems, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS), thereby further contributing to pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the dual role of ACE2 in the infectivity and pathogenesis of COVID-19, highlighting the effects of COVID-19-induced ACE2 depletion in the renal physiology and how it may lead to kidney injury. The ACE2 downstream regulation of KKS, that usually receives less attention, is discussed. Also, a detailed discussion on how the triad of symptoms (respiratory, inflammatory, and coagulation symptoms) of COVID-19 can indirectly promote renal injury is primary aborded.},
}
@article {pmid34497515,
year = {2021},
author = {Granata, S and Carratù, P and Stallone, G and Zaza, G},
title = {mTOR-Inhibition and COVID-19 in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Focus on Pulmonary Fibrosis.},
journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {710543},
doi = {10.3389/fphar.2021.710543},
pmid = {34497515},
issn = {1663-9812},
abstract = {Kidney transplant recipients are at high risk of developing severe COVID-19 due to the coexistence of several transplant-related comorbidities (e.g., cardiovascular disease, diabetes) and chronic immunosuppression. As a consequence, a large part of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients have been managed with a reduction of immunosuppression. The mTOR-I, together with antimetabolites, have been often discontinued in order to minimize the risk of pulmonary toxicity and to antagonize pharmacological interaction with antiviral/anti-inflammatory drugs. However, at our opinion, this therapeutic strategy, although justified in kidney transplant recipients with severe COVID-19, should be carefully evaluated in asymptomatic/paucisymptomatic patients in order to avoid the onset of acute allograft rejections, to potentially exploit the mTOR-I antiviral properties, to reduce proliferation of conventional T lymphocytes (which could mitigate the cytokine storm) and to preserve Treg growth/activity which could reduce the risk of progression to severe disease. In this review, we discuss the current literature regarding the therapeutic potential of mTOR-Is in kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19 with a focus on pulmonary fibrosis.},
}
@article {pmid34497434,
year = {2021},
author = {Velikova, T and Snegarova, V and Kukov, A and Batselova, H and Mihova, A and Nakov, R},
title = {Gastrointestinal mucosal immunity and COVID-19.},
journal = {World journal of gastroenterology},
volume = {27},
number = {30},
pages = {5047-5059},
doi = {10.3748/wjg.v27.i30.5047},
pmid = {34497434},
issn = {2219-2840},
abstract = {As the gastrointestinal tract may also be a crucial entry or interaction site of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the role of the gut mucosal immune system as a first-line physical and immunological defense is critical. Furthermore, gastrointestinal involvement and symptoms in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients have been linked to worse clinical outcomes. This review discusses recent data on the interactions between the virus and the immune cells and molecules in the mucosa during the infection. By carrying out appropriate investigations, the mucosal immune system role in SARS-CoV-2 infection in therapy and prevention can be established. In line with this, COVID-19 vaccines that stimulate mucosal immunity against the virus may have more advantages than the others.},
}
@article {pmid34497376,
year = {2021},
author = {Du, L and Yang, Y and Zhang, X},
title = {Neutralizing antibodies for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.},
journal = {Cellular &amp; molecular immunology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34497376},
issn = {2042-0226},
support = {R01AI139092//U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; R01AI137472//U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; R01AI157975//U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/ ; },
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) initiates the infection process by binding to the viral cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 through the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in the S1 subunit of the viral spike (S) protein. This event is followed by virus-cell membrane fusion mediated by the S2 subunit, which allows virus entry into the host cell. Therefore, the SARS-CoV-2 S protein is a key therapeutic target, and prevention and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have focused on the development of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nAbs) that target this protein. In this review, we summarize the nAbs targeting SARS-CoV-2 proteins that have been developed to date, with a focus on the N-terminal domain and RBD of the S protein. We also describe the roles that binding affinity, neutralizing activity, and protection provided by these nAbs play in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 and discuss the potential to improve nAb efficiency against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants. This review provides important information for the development of effective nAbs with broad-spectrum activity against current and future SARS-CoV-2 strains.},
}
@article {pmid34497366,
year = {2021},
author = {Zhou, Y and Zhang, L and Xie, YH and Wu, J},
title = {Advancements in detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection for confronting COVID-19 pandemics.},
journal = {Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34497366},
issn = {1530-0307},
support = {81871997//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; },
abstract = {As one of the major approaches in combating the COVID-19 pandemics, the availability of specific and reliable assays for the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome and its proteins is essential to identify the infection in suspected populations, make diagnoses in symptomatic or asymptomatic individuals, and determine clearance of the virus after the infection. For these purposes, use of the quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for detection of the viral nucleic acid remains the most valuable in terms of its specificity, fast turn-around, high-throughput capacity, and reliability. It is critical to update the sequences of primers and probes to ensure the detection of newly emerged variants. Various assays for increased levels of IgG or IgM antibodies are available for detecting ongoing or past infection, vaccination responses, and persistence and for identifying high titers of neutralizing antibodies in recovered individuals. Viral genome sequencing is increasingly used for tracing infectious sources, monitoring mutations, and subtype classification and is less valuable in diagnosis because of its capacity and high cost. Nanopore target sequencing with portable options is available for a quick process for sequencing data. Emerging CRISPR-Cas-based assays, such as SHERLOCK and AIOD-CRISPR, for viral genome detection may offer options for prompt and point-of-care detection. Moreover, aptamer-based probes may be multifaceted for developing portable and high-throughput assays with fluorescent or chemiluminescent probes for viral proteins. In conclusion, assays are available for viral genome and protein detection, and the selection of specific assays depends on the purposes of prevention, diagnosis and pandemic control, or monitoring of vaccination efficacy.},
}
@article {pmid34497249,
year = {2021},
author = {Kim, JI and Yu, M and Yu, S and Park, JH},
title = {Information and General Guidance for Healthcare Professionals in the Fourth Wave of COVID-19.},
journal = {Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing},
volume = {51},
number = {4},
pages = {395-407},
pmid = {34497249},
issn = {2093-758X},
abstract = {The COVID-19 curve seesawed and reached the fourth pandemic in July 2021. Since the first three waves, the focus has been on achieving herd immunity through vaccination while a lot of manpower is used for quarantine. However, we have not been able to prevent the fourth wave. The causes are thought to be related to people who doubt the safety of the vaccine and refuse it or violate quarantine guidelines such as social distancing. This study examined guidelines for preventing and controlling COVID-19, the accuracy of vaccination-related information, and described quarantine measures including for those who completed vaccination. In conclusion, prevention and vaccination are the most effective countermeasures against COVID-19. We recommend people vaccination with self-quarantine. Also, it is necessary to make large investments to protect and support nurses in future pandemics.},
}
@article {pmid34496927,
year = {2021},
author = {Coppadoro, A and Zago, E and Pavan, F and Foti, G and Bellani, G},
title = {The use of head helmets to deliver noninvasive ventilatory support: a comprehensive review of technical aspects and clinical findings.},
journal = {Critical care (London, England)},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {327},
pmid = {34496927},
issn = {1466-609X},
abstract = {A helmet, comprising a transparent hood and a soft collar, surrounding the patient's head can be used to deliver noninvasive ventilatory support, both as continuous positive airway pressure and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV), the latter providing active support for inspiration. In this review, we summarize the technical aspects relevant to this device, particularly how to prevent CO2 rebreathing and improve patient-ventilator synchrony during NPPV. Clinical studies describe the application of helmets in cardiogenic pulmonary oedema, pneumonia, COVID-19, postextubation and immune suppression. A section is dedicated to paediatric use. In summary, helmet therapy can be used safely and effectively to provide NIV during hypoxemic respiratory failure, improving oxygenation and possibly leading to better patient-centred outcomes than other interfaces.},
}
@article {pmid34494475,
year = {2021},
author = {Zia, M and Goli, M},
title = {Predisposing factors of important invasive fungal coinfections in COVID-19 patients: a review article.},
journal = {The Journal of international medical research},
volume = {49},
number = {9},
pages = {3000605211043413},
doi = {10.1177/03000605211043413},
pmid = {34494475},
issn = {1473-2300},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Causality ; *Coinfection ; Humans ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 has caused a devastating pandemic lasting for more than a year. To date, 47 million individuals have been infected and 1.2 million individuals have died worldwide. Some of the most important coinfections in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are opportunistic invasive fungal infections (OIFIs), which are sometimes not rapidly diagnosed and are often diagnosed after death. Aspergillosis and candidiasis are the most prevalent OIFIs in patients with COVID-19. Mycormycosis, cryptococcosis, and other fungal diseases have also been documented more rarely. This review aimed to summarize factors affecting COVID-19 transmission, prevalence, morbidity, and mortality in Iran as well as to review common OIFIs in patients with COVID-19. Immunological factors, underlying diseases, and social, cultural, and environmental factors can affect COVID-19 transmission. There is a need to improve diagnostic and therapeutic criteria for OIFIs and to optimize management procedures so that patients with OIFIs can receive treatment as rapidly as possible. Screening of patients with confirmed COVID-19 for OIFIs at the treating physician's discretion could enable early OIFI diagnosis, treatment, and mortality reduction.},
}
@article {pmid34489330,
year = {2021},
author = {Seff, I and Vahedi, L and McNelly, S and Kormawa, E and Stark, L},
title = {Remote evaluations of violence against women and girls interventions: a rapid scoping review of tools, ethics and safety.},
journal = {BMJ global health},
volume = {6},
number = {9},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006780},
pmid = {34489330},
issn = {2059-7908},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Female ; Humans ; *Pandemics ; Poverty ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Violence/prevention &amp; control ; },
abstract = {Although programmes and policies targeting violence against women and girls (VAWG) have increased in the past decade, there is a paucity of evidence on the effectiveness of these interventions. To expand this evidence base, researchers increasingly employ remote data collection (RDC)-including online surveys, mobile applications and telephone interviews-in their evaluations. Although RDC allows for evaluations without in-person interactions-which are restricted during crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic- information about these methods is necessary to understand their potential usefulness and limitations. This scoping review examines remote evaluations of VAWG interventions to describe the landscape of RDC methods, reflect on safety and ethical considerations, and offer best practices for RDC in VAWG research. Fourteen studies met eligibility criteria, with seven, five, and two studies employing telephone interviews, online surveys, and mobile applications, respectively. Studies commonly stated that participants were asked to use a safe email or device, but the method for verifying such safety was rarely specified. Best practices around safety included creating a 'quick escape' button for online data collection to use when another individual was present, explaining to participants how to erase browsing history and application purchases, and asking participants to specify a safe time for researchers to call. Only eight studies established referral pathways for respondents as per best practice. None of the eligible studies took place in low/middle-income countries (LMICs) or humanitarian settings, likely reflecting the additional challenges to using RDC methods in lower resource settings. Findings were used to create a best practice checklist for programme evaluators and Institutional Review Boards using RDC for VAWG interventions. The authors found that opportunities exist for researchers to safely and effectively use RDC methodologies to gather VAWG data, but that further study is needed to gauge the feasibility of these methods in LMICs and humanitarian settings.},
}
@article {pmid34487063,
year = {2021},
author = {Ramphul, K and Verma, R and Kumar, N and Ramphul, Y and Mejias, S and Lohana, P},
title = {Rising concerns of Mucormycosis (Zygomycosis) among COVID-19 patients; an analysis and review based on case reports in literature.},
journal = {Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis},
volume = {92},
number = {4},
pages = {e2021271},
doi = {10.23750/abm.v92i4.11787},
pmid = {34487063},
issn = {2531-6745},
mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use ; *COVID-19 ; *Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Mucormycosis/diagnosis/epidemiology/therapy ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {As the world continues to struggle with the pandemic of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), several cases of mucormycosis have been reported in these patients with a high mortality rate. We conducted a review of literature and found 19 articles with 20 patients who developed mucormycosis during their COVID-19 infection.14 (70%) were males, and 6(30%) were females. While their mean age was 52.2 ± 17.3, affected men were older than females. Ten (50%) patients also had diabetes. Common clinical findings included ophthalmologic complaints, fever, shortness of breath, and facial pain. Amphotericin B was the most common antifungal used and 40% of cases needed surgical management of the infection. Steroid use was reported in around 12 cases (60%). Unfortunately, the mortality rate was 65% in this group of patients. Several changes in care should be brought for a consistent prevention, early diagnosis, and strong management of mucormycosis in COVID-19 patients.},
}
@article {pmid34478081,
year = {2021},
author = {Reinhardt, D},
title = {.},
journal = {MMW Fortschritte der Medizin},
volume = {163},
number = {15},
pages = {24-26},
doi = {10.1007/s15006-021-0312-y},
pmid = {34478081},
issn = {1613-3560},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
}
@article {pmid34477099,
year = {2021},
author = {Todsen, T and Kirkby, N and Lippert, F and Benfield, T and von Buchwald, C},
title = {[Methods for collecting upper respiratory tract specimens for COVID-19 diagnostics].},
journal = {Ugeskrift for laeger},
volume = {183},
number = {33},
pages = {},
pmid = {34477099},
issn = {1603-6824},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Humans ; *Pandemics ; Respiratory System ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Specimen Handling ; },
abstract = {The World Health Organization recommends a comprehensive testing strategy during the current COVID-19 pandemic. For suspected individuals in a community setup, it is recommended to collect an upper respiratory tract specimen to detect SARS-CoV-2. Different upper respiratory specimen collection techniques or a combination of these can be used to increase test sensitivity or decrease patient discomfort depending on the purpose as summarised in this review. However, it is essential that the specimen collection is performed correctly in order to ensure the diagnostic accuracy of testing.},
}
@article {pmid34437785,
year = {2021},
author = {Levy, JH and Connors, JM},
title = {Heparin Resistance - Clinical Perspectives and Management Strategies.},
journal = {The New England journal of medicine},
volume = {385},
number = {9},
pages = {826-832},
doi = {10.1056/NEJMra2104091},
pmid = {34437785},
issn = {1533-4406},
mesh = {Anticoagulants/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Antithrombin III Deficiency ; Antithrombins/therapeutic use ; Blood Coagulation/drug effects ; Blood Coagulation Tests ; Blood Platelets/physiology ; COVID-19/blood ; *Drug Resistance ; Heparin/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Humans ; },
}
@article {pmid34245913,
year = {2021},
author = {Roberts, K and Alam, T and Bedrick, S and Demner-Fushman, D and Lo, K and Soboroff, I and Voorhees, E and Wang, LL and Hersh, WR},
title = {Searching for scientific evidence in a pandemic: An overview of TREC-COVID.},
journal = {Journal of biomedical informatics},
volume = {121},
number = {},
pages = {103865},
pmid = {34245913},
issn = {1532-0480},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Humans ; Information Storage and Retrieval ; *Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {We present an overview of the TREC-COVID Challenge, an information retrieval (IR) shared task to evaluate search on scientific literature related to COVID-19. The goals of TREC-COVID include the construction of a pandemic search test collection and the evaluation of IR methods for COVID-19. The challenge was conducted over five rounds from April to July 2020, with participation from 92 unique teams and 556 individual submissions. A total of 50 topics (sets of related queries) were used in the evaluation, starting at 30 topics for Round 1 and adding 5 new topics per round to target emerging topics at that state of the still-emerging pandemic. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the structure and results of TREC-COVID. Specifically, the paper provides details on the background, task structure, topic structure, corpus, participation, pooling, assessment, judgments, results, top-performing systems, lessons learned, and benchmark datasets.},
}
@article {pmid34190608,
year = {2021},
author = {Von Borowski, RG and Trentin, DS},
title = {Biofilms and Coronavirus Reservoirs: a Perspective Review.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {87},
number = {18},
pages = {e0085921},
doi = {10.1128/AEM.00859-21},
pmid = {34190608},
issn = {1098-5336},
mesh = {Animals ; *Biofilms ; COVID-19/*virology ; Chiroptera/*virology ; Disease Reservoirs/*virology ; Humans ; Pneumonia, Viral/virology ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Bats are a key reservoir of coronaviruses (CoVs), including the agent of the severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS-CoV-2, responsible for the recent deadly viral pneumonia pandemic. However, understanding how bats can harbor several microorganisms without developing illnesses is still a matter under discussion. Viruses and other pathogens are often studied as stand-alone entities, despite that, in nature, they mostly live in multispecies associations called biofilms-both externally and within the host. Microorganisms in biofilms are enclosed by an extracellular matrix that confers protection and improves survival. Previous studies have shown that viruses can secondarily colonize preexisting biofilms, and viral biofilms have also been described. In this review, we raise the perspective that CoVs can persistently infect bats due to their association with biofilm structures. This phenomenon potentially provides an optimal environment for nonpathogenic and well-adapted viruses to interact with the host, as well as for viral recombination. Biofilms can also enhance virion viability in extracellular environments, such as on fomites and in aquatic sediments, allowing viral persistence and dissemination. Moreover, understanding the biofilm lifestyle of CoVs in reservoirs might contribute to explaining several burning questions as to persistence and transmissibility of highly pathogenic emerging CoVs.},
}
@article {pmid34118414,
year = {2021},
author = {Ghzaiel, I and Sassi, K and Zarrouk, A and Nury, T and Ksila, M and Leoni, V and Bouhaouala-Zahar, B and Hammami, S and Hammami, M and Mackrill, JJ and Samadi, M and Ghrairi, T and Vejux, A and Lizard, G},
title = {7-Ketocholesterol: Effects on viral infections and hypothetical contribution in COVID-19.},
journal = {The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology},
volume = {212},
number = {},
pages = {105939},
doi = {10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105939},
pmid = {34118414},
issn = {1879-1220},
mesh = {Animals ; Antiviral Agents/*pharmacology ; Biomarkers/blood ; COVID-19/blood/drug therapy/*etiology ; Humans ; Ketocholesterols/*blood/metabolism ; },
abstract = {7-Ketocholesterol, which is one of the earliest cholesterol oxidization products identified, is essentially formed by the auto-oxidation of cholesterol. In the body, 7-ketocholesterol is both provided by food and produced endogenously. This pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory molecule, which can activate apoptosis and autophagy at high concentrations, is an abundant component of oxidized Low Density Lipoproteins. 7-Ketocholesterol appears to significantly contribute to the development of age-related diseases (cardiovascular diseases, age-related macular degeneration, and Alzheimer's disease), chronic inflammatory bowel diseases and to certain cancers. Recent studies have also shown that 7-ketocholesterol has anti-viral activities, including on SARS-CoV-2, which are, however, lower than those of oxysterols resulting from the oxidation of cholesterol on the side chain. Furthermore, 7-ketocholesterol is increased in the serum of moderately and severely affected COVID-19 patients. In the case of COVID-19, it can be assumed that the antiviral activity of 7-ketocholesterol could be counterbalanced by its toxic effects, including pro-oxidant, pro-inflammatory and pro-coagulant activities that might promote the induction of cell death in alveolar cells. It is therefore suggested that this oxysterol might be involved in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 by contributing to the acute respiratory distress syndrome and promoting a deleterious, even fatal outcome. Thus, 7-ketocholesterol could possibly constitute a lipid biomarker of COVID-19 outcome and counteracting its toxic effects with adjuvant therapies might have beneficial effects in COVID-19 patients.},
}
@article {pmid34088619,
year = {2021},
author = {Singh, H and Maurya, RK and Sharma, P and Kapoor, P and Mittal, T},
title = {Aerosol generating procedural risks and concomitant mitigation strategies in orthodontics amid COVID-19 pandemic - An updated evidence-based review.},
journal = {International orthodontics},
volume = {19},
number = {3},
pages = {329-345},
doi = {10.1016/j.ortho.2021.05.004},
pmid = {34088619},
issn = {1879-680X},
mesh = {*Aerosols ; COVID-19/*transmission ; Humans ; *Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional ; *Orthodontics ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {IMPORTANCE: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has posed unique challenges to orthodontic profession by adversely impacting provision of in-office orthodontic care due to prevailing uncertainty around risks pertaining to splatter and 'aerosol-generating procedures' (AGPs). This review aims to provide an insight into the prevailing and emerging evidence informing potential risks related to splatter and AGPs, and risk mitigation strategies employed for reducing the potential risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from dental bioaerosols.<br><br>METHODS: PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, LILACS, WHO COVID-19 databases and preprint databases were searched for eligible English language publications. Citation chasing was undertaken up until the review date of 4 January 2021. Study selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment was undertaken independently in duplicate, or else by consultation with a third author.<br><br>RESULTS: Following filter application and duplicates removed, a total of 13 articles assessing procedural mitigation measures were included. Seven included studies revealed overall low-risk of bias. The overall risk varied from unclear to high for rest of the studies, with the most concerning domains being blinding of the participants and the personnel and blinding of the outcome assessors. Accumulated consensual evidence points towards the use of dental suction devices with wide bore aspirating tips as effective procedural mitigation strategies. Variations in the literature can be observed concerning aerosol transmission associated with water spray use during debonding. Emerging direct evidence consistently supports adjunctive use of pre-procedural povidone-iodine mouthrinse to mitigate direct transmission risk in the orthodontic practice.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: A thorough risk assessment concerning AGPs and implementation of consistent and evidence-based procedural mitigation strategies may play an indispensable role in navigating optimal orthodontic practice through unforeseen similar pandemic threats. High-quality robust research focussing on more biologically relevant models of dental bioaerosols in orthodontic settings is warranted.},
}
@article {pmid34085075,
year = {2021},
author = {Wu, Y and Li, X and Gan, Y and Zhao, C},
title = {Nanoparticle-mediated surfactant therapy in patients with severe COVID-19: a perspective.},
journal = {Journal of materials chemistry. B},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1039/d1tb00730k},
pmid = {34085075},
issn = {2050-7518},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an RNA virus-based disease that can be deadly. For critically ill patients, mechanical ventilation is an important life-saving treatment. However, mechanical ventilation shows a trade-off between supporting respiratory function and ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). Surfactant therapy is a medical administration of exogenous surfactant to supplement or replace deficient or dysfunctional endogenous surfactant. Surfactant therapy can be used to postpone or shorten the use of mechanical ventilation to minimize or avoid VILI, because surfactants can reduce surface tension, improve lung compliance, and enhance oxygenation. In addition, nanotechnology can be applied to improve the therapeutic effect and reduce the adverse effects of surfactants. In this perspective, we discussed how nanoparticles deliver surfactants through intravenous injection and inhalation to the expected lung disease regions where surfactants are mostly needed, and discussed the prospects of nanoparticle-mediated surfactant therapy in the treatment of patients with severe COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid34082680,
year = {2021},
author = {Bergantin, LB},
title = {The Interplay Among Epilepsy, Parkinson's Disease and Inflammation: Revisiting the Link through Ca2+/cAMP Signalling.},
journal = {Current neurovascular research},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {162-168},
doi = {10.2174/1567202618666210603123345},
pmid = {34082680},
issn = {1875-5739},
mesh = {COVID-19/complications ; Calcium Channel Blockers/therapeutic use ; *Calcium Signaling ; *Cyclic AMP ; Epilepsy/*complications/physiopathology ; Humans ; Inflammation/*complications/physiopathology ; Parkinson Disease/*complications/physiopathology ; *Signal Transduction ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Robust evidence has described that Parkinson´s disease (PD) is associated with an increased risk for developing epileptic seizures. In fact, an interplay between PD and epilepsy has been of interest for many years. An emerging hypothesis is that inflammation could link both diseases.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: Bearing in mind the experience of our group in the field of Ca2+/cAMP signalling pathways, this article discussed, beyond inflammation, the role of these signalling pathways in this link between PD and epilepsy.<br><br>METHODS: Publications involving Ca2+/cAMP signalling pathways, PD, and epilepsy (alone or combined) were collected by searching PubMed and EMBASE.<br><br>RESULTS: The comprehension of the interplay between PD and epilepsy could improve the drug therapy. In addition, a Ca2+ signalling dyshomeostasis due to Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an emerging and rapidly evolving situation, has been reported.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Thus, this article also debated recent findings about therapeutics involving Ca2+ channel blockers for preventing Ca2+ signalling dyshomeostasis due to COVID-19, including the correlation among COVID-19, epilepsy, and PD.},
}
@article {pmid34053812,
year = {2021},
author = {Boisen, ML and Fernando, RJ and Kolarczyk, L and Teeter, E and Schisler, T and La Colla, L and Melnyk, V and Robles, C and Rao, VK and Gelzinis, TA},
title = {The Year in Thoracic Anesthesia: Selected Highlights From 2020.},
journal = {Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia},
volume = {35},
number = {10},
pages = {2855-2868},
doi = {10.1053/j.jvca.2021.04.012},
pmid = {34053812},
issn = {1532-8422},
mesh = {*Anesthesia, Epidural ; *Anesthesiology ; *COVID-19 ; Humans ; *One-Lung Ventilation ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Selected highlights in thoracic anesthesia in 2020 include updates in the preoperative assessment and prehabilitation of patients undergoing thoracic surgery; updates in one-lung ventilation (OLV) pertaining to the devices used for OLV; the use of dexmedetomidine for lung protection during OLV and protective ventilation, recommendations for the care of thoracic surgical patients with coronavirus disease 2019; a review of recent meta-analyses comparing truncal blocks with paravertebral and thoracic epidural blocks; and a review of outcomes after initiating the enhanced recovery after surgery guidelines for lung and esophageal surgery.},
}
@article {pmid34015983,
year = {2021},
author = {Ruggeri, RM and Campennì, A and Deandreis, D and Siracusa, M and Tozzoli, R and Petranović Ovčariček, P and Giovanella, L},
title = {SARS-COV-2-related immune-inflammatory thyroid disorders: facts and perspectives.},
journal = {Expert review of clinical immunology},
volume = {17},
number = {7},
pages = {737-759},
doi = {10.1080/1744666X.2021.1932467},
pmid = {34015983},
issn = {1744-8409},
mesh = {Autoimmune Diseases/immunology/*virology ; COVID-19/*complications/immunology ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Thyroid Diseases/immunology/*virology ; },
abstract = {Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic thyroid gland alteration/dysfunction has been emerged as a possible endocrine complication. The present review is focused on inflammatory and autoimmune thyroid complications triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection by searching through databases like MEDLINE and Scopus up to April 2021.Areas covered: Beside the occurrence of 'non-thyroidal illness' in severe clinical conditions, alterations of thyroid function and structure may occur during COVID-19 as a consequence of either direct or indirect effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the gland. On the one hand, SARS-CoV-2 uses ACE2 as a receptor to infect the host cells and ACE2 is highly expressed by follicular thyroid cells. On the other hand, COVID-19 is associated with a systemic inflammatory and immune response, involving Th1/Th17/Th2 lymphocytes and proinflammatory cytokines, which resembles the immune activation that occurs in immune-mediated thyroid diseases. COVID-19-related thyroid disorders include destructive thyroiditis and onset or relapse of autoimmune thyroid disorders, leading to a broad spectrum of thyroid dysfunction ranging from thyrotoxicosis to hypothyroidism, that may worsen COVID-19 clinical course and affect prognosis.Expert opinion: Physicians should be aware of the possible occurrence of thyroid dysfunction during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further longitudinal studies are warranted to evaluate potential long-term sequelae.},
}
@article {pmid33972366,
year = {2021},
author = {Zhu, W and Shyr, Z and Lo, DC and Zheng, W},
title = {Viral Proteases as Targets for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Drug Development.},
journal = {The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics},
volume = {378},
number = {2},
pages = {166-172},
doi = {10.1124/jpet.121.000688},
pmid = {33972366},
issn = {1521-0103},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), continues to be a global threat since its emergence. Although several COVID-19 vaccines have become available, the prospective timeframe for achieving effective levels of vaccination across global populations remains uncertain. Moreover, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants presents continuing potential challenges for future vaccination planning. Therefore, development of effective antiviral therapies continues to be an urgent unmet need for COVID-19. Successful antiviral regimens for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus infections have established viral proteases as validated targets for antiviral drug development. In this context, we review protease targets in drug development, currently available antiviral protease inhibitors, and therapeutic development efforts on SARS-CoV-2 main protease and papain-like protease. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to be a global threat since its emergence. The development of effective antiviral therapeutics for COVID-19 remains an urgent and long-term need. Because viral proteases are validated drug targets, specific severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 protease inhibitors are critical therapeutics to be developed for treatment of COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33949876,
year = {2021},
author = {Ren, J and Wu, NN and Wang, S and Sowers, JR and Zhang, Y},
title = {Obesity cardiomyopathy: evidence, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications.},
journal = {Physiological reviews},
volume = {101},
number = {4},
pages = {1745-1807},
doi = {10.1152/physrev.00030.2020},
pmid = {33949876},
issn = {1522-1210},
mesh = {COVID-19/complications/mortality ; Cardiomyopathies/*etiology/mortality/*pathology ; Humans ; Obesity/*complications/etiology/genetics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {The prevalence of heart failure is on the rise and imposes a major health threat, in part, due to the rapidly increased prevalence of overweight and obesity. To this point, epidemiological, clinical, and experimental evidence supports the existence of a unique disease entity termed "obesity cardiomyopathy," which develops independent of hypertension, coronary heart disease, and other heart diseases. Our contemporary review evaluates the evidence for this pathological condition, examines putative responsible mechanisms, and discusses therapeutic options for this disorder. Clinical findings have consolidated the presence of left ventricular dysfunction in obesity. Experimental investigations have uncovered pathophysiological changes in myocardial structure and function in genetically predisposed and diet-induced obesity. Indeed, contemporary evidence consolidates a wide array of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the etiology of obesity cardiomyopathy including adipose tissue dysfunction, systemic inflammation, metabolic disturbances (insulin resistance, abnormal glucose transport, spillover of free fatty acids, lipotoxicity, and amino acid derangement), altered intracellular especially mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis, oxidative stress, autophagy/mitophagy defect, myocardial fibrosis, dampened coronary flow reserve, coronary microvascular disease (microangiopathy), and endothelial impairment. Given the important role of obesity in the increased risk of heart failure, especially that with preserved systolic function and the recent rises in COVID-19-associated cardiovascular mortality, this review should provide compelling evidence for the presence of obesity cardiomyopathy, independent of various comorbid conditions, underlying mechanisms, and offer new insights into potential therapeutic approaches (pharmacological and lifestyle modification) for the clinical management of obesity cardiomyopathy.},
}
@article {pmid33934987,
year = {2021},
author = {Welch, TP and Trivedi, PM and Fang, ZA and Ing, RJ and Mittnacht, AJC and Mossad, EB},
title = {Selected 2020 Highlights in Congenital Cardiac Anesthesia.},
journal = {Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia},
volume = {35},
number = {10},
pages = {2848-2854},
doi = {10.1053/j.jvca.2021.03.047},
pmid = {33934987},
issn = {1532-8422},
mesh = {*Anesthesia, Cardiac Procedures ; *COVID-19 ; Child ; *Heart Defects, Congenital/surgery ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ; },
abstract = {This article is a review of the highlights of pertinent literature published during the 12 months of 2020 that are of interest to the congenital cardiac anesthesiologist. After a search of the US National Library of Medicine's PubMed database, several topics emerged for which significant contributions were made in 2020. The authors of the present article considered the following topics noteworthy to be included in this review: pediatric cardiac care in the coronavirus disease 2019 era, the use of mechanical circulatory support in coronavirus disease 2019-related multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, transfusion and coagulation management in children undergoing congenital heart surgery, and pulmonary vein stenosis.},
}
@article {pmid33874829,
year = {2021},
author = {Potere, N and Batticciotto, A and Vecchié, A and Porreca, E and Cappelli, A and Abbate, A and Dentali, F and Bonaventura, A},
title = {The role of IL-6 and IL-6 blockade in COVID-19.},
journal = {Expert review of clinical immunology},
volume = {17},
number = {6},
pages = {601-618},
doi = {10.1080/1744666X.2021.1919086},
pmid = {33874829},
issn = {1744-8409},
mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; COVID-19/*drug therapy/immunology/virology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Interleukin-6/*antagonists &amp; inhibitors/metabolism ; Receptors, Interleukin-6/*antagonists &amp; inhibitors/metabolism ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology/*pathogenicity ; Signal Transduction ; Treatment Outcome ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induces a dysregulated hyperinflammatory response.<br><br>AREAS COVERED: Authors review evidence on IL-6 and IL-6 blockade in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and discuss the pathophysiological and prognostic roles of this cytokine and the clinical impact of pharmacological blockade of IL-6 . The material includes original articles and reviews published from March 2020 to March 2021 and searched on PubMed, medRxiv, and bioRxiv.<br><br>EXPERT OPINION: IL-6 is one of the most prominent pro-inflammatory cytokines. Increased levels are recorded in COVID-19 patients, especially those with severe-to-critical disease. Evidence is accumulating on the relevance of IL-6 as a prognostic marker in COVID-19. Since IL-6 is a druggable target for several inflammatory diseases, pharmacological blockers of the IL-6 signaling pathway were repurposed to blunt the abnormal SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokine release. Data are limited to few randomized controlled trials that reported encouraging, though not conclusive, results, indicating the usefulness of IL-6 blockade early in the course of the disease in patients with hyperinflammation and no or limited organ damage. Further research is warranted to explore the role of IL-6 in different COVID-19 phenotypes and identify subgroups of patients who may mostly benefit from IL-6 pathway inhibition.},
