@article {pmid33864580,
year = {2021},
author = {Dandel, M},
title = {Heart-lung interactions in COVID-19: prognostic impact and usefulness of bedside echocardiography for monitoring of the right ventricle involvement.},
journal = {Heart failure reviews},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33864580},
issn = {1573-7322},
abstract = {Due to the SARS-CoV-2 infection-related severe pulmonary tissue damages associated with a relative specific widespread thrombotic microangiopathy, the pathophysiologic role of heart-lung interactions becomes crucial for the development and progression of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction. The high resistance in the pulmonary circulation, as a result of small vessel thrombosis and hypoxemia, is the major cause of right heart failure associated with a particularly high mortality in severe COVID-19. Timely identification of patients at high risk for RV failure, optimization of mechanical ventilation to limit its adverse effects on RV preload and afterload, avoidance of medication-related increase in the pulmonary vascular resistance, and the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in refractory respiratory failure with hemodynamic instability, before RV failure develops, can improve patient survival. Since it was confirmed that the right-sided heart is particularly involved in the clinical deterioration of patients with COVID-19 and pressure overload-induced RV dysfunction plays a key role for patient outcome, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) received increasing attention. Limited TTE focused on the right heart appears highly useful in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and particularly beneficial for monitoring of critically ill patients. In addition to detection of right-sided heart dilation and RV dysfunction, it enables assessment of RV-pulmonary arterial coupling and evaluation of RV adaptability to pressure loading which facilitate useful prognostic statements to be made. The increased use of bedside TTE focused on the right heart could facilitate more personalized management and treatment of hospitalized patients and can contribute towards reducing the high mortality associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
}
@article {pmid33864498,
year = {2021},
author = {Mavrogeni, SI and Kolovou, G and Tsirimpis, V and Kafetzis, D and Tsolas, G and Fotis, L},
title = {The importance of heart and brain imaging in children and adolescents with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C).},
journal = {Rheumatology international},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33864498},
issn = {1437-160X},
abstract = {Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) recently reported in a minority of children affected by SARS-CoV-2, mimics Kawasaki disease (KD), a medium vessel vasculitis of unknown cause. In contrast to acute COVID-19 infection, which is usually mild in children, 68% of patients with MIS-C will need intensive care unit. Myocarditis and coronary artery ectasia/aneurysm are included between the main cardiovascular complications in MIS-C. Therefore, close clinical assessment is need it both at diagnosis and during follow-up. Echocardiography is the cornerstone modality for myocardial function and coronary artery evaluation in the acute phase. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) detects diffuse myocardial inflammation including oedema/fibrosis, myocardial perfusion and coronary arteries anatomy during the convalescence and in adolescents, where echocardiography may provide inadequate images. Brain involvement in MIS-C is less frequent compared to cardiovascular disease. However, it is not unusual and should be monitored by clinical evaluation and brain magnetic resonance (MRI), as we still do not know its effect in brain development. Brain MRI in MIS-C shows T2-hyperintense lesions associated with restricted diffusion and bilateral thalamic lesions. To conclude, MIS-C is a multisystem disease affecting many vital organs, such as heart and brain. Clinical awareness, application of innovative, high technology imaging modalities and advanced treatment protocols including supportive and anti-inflammatory medication will help physicians to prevent the dreadful complications of MIS-C.},
}
@article {pmid33864098,
year = {2021},
author = {Kayki-Mutlu, G and Michel, MC},
title = {A year in pharmacology: new drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2020.},
journal = {Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33864098},
issn = {1432-1912},
abstract = {While the COVID-19 pandemic also affected the work of regulatory authorities, the US Food and Drug Administration approved a total of 53 new drugs in 2020, one of the highest numbers in the past decades. Most newly approved drugs related to oncology (34%) and neurology (15%). We discuss these new drugs by level of innovation they provide, i.e., first to treat a condition, first using a novel mechanisms of action, and "others." Six drugs were first in indication, 15 first using a novel mechanism of action, and 32 other. This includes many drugs for the treatment of orphan indications and some for the treatment of tropical diseases previously neglected for commercial reasons. Small molecules continue to dominate new drug approvals, followed by antibodies. Of note, newly approved drugs also included small-interfering RNAs and antisense oligonucleotides. These data show that the trend for declines in drug discovery and development has clearly been broken.},
}
@article {pmid33864026,
year = {2021},
author = {Singh, D and Yi, SV},
title = {On the origin and evolution of SARS-CoV-2.},
journal = {Experimental & molecular medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33864026},
issn = {2092-6413},