}
@article {pmid34496142,
year = {2021},
author = {Barnett, R and Sengupta, R},
title = {The future of axial spondyloarthritis rehabilitation - lessons learned from COVID-19.},
journal = {Arthritis care &amp; research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/acr.24780},
pmid = {34496142},
issn = {2151-4658},
abstract = {Supervised physical therapy and rehabilitation are vital for effective long-term management of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). However, the unprecedented year of 2020 and the COVID-19 pandemic has prompted a drastic change in healthcare provision across all disease areas. In this review, we summarize changes that have been introduced to support rehabilitation in axSpA during the pandemic and considerations for the future of axSpA rehabilitation in the wake of COVID-19. We have witnessed the launch of online virtual physical therapy and education, in addition to an emphasis on remote monitoring. We have been propelled into a new era of digital service provision; not only providing a temporary stop-gap in treatment for some patients, but in future potentially allowing for a wider reach/ provision of care and resilience of vital services. Unique collaboration between patients, healthcare professionals and researchers will be key to foster relationships/ trust and facilitate wider evaluation and implementation of digital services at each stage in a patient's journey - imperative to relieve pressure from healthcare providers. Despite the potential of such digital interventions, it is important to highlight the maintained critical need for face-to-face services, particularly for vulnerable patients or during diagnosis or a flare of symptoms. It is also vital that we remain vigilant regarding digital exclusion, to avoid further widening of existing health inequalities. Optimisation of digital infrastructure, staff skills and digital education alongside promoting accessibility, engagement and building trust among communities will be vital as we enter this new age of blended in-person/ digital service provision.},
}
@article {pmid34495377,
year = {2021},
author = {Ahmed, I and Liu, TYA},
title = {The Impact of COVID-19 on Diabetic Retinopathy Monitoring and Treatment.},
journal = {Current diabetes reports},
volume = {21},
number = {10},
pages = {40},
pmid = {34495377},
issn = {1539-0829},
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of vision loss worldwide. Although screening and early treatment guidelines for DR have significantly reduced the disease burden, restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic have changed real-world practice patterns in the management of DR. This review summarizes evolving guidelines and outcomes of the treatment of DR in the setting of the pandemic.<br><br>RECENT FINDINGS: Intravitreal injections for DR have decreased significantly globally during the pandemic, ranging from approximately 30 to nearly 100% reduction, compared to corresponding timepoints in 2019. Most studies on functional outcomes show a decrease in visual acuity on delayed follow-up. Changing practice patterns in the management of DR has led to fewer intravitreal injections and overall reduction in visual acuity on follow-up. As COVID variants emerge, it will be necessary to continue evaluating practice guidelines.},
}
@article {pmid34494642,
year = {2021},
author = {Hristov, DR and Gomez-Marquez, J and Wade, D and Hamad-Schifferli, K},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 and approaches for a testing and diagnostic strategy.},
journal = {Journal of materials chemistry. B},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1039/d1tb00674f},
pmid = {34494642},
issn = {2050-7518},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an unprecedented global health challenge, creating sudden, massive demands for diagnostic testing, treatment, therapies, and vaccines. In particular, the development of diagnostic assays for SARS-CoV-2 has been pursued as they are needed for quarantine, disease surveillance, and patient treatment. One of the major lessons the pandemic highlighted was the need for fast, cheap, scalable and reliable diagnostic methods, such as paper-based assays. Furthermore, it has previously been suggested that paper-based tests may be more suitable for settings with lower resource availability and may help alleviate some supply chain challenges which arose during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, we explore how such devices may fit in a comprehensive diagnostic strategy and how some of the challenges to the technology, e.g. low sensitivity, may be addressed. We discuss the properties of the SARS-CoV-2 virus itself, the COVID-19 disease pathway, and the immune response. We then describe the different diagnostic strategies that have been pursued, focusing on molecular strategies for viral genetic material, antigen tests, and serological assays, and innovations for improving the diagnostic sensitivity and capabilities. Finally, we discuss pressing issues for the future, and what needs to be addressed for the ongoing pandemic and future outbreaks.},
}
@article {pmid34494208,
year = {2021},
author = {Ovretveit, J and Mittman, BS and Rubenstein, LV and Ganz, DA},
title = {Combining Improvement and Implementation Sciences and Practices for the Post COVID-19 Era.},
journal = {Journal of general internal medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34494208},
issn = {1525-1497},
support = {Project # TRA 08-379//Quality Enhancement Research Initiative/ ; MMC2.2016//Karolinska Institutet/ ; },
abstract = {Health services made many changes quickly in response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Many more are being made. Some changes were already evaluated, and there are rigorous research methods and frameworks for evaluating their local implementation and effectiveness. But how useful are these methods for evaluating changes where evidence of effectiveness is uncertain, or which need adaptation in a rapidly changing situation? Has implementation science provided implementers with tools for effective implementation of changes that need to be made quickly in response to the demands of the pandemic? This perspectives article describes how parts of the research and practitioner communities can use and develop a combination of implementation and improvement to enable faster and more effective change in the future, especially where evidence of local effectiveness is limited. We draw on previous reviews about the advantages and disadvantages of combining these two domains of knowledge and practice. We describe a generic digitally assisted rapid cycle testing (DA-RCT) approach that combines elements of each in order to better describe a change, monitor outcomes, and make adjustments to the change when implemented in a dynamic environment.},
}
@article {pmid34493953,
year = {2021},
author = {Gibelli, F and Ricci, G and Sirignano, A and Turrina, S and De Leo, D},
title = {The Increasing Centrality of Robotic Technology in the Context of Nursing Care: Bioethical Implications Analyzed through a Scoping Review Approach.},
journal = {Journal of healthcare engineering},
volume = {2021},
number = {},
pages = {1478025},
doi = {10.1155/2021/1478025},
pmid = {34493953},
issn = {2040-2309},
abstract = {At the dawn of the fourth industrial revolution, the healthcare industry is experiencing a momentous shift in the direction of increasingly pervasive technologization of care. If, up until the 2000s, imagining healthcare provided by robots was a purely futuristic fantasy, today, such a scenario is in fact a concrete reality, especially in some countries, such as Japan, where nursing care is largely delivered by assistive and social robots in both public and private healthcare settings, as well as in home care. This revolution in the context of care, already underway in many countries and destined to take place soon on a global scale, raises obvious ethical issues, related primarily to the progressive dehumanization of healthcare, a process which, moreover, has undergone an important acceleration following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has made it necessary to devise new systems to deliver healthcare services while minimizing interhuman contact. According to leading industry experts, nurses will be the primary users of healthcare robots in the short term. The aim of this study is to provide a general overview, through a scoping review approach, of the most relevant ethical issues that have emerged in the nursing care field in relation to the increasingly decisive role that service robots play in the provision of care. Specifically, through the adoption of the population-concept-context framework, we formulated this broad question: what are the most relevant ethical issues directly impacting clinical practice that arise in nursing care delivered by assistive and social robots? We conducted the review according to the five-step methodology outlined by Arksey and O'Malley. The first two steps, formulating the main research question and carrying out the literature search, were performed based on the population-context-concept (PCC) framework suggested by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Starting from an initial quota of 2,328 scientific papers, we performed an initial screening through a computer system by eliminating duplicated and non-English language articles. The next step consisted of selection based on a reading of the titles and abstracts, adopting four precise exclusion criteria: articles related to a nonnursing environment, articles dealing with bioethical aspects in a marginal way, articles related to technological devices other than robots, and articles that did not treat the dynamics of human-robot relationships in depth. Of the 2,328 titles and abstracts screened, we included 14. The results of the 14 papers revealed the existence of nonnegligible difficulties in the integration of robotic systems within nursing, leading to a lively search for new theoretical ethical frameworks, in which robots can find a place; concurrent with this exploration are the frantic attempts to identify the best ethical design system applicable to robots who work alongside nurses in hospital wards. In the final part of the paper, we also proposed considerations about the Italian nursing context and the legal implications of nursing care provided by robots in light of the Italian legislative panorama. Regarding future perspectives, this paper offers insights regarding robot engagement strategies within nursing.},
}
@article {pmid34493880,
year = {2021},
author = {Ahmed, MH and Hassan, A and Molnár, J},
title = {The Role of Micronutrients to Support Immunity for COVID-19 Prevention.},
journal = {Revista brasileira de farmacognosia : orgao oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Farmacognosia},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-14},
doi = {10.1007/s43450-021-00179-w},
pmid = {34493880},
issn = {0102-695X},
abstract = {The World Health Organization declared the novel coronavirus, named as SARS-CoV-2, as a global pandemic in early 2020 after the disease spread to more than 180 countries leading to tens of thousands of cases and many deaths within a couple of months. Consequently, this paper aims to summarize the evidence for the relationships between nutrition and the boosting of the immune system in the fight against the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. This review, in particular, assesses the impact of vitamin and mineral supplements on the body's defence mechanisms against SARS-CoV-2. The results revealed that there is a strong relationship between the ingestion of biological ingredients like vitamins C-E, and minerals such as zinc, and a reduction in the effects of coronavirus infection. These can be received from either nutrition rich food sources or from vitamin supplements. Furthermore, these macromolecules might have roles to play in boosting the immune response, in the healing process and the recovery time. Hence, we recommend that eating healthy foods rich in vitamins C-E with zinc and flavonoids could boost the immune system and consequently protect the body from serious infections.},
}
@article {pmid34493491,
year = {2021},
author = {Friedman, MA and Curtis, JR and Winthrop, KL},
title = {Impact of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs on vaccine immunogenicity in patients with inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases.},
journal = {Annals of the rheumatic diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-221244},
pmid = {34493491},
issn = {1468-2060},
abstract = {Patients with rheumatic diseases are at increased risk of infectious complications; vaccinations are a critical component of their care. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs may reduce the immunogenicity of common vaccines. We will review here available data regarding the effect of these medications on influenza, pneumococcal, herpes zoster, SARS-CoV-2, hepatitis B, human papilloma virus and yellow fever vaccines. Rituximab has the most substantial impact on vaccine immunogenicity, which is most profound when vaccinations are given at shorter intervals after rituximab dosing. Methotrexate has less substantial effect but appears to adversely impact most vaccine immunogenicity. Abatacept likely decrease vaccine immunogenicity, although these studies are limited by the lack of adequate control groups. Janus kinase and tumour necrosis factor inhibitors decrease absolute antibody titres for many vaccines, but do not seem to significantly impact the proportions of patients achieving seroprotection. Other biologics (interleukin-6R (IL-6R), IL-12/IL-23 and IL-17 inhibitors) have little observed impact on vaccine immunogenicity. Data regarding the effect of these medications on the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine immunogenicity are just now emerging, and early glimpses appear similar to our experience with other vaccines. In this review, we summarise the most recent data regarding vaccine response and efficacy in this setting, particularly in light of current vaccination recommendations for immunocompromised patients.},
}
@article {pmid34493317,
year = {2021},
author = {Eberle, C and Stichling, S},
title = {Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on glycemic control in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review.},
journal = {Diabetology &amp; metabolic syndrome},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {95},
pmid = {34493317},
issn = {1758-5996},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: In 2019, a new virus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was classified as a pandemic in a short period of time. In order to reduce the spread of COVID-19, many countries have imposed a lockdown with movement restrictions, social distancing and home confinement, which has affected routine healthcare activities and everyday life. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D).<br><br>METHODS: We systematically identified studies by searching the databases Cochrane Library, MEDLINE via PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection, EMBASE, and CINAHL until April 2021. We included n = 33 observational studies of which n = 25 investigated T1D and n = 8 T2D.<br><br>RESULTS: Overall, we analyzed n = 2881 T1D patients and n = 1823 T2D patients. Glycemic values in patients with T1D improved significantly during lockdown. Overall, n = 18 (72%) T1D studies indicated significant improvements in glycemic outcomes. Meta-analysis revealed a mean difference in HbA1c of - 0.05% (95% CI - 0.31 to 0.21) due to lockdown, and in time in range (TIR) of + 3.75% (95% CI 2.56 to 4.92). Lockdown determined a short-term worsening in glycemic values in patients with T2D. Overall, n = 4 (50%) publications observed deteriorations in glycemic control. Meta-analysis demonstrated a mean difference in HbA1c of + 0.14 (95% CI - 0.13 to 0.40) through the lockdown. Moreover, n = 3 (75%) studies reported a not significant deterioration in body weight.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Glycemic values in people with T1D significantly improved during COVID-19 lockdown, which may be associated with positive changes in self-care and digital diabetes management. In contrast, lockdown rather determined a short-term worsening in glycemic parameters in patients with T2D. Further research is required, particularly into the causes and effective T2D management during lockdown.},
}
@article {pmid34481438,
year = {2021},
author = {Shagieva, DR and Rakhmatullin, AR and Kutlubaev, MA and Tunik, VF and Magzhanov, RV},
title = {[Clinical manifestations of COVID-19 in children].},
journal = {Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova},
volume = {121},
number = {8},
pages = {67-70},
doi = {10.17116/jnevro202112108167},
pmid = {34481438},
issn = {1997-7298},
mesh = {Anosmia/diagnosis/virology ; *COVID-19/diagnosis ; Child ; Female ; Headache/diagnosis/virology ; Humans ; },
abstract = {The neurological symptoms of COVID-19 in children (in Dyurtyuli area, Republic of Bashkortostan) are analyzed and brief review of the literature is undertaken in the paper. 137 children underwent swab test for COVID-19. The disease was diagnosed in 9 of them. Only respiratory symptoms were observed in 3 children, a combination of respiratory with anosmia or/and headache - in 3, asymptomatic form - in another 3. A case of a 7-years old girl suffering from COVID-19 with respiratory symptoms as well as anosmia and headache is presented. According to the review of the literature, COVID - 19 in children is usually milder than in adults, but in some cases may lead to neurological consequences. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome may lead to the development symptoms of encephalopathy (altered mental status, headache) and stroke. Autoimmune complications such as Gillian-Barre syndrome develop simultaneously or after resolving of the infectious process. The development of viral meningoencephalitis in COVID-19 is questionable.},
}
@article {pmid34382946,
year = {2021},
author = {Budamagunta, V and Foster, TC and Zhou, D},
title = {Cellular senescence in lymphoid organs and immunosenescence.},
journal = {Aging},
volume = {13},
number = {15},
pages = {19920-19941},
pmid = {34382946},
issn = {1945-4589},
support = {R01 AG052258/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; R56 AG037984/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; R01 CA211963/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; R01 CA219836/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; P30 AG028740/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AG038012/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AG037984/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Aging/*immunology ; COVID-19/immunology ; Cellular Senescence/*immunology ; Humans ; *Immunosenescence ; Lymphoid Tissue/*immunology ; },
abstract = {Immunosenescence is a multi-faceted phenomenon at the root of age-associated immune dysfunction. It can lead to an array of pathological conditions, including but not limited to a decreased capability to surveil and clear senescent cells (SnCs) and cancerous cells, an increased autoimmune responses leading to tissue damage, a reduced ability to tackle pathogens, and a decreased competence to illicit a robust response to vaccination. Cellular senescence is a phenomenon by which oncogene-activated, stressed or damaged cells undergo a stable cell cycle arrest. Failure to efficiently clear SnCs results in their accumulation in an organism as it ages. SnCs actively secrete a myriad of molecules, collectively called senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which are factors that cause dysfunction in the neighboring tissue. Though both cellular senescence and immunosenescence have been studied extensively and implicated in various pathologies, their relationship has not been greatly explored. In the wake of an ongoing pandemic (COVID-19) that disproportionately affects the elderly, immunosenescence as a function of age has become a topic of great importance. The goal of this review is to explore the role of cellular senescence in age-associated lymphoid organ dysfunction and immunosenescence, and provide a framework to explore therapies to rejuvenate the aged immune system.},
}
@article {pmid34375036,
year = {2021},
author = {Chopra, A and Lin, HY and Navarra, SV and Saeed, MA and Sockalingam, S and Thongpooswan, S and Jois, R and Salim, B and Gavin Lee, KW and Lau, TC and Wee, J},
title = {Rheumatoid arthritis management in the APLAR region: Perspectives from an expert panel of rheumatologists, patients and community oriented program for control of rheumatic diseases.},
journal = {International journal of rheumatic diseases},
volume = {24},
number = {9},
pages = {1106-1111},
doi = {10.1111/1756-185X.14185},
pmid = {34375036},
issn = {1756-185X},
mesh = {Antirheumatic Agents/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/diagnosis/*drug therapy/epidemiology ; Asia/epidemiology ; *COVID-19 ; Humans ; Pain Management/*trends ; Practice Patterns, Physicians'/*trends ; Treatment Outcome ; },
abstract = {Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a major health burden in Asia Pacific affecting the quality of life of patients and consuming healthcare resources. According to recent estimates from the World Health Organization-International League Against Rheumatism-Community Oriented Program for Control of Rheumatic Diseases, prevalence is around 0.3%-0.5%. Management guidelines have helped to improve treatment across this diverse region. To gain better insight into current real-world management applications in view of these guidelines, virtual meetings were conducted in mid-2020 to explore perspectives of rheumatologists and patients, as well as discuss the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on RA management. Patients and rheumatologists from Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, Thailand, India, Pakistan, and Taiwan were included, representing a diverse mix of healthcare systems, wealth, ethnicity and culture. Despite many countries having prospered in recent years, similar challenges in RA diagnosis and treatment were identified. The daily impact and patient experience of RA were also similar across countries, marked by "silent" pain and disability, and universal misunderstanding of the disease. Late diagnosis and treatment, and barriers to access to appropriate treatment, remain problematic. The experience shared by Taiwan offers a glimmer of hope, however, wherein patient advocacy groups have succeeded in being included in policy-making decisions and securing access to advanced treatment. Real-world solutions that pay heed to the unique local needs and diversity of Asia Pacific are required to improve RA management, which will take time. In the interim, help can be sought from the trained, non-rheumatologist community to reduce some of the disease burden.},
}
@article {pmid34333650,
year = {2021},
author = {Al-Salem, W and Moraga, P and Ghazi, H and Madad, S and Hotez, PJ},
title = {The emergence and transmission of COVID-19 in European countries, 2019-2020: a comprehensive review of timelines, cases and containment.},
journal = {International health},
volume = {13},
number = {5},
pages = {383-398},
doi = {10.1093/inthealth/ihab037},
pmid = {34333650},
issn = {1876-3405},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Europe ; France ; Germany ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {When it emerged in late 2019, COVID-19 was carried via travelers to Germany, France and Italy, where freedom of movement accelerated its transmission throughout Europe. However, effective non-pharmaceutical interventions introduced by European governments led to containment of the rapid increase in cases within European nations. Electronic searches were performed to obtain the number of confirmed cases, incident rates and non-pharmaceutical government measures for each European country. The spread and impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions throughout Europe were assessed and visualized. Specifically, heatmaps were used to represent the number of confirmed cases and incident rates for each of the countries over time. In addition, maps were created showing the number of confirmed cases and incident rates in Europe on three different dates (15 March, 15 April and 15 May 2020), which allowed us to assess the geographic and temporal patterns of the disease.},
}
@article {pmid34320471,
year = {2021},
author = {Bhutta, ZA and Kanwal, A and Ali, M and Kulyar, MF and Yao, W and Shoaib, M and Ashar, A and Mahfooz, A and Ijaz, M and Ijaz, N and Asif, M and Nawaz, S and Mahfooz, MR and Kanwal, T},
title = {Emerging nanotechnology role in the development of innovative solutions against COVID-19 pandemic.},
journal = {Nanotechnology},
volume = {32},
number = {48},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1088/1361-6528/ac189e},
pmid = {34320471},
issn = {1361-6528},
abstract = {The COVID-19 outbreak is creating severe impressions on all facets of the global community. Despite strong measures worldwide to try and re-achieve normalcy, the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to survive sturdy ecological settings may contribute to its rapid spread. Scientists from different aspects of life are working together to develop effective treatment strategies against SARS-CoV-2. Apart from using clinical devices for patient recovery, the key focus is on developing antiviral drugs and vaccines. Given the physical size of the SARS-CoV-2 pathogen and with the vaccine delivery platform currently undergoing clinical trials, the link between nanotechnology is clear, and previous antiviral research using nanomaterials confirms this link. Nanotechnology based products can effectively suppress various pathogens, including viruses, regardless of drug resistance, biological structure, or physiology. Thus, nanotechnology is opening up new dimensions for developing new strategies for diagnosing, preventing, treating COVID-19 and other viral ailments. This article describes the application of nanotechnology against the COVID-19 virus in terms of therapeutic purposes and vaccine development through the invention of nanomaterial based substances such as sanitizers (handwashing agents and surface disinfectants), masks and gowns, amongst other personal protective equipment, diagnostic tools, and nanocarrier systems, as well as the drawbacks and challenges of nanotechnology that need to be addressed.},
}
@article {pmid34301683,
year = {2021},
author = {Mydam, J and Younes, L and Siddiqui, M and Tarsha, T},
title = {Death from COVID-19 in a Hispanic postpartum woman and review of the literature.},
journal = {BMJ case reports},
volume = {14},
number = {7},
pages = {},
pmid = {34301683},
issn = {1757-790X},
mesh = {*COVID-19/mortality ; Female ; Hispanic Americans ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Postpartum Period ; Pregnancy ; *Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/mortality ; Pregnancy Outcome ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {There is still much we do not know about the impact of COVID-19 on the health of pregnant and postpartum women and pregnancy outcomes. Current evidence suggests that there is biological plausibility for worse outcomes among this population. This case report details the clinical care given to a postpartum Hispanic and obese woman diagnosed with COVID-19 in April 2020. We report the care she and her newborn received and her progression through the virus. We discuss the current knowledge surrounding COVID-19 among pregnant and postpartum women. While research supports COVID-19 outcomes being comparable to the general population, there is limited research in this area. Clinical trials, acting on the side of caution, have tended to exclude pregnant women from participation. Therefore, there is a need for further research that can inform evidence-based policy decisions related to COVID-19 in pregnant and postpartum women.},
}
@article {pmid34176676,
year = {2021},
author = {Odish, MF and Yi, C and Chicotka, S and Genovese, B and Golts, E and Madani, M and Owens, RL and Pollema, T},
title = {Implementation and Outcomes of a Mobile Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Program in the United States During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic.},
journal = {Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia},
volume = {35},
number = {10},
pages = {2869-2874},
doi = {10.1053/j.jvca.2021.05.047},
pmid = {34176676},
issn = {1532-8422},
support = {T32 GM121318/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 HL142114/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; *Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ; Humans ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; United States/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic began in the United States around March 2020. Because of limited access to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in the authors' region, a mobile ECMO team was implemented by April 2020 to serve patients with COVID-19. Several logistical and operational needs were assessed and addressed to ensure a successful program, including credentialing, equipment management, and transportation. A multidisciplinary team was included in the planning, decision-making, and implementation of the mobile ECMO. From April 2020 to January 2021, mobile ECMO was provided to 22 patients in 13 facilities across four southern California counties. The survival to hospital discharge of patients with COVID-19 who received mobile ECMO was 52.4% (11 of 21) compared with 45.2% (14 of 31) for similar patients cannulated in-house. No significant patient or transportation complications occurred during mobile ECMO. Neither the ECMO nor transport teams experianced unprotected exposures to or infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Herein, the implementation of the mobile ECMO team is reviewed, and patient characteristics and outcomes are described.},
}
@article {pmid34163019,
year = {2021},
author = {Unnikrishnan, R and Misra, A},
title = {Diabetes and COVID19: a bidirectional relationship.},
journal = {European journal of clinical nutrition},
volume = {75},
number = {9},
pages = {1332-1336},
pmid = {34163019},
issn = {1476-5640},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Communicable Disease Control ; *Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology ; Humans ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {The advent and rapid spread of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID19) pandemic across the world has focused attention on the relationship of commonly occurring comorbidities such as diabetes on the course and outcomes of this infection. While diabetes does not seem to be associated with an increased risk of COVID19 infection per se, it has been clearly demonstrated that the presence of hyperglycemia of any degree predisposes to worse outcomes, such as more severe respiratory involvement, ICU admissions, need for mechanical ventilation and mortality. Further, COVID19 infection has been associated with the development of new-onset hyperglycemia and diabetes, and worsening of glycemic control in pre-existing diabetes, due to direct pancreatic damage by the virus, body's stress response to infection (including cytokine storm) and use of diabetogenic drugs such as corticosteroids in the treatment of severe COVID19. In addition, public health measures taken to flatten the pandemic curve (such as lockdowns) can also adversely impact persons with diabetes by limiting their access to clinical care, healthy diet, and opportunities to exercise. Most antidiabetic medications can continue to be used in patients with mild COVID19 but switching over to insulin is preferred in severe disease.},
}
@article {pmid34146652,
year = {2021},
author = {Brodeur, M and Audette-Chapdelaine, S and Savard, AC and Kairouz, S},
title = {Gambling and the COVID-19 pandemic: A scoping review.},
journal = {Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology &amp; biological psychiatry},
volume = {111},
number = {},
pages = {110389},
doi = {10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110389},
pmid = {34146652},
issn = {1878-4216},
mesh = {COVID-19/*psychology ; Gambling/*psychology ; Humans ; *Mental Health ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The impact of COVID-19 on mental health is tremendous. Since the beginning of the pandemic, several actors have raised concerns about the impact of the pandemic on gambling. Many actors fear a switch to online gambling in the context of the closure of many land-based gambling activities due to the restrictions imposed by public health authorities, such as physical distancing and lockdowns. This switch is worrisome because online gambling is considered a high-risk game. In that context, we need to know more about the impacts of the pandemic on gambling. This scoping review aims to summarize the literature that addresses the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on gambling. To our knowledge, this is the first review to focus on this subject.<br><br>METHODS: An electronic literature search involving a strategy using keywords related to COVID-19 and gambling was conducted using MEDLINE, Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, PsychINFO, Social Works Abstract, and Socio Index databases on February 25th 2021. This search was combined with a manual search in Google Scholar. To be included, studies had to discuss gambling and COVID-19 as a primary theme, be written in English, and be published in a peer-reviewed journal. After collecting the information, we collated, summarized, and reported the results using narrative synthesis.<br><br>RESULTS: The search identified 181 articles. After the removal of duplicates and screening, 24 full-text articles were reviewed and included in this study: 14 original articles, 8 commentaries or editorials, and 2 protocols. Contrary to expectations, preliminary evidence suggested that gambling behavior often either decreased or stayed the same for most gamblers during the pandemic. However, for the minority who showed increased gambling behavior, there was frequently an association with problem gambling.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The available literature on COVID-19 and gambling is limited and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gambling behavior and gambling problems is still unclear. Therefore, there is a need for more research on this topic, both qualitative and mixed methods studies, to better understand the impact of the pandemic on gambling. Considering the results, we need to be careful, particularly with problem gamblers and other subgroups of the population who seem to be more vulnerable to increased gambling habits during this pandemic period.},
}
@article {pmid34114614,
year = {2021},
author = {Davidson, SM and Padró, T and Bollini, S and Vilahur, G and Duncker, DJ and Evans, PC and Guzik, T and Hoefer, IE and Waltenberger, J and Wojta, J and Weber, C},
title = {Progress in cardiac research: from rebooting cardiac regeneration to a complete cell atlas of the heart.},
journal = {Cardiovascular research},
volume = {117},
number = {10},
pages = {2161-2174},
doi = {10.1093/cvr/cvab200},
pmid = {34114614},
issn = {1755-3245},
support = {//Hatter Cardiovascular Institute/ ; PG/18/44/33790/BHF_/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom ; PI19/01687//Spanish Ministry of Health-Institute of Health Carlos III/ ; PGC2018-094025-B-I00//Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/ ; //FEDER 'Una Manera de Hacer Europa/ ; //University of Genova/ ; CVON2014-RECONNECT//Netherlands CardioVascular Research Initiative financially supported by the Dutch Heart Foundation/ ; CoG-2016-InflammaTENSION/ERC_/European Research Council/International ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Biomedical Research ; COVID-19/pathology/virology ; *Cardiology ; Cell Communication ; *Cell Proliferation ; Cellular Microenvironment ; Exosomes/metabolism/pathology ; Heart Failure/metabolism/*pathology/physiopathology ; Humans ; Mitochondria, Heart/metabolism/pathology ; Myocardial Infarction/metabolism/*pathology/physiopathology ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/metabolism/*pathology/physiopathology ; Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism/*pathology/virology ; Phenotype ; RNA, Untranslated/metabolism ; *Regeneration ; SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity ; },
abstract = {We review some of the important discoveries and advances made in basic and translational cardiac research in 2020. For example, in the field of myocardial infarction (MI), new aspects of autophagy and the importance of eosinophils were described. Novel approaches, such as a glycocalyx mimetic, were used to improve cardiac recovery following MI. The strategy of 3D bio-printing was shown to allow the fabrication of a chambered cardiac organoid. The benefit of combining tissue engineering with paracrine therapy to heal injured myocardium is discussed. We highlight the importance of cell-to-cell communication, in particular, the relevance of extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes, which transport proteins, lipids, non-coding RNAs, and mRNAs and actively contribute to angiogenesis and myocardial regeneration. In this rapidly growing field, new strategies were developed to stimulate the release of reparative exosomes in ischaemic myocardium. Single-cell sequencing technology is causing a revolution in the study of transcriptional expression at cellular resolution, revealing unanticipated heterogeneity within cardiomyocytes, pericytes and fibroblasts, and revealing a unique subpopulation of cardiac fibroblasts. Several studies demonstrated that exosome- and non-coding RNA-mediated approaches can enhance human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) viability and differentiation into mature cardiomyocytes. Important details of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter and its relevance were elucidated. Novel aspects of cancer therapeutic-induced cardiotoxicity were described, such as the novel circular RNA circITCH, which may lead to novel treatments. Finally, we provide some insights into the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the heart.},
}
@article {pmid34492533,
year = {2021},
author = {Li, H and Yan, B and Gao, R and Ren, J and Yang, J},
title = {Effectiveness of corticosteroids to treat severe COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.},
journal = {International immunopharmacology},
volume = {100},
number = {},
pages = {108121},
doi = {10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108121},
pmid = {34492533},
issn = {1878-1705},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of corticosteroid therapy for patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).<br><br>METHODS: We comprehensively searched articles published in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, China Biology Medicine (CBM), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, and VIP databases from January 1, 2019, to March 20, 2021.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 6771 patients from eight prospective studies were included in our meta-analysis. The results showed that corticosteroid therapy was associated with lower mortality in severe COVID-19 (OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.54-0.92, P = 0.009; I2 = 54.5%). Since the proportion of the RECOVERY (Randomized Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy) trial included in the meta-analysis was as high as 71.88%, we removed it and recalculated the pooled OR. The results of the remaining seven studies still suggested such a survival benefit (OR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.44-0.96, P = 0.030; I2 = 59.8%). Furthermore, subgroup analysis suggested that the pooled OR of three studies using corticosteroids in the early stages of treatment was much lower (OR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.25-0.57, P < 0.001; I2 = 47.8%). However, after excluding the RECOVERY trial, the pooled OR of the remaining four studies with unspecific administration timing of corticosteroid therapy no longer supported this result (OR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.69-1.17, P = 0.415; I2 = 0.0%).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: In this meta-analysis, evidence based on seven randomized controlled trials and one prospective cohort study indicates that corticosteroid therapy was associated with a reduction in the mortality of severe COVID-19, especially when administered at an earlier time.},
}
@article {pmid34492372,
year = {2021},
author = {Xu, W and Xu, N and Zhang, M and Wang, Y and Ling, G and Yuan, Y and Zhang, P},
title = {Nanotraps based on multifunctional materials for trapping and enrichment.},
journal = {Acta biomaterialia},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.actbio.2021.08.047},
pmid = {34492372},
issn = {1878-7568},
abstract = {Many biomarkers for early diagnosis of cancer and other diseases are difficult to detect because they often exist in body fluids in very low concentrations and are masked by high-abundance proteins such as albumin and immunoglobulins. At the same time, water pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems, but the existing adsorption materials have many shortcomings such as slow kinetics, small adsorption capacity and low adsorption efficiency. Nanotraps, mixed with gases or liquids, can capture and concentrate target substances, such as biomolecules, metal ions and oxoanions. Using nanotraps is a versatile sample pre-processing approach and it can improve the sensitivity of downstream analysis techniques. Herein, the preparations and applications of different types of nanotraps are mainly introduced. What's more, the shortcomings of using nanotraps in practical applications are also discussed. Using nanotraps is a promising sample pre-processing technology, which is of great significance for biomarkers discovery, diseases diagnosis, sewage purification and valuable ions recovery. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This review collates and summarizes the preparations and applications of different types of nanotraps, and discusses the shortcomings of using nanotraps in practical applications. Nanotraps, mixed with gases or liquids, can capture and concentrate target materials, such as biomolecules, metal ions and oxoanions. Using nanotraps is a versatile sample pre-processing approach and it can improve the sensitivity of downstream analysis techniques. During the COVID-19 pandemic, hydrogel nanotraps were successfully utilized for RT-PCR analysis with the FDA Emergency Used Authorization for COVID-19. Using nanotraps is a promising sample pre-processing technology, which is of great significance for biomarkers discovery, diseases diagnosis, sewage purification and valuable ions recovery.},
}
@article {pmid34491498,
year = {2021},
author = {Singh, R and Goel, S and Bourgeade, P and Aleya, L and Tewari, D},
title = {Ayurveda Rasayana as antivirals and immunomodulators: potential applications in COVID-19.},
journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34491498},
issn = {1614-7499},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization with rapid spread across 216 countries. COVID-19 pandemic has left its imprints on various health systems globally and caused immense social and economic disruptions. The scientific community across the globe is in a quest for digging the effective treatment for COVID-19 and exploring potential leads from traditional systems of healthcare across the world too. Ayurveda (Indian traditional system of medicine) has a comprehensive aspect of immunity through Rasayana which is a rejuvenation therapy. Here we attempt to generate the potential leads based on the classical text from Ayurveda in general and Rasayana in particular to develop effective antiviral and/or immunomodulator for potential or adjunct therapy in SARS-CoV-2. The Rasayana acts not only by resisting body to restrain or withstand the strength, severity or progression of a disease but also by promoting power of the body to prevent the manifestation of a disease. These Rasayana herbs are common in practice as immunomodulator, antiviral and protectives. The studies on Rasayana can provide an insight into the future course of research for the plausible development of effective management of COVID-19 by the utilization and development of various traditional systems of healthcare. Keeping in view the current pandemic situation, there is an urgent need of developing potential medicines. This study proposes certain prominent medicinal plants which may be further studied for drug development process and also in clinical setup under repurposing of these herbs.},
}
@article {pmid34491403,
year = {2021},
author = {Specker, C and Aries, P and Braun, J and Burmester, G and Fischer-Betz, R and Hasseli, R and Holle, J and Hoyer, BF and Iking-Konert, C and Krause, A and Krüger, K and Krusche, M and Leipe, J and Lorenz, HM and Moosig, F and Schmale-Grede, R and Schneider, M and Strangfeld, A and Voll, R and Voormann, A and Wagner, U and Schulze-Koops, H},
title = {Updated recommendations of the German Society for Rheumatology for the care of patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases in the context of the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic, including recommendations for COVID-19 vaccination.},
journal = {Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34491403},
issn = {1435-1250},
}
@article {pmid34491367,
year = {2021},
author = {, },
title = {[Medical applications of ionising radiation for the diagnosis of coronavirus-associated lung disease : Statement by the German Commission on Radiological Protection].},
journal = {Der Radiologe},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34491367},
issn = {1432-2102},
abstract = {ISSUE: Since the start of the global pandemic, a number of publications have suggested using ionising radiation to diagnose a COVID-19 infection. Some proposals call for the use of computed tomography (CT) to screen for presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2-infections.<br><br>INTENT OF THE CONSULTATION: With these proposals in mind, the German Commission on Radiological Protection (SSK) agreed during its 307th meeting on 2 and 3 July 2020 to establish a working group aimed at evaluating the use of ionising radiation in connection with a COVID-19 infection. The working group focussed on radiological protection aspects with a view to using computed tomography to diagnose COVID-19. The group started its work on 5 October 2020. Although not commissioned by the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU), representatives of the BMU and the Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS) were involved in the consultations.<br><br>STATEMENT: The SSK issues the following statement: 1. The use of CT in asymptomatic persons to diagnose COVID-19 outside of approved studies is not evidentially justified. 2. Pursuant to Section 83 (3) of the German Radiation Protection Act, a CT scan for the diagnosis or follow-up of a COVID-19 pneumonia requires the prior justifying indication from a doctor with the requisite specialist knowledge in radiation protection. To this end, specialist medical associations provide recommendations based on up-to-date findings.},
}
@article {pmid34491245,
year = {2021},
author = {Słowik, J and Garlicka, A and Kasprzycki, K and Orczykowska, M and Gębczyński, K and Wong, CL and Zarzecka, J},
title = {[Revision of dentistry safety guidelines during COVID-19 pandemic].},
journal = {Medycyna pracy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.13075/mp.5893.01055},
pmid = {34491245},
issn = {2353-1339},
abstract = {The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has completely transformed the functioning of health care facilities. These changes have also significantly affected the work of dental health professionals. Due to the high infectivity of the virus and the fact that transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets, both dental patients and professionals are particularly exposed to coronavirus infection. In order to reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission, a number of medical societies have issued recommendations for the provision of health care services during the pandemic. The article is based mainly on the recommendations of the Polish Ministry of Health, since WHO recommendations underline that following updated local guidelines is of highest importance. It is impossible to outline uniform guidelines for all dental specialists in the world, as the pandemic develops at differing rates in different countries and each country requires guidelines adapted to the current local epidemiological situation. The publication features an additional review of foreign literature and guidelines proposed by individual dental societies. The article presents an overview of guidelines related to the functioning of dental offices, dental treatment procedures and recommended personal protective equipment, as well as underlines the overriding principle that both physicians and dental practitioners should first and foremost take care of their own health in order to be able to protect others. Med Pr. 2021;72(6).},
}
@article {pmid34490733,
year = {2021},
author = {Prasad, H},
title = {Protons to Patients: targeting endosomal Na+ /H+ exchangers against COVID-19 and other viral diseases.},
journal = {The FEBS journal},
volume = {288},
number = {17},
pages = {5071-5088},
doi = {10.1111/febs.16163},
pmid = {34490733},
issn = {1742-4658},
support = {IA/E/17/1/503665//The Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance/ ; },
abstract = {While there is undeniable evidence to link endosomal acid-base homeostasis to viral pathogenesis, the lack of druggable molecular targets has hindered translation from bench to bedside. The recent identification of variants in the interferon-inducible endosomal Na+ /H+ exchanger 9 associated with severe coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has brought a shift in the way we envision aberrant endosomal acidification. Is it linked to an increased susceptibility to viral infection or a propensity to develop critical illness? This review summarizes the genetic and cellular evidence linking endosomal Na+ /H+ exchangers and viral diseases to suggest how they can act as a broad-spectrum modulator of viral infection and downstream pathophysiology. The review also presents novel insights supporting the complex role of endosomal acid-base homeostasis in viral pathogenesis and discusses the potential causes for negative outcomes of clinical trials utilizing alkalinizing drugs as therapies for COVID-19. These findings lead to a pathogenic model of viral disease that predicts that nonspecific targeting of endosomal pH might fail, even if administered early on, and suggests that endosomal Na+ /H+ exchangers may regulate key host antiviral defence mechanisms and mediators that act to drive inflammatory organ injury.},
}
@article {pmid34490551,
year = {2021},
author = {Brackin, AP and Hemmings, SJ and Fisher, MC and Rhodes, J},
title = {Fungal Genomics in Respiratory Medicine: What, How and When?.},
journal = {Mycopathologia},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34490551},
issn = {1573-0832},
abstract = {Respiratory infections caused by fungal pathogens present a growing global health concern and are a major cause of death in immunocompromised patients. Worryingly, coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) resulting in acute respiratory distress syndrome has been shown to predispose some patients to airborne fungal co-infections. These include secondary pulmonary aspergillosis and mucormycosis. Aspergillosis is most commonly caused by the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus and primarily treated using the triazole drug group, however in recent years, this fungus has been rapidly gaining resistance against these antifungals. This is of serious clinical concern as multi-azole resistant forms of aspergillosis have a higher risk of mortality when compared against azole-susceptible infections. With the increasing numbers of COVID-19 and other classes of immunocompromised patients, early diagnosis of fungal infections is critical to ensuring patient survival. However, time-limited diagnosis is difficult to achieve with current culture-based methods. Advances within fungal genomics have enabled molecular diagnostic methods to become a fast, reproducible, and cost-effective alternative for diagnosis of respiratory fungal pathogens and detection of antifungal resistance. Here, we describe what techniques are currently available within molecular diagnostics, how they work and when they have been used.},
}
@article {pmid34490330,
year = {2021},
author = {Catucci, A and Scognamiglio, U and Rossi, L},
title = {Lifestyle Changes Related to Eating Habits, Physical Activity, and Weight Status During COVID-19 Quarantine in Italy and Some European Countries.},
journal = {Frontiers in nutrition},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {718877},
doi = {10.3389/fnut.2021.718877},
pmid = {34490330},
issn = {2296-861X},
abstract = {Novel human coronavirus disease (COVID-19), an infectious respiratory disease, has affected more than 50 million people around the world up to November 2020, thereby becoming the fifth documented pandemic since the Spanish flu in 1918. SARS-CoV-2 virus originated in China and evolved for 4 months within the country before becoming a global threat. There is currently no drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for which efficacy on the virus has been proved. Therefore, the only strategy against this virus is to apply measures that are capable of reducing its spread, such as isolation and quarantine, social distancing, community-wide containment, and strict enforcement of hygiene. Quarantine has proved to be effective in combating the spread of the virus; however, it has inevitably led to a radical change in the lives of people. Studies have been conducted in Italy and some European countries to highlight the role that quarantine has played in determining the lifestyle changes both in eating habits and physical activity and their possible correlation with increase in weight. The selection criteria involved answering a questionnaire that included information on the weight status and at least one of the other two aspects: changes in eating habits and/or physical activity during the quarantine period. The results obtained indicate, in general, that the negative effect of quarantine was on eating habits and physical activity. This was based on the observation that there has been an increase in food consumption and a reduction in physical activity with a consequent increase in weight.},
}
@article {pmid34490312,
year = {2021},
author = {Zhu, Y and Zhong, J and Dong, L},
title = {Epidemiology and Clinical Management of Rheumatic Autoimmune Diseases in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review.},
journal = {Frontiers in medicine},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {725226},
doi = {10.3389/fmed.2021.725226},
pmid = {34490312},
issn = {2296-858X},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been in pandemic for more than 1 year, with serious negative effects produced worldwide. During this period, there have been a lot of studies on rheumatic autoimmune diseases (RADs) combined with COVID-19. The purpose of this study is to review and summarize these experiences. Pubmed, Web of science, Embase and the Cochrane library were searched from January 15, 2020 to July 15, 2021 using RADs and COVID-19 related keywords. Based on a comprehensive review of studies covering 16 countries, the prevalence of COVID-19 does not necessarily increase in RADs patients compared to the general population. In RADs population infected with COVID-19, a high proportion of female patients (54.44~95.2%), elderly patients (≥50y, 48~75.88%), and patients with pre-existing comorbidities (respiratory, 4.8~60.4%; endocrine, 8.52~44.72%; cardiovascular, 15.7~64.73%) were observed, although, this does not appear to have a decisive effect on disease severity. Many anti-rheumatic treatments have been extensively evaluated for their efficacy of treating COVID-19 in RADs patients, with TNF-α inhibitors and IL-6 receptor antagonist receiving more positive reviews. However, there is no conclusive information for most of the therapeutic regimens due to the lack of high-level evidence. Inflammatory markers or neutrophil-lymphocyte-ratio may be applied as indicators for clinical prognosis or therapeutic regimens adjustment. Thus, more research is still needed to address the prevalence, treatment, and clinical monitoring of RADs patients in COVID-19 pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid34490235,
year = {2021},
author = {Merimi, M and El-Majzoub, R and Lagneaux, L and Moussa Agha, D and Bouhtit, F and Meuleman, N and Fahmi, H and Lewalle, P and Fayyad-Kazan, M and Najar, M},
title = {The Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Regenerative Medicine: Current Knowledge and Future Understandings.},
journal = {Frontiers in cell and developmental biology},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {661532},
doi = {10.3389/fcell.2021.661532},
pmid = {34490235},
issn = {2296-634X},
abstract = {In recent decades, research on the therapeutic potential of progenitor cells has advanced considerably. Among progenitor cells, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have attracted significant interest and have proven to be a promising tool for regenerative medicine. MSCs are isolated from various anatomical sites, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord. Advances in separation, culture, and expansion techniques for MSCs have enabled their large-scale therapeutic application. This progress accompanied by the rapid improvement of transplantation practices has enhanced the utilization of MSCs in regenerative medicine. During tissue healing, MSCs may exhibit several therapeutic functions to support the repair and regeneration of injured tissue. The process underlying these effects likely involves the migration and homing of MSCs, as well as their immunotropic functions. The direct differentiation of MSCs as a cell replacement therapeutic mechanism is discussed. The fate and behavior of MSCs are further regulated by their microenvironment, which may consequently influence their repair potential. A paracrine pathway based on the release of different messengers, including regulatory factors, chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, and nucleic acids that can be secreted or packaged into extracellular vesicles, is also implicated in the therapeutic properties of MSCs. In this review, we will discuss relevant outcomes regarding the properties and roles of MSCs during tissue repair and regeneration. We will critically examine the influence of the local microenvironment, especially immunological and inflammatory signals, as well as the mechanisms underlying these therapeutic effects. Importantly, we will describe the interactions of local progenitor and immune cells with MSCs and their modulation during tissue injury. We will also highlight the crucial role of paracrine pathways, including the role of extracellular vesicles, in this healing process. Moreover, we will discuss the therapeutic potential of MSCs and MSC-derived extracellular vesicles in the treatment of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) patients. Overall, this review will provide a better understanding of MSC-based therapies as a novel immunoregenerative strategy.},
}
@article {pmid34489972,
year = {2021},
author = {Gardner, G and Fraker, CA},
title = {Natural Killer Cells as Key Mediators in Type I Diabetes Immunopathology.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {722979},
doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2021.722979},
pmid = {34489972},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {The immunopathology of type I diabetes (T1D) presents a complicated case in part because of the multifactorial origin of this disease. Typically, T1D is thought to occur as a result of autoimmunity toward islets of Langerhans, resulting in the destruction of insulin-producing cells (β cells) and thus lifelong reliance on exogenous insulin. However, that explanation obscures much of the underlying mechanism, and the actual precipitating events along with the associated actors (latent viral infection, diverse immune cell types and their roles) are not completely understood. Notably, there is a malfunctioning in the regulation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells that target endocrine cells through antigen-mediated attack. Further examination has revealed the likelihood of an imbalance in distinct subpopulations of tolerogenic and cytotoxic natural killer (NK) cells that may be the catalyst of adaptive immune system malfunction. The contributions of components outside the immune system, including environmental factors such as chronic viral infection also need more consideration, and much of the recent literature investigating the origins of this disease have focused on these factors. In this review, the details of the immunopathology of T1D regarding NK cell disfunction is discussed, along with how those mechanisms stand within the context of general autoimmune disorders. Finally, the rarer cases of latent autoimmune, COVID-19 (viral), and immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) induced diabetes are discussed as their exceptional pathology offers insight into the evolution of the disease as a whole.},
}
@article {pmid34489859,
year = {2021},
author = {Coffin, AB and Boney, R and Hill, J and Tian, C and Steyger, PS},
title = {Detecting Novel Ototoxins and Potentiation of Ototoxicity by Disease Settings.},
journal = {Frontiers in neurology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {725566},
doi = {10.3389/fneur.2021.725566},
pmid = {34489859},
issn = {1664-2295},
abstract = {Over 100 drugs and chemicals are associated with permanent hearing loss, tinnitus, and vestibular deficits, collectively known as ototoxicity. The ototoxic potential of drugs is rarely assessed in pre-clinical drug development or during clinical trials, so this debilitating side-effect is often discovered as patients begin to report hearing loss. Furthermore, drug-induced ototoxicity in adults, and particularly in elderly patients, may go unrecognized due to hearing loss from a variety of etiologies because of a lack of baseline assessments immediately prior to novel therapeutic treatment. During the current pandemic, there is an intense effort to identify new drugs or repurpose FDA-approved drugs to treat COVID-19. Several potential COVID-19 therapeutics are known ototoxins, including chloroquine (CQ) and lopinavir-ritonavir, demonstrating the necessity to identify ototoxic potential in existing and novel medicines. Furthermore, several factors are emerging as potentiators of ototoxicity, such as inflammation (a hallmark of COVID-19), genetic polymorphisms, and ototoxic synergy with co-therapeutics, increasing the necessity to evaluate a drug's potential to induce ototoxicity under varying conditions. Here, we review the potential of COVID-19 therapies to induce ototoxicity and factors that may compound their ototoxic effects. We then discuss two models for rapidly detecting the potential for ototoxicity: mammalian auditory cell lines and the larval zebrafish lateral line. These models offer considerable value for pre-clinical drug development, including development of COVID-19 therapies. Finally, we show the validity of in silico screening for ototoxic potential using a computational model that compares structural similarity of compounds of interest with a database of known ototoxins and non-ototoxins. Preclinical screening at in silico, in vitro, and in vivo levels can provide an earlier indication of the potential for ototoxicity and identify the subset of candidate therapeutics for treating COVID-19 that need to be monitored for ototoxicity as for other widely-used clinical therapeutics, like aminoglycosides and cisplatin.},
}
@article {pmid34489818,
year = {2021},
author = {Renfrew, ME and Morton, DP and Morton, JK and Przybylko, G},
title = {The Influence of Human Support on the Effectiveness of Digital Mental Health Promotion Interventions for the General Population.},
journal = {Frontiers in psychology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {716106},
doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2021.716106},
pmid = {34489818},
issn = {1664-1078},
abstract = {Mental wellbeing amongst the general population is languishing-exacerbated by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Digital mental health promotion interventions, that improve mental health literacy and encourage adoption of evidence-informed practical strategies are essential. However, attrition and non-adherence are problematic in digital interventions. Human support is often applied as an antidote; yet, there is a paucity of randomized trials that compare different human support conditions amongst general population cohorts. Limited trials generally indicate that human support has little influence on adherence or outcomes in DMHPIs. However, providing participants autonomy to self-select automated support options may enhance motivation and adherence.},
}
@article {pmid34489817,
year = {2021},
author = {Liu, J and Partington, S and Suh, Y and Finiasz, Z and Flanagan, T and Kocher, D and Kiely, R and Kortenaar, M and Kushnir, T},
title = {The Community-Engaged Lab: A Case-Study Introduction for Developmental Science.},
journal = {Frontiers in psychology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {715914},
doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2021.715914},
pmid = {34489817},
issn = {1664-1078},
abstract = {Due to the closing of campuses, museums, and other public spaces during the pandemic, the typical avenues for recruitment, partnership, and dissemination are now unavailable to developmental labs. In this paper, we show how a shift in perspective has impacted our lab's ability to successfully transition to virtual work during the COVID-19 shut-down. This begins by recognizing that any lab that relies on local communities to engage in human research is itself a community organization. From this, we introduce a community-engaged lab model, and explain how it works using our own activities during the pandemic as an example. To begin, we introduce the vocabulary of mission-driven community organizations and show how we applied the key ideas of mission, vision, and culture to discussions of our own lab's identity. We contrast the community-engaged lab model with a traditional bi-directional model of recruitment from and dissemination to communities and describe how the community-engaged model can be used to reframe these and other ordinary lab activities. Our activities during the pandemic serve as a case study: we formed new community partnerships, engaged with child "citizen-scientists" in online research, and opened new avenues of virtual programming. One year later, we see modest but quantifiable impact of this approach: a return to pre-pandemic diversity in our samples, new engagement opportunities for trainees, and new sustainable partnerships. We end by discussing the promise and limitations of the community-engaged lab model for the future of developmental research.},
}
@article {pmid34486834,
year = {2021},
author = {Jia, P and Bian, Y and Bai, Y and Meng, X and Gao, S and Zhao, Y and Cai, Y and Zheng, X},
title = {[Applications of chromatography in giant complex drug-organism system].},
journal = {Se pu = Chinese journal of chromatography},
volume = {39},
number = {9},
pages = {950-957},
doi = {10.3724/SP.J.1123.2021.06021},
pmid = {34486834},
issn = {1000-8713},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Chromatography ; *Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Chromatography is an important branch of analytical chemistry that focuses on the separation and analysis of complex structures. Following more than 100 years of development and improvement, chromatography theory and technology have gradually become sophisticated. It has become a coalition of science, technology, and art. Recently, chromatography has been successfully used in combination with mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and atomic emission spectroscopy. Chromatography and the combination with other techniques has significantly improved the analysis of complex systems, such as the environment, food, petrochemicals, biological specimens, and medicine. As one of the oldest healing systems, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has served to maintain the health of people in China and worldwide for thousands of years. Therefore, it has become a core representative of traditional Chinese culture. In the past two years, TCM has been widely used to treat COVID-19, especially in patients with mild symptoms. Recently, Chinese government emphasized the inheritance and innovation of TCM and stepped up efforts to promote its modernization. TCM includes herbal medicine, acupuncture, moxibustion, massage, food therapy, and physical exercise, such as Tai Chi. In most cases, the patients are administered a mixture of TCM formulas containing more than two herbal medicines, resulting in a highly complicated compound mixture. There is no doubt that long-term clinical practices have demonstrated the safety and therapeutic effect of TCM. However, the compound mixture must be simplified to identify the active compounds. This is mainly because of the existence of carcinogenic compounds, pesticides, and heavy metal residues introduced through plantation and production processes. Moreover, enzymes within the human system generate further new compounds in response to the entry of the TCM containing thousands of components. Consequently, the complex TCM and organism systems interact with each other, constituting a giant complex drug-organism system. The analysis of this giant complex system is acknowledged as a key aspect in the modernization process of TCM. In the last 20 years, many studies have been conducted to screen and identify effective compounds in TCM. These effective compounds can be either the original compounds or new metabolic components generated in vivo. All these efforts are aimed at simplifying the components of TCM and elucidating the therapeutic mechanism. It is well known that chromatography can provide technical support for complex systems owing to its unique advantage of outstanding separation and analysis capabilities. Therefore, chromatography and its combination with other technologies have become mainstream technologies for promoting the compilation of molecular structure, information, digitalization, and modernization of TCM. This paper reviews the research and application of chromatography and combination technologies in a giant complex TCM formula-organism system. Furthermore, the authors briefly introduce and summarize the understanding, research ideas, and activities of the authors' team on the modernization of TCM. "Liang Guanxi" and "He strategy" are proposed as novel strategies for studying the giant complex drug-organism system. A distinguished technology integrated with mathematical model of causal relation, combined receptor chromatography, identification of chemical molecular structure and evaluating of pharmacological activities was established. It was successfully employed to determine the core effector-response substances of "Liang Guanxi" herb pairs in a giant complex drug-organism system. Subsequently, utilizing the proposed technology of Combination of Traditional Chinese Medicine Molecular Chemistry, the author's team designed and developed four series of innovative drugs. Inspired by the hundred years of chromatography history and thousands of years of TCM culture, the future development of chromatographic technology is expected. Furthermore, the mechanisms of TCM in medical healthcare, prevention, and treatment of diseases are likely be explained through chromatography, leading to a new strategy to realize the molecularization and digitalization of TCM, which is beneficial to the development of original new drugs.},
}
@article {pmid34231697,
year = {2021},
author = {Prado, NMBL and Biscarde, DGDS and Pinto Junior, EP and Santos, HLPCD and Mota, SEC and Menezes, ELC and Oliveira, JS and Santos, AMD},
title = {Primary care-based health surveillance actions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: contributions to the debate.},
journal = {Ciencia &amp; saude coletiva},
volume = {26},
number = {7},
pages = {2843-2857},
doi = {10.1590/1413-81232021267.00582021},
pmid = {34231697},
issn = {1678-4561},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Government ; Humans ; *Pandemics/prevention &amp; control ; Primary Health Care ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {We conducted an integrated literature review aimed at reflecting on the challenges related to primary care-based health surveillance actions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in selected countries. The study included countries with different PHC models that adopted surveillance as an approach to control the transmission of COVID-19. We performed a search in October 2020 for relevant literature and norms and guidelines related to the organization of primary health care (PHC) in response to the pandemic on official government websites and the databases Web of Science and Science Direct. The integrated health surveillance actions demonstrated that efforts were more focused on risks, with some countries adopting innovative and effective measures to respond to COVID-19, considering emerging needs within PHC. However, in addition to ethical controversies and operational difficulties, access to technology was a challenge in actions developed by some countries due to social inequalities.},
}
@article {pmid34088635,
year = {2021},
author = {Kato, S and Ishiwata, Y and Aoki, R and Iwasawa, T and Hagiwara, E and Ogura, T and Utsunomiya, D},
title = {Imaging of COVID-19: An update of current evidences.},
journal = {Diagnostic and interventional imaging},
volume = {102},
number = {9},
pages = {493-500},
doi = {10.1016/j.diii.2021.05.006},
pmid = {34088635},
issn = {2211-5684},
mesh = {Artificial Intelligence ; *COVID-19 ; *Heart Diseases ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; },
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been reported as a global emergency. As respiratory dysfunction is a major clinical presentation of COVID-19, chest computed tomography (CT) plays a central role in the diagnosis and management of patients with COVID-19. Recent advances in imaging approaches using artificial intelligence have been essential as a quantification and diagnostic tool to differentiate COVID-19 from other respiratory infectious diseases. Furthermore, cardiovascular involvement in patients with COVID-19 is not negligible and may result in rapid worsening of the disease and sudden death. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging can accurately depict myocardial involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review summarizes the role of the radiology department in the management and the diagnosis of COVID-19, with a special emphasis on ultra-high-resolution CT findings, cardiovascular complications and the potential of artificial intelligence.},
}
@article {pmid33991079,
year = {2021},
author = {Anyfantakis, D},
title = {Holly Sacrament: the medicine of spiritual immortality or a vehicle for contamination?.},
journal = {Medicinski glasnik : official publication of the Medical Association of Zenica-Doboj Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina},
volume = {18},
number = {2},
pages = {334-337},
doi = {10.17392/1334-21},
pmid = {33991079},
issn = {1840-2445},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Humans ; *Ilex ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {The Holy Communion is the oldest Christian practice, through which a gathered group of people partake bread and wine with a shared spoon. The pandemic of COVID-19 produced unexpected social instability and chaos. In Greece, a recent bishop's death from COVID-19 re-awaked the issue of infection transmission by using a common chalice and spoon. This review evaluates the available medical literature on this topic from the beginning of the pandemic until today.},
}
@article {pmid34488250,
year = {2021},
author = {Piao, XM and Kang, H and Kim, WJ and Yun, SJ},
title = {Prominence of urinary biomarkers for bladder cancer in the COVID-19 era: From the commercially available to new prospective candidates.},
journal = {Investigative and clinical urology},
volume = {62},
number = {5},
pages = {500-519},
doi = {10.4111/icu.20210194},
pmid = {34488250},
issn = {2466-054X},
support = {2020R1F1A1068488/NRF/National Research Foundation of Korea/Korea ; 2020R1I1A3062508/NRF/National Research Foundation of Korea/Korea ; 2021RIS0065/MOE/Ministry of Education/Korea ; },
abstract = {Molecular markers detected in urine may improve our understanding of the evolution of bladder cancer (BCa) and its micro- and macroenvironment. Detection of such markers will identify disease earlier, allow stratification of patients according to risk, and improve prognostication and prediction of outcomes, thereby facilitating targeted therapy. However, current guidelines have yet to embrace such markers for routine management of BCa, and most research studies have focused on urine-based tumor markers. In this review, we summarize known urinary biomarkers for BCa and highlight newly identified molecules. We then discuss the challenges that must be overcome to incorporate these markers into clinical care.},
}
@article {pmid34488114,
year = {2021},
author = {Sangkham, S},
title = {A review on detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater in light of the current knowledge of treatment process for removal of viral fragments.},
journal = {Journal of environmental management},
volume = {299},
number = {},
pages = {113563},
doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113563},
pmid = {34488114},
issn = {1095-8630},
abstract = {The entire globe is affected by the novel disease of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19 or 2019-nCoV), which is formally recognised as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The World Health Organisation (WHO) announced this disease as a global pandemic. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in unprocessed wastewater has become a cause of worry due to these emerging pathogens in the process of wastewater treatment, as reported in the present study. This analysis intends to interpret the fate, environmental factors and route of transmission of SARS-CoV-2, along with its eradication by treating the wastewater for controlling and preventing its further spread. Different recovery estimations of the virus have been depicted by the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater through the viral concentration techniques. Most frequently used viral concentration techniques include polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, ultrafiltration, electronegative membrane, and ultracentrifugation, after which the detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA are done in wastewater samples through quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) holds the key responsibility of eliminating pathogens prior to the discharge of wastewater into surface water bodies. The removal of SARS-CoV-2 RNA at the treatment stage is dependent on the operations of wastewater treatment systems during the outbreak of the virus; particularly, in the urban and extensively populated regions. Efficient primary, secondary and tertiary methods of wastewater treatment and disinfection can reduce or inactivate SARS-CoV-2 RNA before being drained out. Nonetheless, further studies regarding COVID-19-related disinfectants, environment conditions and viral concentrations in each treatment procedure, implications on the environment and regular monitoring of transmission need to be done urgently. Hence, monitoring the SARS-CoV-2 RNA in samples of wastewater under the procedure of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) supplement the real-time data pertaining to the investigation of the COVID-19 pandemic in the community, regional and national levels.},
}
@article {pmid34488083,
year = {2021},
author = {Mouffak, S and Shubbar, Q and Saleh, E and El-Awady, R},
title = {Recent advances in management of COVID-19: A review.},
journal = {Biomedicine &amp; pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine &amp; pharmacotherapie},
volume = {143},
number = {},
pages = {112107},
doi = {10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112107},
pmid = {34488083},
issn = {1950-6007},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused and is still causing significant mortality and economic consequences all over the globe. As of today, there are three U.S Food and Drug administration (FDA) approved vaccines, Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna and Janssen COVID-19 vaccine. Also, the antiviral drug remdesivir and two combinations of monoclonal antibodies are authorized for Emergency use (EUA) in certain patients. Furthermore, baricitinib was approved in Japan (April 23, 2021). Despite available vaccines and EUA, pharmacological therapy for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 is still highly required. There are several ongoing clinical trials investigating the efficacy of clinically available drugs in treating COVID-19. In this study, selected novel pharmacological agents for the possible treatment of COVID-19 will be discussed. Point of discussion will cover mechanism of action, supporting evidence for safety and efficacy and reached stage in development. Drugs were classified into three classes according to the phase of viral life cycle they target. Phase I, the early infective phase, relies on supportive care and symptomatic treatment as needed. In phase II, the pulmonary phase, treatment aims at inhibiting viral entry or replication. Drugs used during this phase are famotidine, monoclonal antibodies, nanobodies, ivermectin, remdesivir, camostat mesylate and other antiviral agents. Finally, phase III, the hyper-inflammatory phase, tocilizumab, dexamethasone, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), and melatonin are used. The aim of this study is to summarize current findings and suggest gaps in knowledge that can influence future COVID-19 treatment study design.},
}
@article {pmid34488003,
year = {2021},
author = {Lee, WS and Yousefi, M and Yan, B and Yong, CL and Ooi, YS},
title = {Know your enemy and know yourself - the case of SARS-CoV-2 host factors.},
journal = {Current opinion in virology},
volume = {50},
number = {},
pages = {159-170},
doi = {10.1016/j.coviro.2021.08.007},
pmid = {34488003},
issn = {1879-6265},
abstract = {Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent that causes Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, is a newly emerging respiratory RNA virus with exceptional transmissibility and pathogenicity. Numerous COVID-19 related studies have been fast-tracked, with the ultimate goal to end the pandemic. Here we review the major stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection cycle in cells, with specific emphasis on essential host factors. Insights into the cell biology of SARS-CoV-2 infection have accelerated the development of host-directed therapeutics, as shown by dozens of clinical trials evaluating COVID-19 treatments using host-targeting compounds.},
}
@article {pmid34487916,
year = {2021},
author = {Veronese, N and Petrovic, M and Benetos, A and Denkinger, M and Gudmundsson, A and Knol, W and Marking, C and Soulis, G and Maggi, S and Cherubini, A and , },
title = {Underrepresentation of older adults in clinical trials on COVID-19 vaccines: a systematic review.},
journal = {Ageing research reviews},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {101455},
doi = {10.1016/j.arr.2021.101455},
pmid = {34487916},
issn = {1872-9649},
abstract = {During the COVID-19 pandemic older subjects have been disproportionately affected by the disease. Vaccination is a fundamental intervention to prevent the negative consequences of COVID-19, but it is not known if the needs and vulnerabilities of older people are adequately addressed by their inclusion in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) evaluating the efficacy of vaccines for COVID-19. Given this background, we aimed to evaluate if current and ongoing phase II-III RCTs evaluating the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines included a representative sample of older people. A systematic literature search in PubMed and Clinicaltrials.gov was performed until May 01st, 2021. Among 474 abstracts initially retrieved, 20 RCTs (ten already published, ten ongoing) were included. In the ten studies already published, the mean age of participants was 45.2±11.9 years and only 9.83% of the participants were more than 65 years, 1.66% more than 75 years and less than 1% (0.55%) more than 85 years. In the ten ongoing RCTs, many of the studies aimed at including participants older than 18 years, with one study including participants between 18 and 84 years, and two between 21 and 100 years. In conclusion, our systematic review demonstrates that in published and ongoing phase II-III randomized clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines only a tiny fraction of the most vulnerable group of older people was included, although they clearly were the first population that had to be vaccinated.},
}
@article {pmid34487857,
year = {2021},
author = {Jafari, A and Alaee, A and Ghods, K},
title = {The Etiologies and Considerations of Dysgeusia: A Review of Literature.},
journal = {Journal of oral biosciences},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.job.2021.08.006},
pmid = {34487857},
issn = {1880-3865},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Dysgeusia is a prevalent qualitative gustatory impairment that may affect food intake and quality of life. The facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), and vagus (X) nerves are the three cranial nerves responsible for sensing taste. Typically, dysgeusia is considered a general term for all taste disorders. In addition, dysgeusia may be a symptom of underlying systemic conditions such as diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, respiratory infections, and nutritional deficiencies. Various subjective and objective diagnostic approaches are available to aid clinicians, each with its own set of benefits and drawbacks.<br><br>HIGHLIGHTS: Taste impairment can lead to a lack of enjoyment while eating, food aversion, and malnutrition, resulting in a decrease in the quality of life and loss of muscle mass. Therefore, the present review aims to address the probable etiologies, diagnostic aids, and management of dysgeusia. A broad search for studies was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. In addition, relevant studies found in the references of the selected articles were also studied.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Oral health care providers should be aware of the possible etiologies of dysgeusia, diagnostic tools, and treatment options. Accurate diagnosis of the cause of taste dysfunction has a significant impact on the management of taste impairment.},
}
@article {pmid34487424,
year = {2021},
author = {Subramaniam, A and Lim, ZJ and Ponnapa Reddy, M and Shekar, K},
title = {A systematic review and meta-analysis of the characteristics and outcomes of readmitted COVID-19 survivors.},
journal = {Internal medicine journal},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/imj.15350},
pmid = {34487424},
issn = {1445-5994},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence, characteristics, and outcomes of patients who were readmitted to hospital emergency departments or required re-hospitalization following an index hospitalization with a diagnosis of COVID-19.<br><br>DATA SOURCES: A systematic review of PubMed, EMBASE, and pre-print websites was conducted between January 1 and December 31, 2020.<br><br>STUDY SELECTION: Studies reporting on the incidence, characteristics, and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 who represent or require hospital admission were included.<br><br>DATA EXTRACTION: Two authors independently performed study selection and data extraction. Study quality was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Discrepancies were resolved by consensus or through an independent third reviewer. Data were synthesized according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews guidelines.<br><br>RESULTS: Six studies reporting on 547 readmitted patients were included. The overall incidence was 4.4%; more commonly in male (57.2%), due to respiratory distress or prolonged COVID-19. Readmitted patients had a shorter initial hospital length of stay (LOS) compared to those with a single hospitalisation (8.1±10.6 vs. 13.9±10.2 days). The mean time to readmission was 7.6±6.0 days; the mean LOS upon re-hospitalisation was 6.3±5.6 days. Hypertension (OR=2.08; 95%-CI 1.69-2.55; p<0.001; I2 =0%), diabetes (OR=1.77; 95%-CI 1.38-2.27; p<0.001; I2 =0%) and renal failure (OR=2.37; 95%-CI 1.09-5.14; p<0.001; I2 =0%) were more common in these patients. Intensive care admission rates were similar between the two groups. 12.8% of readmitted patients (22/172) died.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Readmitted patients following an index hospitalization for COVID-19 were more commonly male with multiple comorbidities. Shorter initial hospital LOS and unresolved primary illness may have contributed to readmission. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
}
@article {pmid34486716,
year = {2021},
author = {Bhutta, ZA and Sultan, F and Ikram, A and Haider, A and Hafeez, A and Islam, M},
title = {Balancing science and public policy in Pakistan's COVID-19 response.},
journal = {Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale = al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit},
volume = {27},
number = {8},
pages = {798-805},
doi = {10.26719/emhj.21.016},
pmid = {34486716},
issn = {1687-1634},
abstract = {Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected the world in an unprecedented manner and South Asian countries were among the first to experience imported cases. Pakistan's response to COVID-19 has been under scrutiny for its granularity, reach and impact.<br><br>Aims: to evaluate objectively the chronology and depth of the response to COVID-19 in Pakistan.<br><br>Methods: We evaluated available national and subnational epidemiological and burden information on COVID-19 cases and deaths in Pakistan, including projection models available to the Government at an early stage of the pandemic.<br><br>Results: Pakistan, with a population of 215 million and considerable geographic diversity, experienced case introduction from pilgrims returning from the Islamic Republic of Iran, followed by widespread community transmission. The National Command and Operations Centre, established through civilian and military partnership, was critical in fast tracking logistics, information gathering, real-time reporting and smart lockdowns, coupled with a massive cash support programme targeting the poorest sections of society. Cases peaked in June 2020 but the health system was able to cope with the excess workload. Since then, although testing rates remain low (> 300 000 cases confirmed to date), case fatality rates have stabilized, and with 6300 deaths, Pakistan seems to have flattened the COVID-19 curve.<br><br>Conclusion: Despite notable successes in controlling the pandemic, several weaknesses remain and there are risks of rebound as the economy and educational systems reopen. There is continued need for strong technical and programmatic oversight, linked to civic society engagement and working with religious scholars to ensure nonpharmacological intervention compliance.},
}
@article {pmid34485980,
year = {2021},
author = {Mouritz, AP and Galos, J and Linklater, DP and Ladani, RB and Kandare, E and Crawford, RJ and Ivanova, EP},
title = {Towards antiviral polymer composites to combat COVID-19 transmission.},
journal = {Nano select : open access},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/nano.202100078},
pmid = {34485980},
issn = {2688-4011},
abstract = {Polymer matrix composite materials have the capacity to aid the indirect transmission of viral diseases. Published research shows that respiratory viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19), can attach to polymer substrata as a result of being contacted by airborne droplets resulting from infected people sneezing or coughing in close proximity. Polymer matrix composites are used to produce a wide range of products that are "high-touch" surfaces, such as sporting goods, laptop computers and household fittings, and these surfaces can be readily contaminated by pathogens. This article reviews published research on the retention of SARS-CoV-2 and other virus types on plastics. The factors controlling the viral retention time on plastic surfaces are examined and the implications for viral retention on polymer composite materials are discussed. Potential strategies that can be used to impart antiviral properties to polymer composite surfaces are evaluated. These strategies include modification of the surface composition with biocidal agents (e.g., antiviral polymers and nanoparticles) and surface nanotexturing. The potential application of these surface modification strategies in the creation of antiviral polymer composite surfaces is discussed, which opens up an exciting new field of research for composite materials.},
}
@article {pmid34485978,
year = {2020},
author = {Ullah, A and Qazi, J and Rahman, L and Kanaras, AG and Khan, WS and Hussain, I and Rehman, A},
title = {Nanoparticles-assisted delivery of antiviral-siRNA as inhalable treatment for human respiratory viruses: A candidate approach against SARS-COV-2.},
journal = {Nano select : open access},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/nano.202000125},
pmid = {34485978},
issn = {2688-4011},
abstract = {The current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has challenged healthcare structures across the globe. Although a few therapies are approved by FDA, the search for better treatment options is continuously on rise. Clinical management includes infection prevention and supportive care such as supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilatory support. Given the urgent nature of the pandemic and the number of companies and researchers developing COVID-19 related therapies, FDA has created an emergency program to move potential treatments with already approved drugs to patients as quickly as possible in parallel to the development of new drugs that must first pass the clinical trials. In this manuscript, we have reviewed the available literature on the use of sequence-specific degradation of viral genome using short-interfering RNA (siRNA) suggesting it as a possible treatment against SARS-CoV-2. Delivery of siRNA can be promoted by the use of FDA approved lipids, polymers or lipid-polymer hybrids. These nanoparticulate systems can be engineered to exhibit increased targetability and formulated as inhalable aerosols.},
}
@article {pmid34485973,
year = {2021},
author = {Alexander, C and Vasefi, M},
title = {Cannabidiol and the corticoraphe circuit in post-traumatic stress disorder.},
journal = {IBRO neuroscience reports},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {88-102},
doi = {10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.08.001},
pmid = {34485973},
issn = {2667-2421},
abstract = {Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), characterized by re-experiencing, avoidance, negative affect, and impaired memory processing, may develop after traumatic events. PTSD is complicated by impaired plasticity and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) activity, hyperactivity of the amygdala, and impaired fear extinction. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a promising candidate for treatment due to its multimodal action that enhances plasticity and calms hyperexcitability. CBD's mechanism in the mPFC of PTSD patients has been explored extensively, but literature on the mechanism in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is lacking. Following the PRISMA guidelines, we examined current literature regarding CBD in PTSD and overlapping symptomologies to propose a mechanism by which CBD treats PTSD via corticoraphe circuit. Acute CBD inhibits excess 5-HT release from DRN to amygdala and releases anandamide (AEA) onto amygdala inputs. By first reducing amygdala and DRN hyperactivity, CBD begins to ameliorate activity disparity between mPFC and amygdala. Chronic CBD recruits the mPFC, creating harmonious corticoraphe signaling. DRN releases enough 5-HT to ameliorate mPFC hypoactivity, while the mPFC continuously excites DRN 5-HT neurons via glutamate. Meanwhile, AEA regulates corticoraphe activity to stabilize signaling. AEA prevents DRN GABAergic interneurons from inhibiting 5-HT release so the DRN can assist the mPFC in overcoming its hypoactivity. DRN-mediated restoration of mPFC activity underlies CBD's mechanism on fear extinction and learning of stress coping.},
}
@article {pmid34485949,
year = {2021},
author = {Keng, BMH and Gan, WH and Tam, YC and Oh, CC},
title = {Personal protective equipment-related occupational dermatoses during COVID-19 among healthcare workers - a worldwide systematic review.},
journal = {JAAD international},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jdin.2021.08.004},
pmid = {34485949},
issn = {2666-3287},
abstract = {Background: Occupational dermatoses caused by personal protective equipment (PPE) in the current COVID-19 pandemic are emerging occupational health challenges which must be promptly and effectively addressed to ease the burden on our healthcare workers (HCWs).<br><br>Objective: A systematic review was conducted to determine common PPE-related dermatoses, affected body sites, and implicated occupational contactants. We further proposed solutions to mitigate this problem.<br><br>Methods: Online databases were searched for articles on PPE-related dermatoses in HCWs during COVID-19, written in English and published from January 1, 2020 to January 30, 2021.<br><br>Results: 16 studies, involving a total of 3958 participants, were included. The most common dermatoses were xerosis, pressure-related erythema, and contact dermatitis, mainly affecting the face and hands. The most widely implicated contactants were increased frequency of hand hygiene, gloves, N95 masks, and goggles. Proposed solutions were categorized into individual self-care, protection of the workforce, and long-term preventative measures.<br><br>Conclusion: Through measures such as regular basic skincare education, early access to specialty clinics via telemedicine, and the design of better-fit PPE, the challenges posed by PPE-related occupational dermatoses can be significantly reduced.},
}
@article {pmid34485930,
year = {2021},
author = {Fagni, F and Simon, D and Tascilar, K and Schoenau, V and Sticherling, M and Neurath, MF and Schett, G},
title = {COVID-19 and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: effect of disease and treatment on COVID-19 outcomes and vaccine responses.},
journal = {The Lancet. Rheumatology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/S2665-9913(21)00247-2},
pmid = {34485930},
issn = {2665-9913},
abstract = {At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases were considered to be at high risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection and the development of severe COVID-19. Data collected over the past year, however, suggest that a diagnosis of inflammatory arthritis, psoriasis, or inflammatory bowel diseases does not increase risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection or severe COVID-19 compared with people without these diseases. Furthermore, substantial data suggest that certain medications frequently used in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, in particular cytokine inhibitors, might even lower the risk for severe COVID-19. Conversely, glucocorticoids and potentially B-cell-depleting treatments seem to worsen COVID-19 outcomes. Additionally, the first data on SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with these diseases suggest that tolerability of vaccination in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases is good, although the immune response to vaccination can be somewhat reduced in this patient group, particularly those taking methotrexate or CD20-targeted treatment.},
}
@article {pmid34485904,
year = {2021},
author = {Elamin, S and Cohen, J},
title = {Telenutrition for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Tipping Point for Dietary Wellness.},
journal = {Crohn's &amp; colitis 360},
volume = {3},
number = {2},
pages = {otab017},
doi = {10.1093/crocol/otab017},
pmid = {34485904},
issn = {2631-827X},
abstract = {Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, cause inflammation of the digestive tract. It is estimated that about three million Americans and, globally, over six million individuals, suffer from IBD. While most physicians, especially gastroenterologists, are experts in the function and pathology of the gastrointestinal tract, factors such as nutrition science education and training, bandwidth, culture, language, and the longitudinal nature of dietary care, represent some of the barriers to receiving optimal nutritional guidance. Remote dietary expert counseling, an emerging solution that has been further highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic, can improve IBD patients' nutritional status, avoid food triggers, and reduce the frequency and severity of exacerbations.},
}
@article {pmid34485577,
year = {2021},
author = {Garosi, VH and Tanhaie, S and Chaboksavar, F and Kamari, T and Gheshlaghi, PA and Toghroli, R and Soltaninezhad, S and Azizi, SA and Yazdani, V and Mahmoodi, F},
title = {An overview of 2019 novel coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic: A review study.},
journal = {Journal of education and health promotion},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {280},
doi = {10.4103/jehp.jehp_1403_20},
pmid = {34485577},
issn = {2277-9531},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, was first reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. It is now known as a pandemic and a global crisis due to rapid human-to-human transmission with the vast expansion that has affected almost all countries. The primary source of the disease is still unknown, but it is possible that the virus was transmitted through bat to an intermediate host and then to humans. The main and early symptoms of COVID-19 infection are fatigue, fever, dry cough, myalgia, and dyspnea. The incubation period of the disease is about 2-14 days, which is one of the important parameters for planning to prevent disease outbreak. PT-polymerase chain reaction test is used to diagnose the disease; chest computed tomography scan, chest X-ray, blood tests, and symptoms are also very helpful in diagnosing the disease. There is a strong emphasis on controlling infections and hand hygiene to prevent the transmission of the disease. There is not enough knowledge about this disease yet, and there are no specific vaccines or medications available to prevent and treat this disease. The current review study uses articles indexed on databases of Embase, Elsevier, PubMed, and World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and keywords of coronavirus, COVID-19, acute respiratory distress syndrome and China.},
}
@article {pmid34485525,
year = {2021},
author = {Chattu, VK and Singh, B and Kaur, J and Jakovljevic, M},
title = {COVID-19 Vaccine, TRIPS, and Global Health Diplomacy: India's Role at the WTO Platform.},
journal = {BioMed research international},
volume = {2021},
number = {},
pages = {6658070},
doi = {10.1155/2021/6658070},
pmid = {34485525},
issn = {2314-6141},
abstract = {In light of the devastation caused by COVID-19, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and vaccine research and development (R&amp;D) have been occupying a prominent position in the field of global health diplomacy (GHD). Most countries, international organizations, and charitable organizations have been engaged in the R&amp;D of COVID-19 vaccines to ensure timely affordability and accessibility to all countries. Concomitantly, the World Trade Organization (WTO) provides some provisions and enforcements regarding copyrights, patents, trademarks, geographical indications, and industrial designs. Given these safeguards, it is considered that intellectual property rights (IPRs) have become major barriers to the affordability and accessibility of vaccines/medicines/technology, particularly to the developing/least developed countries. Realizing the gravity of the pandemic impact, as well as its huge population and size, India has elevated this issue in its global health diplomacy by submitting a joint proposal with South Africa to the World Trade Organization (WTO) for a temporary waiver of IPRs to ensure timely affordability and accessibility of COVID-19 medical products to all countries. However, the issue of the temporary waive off had become a geopolitical issue. Countries that used to claim per se as strong advocates of human rights, egalitarianism, and healthy democracy have opposed this proposal. In this contrasting milieu, this paper is aimed at examining how the TRIPS has become a barrier for developing countries' development and distribution of vaccines/technology; secondly, how India strategizes its role in the WTO in pursuant of its global health diplomacy? We conclude that the IPRs regime should not become a barrier to the accessibility/affordability of essential drugs and vaccines. To ensure access, India needs to get more engaged in GHD with all the involved global stakeholders to get strong support for their joint proposal. The developed countries that rejected/resisted the proposal can rethink their full support.},
}
@article {pmid34485513,
year = {2021},
author = {Malekifar, P and Pakzad, R and Shahbahrami, R and Zandi, M and Jafarpour, A and Rezayat, SA and Akbarpour, S and Shabestari, AN and Pakzad, I and Hesari, E and Farahani, A and Soltani, S},
title = {Viral Coinfection among COVID-19 Patient Groups: An Update Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {BioMed research international},
volume = {2021},
number = {},
pages = {5313832},
doi = {10.1155/2021/5313832},
pmid = {34485513},
issn = {2314-6141},
abstract = {Background: Coinfections have a potential role in increased morbidity and mortality rates during pandemics. Our investigation is aimed at evaluating the viral coinfection prevalence in COVID-19 patients.<br><br>Methods: We systematically searched scientific databases, including Medline, Scopus, WOS, and Embase, from December 1, 2019, to December 30, 2020. Preprint servers such as medRxiv were also scanned to find other related preprint papers. All types of studies evaluating the viral coinfection prevalence in COVID-19 patients were considered. We applied the random effects model to pool all of the related studies.<br><br>Results: Thirty-three studies including 10484 patients were identified. The viral coinfection estimated pooled prevalence was 12.58%; 95% CI: 7.31 to 18.96). Blood viruses (pooled prevalence: 12.48%; 95% CI: 8.57 to 16.93) had the most frequent viral coinfection, and respiratory viruses (pooled prevalence: 4.32%; 95% CI: 2.78 to 6.15) had less frequent viral coinfection. The herpesvirus pooled prevalence was 11.71% (95% CI: 3.02 to 24.80). Also, the maximum and minimum of viral coinfection pooled prevalence were in AMRO and EMRO with 15.63% (95% CI: 3.78 to 33.31) and 7.05% (95% CI: 3.84 to 11.07), respectively.<br><br>Conclusion: The lowest rate of coinfection belonged to respiratory viruses. Blood-borne viruses had the highest coinfection rate. Our results provide important data about the prevalence of blood-borne viruses among COVID-19 patients which can be critical when it comes to their treatment procedure.},
}
@article {pmid34485339,
year = {2021},
author = {Keane, C and Coalter, M and Martin-Loeches, I},
title = {Immune System Disequilibrium-Neutrophils, Their Extracellular Traps, and COVID-19-Induced Sepsis.},
journal = {Frontiers in medicine},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {711397},
doi = {10.3389/fmed.2021.711397},
pmid = {34485339},
issn = {2296-858X},
abstract = {Equilibrium within the immune system can often determine the fate of its host. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the pathogen responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Immune dysregulation remains one of the main pathophysiological components of SARS-CoV-2-associated organ injury, with over-activation of the innate immune system, and induced apoptosis of adaptive immune cells. Here, we provide an overview of the innate immune system, both in general and relating to COVID-19. We specifically discuss "NETosis," the process of neutrophil release of their extracellular traps, which may be a more recently described form of cell death that is different from apoptosis, and how this may propagate organ dysfunction in COVID-19. We complete this review by discussing Stem Cell Therapies in COVID-19 and emerging COVID-19 phenotypes, which may allow for more targeted therapy in the future. Finally, we consider the array of potential therapeutic targets in COVID-19, and associated therapeutics.},
}
@article {pmid34485307,
year = {2021},
author = {Zhu, S and Gokhale, S and Jung, J and Spirollari, E and Tsai, J and Arceo, J and Wu, BW and Victor, E and Xie, P},
title = {Multifaceted Immunomodulatory Effects of the BTK Inhibitors Ibrutinib and Acalabrutinib on Different Immune Cell Subsets - Beyond B Lymphocytes.},
journal = {Frontiers in cell and developmental biology},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {727531},
doi = {10.3389/fcell.2021.727531},
pmid = {34485307},
issn = {2296-634X},
abstract = {The clinical success of the two BTK inhibitors, ibrutinib and acalabrutinib, represents a major breakthrough in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and has also revolutionized the treatment options for other B cell malignancies. Increasing evidence indicates that in addition to their direct effects on B lymphocytes, both BTK inhibitors also directly impact the homeostasis, phenotype and function of many other cell subsets of the immune system, which contribute to their high efficacy as well as adverse effects observed in CLL patients. In this review, we attempt to provide an overview on the overlapping and differential effects of ibrutinib and acalabrutinib on specific receptor signaling pathways in different immune cell subsets other than B cells, including T cells, NK cells, monocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, dendritic cells, osteoclasts, mast cells and platelets. The shared and distinct effects of ibrutinib versus acalabrutinib are mediated through BTK-dependent and BTK-independent mechanisms, respectively. Such immunomodulatory effects of the two drugs have fueled myriad explorations of their repurposing opportunities for the treatment of a wide variety of other human diseases involving immune dysregulation.},
}
@article {pmid34485229,
year = {2021},
author = {Joshi, A and Kaur, M and Kaur, R and Grover, A and Nash, D and El-Mohandes, A},
title = {Predictors of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance, Intention, and Hesitancy: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {698111},
doi = {10.3389/fpubh.2021.698111},
pmid = {34485229},
issn = {2296-2565},
abstract = {COVID-19 vaccine is regarded as the most promising means of limiting the spread of or eliminating the pandemic. The success of this strategy will rely on the rate of vaccine acceptance globally. The study aims to examine the factors that influence COVID-19 vaccine acceptance, intention, and hesitancy. PubMed was searched comprehensively for articles using the keyword "COVID-19 vaccine surveys." Of the 192 records, 22 studies were eligible for the review. Eighty-two percent of these studies were conducted among the general population. Gender, age, education, and occupation were some of the socio-demographic variables associated with vaccine acceptance. Variables such as trust in authorities, risk perception of COVID-19 infection, vaccine efficacy, current or previous influenza vaccination, and vaccine safety affected vaccine acceptance. Globally, in March 2020, the average vaccine acceptance observed was 86% which dropped to 54% in July 2020 which later increased to 72% in September 2020. Globally, the average rate of vaccine hesitancy in April 2020 was 21%, which increased to 36% in July 2020 and later declined to 16% in October 2020. Large variability in vaccine acceptance and high vaccine hesitancy can influence the efforts to eliminate the COVID-19. Addressing the barriers and facilitators of vaccines will be crucial in implementing effective and tailored interventions to attain maximum vaccine coverage.},
}
@article {pmid34485226,
year = {2021},
author = {Saied, AA and Metwally, AA and Madkhali, NAB and Haque, S and Dhama, K},
title = {Egypt's COVID-19 Recent Happenings and Perspectives: A Mini-Review.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {696082},
doi = {10.3389/fpubh.2021.696082},
pmid = {34485226},
issn = {2296-2565},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has affected countries across the world. While the zoonotic aspects of SARS-CoV-2 are still under investigation, bats and pangolins are currently cited as the animal origin of the virus. Several types of vaccines against COVID-19 have been developed and are being used in vaccination drives across the world. A number of countries are experiencing second and third waves of the pandemic, which have claimed nearly four million lives out of the 180 million people infected globally as of June 2021. The emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and mutants are posing high public health concerns owing to their rapid transmissibility, higher severity, and in some cases, ability to infect vaccinated people (vaccine breakthrough). Here in this mini-review, we specifically looked at the efforts and actions of the Egyptian government to slow down and control the spread of COVID-19. We also review the COVID-19 statistics in Egypt and the possible reasons behind the low prevalence and high case fatality rate (CFR%), comparing Egypt COVID-19 statistics with China (the epicenter of COVID-19 pandemic) and the USA, Brazil, India, Italy, and France (the first countries in which the numbers of patients infected with COVID-19). Additionally, we have summarized the SARS-CoV-2 variants, vaccines used in Egypt, and the use of medicinal plants as preventive and curative options.},
}
@article {pmid34485222,
year = {2021},
author = {Kamran, K and Ali, A},
title = {Challenges and Strategies for Pakistan in the Third Wave of COVID-19: A Mini Review.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {690820},
doi = {10.3389/fpubh.2021.690820},
pmid = {34485222},
issn = {2296-2565},
abstract = {The world is currently gripped by the fear of the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The causative agent of COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that attacks humans without prejudice, and primarily targets the respiratory system. Pakistan is a developing country with a large population and a weak economy. Currently, it is facing a major challenge to cope with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, especially the third wave. This fatal virus has increased its presence many folds in Pakistan. On average, 100 deaths per day were being recorded in the late spring of 2021. Delay in the acquisition of vaccine has slowed down the vaccination program for this disease. This in turn will accelerate the spreading of virus, and thus will lead to a lockdown situation.},
}
@article {pmid34485055,
year = {2021},
author = {Siwal, SS and Chaudhary, G and Saini, AK and Kaur, H and Saini, V and Mokhta, SK and Chand, R and Chandel, UK and Christie, G and Thakur, VK},
title = {Key ingredients and recycling strategy of personal protective equipment (PPE): Towards sustainable solution for the COVID-19 like pandemics.},
journal = {Journal of environmental chemical engineering},
volume = {9},
number = {5},
pages = {106284},
doi = {10.1016/j.jece.2021.106284},
pmid = {34485055},
issn = {2213-2929},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has intensified the complications of plastic trash management and disposal. The current situation of living in fear of transmission of the COVID-19 virus has further transformed our behavioural models, such as regularly using personal protective equipment (PPE) kits and single-use applications for day to day needs etc. It has been estimated that with the passage of the coronavirus epidemic every month, there is expected use of 200 billion pieces of single-use facemasks and gloves. PPE are well established now as life-saving items for medicinal specialists to stay safe through the COVID-19 pandemic. Different processes such as glycolysis, hydrogenation, aminolysis, hydrolysis, pyrolysis, and gasification are now working on finding advanced technologies to transfer waste PPE into value-added products. Here, in this article, we have discussed the recycling strategies of PPE, important components (such as medical gloves, gowns, masks &amp; respirators and other face and eye protection) and the raw materials used in PPE kits. Further, the value addition methods to recycling the PPE kits, chemical &amp; apparatus used in recycling and recycling components into value-added products. Finally, the biorenewable materials in PPE for textiles components have been discussed along with concluded remarks.},
}
@article {pmid34485054,
year = {2021},
author = {Kabdaşlı, I and Tünay, O},
title = {Concentration techniques tailored for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 genetic material in domestic wastewater and treatment plant sludge: A review.},
journal = {Journal of environmental chemical engineering},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {106296},
doi = {10.1016/j.jece.2021.106296},
pmid = {34485054},
issn = {2213-2929},
abstract = {Upon the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 genetic material in domestic wastewater have led to an increase in the efforts to define and implement the wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). This application provides valuable information to define local contamination monitoring, emergence of COVID-19 and its variants and many other aspects to cope with and control the pandemic. WBE surveillance, however, requires several consecutive steps such as sampling, pretreatment and concentration of samples, and detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 genetic material in wastewater. In this review paper, the literature regarding to all these applications reviewed considering their advantages, disadvantages as well as their applicability. A specific emphasis was placed on the last step, detection and quantification since it covers the most critical procedure for concentrating the virus before measurement. Evaluation of the existing data indicating ultrafiltration, polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation and electronegative membrane filtration (ENMF) were the most promising techniques for concentration. The ongoing studies are proposed to be continued within the context of standard methods. Future research needs are delineated and suggestions are made for details.},
}
@article {pmid34485029,
year = {2021},
author = {Gao, S and Huang, T and Song, L and Xu, S and Cheng, Y and Cherukupalli, S and Kang, D and Zhao, T and Sun, L and Zhang, J and Zhan, P and Liu, X},
title = {Medicinal chemistry strategies towards the development of effective SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors.},
journal = {Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.apsb.2021.08.027},
pmid = {34485029},
issn = {2211-3835},
abstract = {Novel therapies are urgently needed to improve global treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Herein, we briefly provide a concise report on the medicinal chemistry strategies towards the development of effective SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors with representative examples in different strategies from the medicinal chemistry perspective.},
}
@article {pmid34484977,
year = {2021},
author = {Rocha, J and Basra, T and El Kurdi, B and Venegas-Borsellino, C},
title = {Effects of Potential Micro- and Macro-nutrients in Combatting COVID-19.},
journal = {Current surgery reports},
volume = {9},
number = {10},
pages = {24},
doi = {10.1007/s40137-021-00301-w},
pmid = {34484977},
issn = {2167-4817},
abstract = {Purpose of Review: Gain insight on the effect of some recently studied nutrients and nutritional markers on the COVID-19 disease course.<br><br>Recent Findings: In vitro studies indicate that SCFAs do not interfere with SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. Observational studies indicate that eating processed or red meat three or more times per week had overall higher risk of pneumonia. Studies suggest that markers of regular outdoor physical activity (high HDL, lack of vitamin D deficiency, lack of obesity, etc.) prevent severe complications of COVID-19.<br><br>Summary: Although no definitive nutrients were found to significantly alter the COVID-19 disease course, some therapeutic candidates such as calcium, vitamin D, and albumin were surmised. Other nutrients that modulate serum lipid levels, cytokine levels, and albumin levels may hold promise for prevention of morbid or fatal outcomes related to COVID-19, as does the reduction of red or processed meat consumption.},
}
@article {pmid34484618,
year = {2021},
author = {Wang, J and Chen, X and Guo, Z and Zhao, S and Huang, Z and Zhuang, Z and Lai-Yi Wong, E and Chung-Ying Zee, B and Ka Chun Chong, M and Haitian Wang, M and Kiong Yeoh, E},
title = {Superspreading and heterogeneity in transmission of SARS, MERS, and COVID-19: a systematic review.},
journal = {Computational and structural biotechnology journal},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.csbj.2021.08.045},
pmid = {34484618},
issn = {2001-0370},
abstract = {Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have caused substantial public health burdens and global health threats. Understanding the superspreading potential of a virus is important for characterizing transmission patterns and informing strategic decision-making in disease control. This systematic review aimed to summarize the existing evidence on superspreading features and to compare the heterogeneity in transmission within and among various coronavirus epidemics of SARS, MERS and COVID-19.<br><br>Methods: PubMed, Medline, and Embase databases were extensively searched for original studies on the transmission heterogeneity of SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 published in English between January 1, 2003, and February 10, 2021. After screening the articles, we extracted data pertaining to the estimated dispersion parameter (k) which has been a commonly-used measurement for transmission heterogeneity and superspreading potential.FindingsWe included a total of 60 estimates of transmission heterogeneity from 26 studies on outbreaks in 22 regions. The majority (90%) of the k estimates were small, with values less than 1, indicating an over-dispersed transmission pattern. The point estimates of k for SARS and MERS ranged from 0.12 to 0.20 and from 0.06 to 2.94, respectively. Among 45 estimates of individual-level transmission heterogeneity for COVID-19 from 17 articles, 91% were derived from Asian regions. The point estimates of k for COVID-19 ranged between 0.1 and 5.0.<br><br>Conclusions: We detected a substantial over-dispersed transmission pattern in all three coronaviruses, while the k estimates varied by differences in study design and public health capacity. Our findings suggested that even with a reduced R value, the epidemic still has a high resurgence potential due to transmission heterogeneity.},
}
@article {pmid34484561,
year = {2021},
author = {Esposito, L and Cancro, FP and Silverio, A and Di Maio, M and Iannece, P and Damato, A and Alfano, C and De Luca, G and Vecchione, C and Galasso, G},
title = {COVID-19 and Acute Coronary Syndromes: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Perspectives.},
journal = {Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity},
volume = {2021},
number = {},
pages = {4936571},
doi = {10.1155/2021/4936571},
pmid = {34484561},
issn = {1942-0994},
abstract = {Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are frequently reported in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and may impact patient clinical course and mortality. Although the underlying pathogenesis remains unclear, several potential mechanisms have been hypothesized, including oxygen supply/demand imbalance, direct viral cellular damage, systemic inflammatory response with cytokine-mediated injury, microvascular thrombosis, and endothelial dysfunction. The severe hypoxic state, combined with other conditions frequently reported in COVID-19, namely sepsis, tachyarrhythmias, anemia, hypotension, and shock, can induce a myocardial damage due to the mismatch between oxygen supply and demand and results in type 2 myocardial infarction (MI). In addition, COVID-19 promotes atherosclerotic plaque instability and thrombus formation and may precipitate type 1 MI. Patients with severe disease often show decrease in platelets count, higher levels of d-dimer, ultralarge von Willebrand factor multimers, tissue factor, and prolongation of prothrombin time, which reflects a prothrombotic state. An endothelial dysfunction has been described as a consequence of the direct viral effects and of the hyperinflammatory environment. The expression of tissue factor, von Willebrand factor, thromboxane, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promotes the prothrombotic status. In addition, endothelial cells generate superoxide anions, with enhanced local oxidative stress, and endothelin-1, which affects the vasodilator/vasoconstrictor balance and platelet aggregation. The optimal management of COVID-19 patients is a challenge both for logistic and clinical reasons. A deeper understanding of ACS pathophysiology may yield novel research insights and therapeutic perspectives in higher cardiovascular risk subjects with COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid34484425,
year = {2021},
author = {Tan, X and Guo, J and Chen, Z and Königsrainer, A and Wichmann, D},
title = {Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy.},
journal = {Therapeutic advances in gastroenterology},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {17562848211042185},
doi = {10.1177/17562848211042185},
pmid = {34484425},
issn = {1756-283X},
abstract = {Background: The impact of gastrointestinal endoscopy on COVID-19 infection remains poorly investigated. We herein performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the outcomes of COVID-19 in patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy.<br><br>Method: Ovid Medline, Ovid EMBASE, Ovid the Cochrane Library, and other electronic databases were searched until 30 November 2020 to identify publications with confirmed COVID-19 infection in patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy. The primary outcomes were SARS-CoV-2 transmission, personal protective equipment use, rates of case fatality, complications, and procedural success.<br><br>Results: A total of 18 articles involving 329 patients were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The overall basic reproduction rate is 0.37, while the subgroup results from Asia, Europe, and North America are 0.13, 0.44, and 0.33, respectively. The differences in personal protective equipment use between the positive transmission and non-transmission group are mainly in isolation gowns, N95 or equivalent masks, and goggles or face-shields. The rate of case fatality, complication, and procedural success are 0.17 (95% confidence interval = 0.02-0.38), 0.00 (95% confidence interval = 0.00-0.02), and 0.89 (95% confidence interval = 0.50-1.00), respectively. The fatality rate in Europe was the highest (0.23, 95% confidence interval = 0.04-0.50), which is significantly different from other continents (p = 0.034).<br><br>Conclusion: The risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission within gastrointestinal endoscopy units is considerably low if proper use of personal protective equipment is applied. Similarly, a low fatality and complication rate, as well as a high procedural success rate, indicated that a full recovery of endoscopic units should be considered.},
}
@article {pmid34484373,
year = {2021},
author = {Nayeri, ND and Nadali, J and Divani, A and Basirinezhad, MH and Meidani, M},
title = {Clinical manifestation, laboratory and radiology finding, treatment and outcomes of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Journal of research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences},
volume = {26},
number = {},
pages = {41},
doi = {10.4103/jrms.JRMS_900_20},
pmid = {34484373},
issn = {1735-1995},
abstract = {Background: Since December 2019, coronavirus (COVID-19) spread throughout the world. The high rate of infection and its unknown nature led specialists to report the condition of patients. The aim of this study is to systematically review of symptoms, laboratory and radiologic findings, treatment, and outcomes of patients with COVID-19.<br><br>Materials and Methods: Databases such as PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Cochrane were searched. Finally, 46 articles were appropriate for the aim of the study. After quality evaluation, the necessary data were extracted and meta-analysis was performed.<br><br>Results: 4858 articles were retrieved until March 30, 2020. After screening, the full-text of 46 articles was assessed. Of the reported cases, 31.7% had no comorbidities, 21.4% had high blood pressure, 70.6% had fever, and lymphopenia was reported in 55.2% of patients. For 16% bilateral patchy shadowing in radiography and for 51% ground-glass opacity was reported. Outcomes were remarkable for recover to death.<br><br>Conclusion: COVID-19 leads to healthcare problems for countries. Nonspecific symptoms have made it difficult for differential diagnoses without computed tomography-scan or corona Test, but they are not available in many countries. Therefore, this systematic review can help health care staff to make decisions based on symptoms, treatments, and outcomes..},
}
@article {pmid34484241,
year = {2021},
author = {Francistiová, L and Klepe, A and Curley, G and Gulya, K and Dinnyés, A and Filkor, K},
title = {Cellular and Molecular Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Linking Lung Infection to the Brain.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {730088},
doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2021.730088},
pmid = {34484241},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {In December 2019, a new viral disease emerged and quickly spread all around the world. In March 2020, the COVID-19 outbreak was classified as a global pandemic and by June 2021, the number of infected people grew to over 170 million. Along with the patients' mild-to-severe respiratory symptoms, reports on probable central nervous system (CNS) effects appeared shortly, raising concerns about the possible long-term detrimental effects on human cognition. It remains unresolved whether the neurological symptoms are caused directly by the SARS-CoV-2 infiltration in the brain, indirectly by secondary immune effects of a cytokine storm and antibody overproduction, or as a consequence of systemic hypoxia-mediated microglia activation. In severe COVID-19 cases with impaired lung capacity, hypoxia is an anticipated subsidiary event that can cause progressive and irreversible damage to neurons. To resolve this problem, intensive research is currently ongoing, which seeks to evaluate the SARS-CoV-2 virus' neuroinvasive potential and the examination of the antibody and autoantibody generation upon infection, as well as the effects of prolonged systemic hypoxia on the CNS. In this review, we summarize the current research on the possible interplay of the SARS-CoV-2 effects on the lung, especially on alveolar macrophages and direct and indirect effects on the brain, with special emphasis on microglia, as a possible culprit of neurological manifestation during COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid34484179,
year = {2021},
author = {Rehman, S and Ravinayagam, V and Nahvi, I and Aldossary, H and Al-Shammari, M and Amiri, MSA and Kishore, U and Al-Suhaimi, EA},
title = {Immunity, Sex Hormones, and Environmental Factors as Determinants of COVID-19 Disparity in Women.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {680845},
doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2021.680845},
pmid = {34484179},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in a major global pandemic, causing extreme morbidity and mortality. Few studies appear to suggest a significant impact of gender in morbidity and mortality, where men are reported at a higher risk than women. The infectivity, transmissibility, and varying degree of disease manifestation (mild, modest, and severe) in population studies reinforce the importance of a number of genetic and epigenetic factors, in the context of immune response and gender. The present review dwells on several contributing factors such as a stronger innate immune response, estrogen, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene, and microbiota, which impart greater resistance to the SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease progression in women. In addition, the underlying importance of associated microbiota and certain environmental factors in gender-based disparity pertaining to the mortality and morbidity due to COVID-19 in women has also been addressed.},
}
@article {pmid34484128,
year = {2021},
author = {Lasbleiz, A and Gaborit, B and Soghomonian, A and Bartoli, A and Ancel, P and Jacquier, A and Dutour, A},
title = {COVID-19 and Obesity: Role of Ectopic Visceral and Epicardial Adipose Tissues in Myocardial Injury.},
journal = {Frontiers in endocrinology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {726967},
doi = {10.3389/fendo.2021.726967},
pmid = {34484128},
issn = {1664-2392},
abstract = {In March 2020, the WHO declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a global pandemic. Obesity was soon identified as a risk factor for poor prognosis, with an increased risk of intensive care admissions and mechanical ventilation, but also of adverse cardiovascular events. Obesity is associated with adipose tissue, chronic low-grade inflammation, and immune dysregulation with hypertrophy and hyperplasia of adipocytes and overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, to implement appropriate therapeutic strategies, exact mechanisms must be clarified. The role of white visceral adipose tissue, increased in individuals with obesity, seems important, as a viral reservoir for SARS-CoV-2 via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors. After infection of host cells, the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines creates a setting conducive to the "cytokine storm" and macrophage activation syndrome associated with progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome. In obesity, systemic viral spread, entry, and prolonged viral shedding in already inflamed adipose tissue may spur immune responses and subsequent amplification of a cytokine cascade, causing worse outcomes. More precisely, visceral adipose tissue, more than subcutaneous fat, could predict intensive care admission; and lower density of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) could be associated with worse outcome. EAT, an ectopic adipose tissue that surrounds the myocardium, could fuel COVID-19-induced cardiac injury and myocarditis, and extensive pneumopathy, by strong expression of inflammatory mediators that could diffuse paracrinally through the vascular wall. The purpose of this review is to ascertain what mechanisms may be involved in unfavorable prognosis among COVID-19 patients with obesity, especially cardiovascular events, emphasizing the harmful role of excess ectopic adipose tissue, particularly EAT.},
}
@article {pmid34483929,
year = {2021},
author = {Zhai, G and Li, M and Wang, Y and Wu, J},
title = {Drug-Induced Liver Disturbance During the Treatment of COVID-19.},
journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {719308},
doi = {10.3389/fphar.2021.719308},
pmid = {34483929},
issn = {1663-9812},
abstract = {An outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) occurred in Wuhan, China, at the end of 2019. The World Health Organization named the resulting infectious disease as coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Many studies concluded that patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 have different degrees of liver disturbance. However, the relationship between the drugs used for COVID-19 treatment and liver disturbance remains controversial. It is essential to evaluate the potential liver damage caused by various drugs in order to help guide clinical practice. This review analyzed the effect of drugs on hepatic function during the treatment of COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid34483904,
year = {2021},
author = {Chen, W and Wang, Z and Wang, Y and Li, Y},
title = {Natural Bioactive Molecules as Potential Agents Against SARS-CoV-2.},
journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {702472},
doi = {10.3389/fphar.2021.702472},
pmid = {34483904},
issn = {1663-9812},
abstract = {In the past two decades, pandemics of several fatal coronaviruses have posed enormous challenges for public health, including SARS-CoV (2003), MERS-CoV (2012), and SARS-CoV-2 (2019). Among these, SARS-CoV-2 continues to ravage the world today and has lead to millions of deaths and incalculable economic damage. Till now, there is no clinically proven antiviral drug available for SARS-CoV-2. However, the bioactive molecules of natural origin, especially medicinal plants, have been proven to be potential resources in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2, acting at different stages of the viral life cycle and targeting different viral or host proteins, such as PLpro, 3CLpro, RdRp, helicase, spike, ACE2, and TMPRSS2. They provide a viable strategy to develop therapeutic agents. This review presents fundamental biological information on SARS-CoV-2, including the viral biological characteristics and invasion mechanisms. It also summarizes the reported natural bioactive molecules with anti-coronavirus properties, arranged by their different targets in the life cycle of viral infection of human cells, and discusses the prospects of these bioactive molecules for the treatment of COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid34483818,
year = {2021},
author = {Porciúncula, LO and Goto-Silva, L and Ledur, PF and Rehen, SK},
title = {The Age of Brain Organoids: Tailoring Cell Identity and Functionality for Normal Brain Development and Disease Modeling.},
journal = {Frontiers in neuroscience},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {674563},
doi = {10.3389/fnins.2021.674563},
pmid = {34483818},
issn = {1662-4548},
abstract = {Over the past years, brain development has been investigated in rodent models, which were particularly relevant to establish the role of specific genes in this process. However, the cytoarchitectonic features, which determine neuronal network formation complexity, are unique to humans. This implies that the developmental program of the human brain and neurological disorders can only partly be reproduced in rodents. Advancement in the study of the human brain surged with cultures of human brain tissue in the lab, generated from induced pluripotent cells reprogrammed from human somatic tissue. These cultures, termed brain organoids, offer an invaluable model for the study of the human brain. Brain organoids reproduce the cytoarchitecture of the cortex and can develop multiple brain regions and cell types. Integration of functional activity of neural cells within brain organoids with genetic, cellular, and morphological data in a comprehensive model for human development and disease is key to advance in the field. Because the functional activity of neural cells within brain organoids relies on cell repertoire and time in culture, here, we review data supporting the gradual formation of complex neural networks in light of cell maturity within brain organoids. In this context, we discuss how the technology behind brain organoids brought advances in understanding neurodevelopmental, pathogen-induced, and neurodegenerative diseases.},
}
@article {pmid34483699,
year = {2021},
author = {Ali Al Shehri, S and Al-Sulaiman, AM and Azmi, S and Alshehri, SS},
title = {Bio-safety and bio-security: A major global concern for ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.},
journal = {Saudi journal of biological sciences},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.08.060},
pmid = {34483699},
issn = {1319-562X},
abstract = {Besides its impacts on governance, economics, human culture, geostrategic partnership and environment, globalization greatly exerted control over science and security policies. Biosecurity is the critical job of efforts, policy and preparation to protect health of human, animal and environmental against any biological threats. With the transition into a global village, the possibility of biosecurity breaches has significantly increased. The COVID-19 pandemic is an example of an infringement on biosecurity that has posed a serious threat to the world. Since the first report on the recognition of COVID-19, a number of governments have taken preventive measures, like; lockdown, screening and early detection of suspected and implementing the required response to protect the loss of life and economy. Unfortunately, some of these measures have only recently been taken in some countries, which have contributed significantly to an increased morbidity and loss of life on a daily basis. In this article, the biological risks affecting human, animal and environmental conditions, biosafety violations and preventive measures have been discussed in order to reduce the outbreak and impacts of a pandemic like COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid34483666,
year = {2021},
author = {Chawla, S and Chawla, S},
title = {Comparative Analysis of Susceptibility and Severity of COVID-19 in Countries from the Eastern and the Western World Till March '21.},
journal = {Microbiology insights},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {11786361211041367},
doi = {10.1177/11786361211041367},
pmid = {34483666},
issn = {1178-6361},
abstract = {Majority of the world's human population today is affected by Covid-19. The disease has not only exhibited differences in susceptibility among people of different countries, but also the mortality rate. In general, Western world has been reporting a greater number of infected cases than eastern countries. Even the mortality rates are quite high there. The aim of this study was to analyse the data available on the infectivity and mortality rates of Covid-19 in different countries till March'21 and then reviewed the literature to find reasons for the differences in susceptibility and severity in eastern and western countries. The reasons for the observed differences may be: (i) Eastern countries followed stricter modalities and got grace period to create better healthcare facilities to tackle COVID-19. This probably also slowed the transmission of virus and its evolution, (ii) Vaccination policies in the east may have provided some immunity due to cross reactivity, (iii) Frequent exposure to infections at young age in eastern countries might be helping in better immunity, (iv) Mutations in viral genome may be geography based and (v) Genetic differences in the immune system of the hosts with respect to ACE receptors and MHC may be playing an important role. In this article, an attempt has been made to put forth and discuss these plausible reasons along with suitable evidences. These findings may help in future research on the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Covid-19.},
}
@article {pmid34483649,
year = {2021},
author = {Shams Vahdati, S and Ala, A and Rahmanpour, D and Sadeghi-Hokmabadi, E and Tahmasbi, F},
title = {Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 infection: an umbrella review.},
journal = {The Egyptian journal of neurology, psychiatry and neurosurgery},
volume = {57},
number = {1},
pages = {113},
doi = {10.1186/s41983-021-00366-5},
pmid = {34483649},
issn = {1110-1083},
abstract = {Background: Neurological involvements of COVID-19 are one of the most reported manifestations of this infection. This study aims to systematically review the previous systematic reviews which addressed the neurological manifestations of the COVID-19 infection.<br><br>Methods: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science databases and Google Scholar from December 2019 to December 2020. Articles were critically screened by two independent reviewers and if met the inclusion criteria, entered the study. Assessment of methodological quality was conducted by Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews-2 (AMSTAR-2) tool. Statistical analysis was not applicable. From a total of 1302 studies, 308 studies were removed due to their irrelevant title and abstract. After screening the full texts, a total of 66 found to be eligible. Twenty-one studies reported general manifestations of the COVID-19, 13 studies reported cerebrovascular events, 19 olfactory and oral dysfunctions, 5 systematic reviews on Guillen-Barré syndrome (GBS) and 8 articles on the sporadic manifestations like ocular signs and symptoms. The majority of the studies were classified as critically low or low in terms of quality.<br><br>Conclusion: Despite great heterogeneity in the current literature, neurological involvements are an important extra-pulmonary aspect of the COVID-19; most commonly in the form of general manifestations like headache and olfactory disturbances. Long-term effects of this virus on the nervous system must be a research priority for future references.<br><br>Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41983-021-00366-5.},
}
@article {pmid34483571,
year = {2021},
author = {Rahul, M and Tewari, N and Mathur, V and Goel, S and Jain, G},
title = {Evidence mapping and quality analysis of published dental literature on COVID-19 - A systematic review.},
journal = {National journal of maxillofacial surgery},
volume = {12},
number = {2},
pages = {139-161},
doi = {10.4103/njms.NJMS_237_20},
pmid = {34483571},
issn = {0975-5950},
abstract = {A large number of scientific articles have been published regarding impact of COVID-19 infection on dental practice, dental professionals, and the mode of spread of infection via dental procedures. The present systematic review was planned with an aim of evidence mapping and quality analysis of published research on the dental aspects of COVID-19 infection. The protocol was registered at https://share.osf.io/registration/46221-C87-BA8. The search was performed in Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases till 15th July 2020. There was no restriction of year of publication and language. All types of published articles related to Dentistry, Dentist, Dental practice, and Oral health education on COVID-19 were included. The Joanna Briggs Institute's (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tools were used for the risk of bias analysis of included studies. A total of 393 articles were short-listed and were checked for eligibility and finally, 380 articles were included. Among the 380 research articles published (till July 15, 2020), the majority of the included articles belonged to the lowermost strata of the evidence pyramid. There were 54 original research articles with no randomized clinical trial, systematic review or, meta-analysis pertaining to the dental perspective of COVID-19 infection. The level of available evidence about dentistry and COVID-19 infection is very low with a lack of researches of highest quality. The guidelines/recommendations for dental professionals, proposed by the different scientific organizations/societies regarding COVID-19 infection are only consensus-based necessitating the need to formulate evidence-based guidelines. There is a need to identify essential research questions and strengthen the study designs in most of the aspects related to the dentistry and COVID-19 pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid34483567,
year = {2021},
author = {Priyadarsini, AJ and Karan, K and Arulselvi, S},
title = {The Convalescent Plasma Craze! Where Does India Stand?.},
journal = {Journal of laboratory physicians},
volume = {13},
number = {2},
pages = {183-191},
doi = {10.1055/s-0041-1730753},
pmid = {34483567},
issn = {0974-2727},
abstract = {India becomes the country with second highest number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases (59,03,932) as of September 2020. As the world debates various treatment options, the current pandemic has led to the resurgence of an ancient technique, namely convalescent plasma therapy. Although it has been in use from the late 19th century, it is an uncharted territory for most developing nations. In this article, we have discussed the pros and cons of convalescent plasma transfusion in COVID-19 patients. Articles discussed in this review have been obtained from search engines, namely PubMed, Scopus, and Embase. We have also expressed our viewpoint on the feasibility and logistical challenges of convalescent plasma use in India.},
}
@article {pmid34483566,
year = {2021},
author = {Capoor, MR and Parida, A},
title = {Biomedical Waste and Solid Waste Management in the Time of COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review of the National and International Scenario and Guidelines.},
journal = {Journal of laboratory physicians},
volume = {13},
number = {2},
pages = {175-182},
doi = {10.1055/s-0041-1729132},
pmid = {34483566},
issn = {0974-2727},
abstract = {Biomedical waste generated during the diagnosis, isolation, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients can also be the source of new infections; hence, it needs special consideration. Previous guidelines for the management of biomedical waste need to be revisited as the majority of COVID-19 patients remain asymptomatic and reside in community. Personal protective equipment (PPE) like masks, hazmat suits, gloves, and visors are now being used by the public also. Thus, the general household waste and disposables now make an exponential increase in the waste that can be considered an environmental hazard. In this article, the authors have tried to present the problems arising from COVID-19 waste and the recommendations put forth by competent authorities both nationally and internationally on COVID-19 waste management. Furthermore, in all the guidelines, it is crucial that the COVID-19 waste management follows environmentally sound principles and practices of biomedical waste management, with safe work and infection-control practices. Segregation of COVID-19 waste at source, awareness, and precautions at all steps of the waste-cycle are the only way ahead in this crisis.},
}
@article {pmid34483512,
year = {2021},
author = {Krishna, UR},
title = {Reproductive Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology of India},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-5},
doi = {10.1007/s13224-021-01546-2},
pmid = {34483512},
issn = {0971-9202},
abstract = {Globally reproductive health services such as contraception and abortion are impacted and are not accessible to a considerable population. The International Planned Parenthood Federation reported anticipated shortage of contraception as the lockdown measures led to reduction in the manufacturing of contraceptives. A recent analysis by the Guttmacher Institute estimated the potential effects of the pandemic. It was found that a 10% decline of sexual and reproductive health services due to COVID-19, would mean an additional 15.4 million unintended pregnancies, over 3.3 million unsafe abortions and 28,000 maternal deaths. The UN Secretary General has issued a call to continue the delivery of sexual and reproductive health services even without prescription. The focus is now to provide vaccines, and therefore, a number of research organizations and pharmaceutical industries are working on their production. One of the reasons for vaccine refusal is the concern that it may affect female and male reproductive functions. However, it is important to correct this misunderstanding as vaccination does not affect fertility. In most cases, vaccination during pregnancy and lactation can be considered safe and effective.},
}
@article {pmid34483472,
year = {2021},
author = {Machado, MC and Zamani, M and Daniel, S and Furst, AL},
title = {Bioelectrochemical platforms to study and detect emerging pathogens.},
journal = {MRS bulletin},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-7},
doi = {10.1557/s43577-021-00172-7},
pmid = {34483472},
issn = {0883-7694},
abstract = {The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has emphasized the importance of technologies to rapidly detect emerging pathogens and understand their interactions with hosts. Platforms based on the combination of biological recognition and electrochemical signal transduction, generally termed bioelectrochemical platforms, offer unique opportunities to both sense and study pathogens. Improved bio-based materials have enabled enhanced control over the biotic-abiotic interface in these systems. These improvements have generated platforms with the capability to elucidate biological function rather than simply detect targets. This advantage is a key feature of recent bioelectrochemical platforms applied to infectious disease. Here, we describe developments in materials for bioelectrochemical platforms to study and detect emerging pathogens. The incorporation of host membrane material into electrochemical devices has provided unparalleled insights into the interaction between viruses and host cells, and new capture methods have enabled the specific detection of bacterial pathogens, such as those that cause secondary infections with SARS-CoV-2. As these devices continue to improve through the merging of hi-tech materials and biomaterials, the scalability and commercial viability of these devices will similarly improve.},
}
@article {pmid34483424,
year = {2021},
author = {Reina, J},
title = {[The new generation of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines against influenza].},
journal = {Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.eimc.2021.07.009},
pmid = {34483424},
issn = {1578-1852},
abstract = {Today there are multiple types of flu vaccines. The emergence of nucleic acid technology used in vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 suggests its future application against this infection. Against influenza, two types of vaccines have been developed based on messenger RNA (mRNA): conventional or non-replicative and self-amplifying or replicative (auRNA), both included in lipid nanoparticles. Animal studies carried out with the former have shown their strong capacity to induce Th-1 antibodies and cellular immunity against influenza haemagglutinin (HA) with few side effects. Human trials have shown 87% seroconversion and 100% seroprotection. The auRNA vaccines have obtained similar results in animals but at a concentration 64 times lower than the conventional one. Vaccines based on mRNA platforms meet the WHO requirements for next generation influenza vaccines.},
}
@article {pmid34483343,
year = {2021},
author = {Galván-Casas, C and Català, A and Muñoz-Santos, C},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines and the Skin.},
journal = {Actas dermo-sifiliograficas},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.adengl.2021.07.028},
pmid = {34483343},
issn = {1578-2190},
abstract = {Vaccines against the severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2, which are the first to be used in humans against any coronavirus, were developed and produced in record time. Dermatologic adverse effects appeared during clinical trials and have also been described in the population since approval. Just as descriptions and categorization of skin manifestations of the coronavirus disease 2019 proved important for understanding the disease itself, characterizing the effects of vaccines may also further that goal. This paper reviews the properties of the different types of vaccines currently available and under development and describes how they interact with the immune system and the clinical signs they may cause. We focus on dermatologic adverse effects reported to date and recommendations for managing them.},
}
@article {pmid34483055,
year = {2021},
author = {Co, M and Cheung, KYC and Cheung, WS and Fok, HM and Fong, KH and Kwok, OY and Leung, TWK and Ma, HCJ and Ngai, PTI and Tsang, MK and Wong, CYM and Chu, KM},
title = {Distance education for anatomy and surgical training - A systematic review.},
journal = {The surgeon : journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.surge.2021.08.001},
pmid = {34483055},
issn = {1479-666X},
abstract = {Rapid development of COVID-19 has resulted in a massive shift from traditional to online teaching. This review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of distance learning on anatomy and surgical training. This systematic review was conducted in line with the PRISMA statement and current methodological literature. The databases CINAHL, Cochrane, EMBASE and Pubmed were searched using the search terms "Distant learning" OR "Distance learning" AND "Anatomy OR Surgery". 182 non-duplicate studies were identified. 20 studies were included for qualitative analysis. 10 studies evaluated students' performance with distance learning. 3 studies suggested that students' learning motivation improved with distance learning pedagogy. 5 studies found improved student performance with distance learning (performance or task completion time) when compared to conventional physical method. While 2 other studies found non-inferior student performance. 10 studies evaluated students' feedback on distance learning. Most feedbacks were positive, with flexibility, efficiency, increased motivation and better viewing angles as the most-liked features of distance teaching. 4 studies pointed out some limitations of distance learning, including the lack of personal contact with tutor, poor network and reduced student concentration. 7 studies evaluated tutors' feedback on distance learning. Tutors generally liked online platforms for the ease of tracking silent students, monitoring performance and updating fast-changing knowledge. Yet the lack of hands-on experience for students, technical issues and high costs are the main concerns for tutors. In conclusion, distance learning is a feasible alternative for anatomy and surgical teaching.},
}
@article {pmid34482267,
year = {2021},
author = {Amini-Farsani, Z and Yadollahi-Farsani, M and Arab, S and Forouzanfar, F and Yadollahi, M and Asgharzade, S},
title = {Prediction and analysis of microRNAs involved in COVID-19 inflammatory processes associated with the NF-kB and JAK/STAT signaling pathways.},
journal = {International immunopharmacology},
volume = {100},
number = {},
pages = {108071},
doi = {10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108071},
pmid = {34482267},
issn = {1878-1705},
abstract = {COVID-19 is the cause of a pandemic associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. As yet, there is no available approved drug to eradicate the virus. In this review article, we present an alternative study area that may contribute to the development of therapeutic targets for COVID-19. Growing evidence is revealing further pathophysiological mechanisms of COVID-19 related to the disregulation of inflammation pathways that seem to play a critical role toward COVID-19 complications. The NF-kB and JAK/STAT signaling pathways are highly activated in acute inflammation, and the excessive activity of these pathways in COVID-19 patients likely exacerbates the inflammatory responses of the host. A group of non-coding RNAs (miRNAs) manage certain features of the inflammatory process. In this study, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of miRNAs and their connection to inflammatory responses. Additionally, we consider the link between perturbations in miRNA levels and the onset of COVID-19 disease. Furthermore, previous studies published in the online databases, namely web of science, MEDLINE (PubMed), and Scopus, were reviewed for the potential role of miRNAs in the inflammatory manifestations of COVID-19. Moreover, we disclosed the interactions of inflammatory genes using STRING DB and designed interactions between miRNAs and target genes using Cityscape software. Several miRNAs, particularly miR-9, miR-98, miR-223, and miR-214, play crucial roles in the regulation of NF-kB and JAK-STAT signaling pathways as inflammatory regulators. Therefore, this group of miRNAs that mitigate inflammatory pathways can be further regarded as potential targets for far-reaching-therapeutic strategies in COVID-19 diseases.},
}
@article {pmid34482197,
year = {2021},
author = {Min-Allah, N and Alahmed, BA and Albreek, EM and Alghamdi, LS and Alawad, DA and Alharbi, AS and Al-Akkas, N and Musleh, D and Alrashed, S},
title = {A survey of COVID-19 contact-tracing apps.},
journal = {Computers in biology and medicine},
volume = {137},
number = {},
pages = {104787},
doi = {10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104787},
pmid = {34482197},
issn = {1879-0534},
abstract = {Recently, the sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 virus caused a major health crisis by affecting masses around the world. The virus, which is known to be highly contagious, has forced the research community and governments to fight the disease and take prompt actions by applying various strategies to keep the numbers under control. These strategies range from imposing strict social distancing measures, isolating infected cases, and enforcing either a partial or a full lockdown, to mathematical modeling and contact-tracing applications. In this work, we survey the current contact-tracing apps and organize them based on underlying technologies such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, GPS, geofencing, and Quick Response (QR) codes. We compare the main features of 22 existing applications and highlight each of the pros and cons associated with these different technologies.},
}
@article {pmid34481816,
year = {2021},
author = {Chong, WH and Saha, BK and Medarov, BI},
title = {A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 and influenza patients on ECMO.},
journal = {Respiratory investigation},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.resinv.2021.07.006},
pmid = {34481816},
issn = {2212-5353},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a valuable rescue therapy to treat refractory hypoxemia caused by influenza. The present meta-analysis aimed to compare the clinical characteristics and outcomes of ECMO between COVID-19 and influenza.<br><br>METHODS: We searched the PubMed, Cochrane Library, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases from inception to May 1, 2021. The included studies compared the clinical characteristics and outcomes of ECMO between adults with COVID-19 and those with influenza.<br><br>RESULTS: The study included four retrospective cohorts involving a total of 129 patients with COVID-19 and 140 with influenza who were treated using ECMO. Clinical characteristics were similar between the COVID-19 and influenza groups, including body mass index (BMI), diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and immunocompromised status. A higher proportion of patients with COVID-19 on ECMO were male (75.9% vs. 62.9%; P = 0.04). There was no difference between the groups in terms of illness severity based on sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score or serum pH. Patients with COVID-19 had a longer mean duration of mechanical ventilation before ECMO (6.63 vs. 3.38 days; P < 0.01). The pooled mortality rate was 43.8%. The mean ECMO duration (14.13 vs. 12.55 days; P = 0.25) and mortality rate (42.6% vs. 45.0%; P = 0.99) were comparable between the groups.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Clinical characteristics, ECMO duration, and mortality were comparable between patients with COVID-19 and those with influenza who required ECMO to treat refractory hypoxemia. The duration of mechanical ventilation before ECMO did not influence outcomes. Patients with COVID-19 benefit from ECMO salvage therapy similarly to those with influenza.},
}
@article {pmid34481571,
year = {2021},
author = {Harvey, SB and Epstein, RM and Glozier, N and Petrie, K and Strudwick, J and Gayed, A and Dean, K and Henderson, M},
title = {Mental illness and suicide among physicians.},
journal = {Lancet (London, England)},
volume = {398},
number = {10303},
pages = {920-930},
doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01596-8},
pmid = {34481571},
issn = {1474-547X},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has heightened interest in how physician mental health can be protected and optimised, but uncertainty and misinformation remain about some key issues. In this Review, we discuss the current literature, which shows that despite what might be inferred during training, physicians are not immune to mental illness, with between a quarter and a third reporting increased symptoms of mental ill health. Physicians, particularly female physicians, are at an increased risk of suicide. An emerging consensus exists that some aspects of physician training, working conditions, and organisational support are unacceptable. Changes in medical training and health systems, and the additional strain of working through a pandemic, might have amplified these problems. A new evidence-informed framework for how individual and organisational interventions can be used in an integrated manner in medical schools, in health-care settings, and by professional colleagues is proposed. New initiatives are required at each of these levels, with an urgent need for organisational-level interventions, to better protect the mental health and wellbeing of physicians.},
}
@article {pmid34481486,
year = {2021},
author = {Yu, C and Helwig, EJ},
title = {Role of rehabilitation amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: a review.},
journal = {Journal of translational medicine},
volume = {19},
number = {1},
pages = {376},
pmid = {34481486},
issn = {1479-5876},
abstract = {COVID-19 remains globally a highly infectious disease targeting multiple organs. Rehabilitation is increasingly valued among the supportive care fields to combat COVID-19 as currently definitive curative treatment remains largely absent. This narrative review is to address rehabilitation related topics associated with the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Nosocomial spread remains a high risk for healthcare workers, with comparable high ratios of exposed workers suffering from the disease with more severe clinical course. Primary principle of rehabilitation is to protect rehabilitation physicians and cover all person-to-person interactions. Translating perspectives are encouraged through each multidisciplinary approach. Rehabilitation for the outpatient remains a potential beneficial approach. Artificial intelligence can potentially provide aid and possible answers to important problems that may emerge involving COVID-19. The real value of rehabilitation in COVID-19 may be very impactful and beneficial for patient's physical and mental health.},
}
@article {pmid34466191,
year = {2021},
author = {Mosi, L and Sylverken, AA and Oyebola, K and Badu, K and Dukhi, N and Goonoo, N and Mante, PK and Zahouli, J and Amankwaa, EF and Tolba, MF and Fagbamigbe, AF and de Souza, DK and Matoke-Muhia, D},
title = {Correlating WHO COVID-19 interim guideline 2020.5 and testing capacity, accuracy, and logistical challenges in Africa.},
journal = {The Pan African medical journal},
volume = {39},
number = {},
pages = {89},
pmid = {34466191},
issn = {1937-8688},
mesh = {Africa ; COVID-19/*diagnosis ; COVID-19 Testing/*methods ; Humans ; Mass Screening/methods ; *Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Specimen Handling ; World Health Organization ; },
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by SARS-CoV-2 was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. As of 21st April 2021, the disease had affected more than 143 million people with more than 3 million deaths worldwide. Urgent effective strategies are required to control the scourge of the pandemic. Rapid sample collection and effective testing of appropriate specimens from patients meeting the suspect case definition for COVID-19 is a priority for clinical management and outbreak control. The WHO recommends that suspected cases be screened for SARS-CoV-2 virus with nucleic acid amplification tests such as real-time Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (rRT-PCR). Other COVID-19 screening techniques such as serological and antigen tests have been developed and are currently being used for testing at ports of entry and for general surveillance of population exposure in some countries. However, there are limited testing options, equipment, and trained personnel in many African countries. Previously, positive patients have been screened more than twice to determine viral clearance prior to discharge after treatment. In a new policy directive, the WHO now recommends direct discharge after treatment of all positive cases without repeated testing. In this review, we discuss COVID-19 testing capacity, various diagnostic methods, test accuracy, as well as logistical challenges in Africa with respect to the WHO early discharge policy.},
}
@article {pmid34463994,
year = {2021},
author = {Kapila, YL},
title = {Oral health's inextricable connection to systemic health: Special populations bring to bear multimodal relationships and factors connecting periodontal disease to systemic diseases and conditions.},
journal = {Periodontology 2000},
volume = {87},
number = {1},
pages = {11-16},
doi = {10.1111/prd.12398},
pmid = {34463994},
issn = {1600-0757},
mesh = {Animals ; *COVID-19 ; Dysbiosis ; Female ; Humans ; Oral Health ; *Periodontal Diseases ; Pregnancy ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {The landscape in dentistry is changing as emerging studies continue to reveal that periodontal health impacts systemic health, and vice versa. Population studies, clinical studies, and in vitro animal studies underscore the critical importance of oral health to systemic health. These inextricable relationships come to the forefront as oral diseases, such as periodontal disease, take root. Special populations bring to bear the multimodal relationships between oral and systemic health. Specifically, periodontal disease has been associated with diabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity, eating disorders, liver disease, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer disease, rheumatoid arthritis, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and cancer. Although bidirectional relationships are recognized, the potential for multiple comorbidities, relationships, and connections (multimodal relationships) also exists. Proposed mechanisms that mediate this connection between oral and systemic health include predisposing and precipitating factors, such as genetic factors (gene polymorphisms), environmental factors (stress, habits-such as smoking and high-fat diets/consumption of highly processed foods), medications, microbial dysbiosis and bacteremias/viremias/microbemias, and an altered host immune response. Thus, in a susceptible host, these predisposing and precipitating factors trigger the onset of periodontal disease and systemic disease/conditions. Further, high-throughput sequencing technologies are shedding light on the dark matter that comprises the oral microbiome. This has resulted in better characterization of the oral microbial dysbiosis, including putative bacterial periodontopathogens and shifts in oral virome composition during disease. Multiple laboratory and clinical studies have illustrated that both eukaryotic and prokaryotic viruses within subgingival plaque and periodontal tissues affect periodontal inflammation, putative periodontopathogens, and the host immune response. Although the association between herpesviruses and periodontitis and the degree to which these viruses directly aggravate periodontal tissue damage remain unclear, the benefits to periodontal health found from prolonged administration of antivirals in immunocompromised or immunodeficient individuals demonstrates that specific populations are possibly more susceptible to viral periodontopathogens. Thus, it may be important to further examine the implications of viral pathogen involvement in periodontitis and perhaps it is time to embrace the viral dark matter within the periodontal environment to fully comprehend the pathogenesis and systemic implications of periodontitis. Emerging data from the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic further underscores the inextricable connection between oral and systemic health, with high levels of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor noted on oral tissues (tongue) and an allostatic load or overload paradigm of chronic stress likely contributing to rapid breakdown of oral/dental, periodontal, and peri-implant tissues. These associations exist within a framework of viremias/bacteremias/microbemias, systemic inflammation, and/or disturbances of the immune system in a susceptible host. A thorough review of systemic and oral diseases and conditions and their mechanistic, predisposing, and precipitating factors are paramount to better addressing the oral and systemic health and needs of our patients.},
}
@article {pmid34459782,
year = {2021},
author = {Marczewski, KP and Piegza, M and Gospodarczyk, A and Pudlo, R and Sosada, K},
title = {EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS AND SLEEP DISTURBANCES IN PARAMEDICS IN THE ERA OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC.},
journal = {Wiadomosci lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland : 1960)},
volume = {74},
number = {7},
pages = {1754-1757},
pmid = {34459782},
issn = {0043-5147},
mesh = {Allied Health Personnel ; *COVID-19 ; Depression/epidemiology ; Humans ; *Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Sleep ; Stress, Psychological/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {Infectious diseases have accompanied mankind for centuries, and the effects of their dramatic course are felt on many levels of everyday life. The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus infection carries a tremendous psychological burden for both those infected and health care workers. Particularly vulnerable to psychological strain are paramedics who have direct contact with and caring for patients infected with coronavirus. From a review of the literature, it is known that Emergency Medical Team members, as a result of the stress experienced during a pandemic, manifest symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. In order to limit the adverse impact of the pandemic on the mental condition of this professional group, it is necessary to create appropriate conditions for solitary rest, relaxation and satisfaction of basic needs such as: food, sleep and protective clothing. An important role is also played by unrestricted access to psychological support in the broad sense of the word and often also to psychiatric care.},
}
@article {pmid34448786,
year = {2021},
author = {Wong, RSY},
title = {COVID-19 vaccines and herd immunity: Perspectives, challenges and prospects.},
journal = {The Malaysian journal of pathology},
volume = {43},
number = {2},
pages = {203-217},
pmid = {34448786},
issn = {0126-8635},
mesh = {COVID-19/*immunology ; COVID-19 Vaccines/*immunology ; Humans ; Immunity, Herd/*immunology ; Public Health/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology/pathogenicity ; Vaccines/*immunology/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is one of the biggest public health threats in the 21st century. Nearly every country in the world has been affected by COVID-19. The magnitude of the problem, with over 179 million confirmed cases and 3.8 million deaths worldwide, has driven researchers to search for vaccines to combat the disease. The discovery and development of a new vaccine, from the initial stage to the vaccine finally reaching the patients, usually take many years. However, given the urgency of the situation, many clinical trials on the COVID-19 vaccines have been conducted at extraordinary speed, whereas several vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are being administered worldwide. This article gives an overview of the different types of COVID-19 vaccines, with a focus on those with promising results and are commonly used worldwide. It also gives an overview of herd immunity and discusses the challenges in achieving herd immunity through the global vaccination campaigns. Last but not least, some strategies that may be used to address these challenges are discussed.},
}
@article {pmid34415246,
year = {2021},
author = {Kim, SE and Logeswaran, A and Kang, S and Stanojcic, N and Wickham, L and Thomas, P and Li, JO},
title = {Digital Transformation in Ophthalmic Clinical Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Asia-Pacific journal of ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.)},
volume = {10},
number = {4},
pages = {381-387},
pmid = {34415246},
issn = {2162-0989},
mesh = {Artificial Intelligence ; *COVID-19 ; Humans ; *Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Technology ; *Telemedicine ; },
abstract = {ABSTRACT: COVID-19 has placed unprecedented pressure on health systems globally, whereas simultaneously stimulating unprecedented levels of transformation. Here, we review digital adoption that has taken place during the pandemic to drive improvements in ophthalmic clinical care, with a specific focus on out-of-hospital triage and services, clinical assessment, patient management, and use of electronic health records. We show that although there have been some successes, shortcomings in technology infrastructure prepandemic became only more apparent and consequential as COVID-19 progressed. Through our review, we emphasize the need for clinicians to better grasp and harness key technology trends such as telecommunications and artificial intelligence, so that they can effectively and safely shape clinical practice using these tools going forward.},
}
@article {pmid34392681,
year = {2021},
author = {Toropov, N and Osborne, E and Joshi, LT and Davidson, J and Morgan, C and Page, J and Pepperell, J and Vollmer, F},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 Tests: Bridging the Gap between Laboratory Sensors and Clinical Applications.},
journal = {ACS sensors},
volume = {6},
number = {8},
pages = {2815-2837},
pmid = {34392681},
issn = {2379-3694},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Testing ; Humans ; Laboratories ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {This review covers emerging biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 detection together with a review of the biochemical and clinical assays that are in use in hospitals and clinical laboratories. We discuss the gap in bridging the current practice of testing laboratories with nucleic acid amplification methods, and the robustness of assays the laboratories seek, and what emerging SARS-CoV-2 sensors have currently addressed in the literature. Together with the established nucleic acid and biochemical tests, we review emerging technology and antibody tests to determine the effectiveness of vaccines on individuals.},
}
@article {pmid34353999,
year = {2021},
author = {Florescu, DF and Kalil, AC},
title = {Janus Kinase inhibitors for the treatment of hospitalized patients with COVID-19.},
journal = {Current opinion in critical care},
volume = {27},
number = {5},
pages = {493-496},
doi = {10.1097/MCC.0000000000000869},
pmid = {34353999},
issn = {1531-7072},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Humans ; *Janus Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Respiration, Artificial ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Venous Thromboembolism ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitors have been successfully utilized in the clinical treatment of several rheumatologic (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis) and inflammatory diseases (e.g. hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis). Based on the growing evidence that moderate and severe COVID-19 infections are associated with a dysregulated inflammatory state, this class of medications has been repurposed as a potential therapy for COVID-19, an infection caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2.<br><br>RECENT FINDINGS: Three JAK inhibitors have been evaluated in human studies of COVID-19: Baricitinib, Tofacitinib, and Ruxolitinib. Most published studies are observational, but three randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trials have been completed: two large trials (N = 2,558 patients) with baricitinb demonstrated significant faster improvement in clinical status and reduction in the recovery time, as well as, significant reduction in the progression to invasive mechanical ventilation and mortality. One smaller randomized trial (N = 289) involving tofacitinib showed significant reduction in the progression to invasive ventilation or death. Notably, these three randomized placebo-controlled trials with close to 3,000 patients did not reveal any safety concerns associated with JAK inhibitors in terms of secondary infections or venous thromboembolism. Based on this high-quality evidence, both the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the National Institutes of Health guidelines recommend using baricitinib as part of the treatment approach for hospitalized patients with COVID-19.<br><br>SUMMARY: JAK inhibitors are novel treatment agents in the field of infectious diseases. One JAK inhibitor, baricitinib has demonstrated significant clinical and survival benefits in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in phase III randomized placebo-controlled trials. Baricitinib is already recommended for clinical practice by multiple guidelines.},
}
@article {pmid34353998,
year = {2021},
author = {Beigel, JH},
title = {What is the role of remdesivir in patients with COVID-19?.},
journal = {Current opinion in critical care},
volume = {27},
number = {5},
pages = {487-492},
pmid = {34353998},
issn = {1531-7072},
support = {Z99 AI999999/ImNIH/Intramural NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Adenosine Monophosphate/analogs &amp; derivatives ; Alanine/analogs &amp; derivatives ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; *COVID-19/drug therapy ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: COVID-19 represents an unprecedented public health crisis caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The antiviral remdesivir is one component of treating COVID-19. Unfortunately, the trials evaluating remdesivir have reported mixed results, leading to uncertainty on when to use remdesivir. This review discusses the trials evaluating the efficacy of remdesivir for COVID-19 and other supporting data to help inform the role of remdesivir in patients with COVID-19.<br><br>RECENT FINDINGS: Since the start of the pandemic, there have been four randomized trials of remdesivir in treating patients hospitalized with COVID-19. More recently, extensive observational studies have provided supportive data.<br><br>SUMMARY: The majority of trials evaluating remdesivir suggest that remdesivir is effective in the treatment of patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Although there may be a benefit in some subgroups more than others, there is insufficient data to make definitive statements about benefits or lack of benefits in particular groups. Remdesivir has demonstrated clinical benefits such as decreased time in the hospital, lower progression to mechanical ventilation, and decreased utilization of other hospital resources; it is unclear if it reduces mortality, but one randomized controlled trial suggested possible survival benefits. Based on the data available, remdesivir has been approved (or authorized for early use) in 48 countries.},
}
@article {pmid34334626,
year = {2021},
author = {Wittebole, X and Montiel, V and Mesland, JB},
title = {Is there a role for immune-enhancing therapies for acutely ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019?.},
journal = {Current opinion in critical care},
volume = {27},
number = {5},
pages = {480-486},
doi = {10.1097/MCC.0000000000000862},
pmid = {34334626},
issn = {1531-7072},
mesh = {*COVID-19/therapy ; *Coronavirus Infections ; Humans ; Immunization, Passive ; Prospective Studies ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Although the so-called cytokine storm has been early described and related to a dramatic evolution in severe COVID-19 patients, it soon became clear that those patients display clinical and biological evidence of an immunosuppressive state characterized, among other, by a profound lymphopenia. The negative role of this immune suppression on the outcome raises the question on immune therapies that might improve patient's condition.<br><br>RECENT FINDINGS: Important positive effects of active immune therapies, such as IL-7 or thymosin-α are already described and warrant confirmation in larger prospective trials. For other therapies, such as interferons, firm conclusions for critically ill COVID-19 patients are lacking as those patients were often excluded from the published trials. Treatment with immunoglobulins or convalescent plasma is a passive strategy to provide specific immunity. Unfortunately, results from large RCTs do not support their use presently.<br><br>SUMMARY: In this article, we provide a review on active and passive immune boosting strategies that might help treating the most severe COVID-19 patients. We mainly focus on active strategies that include IL-7, thymosin-α, interferons, and vitamin D. Although some positive effects are described, they certainly warrant confirmation in large randomized controlled trials.},
}
@article {pmid34321415,
year = {2021},
author = {Povoa, P and Martin-Loeches, I and Nseir, S},
title = {Secondary pneumonias in critically ill patients with COVID-19: risk factors and outcomes.},
journal = {Current opinion in critical care},
volume = {27},
number = {5},
pages = {468-473},
pmid = {34321415},
issn = {1531-7072},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Critical Illness ; Humans ; Male ; *Pneumonia/epidemiology/etiology ; Respiration, Artificial/adverse effects ; Risk Factors ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current evidence of secondary pneumonias in COVID-19 patients, its incidence, risk factors and impact outcomes.<br><br>RECENT FINDINGS: Early studies reported low incidence of hospital-acquired infections in COVID-19 patients. More recent large studies clearly showed that the incidence of secondary pneumonias was markedly high in patients under mechanical ventilation. Duration of mechanical ventilation, acute respiratory distress syndrome, prone position and male sex were identified as risk factors. The adjunctive therapy with steroids and immunomodulators were associated with a higher risk of pneumonia and invasive pulmonary Aspergillosis. Although secondary pneumonias seemed to be associated with poor outcomes, namely mortality, in comparison with influenza, no difference was found in heterogeneity of outcomes. Immunosuppressive therapy has been studied in several observational and randomized trials with conflicting results and the true impact on superinfections, namely secondary pneumonias, has not been properly assessed.<br><br>SUMMARY: According to the current evidence, COVID-19 patients are at an increased risk of secondary pneumonias. The impact of immunosuppressive therapies on superinfections is yet to be determined. Further studies are needed to assess the true risk of secondary infections associated with immunosuppressive therapies and to identify preventive strategies.},
}
@article {pmid34310373,
year = {2021},
author = {Sweeney, DA and Malhotra, A},
title = {Coronavirus disease 2019 respiratory failure: what is the best supportive care for patients who require ICU admission?.},
journal = {Current opinion in critical care},
volume = {27},
number = {5},
pages = {462-467},
doi = {10.1097/MCC.0000000000000863},
pmid = {34310373},
issn = {1531-7072},
support = {T32 HL134632/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Pandemics ; Respiration, Artificial ; *Respiratory Insufficiency/therapy ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Treatment Outcome ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Currently, there is no cure for SARS-CoV-2 infection, yet hospital mortality rates for COVID-19 have improved over the course of the pandemic and may be due in part to improved supportive care in the ICU. This review highlights the evidence for and against various ICU supportive therapies for the treatment of critically ill patients with COVID-19.<br><br>RECENT FINDINGS: Early in the pandemic, there was great interest in novel ICU supportive care, both for the benefit of the patient, and the safety of clinicians. With a few exceptions (e.g. prone ventilation of nonintubated patients), clinicians abandoned most of these approaches (e.g. early intubation, avoidance of high flow or noninvasive ventilation). Standard critical care measures, especially for the treatment of severe viral respiratory infection including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) were applied to patients with COVID-19 with apparent success.<br><br>SUMMARY: In general, the COVID-19 pandemic reaffirmed the benefits of standard supportive care for respiratory failure and in particular, recent advances in ARDS treatment. Prone ventilation of nonintubated patients, an approach that was adopted early in the pandemic, is associated with improvement in oxygenation, but its impact on clinical outcome remains unclear. Otherwise, prone mechanical ventilation and avoidance of excessive tidal volumes, conservative fluid management, antibiotic stewardship and early evaluation for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) -- basic tenants of severe respiratory infections and ARDS care -- remain at the core of management of patients with severe COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid34309739,
year = {2021},
author = {Specker, C and Aries, P and Braun, J and Burmester, G and Fischer-Betz, R and Hasseli, R and Holle, J and Hoyer, BF and Iking-Konert, C and Krause, A and Krüger, K and Krusche, M and Leipe, J and Lorenz, HM and Moosig, F and Schmale-Grede, R and Schneider, M and Strangfeld, A and Voll, R and Voormann, A and Wagner, U and Schulze-Koops, H},
title = {[Updated recommendations of the German Society for Rheumatology for the care of patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases in the context of the SARS-CoV‑2/COVID‑19 pandemic, including recommendations for COVID‑19 vaccination].},
journal = {Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie},
volume = {80},
number = {6},
pages = {570-587},
pmid = {34309739},
issn = {1435-1250},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Humans ; Pandemics ; *Rheumatic Diseases/epidemiology/therapy ; *Rheumatology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccination ; },
}
@article {pmid34309055,
year = {2021},
author = {Valdés-Fernández, BN and Duconge, J and Espino, AM and Ruaño, G},
title = {Personalized health and the coronavirus vaccines-Do individual genetics matter?.},
journal = {BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology},
volume = {43},
number = {9},
pages = {e2100087},
pmid = {34309055},
issn = {1521-1878},
support = {R25 GM061151/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; U54 MD007600/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/United States ; 2U54-MD007600-33/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/United States ; 2R25GM061151-19//National Institutes of General Sciences/ ; },
mesh = {Biological Specimen Banks ; *COVID-19 ; *COVID-19 Vaccines ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccination ; },
abstract = {Vaccines represent preventative interventions amenable to immunogenetic prediction of how human variability will influence their safety and efficacy. The genetic polymorphism among individuals within any population can render possible that the immunity elicited by a vaccine is variable in length and strength. The same immune challenge (virus and/or vaccine) could provoke partial, complete or even failed protection for some individuals treated under the same conditions. We review genetic variants and mechanistic relationships among chemokines, chemokine receptors, interleukins, interferons, interferon receptors, toll-like receptors, histocompatibility antigens, various immunoglobulins and major histocompatibility complex antigens. These are the targets for variation among macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, T- and B-lymphocytes, and complement. The technology platforms (mRNA, viral vectors, proteins) utilized to produce vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infections may each trigger genetically distinct immune reactogenic profiles. With DNA biobanking and immunoprofiling of recipients, global COVID-19 vaccinations could launch a new era of personalized healthcare.},
}
@article {pmid34292175,
year = {2021},
author = {da Silva Ramos, FJ and de Freitas, FGR and Machado, FR},
title = {Sepsis in patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019: how often and how severe?.},
journal = {Current opinion in critical care},
volume = {27},
number = {5},
pages = {474-479},
doi = {10.1097/MCC.0000000000000861},
pmid = {34292175},
issn = {1531-7072},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Critical Illness ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Sepsis ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To discuss why severe COVID-19 should be considered sepsis and how co-infection and secondary infection can aggravate this condition and perpetuate organ dysfunction leading to high mortality rates.<br><br>RECENT FINDINGS: In severe COVID-19, there is both direct viral toxicity and dysregulated host response to infection. Although both coinfection and/or secondary infection are present, the latest is of greater concern mainly in resource-poor settings. Patients with severe COVID-19 present a phenotype of multiorgan dysfunction that leads to death in an unacceptable high percentage of the patients, with wide variability around the world. Similarly to endemic sepsis, the mortality of COVID-19 critically ill patients is higher in low-income and middle-income countries as compared with high-income countries. Disparities, including hospital strain, resources limitations, higher incidence of healthcare-associated infections (HAI), and staffing issues could in part explain this variability.<br><br>SUMMARY: The high mortality rates of critically ill patients with severe COVID-19 disease are not only related to the severity of patient disease but also to modifiable factors, such as the ICU strain, HAI incidence, and organizational aspects. Therefore, HAI prevention and the delivery of best evidence-based care for these patients to avoid additional damage is important. Quality improvement interventions might help in improving outcomes mainly in resource-limited settings.},
}
@article {pmid34267076,
year = {2021},
author = {McPeake, J and Sevin, CM and Mikkelsen, ME},
title = {Functional outcomes following critical illness: epidemiology, current management strategies and the future priorities.},
journal = {Current opinion in critical care},
volume = {27},
number = {5},
pages = {506-512},
doi = {10.1097/MCC.0000000000000856},
pmid = {34267076},
issn = {1531-7072},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; *Critical Illness ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Intensive care unit (ICU) survivorship has gained significant attention over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this review, we summarize the contemporary literature in relation to the epidemiology and management of post-ICU problems.<br><br>RECENT FINDINGS: Survivors of critical illness can have complex physical, social, emotional and cognitive needs in the months following hospital discharge. Emerging evidence has shown that pre-ICU characteristics such as educational attainment, alongside in-ICU factors such as delirium, may contribute to worsening outcomes. Evidence regarding the impact of post-ICU recovery services is evolving, but models such as post-ICU clinics and peer support programs are gaining rapid momentum.<br><br>SUMMARY: Future research should focus on modifiable risk factors and how identification and treatment of these can improve outcomes. Furthermore, rigorous evaluation of postacute critical care recovery services is necessary.},
}
@article {pmid34267075,
year = {2021},
author = {Anesi, GL and Kerlin, MP},
title = {The impact of resource limitations on care delivery and outcomes: routine variation, the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, and persistent shortage.},
journal = {Current opinion in critical care},
volume = {27},
number = {5},
pages = {513-519},
pmid = {34267075},
issn = {1531-7072},
support = {K12 HS026372/HS/AHRQ HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Critical Illness ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; *Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Resource limitation, or capacity strain, has been associated with changes in care delivery, and in some cases, poorer outcomes among critically ill patients. This may result from normal variation in strain on available resources, chronic strain in persistently under-resourced settings, and less commonly because of acute surges in demand, as seen during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.<br><br>RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies confirmed existing evidence that high ICU strain is associated with ICU triage decisions, and that ICU strain may be associated with ICU patient mortality. Studies also demonstrated earlier discharge of ICU patients during high strain, suggesting that strain may promote patient flow efficiency. Several studies of strain resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic provided support for the concept of adaptability - that the surge not only caused detrimental strain but also provided experience with a novel disease entity such that outcomes improved over time. Chronically resource-limited settings faced even more challenging circumstances because of acute-on-chronic strain during the pandemic.<br><br>SUMMARY: The interaction between resource limitation and care delivery and outcomes is complex and incompletely understood. The COVID-19 pandemic provides a learning opportunity for strain response during both pandemic and nonpandemic times.},
}
@article {pmid34232147,
year = {2021},
author = {Rochwerg, B and Kawano-Dourado, L and Qadir, N},
title = {How trustworthy guidelines can impact outcomes.},
journal = {Current opinion in critical care},
volume = {27},
number = {5},
pages = {544-550},
doi = {10.1097/MCC.0000000000000858},
pmid = {34232147},
issn = {1531-7072},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Humans ; Hydroxychloroquine ; Lopinavir ; *Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: If developed using rigorous methods and produced in a timely manner, clinical practice guidelines have the potential to improve patient outcomes. Although the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the challenges involved in generating reliable clinical guidance, it has also provided an opportunity to address these challenges.<br><br>RECENT FINDINGS: New research addressing drugs for COVID-19 is being produced at unprecedented rates. Incorporating this new knowledge into patient care can be daunting for the average clinician. In collaboration with the BMJ and MAGIC, the WHO has developed a living guideline initiative with the goal of providing rapid and trustworthy clinical guidance in response to practice-changing evidence. As new evidence becomes available, it is incorporated into a living network meta-analysis that informs these guidelines, which are iteratively updated. Until this point, the group has generated guidelines addressing the use of corticosteroids, remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, and ivermectin for COVID-19.<br><br>SUMMARY: We provide an example of how rapid and rigorous guidelines can be accomplished, even in the setting of a pandemic, capitalizing on expertise, large and dedicated teams, and focused scope. We highlight the benefits of multifaceted knowledge dissemination through multiple formats to ensure global dissemination and in order to maximize impact.},
}
@article {pmid34124934,
year = {2021},
author = {van de Leemput, J and Han, Z},
title = {Understanding Individual SARS-CoV-2 Proteins for Targeted Drug Development against COVID-19.},
journal = {Molecular and cellular biology},
volume = {41},
number = {9},
pages = {e0018521},
pmid = {34124934},
issn = {1098-5549},
mesh = {Antiviral Agents/*pharmacology ; COVID-19/drug therapy ; COVID-19 Vaccines/pharmacology ; Drug Development ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/*drug effects ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/*drug effects/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism ; Viral Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Virus Internalization ; Virus Replication/drug effects/physiology ; },
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic, responsible for millions of deaths globally. Even with effective vaccines, SARS-CoV-2 will likely maintain a hold in the human population through gaps in efficacy, percent vaccinated, and arising new strains. Therefore, understanding how SARS-CoV-2 causes widespread tissue damage and the development of targeted pharmacological treatments will be critical in fighting this virus and preparing for future outbreaks. Herein, we summarize the progress made thus far by using in vitro or in vivo models to investigate individual SARS-CoV-2 proteins and their pathogenic mechanisms. We have grouped the SARS-CoV-2 proteins into three categories: host entry, self-acting, and host interacting. This review focuses on the self-acting and host-interacting SARS-CoV-2 proteins and summarizes current knowledge on how these proteins promote virus replication and disrupt host systems, as well as drugs that target the virus and virus interacting host proteins. Encouragingly, many of these drugs are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of COVID-19. Future coronavirus outbreaks will most likely be caused by new virus strains that evade vaccine protection through mutations in entry proteins. Therefore, study of individual self-acting and host-interacting SARS-CoV-2 proteins for targeted therapeutic interventions is not only essential for fighting COVID-19 but also valuable against future coronavirus outbreaks.},
}
@article {pmid34106476,
year = {2021},
author = {Wolhuter, K and Arora, M and Kovacic, JC},
title = {Air pollution and cardiovascular disease: Can the Australian bushfires and global COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 convince us to change our ways?.},
journal = {BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology},
volume = {43},
number = {9},
pages = {e2100046},
doi = {10.1002/bies.202100046},
pmid = {34106476},
issn = {1521-1878},
support = {R01HL148167-01A1/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R01HL130423/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R01HL135093/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R01 HL148167/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; R01 HL135093/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; RG194194//NSW Ministry of Health/ ; R01 HL130423/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; R01HL130423/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R01HL135093/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R01HL148167-01A1/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {*Air Pollutants/adverse effects/analysis ; *Air Pollution/adverse effects ; Australia/epidemiology ; *COVID-19 ; *Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology/etiology ; Communicable Disease Control ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Particulate Matter/analysis ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Air pollution is a major global challenge for a multitude of reasons. As a specific concern, there is now compelling evidence demonstrating a causal relationship between exposure to airborne pollutants and the onset of cardiovascular disease (CVD). As such, reducing air pollution as a means to decrease cardiovascular morbidity and mortality should be a global health priority. This review provides an overview of the cardiovascular effects of air pollution and uses two major events of 2020-the Australian bushfires and COVID-19 pandemic lockdown-to illustrate the relationship between air pollution and CVD. The bushfires highlight the substantial human and economic costs associated with elevations in air pollution. Conversely, the COVID-19-related lockdowns demonstrated that stringent measures are effective at reducing airborne pollutants, which in turn resulted in a potential reduction in cardiovascular events. Perhaps one positive to come out of 2020 will be the recognition that tough measures are effective at reducing air pollution and that these measures have the potential to stop thousands of deaths from CVD.},
}
@article {pmid34033834,
year = {2021},
author = {Adelodun, B and Ajibade, FO and Tiamiyu, AO and Nwogwu, NA and Ibrahim, RG and Kumar, P and Kumar, V and Odey, G and Yadav, KK and Khan, AH and Cabral-Pinto, MMS and Kareem, KY and Bakare, HO and Ajibade, TF and Naveed, QN and Islam, S and Fadare, OO and Choi, KS},
title = {Monitoring the presence and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in water-food-environmental compartments: State of the knowledge and research needs.},
journal = {Environmental research},
volume = {200},
number = {},
pages = {111373},
doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2021.111373},
pmid = {34033834},
issn = {1096-0953},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Humans ; Pandemics ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Water ; },
abstract = {The recent spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SAR-CoV-2) and the accompanied coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has continued ceaselessly despite the implementations of popular measures, which include social distancing and outdoor face masking as recommended by the World Health Organization. Due to the unstable nature of the virus, leading to the emergence of new variants that are claimed to be more and rapidly transmissible, there is a need for further consideration of the alternative potential pathways of the virus transmissions to provide the needed and effective control measures. This review aims to address this important issue by examining the transmission pathways of SARS-CoV-2 via indirect contacts such as fomites and aerosols, extending to water, food, and other environmental compartments. This is essentially required to shed more light regarding the speculation of the virus spread through these media as the available information regarding this is fragmented in the literature. The existing state of the information on the presence and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in water-food-environmental compartments is essential for cause-and-effect relationships of human interactions and environmental samples to safeguard the possible transmission and associated risks through these media. Furthermore, the integration of effective remedial measures previously used to tackle the viral outbreaks and pandemics, and the development of new sustainable measures targeting at monitoring and curbing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 were emphasized. This study concluded that alternative transmission pathways via human interactions with environmental samples should not be ignored due to the evolving of more infectious and transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants.},
}
@article {pmid33814069,
year = {2021},
author = {Matsumoto, ME and Wilske, GC and Tapia, R},
title = {Innovative Approaches to Delivering Telehealth.},
journal = {Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America},
volume = {32},
number = {2},
pages = {451-465},
doi = {10.1016/j.pmr.2020.12.008},
pmid = {33814069},
issn = {1558-1381},
mesh = {COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Health Services Accessibility ; Humans ; *Inventions ; Monitoring, Physiologic ; Pandemics ; Patient Satisfaction ; Patient-Centered Care ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Telemedicine/*methods ; Virtual Reality ; Wearable Electronic Devices ; },
}
@article {pmid33814066,
year = {2021},
author = {Havran, MA and Bidelspach, DE},
title = {Virtual Physical Therapy and Telerehabilitation.},
journal = {Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America},
volume = {32},
number = {2},
pages = {419-428},
doi = {10.1016/j.pmr.2020.12.005},
pmid = {33814066},
issn = {1558-1381},
mesh = {COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Health Services Accessibility ; Humans ; Pandemics ; *Physical Therapy Modalities ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Telerehabilitation/*methods ; },
abstract = {Telerehabilitation is now a mainstay in health care delivery, with recent trends pointed to continued expansion in the future. Physical therapy (PT) being provided via telehealth, also known as virtual PT, has been demonstrated to provide functional improvements and satisfaction for the consumer and provider, and is applicable in various physical therapy treatment diagnostic areas. Research and technology enhancements will continue to offer new and innovative means to provide physical therapy. This article further provides points to make virtual PT successful and highlights some recommended equipment and outcome recommendations. The future is bright for providing virtual PT.},
}
@article {pmid33814064,
year = {2021},
author = {Mullur, RS and Kaur Cheema, SP and Alano, RE and Chang, LE},
title = {Tele-Integrative Medicine to Support Rehabilitative Care.},
journal = {Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America},
volume = {32},
number = {2},
pages = {393-403},
doi = {10.1016/j.pmr.2020.12.006},
pmid = {33814064},
issn = {1558-1381},
mesh = {COVID-19/epidemiology ; Chronic Pain/*therapy ; Complementary Therapies/*methods ; *Health Services Accessibility ; Humans ; Integrative Medicine/*methods ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Telemedicine/*methods ; United States/epidemiology ; *Veterans Health Services ; },
abstract = {Complementary and integrative health (CIH) modalities have therapeutic value in the multidisciplinary rehabilitation of chronic pain patients. Evidence of such has been seen with the Whole Health Model at the (Veterans Affairs) VA Healthcare system. CIH therapies, including yoga, tai chi, mindfulness meditation, hypnosis, self-massage, and acupressure, are significantly effective for managing chronic pain with little to no negative effects, and can be easily incorporated into telemedicine care with great potential benefit. The future of wellness in telemedicine is evolving with great potential, and needs further attention to addressing barriers of care.},
}
@article {pmid33814058,
year = {2021},
author = {Chang, P and Asher, A},
title = {Cancer Telerehabilitation.},
journal = {Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America},
volume = {32},
number = {2},
pages = {277-289},
doi = {10.1016/j.pmr.2020.12.001},
pmid = {33814058},
issn = {1558-1381},
mesh = {COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention &amp; control ; *Health Services Accessibility ; Humans ; Immunocompromised Host ; Neoplasms/*complications/*rehabilitation ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Telerehabilitation/*methods ; },
abstract = {Telemedicine has clear benefits to the cancer population, including reducing the risk of contracting communicable disease, reaching remote populations, and added convenience. With adequate preparation, cancer rehabilitation telemedicine can serve as a suitable substitute for in-person encounters in several situations. There are limits with technologic deficits, reimbursement questions, and the inability to conduct hands-on physical examinations. It is important to appropriately triage patients to the most suitable visit type, whether telemedicine or in person, with aims of reducing unnecessary risks, monitoring for potential complications, and having productive encounters.},
}
@article {pmid33814057,
year = {2021},
author = {Aragaki, D and Luo, J and Weiner, E and Zhang, G and Darvish, B},
title = {Cardiopulmonary Telerehabilitation.},
journal = {Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America},
volume = {32},
number = {2},
pages = {263-276},
doi = {10.1016/j.pmr.2021.01.004},
pmid = {33814057},
issn = {1558-1381},
mesh = {COVID-19/epidemiology ; Cardiac Rehabilitation/economics/*methods ; *Health Services Accessibility ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Respiratory Therapy/economics/*methods ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Telerehabilitation/economics/*methods ; United States/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {Cardiopulmonary telerehabilitation is a safe and effective alternative to traditional center-based rehabilitation. It offers a sustainable solution to more conveniently meet the needs of patients with acute or chronic, preexisting or newly acquired, cardiopulmonary diseases. To maximize success, programs should prioritize basic, safe, and timely care options over comprehensive or complex approaches. The future should incorporate new strategies learned during a global pandemic and harness the power of information and communication technology to provide evidence-based patient-centered care. This review highlights clinical considerations, current evidence, recommendations, and future directions of cardiopulmonary telerehabilitation.},
}
@article {pmid33682593,
year = {2021},
author = {Andreoni, M and Bassetti, M and Corrao, S and De Rosa, FG and Esposito, V and Falcone, M and Grossi, P and Pea, F and Petrosillo, N and Tascini, C and Venditti, M and Viale, P},
title = {The role of dalbavancin for Gram positive infections in the COVID-19 era: state of the art and future perspectives.},
journal = {Expert review of anti-infective therapy},
volume = {19},
number = {9},
pages = {1125-1134},
doi = {10.1080/14787210.2021.1894130},
pmid = {33682593},
issn = {1744-8336},
mesh = {Ambulatory Care/methods ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration &amp; dosage/pharmacology ; *COVID-19 ; Drug Administration Schedule ; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/*drug therapy/microbiology ; Humans ; Skin Diseases, Bacterial/drug therapy/microbiology ; Teicoplanin/administration &amp; dosage/*analogs &amp; derivatives/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically challenged the national health systems worldwide in the last months. Dalbavancin is a novel antibiotic with a long plasmatic half-life and simplified weekly administration regimens, thus representing a promising option for the outpatient treatment of Gram-positive infections and the early discharge of hospitalized patients. Dalbavancin is approved for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSIs). Many preliminary data seem to support its use in other indications, such as osteomyelitis, prosthetic joint infections, and infective endocarditis.<br><br>AREAS COVERED: A search in the literature using validated keywords (dalbavancin, Gram-positive infections, Gram-positive cocci, ABSSSI, intravenous treatment, and long-acting antibiotics) was conducted on biomedical bibliographic databases (PubMed and Embase) from 2004 to 30 September 2020. Results were analyzed during two consensus conferences with the aim to review the current evidence on dalbavancin in Gram-positive infections, mainly ABSSSI, osteomyelitis, and infective endocarditis, highlight the main limitations of available studies and suggest possible advantages of the molecule.<br><br>EXPERT OPINION: The board identifies some specific subgroups of patients with ABSSSIs who could mostly benefit from a treatment with dalbavancin and agrees that the design of homogenous and robust studies would allow a broader use of dalbavancin even in other clinical settings.},
}
@article {pmid33618607,
year = {2021},
author = {Iqubal, A and Iqubal, MK and Hoda, F and Najmi, AK and Haque, SE},
title = {COVID-19 and cardiovascular complications: an update from the underlying mechanism to consequences and possible clinical intervention.},
journal = {Expert review of anti-infective therapy},
volume = {19},
number = {9},
pages = {1083-1092},
doi = {10.1080/14787210.2021.1893692},
pmid = {33618607},
issn = {1744-8336},
mesh = {Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration &amp; dosage ; COVID-19/*complications/drug therapy/prevention &amp; control ; COVID-19 Vaccines/administration &amp; dosage ; Cardiotonic Agents/administration &amp; dosage ; Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology/*prevention &amp; control/virology ; Humans ; },
abstract = {Introduction: The novel coronavirus has caused significant mortality worldwide and is primarily associated with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Apart from ARDS, clinical reports have shown noticeable cardiovascular complications among the patients of COVID-19. Infection from virus, stimulation of cytokine storm, altered immune response, and damage to myocardial tissue are some of the proposed mechanisms of cardiovascular complications in COVID-19.Areas covered: Based on the clinical reports of CVDs among COVID-19 patients, we have discussed the molecular mechanisms involved in cardiovascular pathogenesis, its prevalence, and association with COVID-19, and various available therapeutic modality for the treatment.Expert opinion: Seeing the cardiovascular complications in COVID-19 patients and its association with the existing drug, risk-benefit ratio of treatment paradigm, as well as the level of cardiac injury biomarkers must be monitored regularly. Additionally, a well-designed clinical trial should be conducted where head to head comparison can be made with anti-COVID-19 drugs and cardioprotective anti-inflammatory drugs. Nevertheless, vaccines are the best-suited approach, but until then, sanitization, social distancing, and active lifestyle are the best ways to beat this global pandemic situation.},
}
@article {pmid34480864,
year = {2021},
author = {Holmes, EC and Goldstein, SA and Rasmussen, AL and Robertson, DL and Crits-Christoph, A and Wertheim, JO and Anthony, SJ and Barclay, WS and Boni, MF and Doherty, PC and Farrar, J and Geoghegan, JL and Jiang, X and Leibowitz, JL and Neil, SJD and Skern, T and Weiss, SR and Worobey, M and Andersen, KG and Garry, RF and Rambaut, A},
title = {The origins of SARS-CoV-2: A critical review.},
journal = {Cell},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.017},
pmid = {34480864},
issn = {1097-4172},
abstract = {Since the first reports of a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronavirus in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, there has been intense interest in understanding how severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in the human population. Recent debate has coalesced around two competing ideas: a "laboratory escape" scenario and zoonotic emergence. Here, we critically review the current scientific evidence that may help clarify the origin of SARS-CoV-2.},
}
@article {pmid34480653,
year = {2021},
author = {Rubin, DJ and Shah, AA},
title = {Predicting and Preventing Acute Care Re-Utilization by Patients with Diabetes.},
journal = {Current diabetes reports},
volume = {21},
number = {9},
pages = {34},
pmid = {34480653},
issn = {1539-0829},
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Acute care re-utilization, i.e., hospital readmission and post-discharge Emergency Department (ED) use, is a significant driver of healthcare costs and a marker for healthcare quality. Diabetes is a major contributor to acute care re-utilization and associated costs. The goals of this paper are to (1) review the epidemiology of readmissions among patients with diabetes, (2) describe models that predict readmission risk, and (3) address various strategies for reducing the risk of acute care re-utilization.<br><br>RECENT FINDINGS: Hospital readmissions and ED visits by diabetes patients are common and costly. Major risk factors for readmission include sociodemographics, comorbidities, insulin use, hospital length of stay (LOS), and history of readmissions, most of which are non-modifiable. Several models for predicting the risk of readmission among diabetes patients have been developed, two of which have reasonable accuracy in external validation. In retrospective studies and mostly small randomized controlled trials (RCTs), interventions such as inpatient diabetes education, inpatient diabetes management services, transition of care support, and outpatient follow-up are generally associated with a reduction in the risk of acute care re-utilization. Data on readmission risk and readmission risk reduction interventions are limited or lacking among patients with diabetes hospitalized for COVID-19. The evidence supporting post-discharge follow-up by telephone is equivocal and also limited. Acute care re-utilization of patients with diabetes presents an important opportunity to improve healthcare quality and reduce costs. Currently available predictive models are useful for identifying higher risk patients but could be improved. Machine learning models, which are becoming more common, have the potential to generate more accurate acute care re-utilization risk predictions. Tools embedded in electronic health record systems are needed to translate readmission risk prediction models into clinical practice. Several risk reduction interventions hold promise but require testing in multi-site RCTs to prove their generalizability, scalability, and effectiveness.},
}
@article {pmid34480616,
year = {2021},
author = {Onohuean, H and Al-Kuraishy, HM and Al-Gareeb, AI and Qusti, S and Alshammari, EM and Batiha, GE},
title = {Covid-19 and development of heart failure: mystery and truth.},
journal = {Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34480616},
issn = {1432-1912},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is a novel worldwide pandemic caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). During Covid-19 pandemic, socioeconomic deprivation, social isolation, and reduced physical activities may induce heart failure (HF), destabilization, and cause more complications. HF appears as a potential hazard due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, chiefly in elderly patients with underlying comorbidities. In reality, the expression of cardiac ACE2 is implicated as a target point for SARS-CoV-2-induced acute cardiac injury. In SARS-CoV-2 infection, like other febrile illnesses, high blood viscosity, exaggerated pro-inflammatory response, multisystem inflammatory syndrome, and endothelial dysfunction-induced coagulation disorders may increase risk of HF development. Hypoxic respiratory failure, as in pulmonary edema, severe acute lung injury (ALI), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) may affect heart hemodynamic stability due to the development of pulmonary hypertension. Indeed, Covid-19-induced HF could be through the development of cytokine storm, characterized by high proliferation pro-inflammatory cytokines. In cytokine storm-mediated cardiac dysfunction, there is a positive correlation between levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine and myocarditis-induced acute cardiac injury biomarkers. Therefore, Covid-19-induced HF is more complex and related from a molecular background in releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines to the neuro-metabolic derangements that together affect cardiomyocyte functions and development of HF. Anti-heart failure medications, mainly digoxin and carvedilol, have potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 and anti-inflammatory properties that may mitigate Covid-19 severity and development of HF. In conclusion, SARS-CoV-2 infection may lead to the development of HF due to direct acute cardiac injury or through the development of cytokine storms, which depress cardiomyocyte function and cardiac contractility. Anti-heart failure drugs, mainly digoxin and carvedilol, may attenuate severity of HF by reducing the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 and prevent the development of cytokine storms in severely affected Covid-19 patients.},
}
@article {pmid34480299,
year = {2021},
author = {Das, KP and Sharma, D and Saha, S and Satapathy, BK},
title = {From outbreak of COVID-19 to launching of vaccination drive: invigorating single-use plastics, mitigation strategies, and way forward.},
journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34480299},
issn = {1614-7499},
abstract = {The unforeseen outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic has significantly stipulated the use of plastics to minimize the exposure and spread of the novel coronavirus. With the onset of the vaccination drive, the issue draws even more attention due to additional demand for vaccine packaging, transport, disposable syringes, and other allied devices scaling up to many million tonnes of plastic. Plastic materials in personal protective equipment (PPE), disposable pharmaceutical devices, and packaging for e-commerce facilities are perceived to be a lifesaver for the frontline healthcare personnel and the general public amidst recurring waves of the pandemic. However, the same material poses a threat as an evil environmental polluter when attributed to its indiscriminate and improper littering as well as mismanagement. The review not only highlights the environmental consequences due to the excessive use of disposable plastics amidst COVID-19 but also recommends mixed approaches to its management by adopting the combined and step-by-step methodology of adequate segregation, sterilization, sanitization activities, technological intervention, and process optimization measures. The overview finally concludes with some crucial way-forward measures and recommendations like the development of bioplastics and focusing on biodegradable/bio-compostable material alternatives to holistically deal with future pandemics.},
}
@article {pmid34479848,
year = {2021},
author = {Fuzimoto, AD},
title = {An overview of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 properties of Artemisia annua, its antiviral action, protein-associated mechanisms, and repurposing for COVID-19 treatment.},
journal = {Journal of integrative medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.joim.2021.07.003},
pmid = {34479848},
issn = {2095-4964},
abstract = {Artemisia annua and its phytocompounds have a rich history in the research and treatment of malaria, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and other diseases. Currently, the World Health Organization recommends artemisinin-based combination therapy as the first-line treatment for multi-drug-resistant malaria. Due to the various research articles on the use of antimalarial drugs to treat coronaviruses, a question is raised: would A. annua and its compounds provide anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) properties? PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for peer-reviewed articles that investigated the antiviral effects and mechanisms of A. annua and its phytochemicals against SARS-CoVs. Particularly, articles that evidenced the herb's role in inhibiting the coronavirus-host proteins were favored. Nineteen studies were retrieved. From these, fourteen in silico molecular docking studies demonstrated potential inhibitory properties of artemisinins against coronavirus-host proteins including 3CLPRO, S protein, N protein, E protein, cathepsin-L, helicase protein, nonstructural protein 3 (nsp3), nsp10, nsp14, nsp15, and glucose-regulated protein 78 receptor. Collectively, A. annua constituents may impede the SARS-CoV-2 attachment, membrane fusion, internalization into the host cells, and hinder the viral replication and transcription process. This is the first comprehensive overview of the application of compounds from A. annua against SARS-CoV-2/coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) describing all target proteins. A. annua's biological properties, the signaling pathways implicated in the COVID-19, and the advantages and disadvantages for repurposing A. annua compounds are discussed. The combination of A. annua's biological properties, action on different signaling pathways and target proteins, and a multi-drug combined-therapy approach may synergistically inhibit SARS-CoV-2 and assist in the COVID-19 treatment. Also, A. annua may modulate the host immune response to better fight the infection.},
}
@article {pmid34479136,
year = {2021},
author = {Cave, R and Cole, J and Mkrtchyan, HV},
title = {Surveillance and prevalence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria from public settings within urban built environments: Challenges and opportunities for hygiene and infection control.},
journal = {Environment international},
volume = {157},
number = {},
pages = {106836},
doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2021.106836},
pmid = {34479136},
issn = {1873-6750},
abstract = {Antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria present one of the biggest threats to public health; this must not be forgotten while global attention is focussed on the COVID-19 pandemic. Resistant bacteria have been demonstrated to be transmittable to humans in many different environments, including public settings in urban built environments where high-density human activity can be found, including public transport, sports arenas and schools. However, in comparison to healthcare settings and agriculture, there is very little surveillance of AMR in the built environment outside of healthcare settings and wastewater. In this review, we analyse the existing literature to aid our understanding of what surveillance has been conducted within different public settings and identify what this tells us about the prevalence of AMR. We highlight the challenges that have been reported; and make recommendations for future studies that will help to fill knowledge gaps present in the literature.},
}
@article {pmid34479111,
year = {2021},
author = {Yamout, BI and Zakaria, M and Inshasi, J and Al-Jumah, M and Zeineddine, M and Dahdaleh, M and Bohlega, S and Gouider, R and Alroughani, R},
title = {MENACTRIMS practice guideline for COVID-19 vaccination in patients with multiple sclerosis.},
journal = {Multiple sclerosis and related disorders},
volume = {56},
number = {},
pages = {103225},
pmid = {34479111},
issn = {2211-0356},
abstract = {Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) should be vaccinated against COVID-19. All COVID-19 vaccines are effective and do not appear to carry any additional risk for patients with MS. Patients with MS should get a COVID-19 vaccine as soon as it becomes available. The risks of COVID-19 disease outweigh any potential risks from the vaccine. Even if vaccinated, patients with MS should continue to practice standard and recommended precautions against COVID-19, such as wearing a face mask, social distancing and washing hands. There is no evidence that patients with MS are at higher risk of complications from the mRNA, non-replicating viral vector, inactivated virus or protein COVID-19 vaccines, compared to the general population. COVID-19 Vaccines are safe to use in patients with MS treated with disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). The effectiveness of vaccination may be affected by few of the DMTs but yet some protection is still provided. For certain DMTs we may consider coordinating the timing of the vaccine with the timing of the DMT dose to increase vaccine efficacy.},
}
@article {pmid34479024,
year = {2021},
author = {Grover, S and Gupta, BM and ModinMamdapur, G},
title = {COVID-19 and suicidal behavior: A bibliometric assessment.},
journal = {Asian journal of psychiatry},
volume = {65},
number = {},
pages = {102817},
doi = {10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102817},
pmid = {34479024},
issn = {1876-2026},
abstract = {The paper examines the global research output on suicidal behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Scopus database was used to identify the publications on suicidal behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic from the beginning of the pandemic to up to 17th May 2021. The 686 publications emerging from 78 countries were found on the topic. These publications received 7970 citations, with an average of 11.62 citations per paper. About one-sixth (16.33%) of the total publications were funded, and these publications averaged 17.24 citations per paper. The publications from the top 10 most productive countries accounted for 92.71% of all publications. The highest number of publications emerged from United States, United Kingdom, and India. However, the relative citation index was highest for publications arising from France, Bangladesh, and Germany. The total number of organizations and authors involved in these publications were 286 and 290, respectively. The top 20 most productive organizations and authors contributed to 35.13% and 17.64% of publications and 79.15% and 58.61% global citations share, respectively. The maximum number of papers were published in the Asian Journal of Psychiatry, followed by Psychiatry Research and Lancet Psychiatry. This study suggests that suicidal behavior has received considerable attention during the ongoing COIVD-19 pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid34479017,
year = {2021},
author = {Rath, S and Perikala, V and Jena, AB and Dandapat, J},
title = {Factors regulating dynamics of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), the gateway of SARS-CoV-2: Epigenetic modifications and therapeutic interventions by epidrugs.},
journal = {Biomedicine &amp; pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine &amp; pharmacotherapie},
volume = {143},
number = {},
pages = {112095},
pmid = {34479017},
issn = {1950-6007},
abstract = {Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) is one of the major components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and participates in the physiological functions of the cardiovascular system and lungs. Recent studies identified ACE2 as the receptor for the S-protein of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and thus acts as the gateway for viral entry into the human body. Virus infection causes an imbalance in the RAS axis and induces acute lungs injury and fibrosis. Various factors regulate ACE2 expression patterns as well as control its epigenetic status at both transcription and translational levels. This review is mainly focused on the impact of environmental toxicants, drugs, endocrine disruptors, and hypoxia as controlling parameters for ACE2 expression and its possible modulation by epigenetic changes which are marked by DNA methylation, histone modifications, and micro-RNAs (miRNAs) profile. Furthermore, we have emphasized on interventions of various phytochemicals and bioactive compounds as epidrugs that regulate ACE2-S-protein interaction and thereby curb viral infection. Since ACE2 is an important component of the RAAS axis and a crucial entry point of SARS-CoV-2, the dynamics of ACE2 expression in response to various extrinsic and intrinsic factors are of contemporary relevance. We have collated updated information on ACE2 expression modulated by epidrugs, and urge to take over further studies on these important physiological regulators to unravel many more systemic linkages related to both metabolic and infectious diseases, in general and SARS-CoV-2 in particular for further development of targeted interventions.},
}
@article {pmid34478703,
year = {2021},
author = {Ilkhani, H and Hedayat, N and Farhad, S},
title = {Novel approaches for rapid detection of COVID-19 during the pandemic: A review.},
journal = {Analytical biochemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {114362},
pmid = {34478703},
issn = {1096-0309},
abstract = {The rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that caused the COVID-19 disease, has highlighted our urgent need for sensitive, fast and accurate diagnostic technologies. In fact, one of the main challenges for flatting COVID-19 spread charts is the ability to accurately and rapidly identify asymptomatic cases that result in spreading the virus to close contacts. SARS-CoV-2 virus mutation is also relatively rapid, which makes the detection of COVID-19 diseases still crucial even after the vaccination. Conventional techniques, which are commercially available have focused on clinical manifestation, along with molecular and serological detection tools that can identify the SARS-CoV-2 virus however, owing to various disadvantages including low specificity and sensitivity, a quick, low cost and easy approach is needed for diagnosis of COVID-19. Scientists are now showing extensive interest in an effective portable and simple detection method to diagnose COVID-19. There are several novel methods and approaches that are considered viable advanced systems that can meet the demands. This study reviews the new approaches and sensing technologies that work on COVID-19 diagnosis for easy and successful detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus.},
}
@article {pmid34478059,
year = {2021},
author = {Bostan, H and Duger, H and Akhanli, P and Calapkulu, M and Turkmenoglu, TT and Erdol, AK and Duru, SA and Sencar, ME and Kizilgul, M and Ucan, B and Ozbek, M and Cakal, E},
title = {Cushing's syndrome due to adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting metastatic neuroendocrine tumor of unknown primary origin: a case report and literature review.},
journal = {Hormones (Athens, Greece)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34478059},
issn = {2520-8721},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: In this article, we present a case of neuroendocrine neoplasm of unknown primary origin (UPO NEN), which is a rare cause of ectopic Cushing's syndrome (ECS) presenting numerous challenges, together with a literature review.<br><br>CASE REPORT: A 43-year-old male patient presented with clinical features consistent with Cushing's syndrome (CS) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-dependent hypercortisolemia. Despite a suspicious lesion on pituitary MRI, the high-dose dexamethasone suppression test and bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling results were not compatible with Cushing's disease. Bilateral non-homogeneous opacities were observed in the thorax CT of the patient, who also had a history of COVID-19 infection, but no tumoral lesion was detected. When 68Ga-SSTR PET/CT and 18FDG-PET/CT were performed, multiple metastatic foci were detected in mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes and the axial skeleton. Paratracheal-subcarinal lymph nodes were excised mediastinoscopically, and the diagnosis of NEN was made. Histopathological findings indicated that the possible origin was an atypical pulmonary carcinoid with a low Ki-67 labeling index. After controlling hypercortisolemia, a regimen of somatostatin analogs and capecitabine plus temozolomide was decided upon as treatment by a multidisciplinary council.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This is a challenging case of UPO NEN presenting with ECS and confounding factors, such as previous infection and incidental lesions, during the diagnosis process. The case in question highlighted the fact that atypical pulmonary carcinoid with a low proliferation index may cause visible metastases even when radiologically undetectable.},
}
@article {pmid34478008,
year = {2021},
author = {Ayobami, O and Mark, G and Kadri-Alabi, Z and Achi, CR and Jacob, JC},
title = {COVID-19: an opportunity to re-evaluate the implementation of a One Health approach to tackling emerging infections in Nigeria and other sub-Saharan African countries.},
journal = {The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association},
volume = {96},
number = {1},
pages = {26},
pmid = {34478008},
issn = {0013-2446},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: One Health (OH) has resurfaced in the light of the ravaging COVID-19 pandemic. It has been accepted by many local and global health authorities as a suitable approach for preventing and responding to infectious disease outbreaks including pandemics.<br><br>MAIN BODY: One Health (OH) is a multisectoral and interdisciplinary framework for managing the animal, human, and ecosystem determinants of health. Globally, the majority of emerging infections in humans including SARS-Cov2-the causative agent of COVID-19-are transmitted from animals through environmental contacts in the last few decades. Yet, even when the biological and social interactions at the human, animal, and environmental interface that drive spillover of zoonotic diseases have been proven, OH strategies to address associated complex health challenges today are still rudimentary in many national health systems. Despite the disproportionate burden of infectious diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, OH is minimally incorporated into routine disease control and national health security programs. Challenges include poor policy support for OH in sub-Saharan Africa, and where some form of policy framework does exist, there are significant implementation bottlenecks. In this paper, we identified ideological, technical, operational, and economic barriers to OH implementation in Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa, and highlighted possible recommendations across these domains. In order to yield sustainable benefits, a relevant OH policy approach in the sub-Saharan African health systems must derive from a buy-in of the critical mass of stakeholders in the society.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The implementation of sustainable OH approaches as a countermeasure to recurring emerging infections is a developmental priority for sub-Saharan African countries. A deep understanding of the local context must be leveraged to develop integrative OH solutions that are bold, rooted in science, and proven to be compatible with the level of development in sub-Saharan Africa.},
}
@article {pmid34478001,
year = {2021},
author = {Sobh, E and Reihan, MS and Hifnawy, TMS and Abdelsalam, KG and Awad, SS and Mahmoud, NMH and Sindi, NA and Alhadrami, HA},
title = {Cardiovascular system and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): mutual injuries and unexpected outcomes.},
journal = {The Egyptian heart journal : (EHJ) : official bulletin of the Egyptian Society of Cardiology},
volume = {73},
number = {1},
pages = {77},
pmid = {34478001},
issn = {2090-911X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular system involvement in coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has gained great interest in the scientific community.<br><br>MAIN BODY: Several studies reported increased morbidity and mortality among COVID-19 patients who had comorbidities, especially cardiovascular diseases like hypertension and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). COVID-19 may be associated with cardiovascular complications as arrhythmia, myocarditis, and thromboembolic events. We aimed to illustrate the interactions of COVID-19 disease and the cardiovascular system and the consequences on clinical decision as well as public health.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 has negative consequences on the cardiovascular system. A high index of suspicion should be present to avoid poor prognosis of those presenting with unusual presentation.},
}
@article {pmid34476696,
year = {2021},
author = {Singh, R and Chauhan, N and Kuddus, M},
title = {Exploring the therapeutic potential of marine-derived bioactive compounds against COVID-19.},
journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {34476696},
issn = {1614-7499},
abstract = {The ocean is the most biodiverse habitat of various organisms. The organisms surviving in the harsh conditions of the ocean consist of several spectacular properties and produce bioactive compounds of pharmacological importance. These compounds are effective even in small quantities with various immunomodulatory qualities such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Though the vaccines for COVID-19 are developed, and drug development is also in progress, but till now no effective drug is available for this deadly virus. Researchers are mining the huge data of bioactive compounds to develop the specific drug for COVID-19. The use of the repurposed drugs is challenging against the rapidly mutating virus with variable symptoms and mode of transmission. This review is an attempt to compile all the spattered data of marine-derived bioactive compounds with antiviral properties and to explore their therapeutic potential against COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid34476323,
year = {2021},
author = {Haws, BE and Mannava, S and Schuster, BK and DiGiovanni, BF},
title = {Implementation and Evaluation of a Formal Virtual Medical Student Away Rotation in Orthopaedic Surgery During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Single Institution Pilot Experience.},
journal = {JB &amp; JS open access},
volume = {6},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {34476323},
issn = {2472-7245},
abstract = {Away rotations are a valuable experience for medical students when applying for residency. In light of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, there has been significant interest in the development of virtually based substitutes. This study evaluates the utility of a formal virtual fourth-year medical student away rotation in orthopaedic surgery by surveying participants and provides recommendations for success.<br><br>Methods: A 2-week virtual orthopaedic elective was offered to fourth-year medical students in lieu of traditional in-person away rotations. The course consisted of multiple components such as subspecialty case-based didactics, "happy hours" with residents, assigned resident mentors, student case presentations, and observation of resident lectures. After course completion, anonymous surveys were administered to participants to evaluate the rotation.<br><br>Results: Twenty-three of 24 participating students (96%) completed the student survey, and 22 of 24 participating faculty and residents (82%) completed the resident/faculty survey. Most students were very (87%) or somewhat (9%) satisfied with their experience and found the rotation to be a very (35%) or somewhat useful (61%) substitute for an in-person rotation. Students indicated that the rotation very (91%) or somewhat positively (9%) influenced their perception of the program. All students indicated that the rotation was very educational. Most students (91%) reported that the rotation was very useful for learning about the program and culture, with subspecialty didactics and happy hours most useful. Faculty and residents indicated that the rotation was useful for getting to know the students (17% "very useful" and 83% "somewhat useful") and for assessing student characteristics, such as knowledge base and communication skills.<br><br>Conclusions: A formal virtual orthopaedic surgery away rotation can be a valuable experience for medical students which provides educational value, insight into program culture, and an opportunity to demonstrate interest in the program. The curriculum and recommendations presented in this study can be used as a preliminary template for others interested in creating successful virtual rotations.},
}
@article {pmid34475972,
year = {2021},
author = {Stoian, A and Bajko, Z and Maier, S and Cioflinc, RA and Grigorescu, BL and Moțățăianu, A and Bărcuțean, L and Balașa, R and Stoian, M},
title = {High-dose intravenous immunoglobulins as a therapeutic option in critical illness polyneuropathy accompanying SARS-CoV-2 infection: A case-based review of the literature (Review).},
journal = {Experimental and therapeutic medicine},
volume = {22},
number = {4},
pages = {1182},
pmid = {34475972},
issn = {1792-1015},
abstract = {The still ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the medical community to a number of major challenges. A significant number of patients require admission to intensive care unit (ICU) services due to severe respiratory, thrombotic and septic complications and require long-term hospitalization. Neuromuscular weakness is a common complication in critically ill patients who are treated in ICUs and are mechanically ventilated. This complication is frequently caused by critical illness myopathy (CIM) or critical illness polyneuropathy (CIP) and leads to difficulty in weaning from the ventilator. It is thought to represent an important neurologic manifestation of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). COVID-19 infection is known to trigger strong immune dysregulation, with an intense cytokine storm, as a result, the frequency of CIP is expected to be higher in this setting. The mainstay in the diagnosis of this entity beside the high level of clinical awareness is the electrophysiological examination that provides evidence of axonal motor and sensory polyneuropathy. The present article presents the case of a 54-year-old woman with severe COVID 19 infection who developed neuromuscular weakness, which turned out to be secondary to CIP and was treated successfully with a high dose of human intravenous immunoglobulins. Related to this case, we reviewed the relevant literature data regarding the epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical features of this important complication and discussed also the treatment options and prognosis.},
}
@article {pmid34475763,
year = {2021},
author = {Lainjo, B},
title = {The Enigmatic COVID-19 Vulnerabilities and the Invaluable Artificial Intelligence (AI).},
journal = {Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {2361-2372},
pmid = {34475763},
issn = {1178-2390},
abstract = {The objective of the study is to conduct an exploratory review of the Covid-19 pandemic by focusing on the theme of Covid-19 pandemic morbidity and mortality, considering the dynamics of artificial intelligence and quality of life (QOL). The methods used in this research paper include a review of literature, anecdotal evidence, and reports on the morbidity of COVID-19, including the scope of its devastating effects in different countries such as the US, Africa, UK, China, and Brazil, among others. The findings of this study suggested that the devastating effects of the coronavirus are felt across different vulnerable populations. These include the elderly, front-line workers, marginalized communities, visible minorities, and more. The challenge in Africa is especially daunting because of inadequate infrastructure, and financial and human resources, among others. Besides, AI technology is being successfully used by scientists to enhance the development process of vaccines and drugs. However, its usage in other stages of the pandemic has not been adequately explored. Ultimately, it has been concluded that the effects of the Covid-19 are producing unprecedented and catastrophic outcomes in many countries. With a few exceptions, the common and current intervention approach is driven by many factors, including the compilation of relevant reliable and compelling data sets. On a positive note, the compelling trailblazing and catalytic contributions of AI towards the rapid discovery of COVID-19 vaccines are a good indication of future technological innovations and their effectiveness.},
}
@article {pmid34475732,
year = {2021},
author = {Mani, I and Alexopoulou, A},
title = {Recent challenges facing patients with preexisting chronic liver disease in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic.},
journal = {Annals of gastroenterology},
volume = {34},
number = {5},
pages = {625-633},
pmid = {34475732},
issn = {1108-7471},
abstract = {COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a growing number of beds in common hospital wards and intensive care units being occupied by COVID-19 patients and the majority of medical and nursing staff being dedicated to their care. The present review summarizes the impact of COVID-19 on patients with underlying chronic liver diseases (CLD). Deferrals of all non-urgent activities in healthcare facilities, including a decrease in liver-clinic visits for patients with CLD, inadequate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance, and postponement of liver transplant activities are the most important consequences. Delays in viral hepatitis elimination programs were also reported, leading to future development of advanced CLD and HCC. Patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and C without cirrhosis are not at risk for a more severe COVID-19 infection course. However, CHB status must be known in patients who are going to receive immunosuppression for preventing disease flare. In addition, checking for drug-drug interactions and potential hepatotoxicity reactions from agents administered to treat both SARS-CoV-2 and CLD are required. Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease appeared to be at a high risk for severe COVID-19, even after adjustment for comorbidities. Patients with cirrhosis may develop decompensation, acute-on-chronic liver failure, or severe COVID-19. The mortality rate is worse in patients with high model for end-stage liver disease score, regardless of the etiology of cirrhosis.},
}
@article {pmid34475622,
year = {2021},
author = {Ammar, A and Bouaziz, B and Trabelsi, K and Glenn, JM and Zmijewski, P and Müller, P and Chtourou, H and Jmaiel, M and Chamari, K and Driss, T and Hökelmann, A},
title = {Applying digital technology to promote active and healthy confinement lifestyle during pandemics in the elderly.},
journal = {Biology of sport},
volume = {38},
number = {3},
pages = {391-396},
pmid = {34475622},
issn = {0860-021X},
abstract = {Although recognized as effective measures to curb the spread of the COVID19 outbreak, social distancing and home confinement have generated a mental health burden with older adults who are considered to be more vulnerable to psychosocial strains. To date, the application of digital technologies in response to COVID-19 pandemic has been narrowed to public-health needs related to containment and mitigation. However, information and communications technology (ICT)-based initiatives directed toward prediction and prevention of psychosocial support are still limited. Given the power of digital health solutions to allow easy and accurate characterization and intervention for health and disease, as well as to flatten the COVID19 incidence curves in many countries, our ECLB-COVID19 consortium is highlighting the importance of providing innovative ICT-based solutions (ICT-COVID-Companion) to improve elderly physical and mental health, thereby preventing/dampening psychosocial strain during pandemics. Based on innovative approaches (e.g., emotional/social computing, open social platform, interactive coaching, gamification, fitness-tracker, internet of things) and smart digital solutions (smartwatch/smartphone), smart companions must provide safe personalised physical, mental and psychosocial health surveillance. Additionally, by delivering personalised multi-dimension crisis-oriented health recommendations, such innovative crisis-oriented solutions would help (i) facilitate a user's adherence to active and healthy confinement lifestyle (AHCL), (ii) achieve a rapid psychosocial recovery in case of depression issues and (iii) enhance preparedness for eventual future pandemics.},
}
@article {pmid34474750,
year = {2021},
author = {Kamarullah, W and Sabrina, AP and Rocky, MA and Gozali, DR},
title = {Investigating the implications of COVID-19 outbreak on systems of care and outcomes of STEMI patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Indian heart journal},
volume = {73},
number = {4},
pages = {404-412},
pmid = {34474750},
issn = {2213-3763},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: There has been a concern whether the decrease in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) cases during the COVID-19 pandemic era is related to unsatisfactory performance of STEMI systems of care as well as worsening of the clinical outcomes in STEMI patients. Thus, our meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate this matter.<br><br>METHODS: We compared the predetermined variables in this meta-analysis during the early and late pandemic. Using a combination of adapted search terms to fit the requirements of several search engines (PubMed, EuropePMC, SCOPUS, ProQuest, and EBSCOhost), we reviewed all observational studies citing our outcomes of interest before and during the outbreak.<br><br>RESULTS: Thirty-five records comprising a total of 62,247 participants were identified. Overall, our meta-analysis showed that there was a huge reduction of nearly 80% for STEMI admission during the outbreak (n = 10,263) in contrast to before the outbreak period (n = 51,984). STEMI patients who were admitted during the outbreak received less primary PCI and had longer symptom-to-FMC (first medical contact) time along with prolonged door-to-balloon (DTB) time. A decrease in the achievement of final TIMI (thrombolysis in myocardial infarction) 3 flow after primary PCI was also observed in this study. However, the number of in-hospital mortality was similar between two groups.<br><br>CONCLUSION: There was a decrease in the STEMI care performance and worsening of clinical outcomes in STEMI patients, especially in the early pandemic period. Overall, concise health services must be implemented following a responsibility to obey health protocols to deliver high-quality services related to STEMI systems of care amidst the global pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid34474172,
year = {2021},
author = {Jena, A and Mishra, S and Deepak, P and Kumar-M, P and Sharma, A and Patel, YI and Kennedy, NA and Kim, AHJ and Sharma, V and Sebastian, S},
title = {Response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in immune mediated inflammatory diseases: Systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Autoimmunity reviews},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {102927},
doi = {10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102927},
pmid = {34474172},
issn = {1873-0183},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The treatment for COVID-19 often utilizes immune-modulating drugs. These drugs are also used in immune mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). We performed a systematic review about seroconversion after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with IMIDs and impact of various drugs on seroconversion rates.<br><br>METHODS: Electronic databases were searched to identify relevant studies reporting seroconversion rates following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in IMIDs. We calculated the pooled seroconversion rates after a single or two doses of vaccination, pooled seroconversion rates in patients with specific IMIDs, and rates in patients on various drugs/drug classes.<br><br>RESULTS: Twenty-five studies were included in the systematic review. The pooled seroconversion rates after two doses of mRNA vaccination were higher (83.1, 95%CI: 74.9-89.0, I2 = 90%) as compared to a single dose (69.3, 52.4-82.3, I2 = 95%). The odds of seroconversion were lower in IMIDs as compared to healthy controls (0.05, 0.02-0.13, I2 = 21%). The seroconversion rates in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (95.2, 95%CI: 92.6-96.9, I2 = 0%), spondyloarthropathy (95.6, 95% CI: 83.4-98.9, I2 = 35%), and systemic lupus erythematosus (90.7, 95%CI: 85.4-94.2, I2 = 0%) were higher as compared to rheumatoid arthritis (79.5, 95% CI: 65.1-88.9, I2 = 85%), and vasculitis (70.5, 95% CI: 52.9-83.5, I2 = 51%). The seroconversion rates following double dose of mRNA were excellent (>90%) in those on anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF), anti-integrin (vedolizumab), anti-IL 17 (secukinumab), anti-IL6 (Tocilizumab) and anti-IL12/23 (Ustekinumab) therapies but attenuated (<70%) in patients on anti-CD20 (Rituximab) or anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen (CTLA-4) therapies (Abatacept). The seroconversion rates were good (70-90%) with steroids, hydroxychloroquine, JAK inhibitors, mycophenolate mofetil and leflunomide. Combination of anti-TNF with immunomodulators (azathioprine, 6-meracptopurine, methotrexate) resulted in an attenuated vaccine response as compared to anti-TNF monotherapy.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Seroconversion rates after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination are lower in patients with IMIDs. Certain therapies (anti-TNF, anti-integrin, anti-IL 17, anti-IL6, anti-12/23) do not impact seroconversion rates while others (anti-CD20, anti-CTLA-4) result in poorer responses.},
}
@article {pmid34473910,
year = {2021},
author = {Williams, SP and Leong, SC},
title = {One year into the COVID-19 pandemic: What do we know so far from studies assessing risk and mitigation of droplet aerosolisation during endonasal surgery? A systematic review.},
journal = {Clinical otolaryngology : official journal of ENT-UK ; official journal of Netherlands Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology &amp; Cervico-Facial Surgery},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/coa.13854},
pmid = {34473910},
issn = {1749-4486},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: As we pass the anniversary of the declaration of a global pandemic by the World Health Organisation, it invites us to reflect upon the inescapable changes that coronavirus has wrought upon ENT and, in particular, rhinological practice. As it remains unclear when we will globally emerge from the shadow of COVID-19, a critical analysis of the evidence base on both the assessment and mitigation of risk is vital for ENT departments worldwide. This article presents a systematic review of the literature examining articles which consider either the quantification of risk or strategies to mitigate risk specifically in the setting of rhinological surgery.<br><br>DESIGN: Systematic literature review.<br><br>RESULTS: The literature search yielded a total of 3406 returns with 24 articles meeting eligibility criteria. A narrative synthesis stratified results into two broad themes: (1) those which made an assessment as to the aerosolisation of droplets during sinus surgery, further subdivided into work which considered macroscopically visible droplets and that which considered smaller particles; (2) and those studies which examined the mitigation of this risk.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Studies considering the aerosolisation of both droplets and smaller particles suggest endonasal surgery carries significant risk. Whilst results both highlight a range of innovative adjunctive strategies and support suction as an important variable to reduce aerosolisation, appropriate use of personal protective equipment (PPE) should be considered mandatory for all healthcare professionals involved in rhinological surgery given studies have demonstrated that close adherence to PPE use is effective at preventing COVID-19 infection.},
}
@article {pmid34473343,
year = {2021},
author = {Kreuzberger, N and Hirsch, C and Chai, KL and Tomlinson, E and Khosravi, Z and Popp, M and Neidhardt, M and Piechotta, V and Salomon, S and Valk, SJ and Monsef, I and Schmaderer, C and Wood, EM and So-Osman, C and Roberts, DJ and McQuilten, Z and Estcourt, LJ and Skoetz, N},
title = {SARS-CoV-2-neutralising monoclonal antibodies for treatment of COVID-19.},
journal = {The Cochrane database of systematic reviews},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {CD013825},
pmid = {34473343},
issn = {1469-493X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are laboratory-produced molecules derived from the B cells of an infected host. They are being investigated as a potential therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).<br><br>OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness and safety of SARS-CoV-2-neutralising mAbs for treating patients with COVID-19, compared to an active comparator, placebo, or no intervention. To maintain the currency of the evidence, we will use a living systematic review approach. A secondary objective is to track newly developed SARS-CoV-2-targeting mAbs from first tests in humans onwards. SEARCH METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register, and three other databases on 17 June 2021. We also checked references, searched citations, and contacted study authors to identify additional studies. Between submission and publication, we conducted a shortened randomised controlled trial (RCT)-only search on 30 July 2021.<br><br>SELECTION CRITERIA: We included studies that evaluated SARS-CoV-2-neutralising mAbs, alone or combined, compared to an active comparator, placebo, or no intervention, to treat people with COVID-19. We excluded studies on prophylactic use of SARS-CoV-2-neutralising mAbs.<br><br>DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors independently assessed search results, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane risk of bias tool (RoB2). Prioritised outcomes were all-cause mortality by days 30 and 60, clinical progression, quality of life, admission to hospital, adverse events (AEs), and serious adverse events (SAEs). We rated the certainty of evidence using GRADE.<br><br>MAIN RESULTS: We identified six RCTs that provided results from 17,495 participants with planned completion dates between July 2021 and December 2031. Target sample sizes varied from 1020 to 10,000 participants. Average age was 42 to 53 years across four studies of non-hospitalised participants, and 61 years in two studies of hospitalised participants. Non-hospitalised individuals with COVID-19 Four studies evaluated single agents bamlanivimab (N = 465), sotrovimab (N = 868), regdanvimab (N = 307), and combinations of bamlanivimab/etesevimab (N = 1035), and casirivimab/imdevimab (N = 799). We did not identify data for mortality at 60 days or quality of life. Our certainty of the evidence is low for all outcomes due to too few events (very serious imprecision). Bamlanivimab compared to placebo No deaths occurred in the study by day 29. There were nine people admitted to hospital by day 29 out of 156 in the placebo group compared with one out of 101 in the group treated with 0.7 g bamlanivimab (risk ratio (RR) 0.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.02 to 1.33), 2 from 107 in the group treated with 2.8 g (RR 0.32, 95% CI 0.07 to 1.47) and 2 from 101 in the group treated with 7.0 g (RR 0.34, 95% CI 0.08 to 1.56). Treatment with 0.7 g, 2.8 g and 7.0 g bamlanivimab may have similar rates of AEs as placebo (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.50; RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.59 to 1.38; RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.27). The effect on SAEs is uncertain. Clinical progression/improvement of symptoms or development of severe symptoms were not reported. Bamlanivimab/etesevimab compared to placebo There were 10 deaths in the placebo group and none in bamlanivimab/etesevimab group by day 30 (RR 0.05, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.81). Bamlanivimab/etesevimab may decrease hospital admission by day 29 (RR 0.30, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.59), may result in a slight increase in any grade AEs (RR 1.15, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.59) and may increase SAEs (RR 1.40, 95% CI 0.45 to 4.37). Clinical progression/improvement of symptoms or development of severe symptoms were not reported. Casirivimab/imdevimab compared to placebo Casirivimab/imdevimab may reduce hospital admissions or death (2.4 g: RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.08 to 2.19; 8.0 g: RR 0.21, 95% CI 0.02 to 1.79). We are uncertain of the effect on grades 3-4 AEs (2.4 g: RR 0.76, 95% CI 0.17 to 3.37; 8.0 g: RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.09 to 2.73) and SAEs (2.4 g: RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.19 to 2.37; 8.0 g: RR 0.34, 95% CI 0.07 to 1.65). Mortality by day 30 and clinical progression/improvement of symptoms or development of severe symptoms were not reported. Sotrovimab compared to placebo We are uncertain whether sotrovimab has an effect on mortality (RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.01 to 8.18) and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) requirement or death (RR 0.14, 95% CI 0.01 to 2.76). Treatment with sotrovimab may reduce the number of participants with oxygen requirement (RR 0.11, 95 % CI 0.02 to 0.45), hospital admission or death by day 30 (RR 0.14, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.48), grades 3-4 AEs (RR 0.26, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.60), SAEs (RR 0.27, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.63) and may have little or no effect on any grade AEs (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.16). Regdanvimab compared to placebo Treatment with either dose (40 or 80 mg/kg) compared with placebo may decrease hospital admissions or death (RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.14 to 1.42; RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.19 to 1.60, 206 participants), but may increase grades 3-4 AEs (RR 2.62, 95% CI 0.52 to 13.12; RR 2.00, 95% CI 0.37 to 10.70). 80 mg/kg may reduce any grade AEs (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.22) but 40 mg/kg may have little to no effect (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.43). There were too few events to allow meaningful judgment for the outcomes mortality by 30 days, IMV requirement, and SAEs. Hospitalised individuals with COVID-19 Two studies evaluating bamlanivimab as a single agent (N = 314) and casirivimab/imdevimab as a combination therapy (N = 9785) were included. Bamlanivimab compared to placebo We are uncertain whether bamlanivimab has an effect on mortality by day 30 (RR 1.39, 95% CI 0.40 to 4.83) and SAEs by day 28 (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.27 to 3.14). Bamlanivimab may have little to no effect on time to hospital discharge (HR 0.97, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.20) and mortality by day 90 (HR 1.09, 95% CI 0.49 to 2.43). The effect of bamlanivimab on the development of severe symptoms at day 5 (RR 1.17, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.85) is uncertain. Bamlanivimab may increase grades 3-4 AEs at day 28 (RR 1.27, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.98). We assessed the evidence as low certainty for all outcomes due to serious imprecision, and very low certainty for severe symptoms because of additional concerns about indirectness. Casirivimab/imdevimab with usual care compared to usual care alone Treatment with casirivimab/imdevimab compared to usual care probably has little or no effect on mortality by day 30 (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.02), IMV requirement or death (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.04), nor alive at hospital discharge by day 30 (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.04). We assessed the evidence as moderate certainty due to study limitations (lack of blinding). AEs and SAEs were not reported. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The evidence for each comparison is based on single studies. None of these measured quality of life. Our certainty in the evidence for all non-hospitalised individuals is low, and for hospitalised individuals is very low to moderate. We consider the current evidence insufficient to draw meaningful conclusions regarding treatment with SARS-CoV-2-neutralising mAbs. Further studies and long-term data from the existing studies are needed to confirm or refute these initial findings, and to understand how the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants may impact the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2-neutralising mAbs. Publication of the 36 ongoing studies may resolve uncertainties about the effectiveness and safety of SARS-CoV-2-neutralising mAbs for the treatment of COVID-19 and possible subgroup differences.},
}
@article {pmid34473144,
year = {2021},
author = {Jayakody, H and Kiddle, G and Perera, S and Tisi, L and Leese, HS},
title = {Molecular diagnostics in the era of COVID-19.},
journal = {Analytical methods : advancing methods and applications},
volume = {13},
number = {34},
pages = {3744-3763},
doi = {10.1039/d1ay00947h},
pmid = {34473144},
issn = {1759-9679},
abstract = {As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to escalate globally and acquires new mutations, accurate diagnostic technologies continue to play a vital role in controlling and understanding the epidemiology of this disease. A plethora of technologies have enabled the diagnosis of individuals, informed clinical management, aided population-wide screening to determine transmission rates and identified cases within the wider community and high-risk settings. This review explores the application of molecular diagnostics technologies in controlling the spread of COVID-19, and the key factors that affect the sensitivity and specificity of the tests used.},
}
@article {pmid34472718,
year = {2021},
author = {Ma, Y and Zhang, Y and Zhu, L},
title = {Role of neutrophils in acute viral infection.},
journal = {Immunity, inflammation and disease},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/iid3.500},
pmid = {34472718},
issn = {2050-4527},
support = {2018000021223ZK27//Beijing Talents Foundation/ ; QML20201801//Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals' Youth Programme/ ; 81671940//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 81871586//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; No. KM202010025006//Beijing Municipal Commission of Education of Science and Technology Project/ ; },
abstract = {Neutrophils play multiple roles in acute viral infections. They restrict viral replication and diffusion through phagocytosis, degranulation, respiratory burst, secretion of cytokines, and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps, as well as, activate the adaptive immune response. However, the overactivation of neutrophils may cause tissue damage and lead to poor outcomes. Additionally, some characteristics and functions of neutrophils, such as cell number, lifespan, and antiviral capability, can be influenced while eliminating viruses. This review provides a general description of the protective and pathological roles of neutrophils in acute viral infection.},
}
@article {pmid34472643,
year = {2021},
author = {Doherty, J and Fennessy, S and Stack, R and O' Morain, N and Cullen, G and Ryan, EJ and De Gascun, C and Doherty, GA},
title = {Review Article: Vaccination for patients with inflammatory bowel disease during the COVID-19 pandemic.},
journal = {Alimentary pharmacology &amp; therapeutics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/apt.16590},
pmid = {34472643},
issn = {1365-2036},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Poor immune responses are frequently observed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) receiving established vaccines; risk factors include immunosuppressants and active disease.<br><br>AIMS: To summarise available information regarding immune responses achieved in patients with IBD receiving established vaccines. Using this information, to identify risk factors in the IBD population related to poor vaccine-induced immunity that may be applicable to vaccines against COVID-19.<br><br>METHODS: We undertook a literature review on immunity to currently recommended vaccines for patients with IBD and to COVID-19 vaccines and summarised the relevant literature.<br><br>RESULTS: Patients with IBD have reduced immune responses following vaccination compared to the general population. Factors including the use of immunomodulators and anti-TNF agents reduce response rates. Patients with IBD should be vaccinated against COVID-19 at the earliest opportunity as recommended by International Advisory Committees, and vaccination should not be deferred because a patient is receiving immune-modifying therapies. Antibody titres to COVID-19 vaccines appear to be reduced in patients receiving anti-TNF therapy, especially in combination with immunomodulators after one vaccination. Therefore, we should optimise any established risk factors that could impact response to vaccination in patients with IBD before vaccination.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Ideally, patients with IBD should be vaccinated at the earliest opportunity against COVID-19. Patients should be in remission and, if possible, have their corticosteroid dose minimised before vaccination. Further research is required to determine the impact of different biologics on vaccine response to COVID-19 and the potential for booster vaccines or heterologous prime-boost vaccinations in the IBD population.},
}
@article {pmid34472447,
year = {2021},
author = {Lysenkov, SP and Muzhenya, DV and Tuguz, AR and Urakova, TU and Shumilov, DS and Thakushinov, IA},
title = {Participation of nitrogen oxide and its metabolites in the genesis of hyperimmune inflammation in COVID-19.},
journal = {The Chinese journal of physiology},
volume = {64},
number = {4},
pages = {167-176},
doi = {10.4103/cjp.cjp_38_21},
pmid = {34472447},
issn = {0304-4920},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Humans ; Inflammation ; *Nitric Oxide ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Despite the success in the tactics of treating COVID-19, there are many unexplored issues related to the development and progression of the process in the lungs, brain, and other organs, as well as the role of individual elements, in particular, nitric oxide (NO), and in the pathogenesis of organ damage. Based on the analyzed literature data, we considered a possible pathophysiological mechanism of action of NO and its derivatives in COVID-19. It can be noted that hyperimmune systemic inflammation and "cytokine storm" are enhanced by the production of NO, products of its oxidation ("nitrosative stress"). It is noted in the work that as a result of the oxidation of NO, a large amount of the toxic compound peroxynitrite is formed, which is a powerful proinflammatory agent. Its presence significantly damages the endothelium of the vascular walls and also oxidizes lipids, hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochrome, binds SH-groups of proteins, and damages DNA in the target cells. This is confirmed by the picture of the vessels of the lungs on computed tomography and the data of biochemical studies. In case of peroxynitrite overproduction, inhibition of the synthesis of NO and its metabolic products seems to be justified. Another aspect considered in this work is the mechanism of damage by the virus to the central and peripheral nervous system, which remains poorly understood but may be important in understanding the consequences, as well as predicting brain functions in persons who have undergone COVID-19. According to the analyzed literature, it can be concluded that brain damage is possible due to the direct effect of the virus on the peripheral nerves and central structures, and indirectly through the effect on the endothelium of cerebral vessels. Disturbances in the central nervous regulation of immune responses may be associated with the insufficient function of the acetylcholine anti-inflammatory system. It is proposed to further study several approaches to influence various links of NO exchange, which are of interest for theoretical and practical medicine.},
}
@article {pmid34472152,
year = {2021},
author = {Minh, LHN and Abozaid, AA and Ha, NX and Le Quang, L and Gad, AG and Tiwari, R and Nhat-Le, T and Quyen, DK and Al-Manaseer, B and Kien, ND and Vuong, NL and Zayan, AH and Nhi, LHH and Surya Dila, KA and Varney, J and Tien Huy, N},
title = {Clinical and laboratory factors associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Reviews in medical virology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e2288},
doi = {10.1002/rmv.2288},
pmid = {34472152},
issn = {1099-1654},
abstract = {SARS Coronavirus-2 is one of the most widespread viruses globally during the 21st century, whose severity and ability to cause severe pneumonia and death vary. We performed a comprehensive systematic review of all studies that met our standardised criteria and then extracted data on the age, symptoms, and different treatments of Covid-19 patients and the prognosis of this disease during follow-up. Cases in this study were divided according to severity and death status and meta-analysed separately using raw mean and single proportion methods. We included 171 complete studies including 62,909 confirmed cases of Covid-19, of which 148 studies were meta-analysed. Symptoms clearly emerged in an escalating manner from mild-moderate symptoms, pneumonia, severe-critical to the group of non-survivors. Hypertension (Pooled proportion (PP): 0.48 [95% Confident interval (CI): 0.35-0.61]), diabetes (PP: 0.23 [95% CI: 0.16-0.33]) and smoking (PP: 0.12 [95% CI: 0.03-0.38]) were highest regarding pre-infection comorbidities in the non-survivor group. While acute respiratory distress syndrome (PP: 0.49 [95% CI: 0.29-0.78]), (PP: 0.63 [95% CI: 0.34-0.97]) remained one of the most common complications in the severe and death group respectively. Bilateral ground-glass opacification (PP: 0.68 [95% CI: 0.59-0.75]) was the most visible radiological image. The mortality rates estimated (PP: 0.11 [95% CI: 0.06-0.19]), (PP: 0.03 [95% CI: 0.01-0.05]), and (PP: 0.01 [95% CI: 0-0.3]) in severe-critical, pneumonia and mild-moderate groups respectively. This study can serve as a high evidence guideline for different clinical presentations of Covid-19, graded from mild to severe, and for special forms like pneumonia and death groups.},
}
@article {pmid34471654,
year = {2021},
author = {Amjadi, K},
title = {Exploring Factors That Influence Children's Growth and Development During a Pandemic.},
journal = {Global pediatric health},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {2333794X211042464},
pmid = {34471654},
issn = {2333-794X},
abstract = {The potential long-term impacts of natural or man-made disasters on children and adolescents have been the subject of numerous scientific research studies over the past decades. Since the rise of the COVID-19 pandemic, however, it has become even more important to continue these investigations in order to address the special needs of our youth. While the virus itself appears to cause less pathology in them compared to adults, the effects go beyond the disease itself. The pandemic has caused extremely high levels of stress f