abstract = {The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the ongoing global outbreak of a coronavirus disease (herein referred to as COVID-19). Other viruses in the same phylogenetic group have been responsible for previous regional outbreaks, including SARS and MERS. SARS-CoV-2 has a zoonotic origin, similar to the causative viruses of these previous outbreaks. The repetitive introduction of animal viruses into human populations resulting in disease outbreaks suggests that similar future epidemics are inevitable. Therefore, understanding the molecular origin and ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 will provide critical insights for preparing for and preventing future outbreaks. A key feature of SARS-CoV-2 is its propensity for genetic recombination across host species boundaries. Consequently, the genome of SARS-CoV-2 harbors signatures of multiple recombination events, likely encompassing multiple species and broad geographic regions. Other regions of the SARS-CoV-2 genome show the impact of purifying selection. The spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2, which enables the virus to enter host cells, exhibits signatures of both purifying selection and ancestral recombination events, leading to an effective S protein capable of infecting human and many other mammalian cells. The global spread and explosive growth of the SARS-CoV-2 population (within human hosts) has contributed additional mutational variability into this genome, increasing opportunities for future recombination.},
}
@article {pmid33863845,
year = {2021},
author = {Lugon, P and Fuller, T and Damasceno, L and Calvet, G and Resende, PC and Matos, AR and Machado Fumian, T and Correia Maltaa, F and Salgado, AD and Fernandes, FCM and Abreu de Carvalho, LM and Guaraldo, L and Bastos, L and Cruz, OG and Whitworth, J and Smith, C and Nielsen-Saines, K and Siqueira, M and Carvalho, MS and Brasil, P},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 Infection Dynamics in Children and Household Contacts in a Slum in Rio de Janeiro.},
journal = {Pediatrics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1542/peds.2021-050182},
pmid = {33863845},
issn = {1098-4275},
}
@article {pmid33863652,
year = {2021},
author = {Chan, WP and Yao, MS and Lin, MF and Chang, HC and Kosik, RO and Lee, WS},
title = {Management and infection control practices in a Taiwanese radiology department during the COVID-19 outbreak.},
journal = {Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection = Wei mian yu gan ran za zhi},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jmii.2021.03.012},
pmid = {33863652},
issn = {1995-9133},
abstract = {The radiology department was categorized as a "high risk area" during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003 and is similarly considered a "high risk area" during the current coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The purpose of infection control is to isolate patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 from uninfected people by utilizing separate equipment, spaces, and healthcare workers. Infection control measures should be prioritized to prevent the nosocomial spread of infection. We established a COVID-19 infection control team in our radiology department. The team's responsibilities include triaging patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19, performing imaging and reporting, using dedicated equipment, disinfecting the equipment and the immediate environment, and staff scheduling.},
}
@article {pmid33863462,
year = {2021},
author = {Theophanous, R and Huang, W and Ragsdale, L},
title = {Cardiopulmonary Emergencies in Older Adults.},
journal = {Emergency medicine clinics of North America},
volume = {39},
number = {2},
pages = {323-338},
doi = {10.1016/j.emc.2021.01.010},
pmid = {33863462},
issn = {1558-0539},
abstract = {Older adults are susceptible to serious illnesses, including atrial fibrillation, congestive heart failure, pneumonia, and pulmonary embolism. Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia in this age group and can cause complications such as thromboembolic events and stroke. Congestive heart failure is the most common cause of hospital admission and readmission in the older adult population. Older adults are at higher risk for pulmonary embolism because of age-related changes and comorbidities. Pneumonia is also prevalent and is one of the leading causes of death.},
}
@article {pmid33862334,
year = {2021},
author = {Palomares-Aguilera, M and Inostroza-Allende, F and Solar, LR},
title = {Speech pathology telepractice intervention during the COVID-19 pandemic for Spanish-speaking children with cleft palate: A systematic review.},
journal = {International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology},
volume = {144},
number = {},
pages = {110700},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijporl.2021.110700},
pmid = {33862334},
issn = {1872-8464},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Due to the lockdown and quarantines caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the need to study and use telepractice for providing speech pathology interventions for children with cleft palate has arisen.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: To carry out a systematic review of the use of telepractice during the COVID-19 pandemic for providing speech pathology interventions for Spanish-speaking children with cleft palate.<br><br>METHODS: In July and August 2020, the authors searched the electronic databases Medline, LILACS, SciELO, and the Cochrane Library using the following keywords in English (MeSH): Cleft palate combined with Early intervention, Speech therapy, Rehabilitation of speech and language disorders, Speech production measurement, Speech articulation tests and Telemedicine. Original articles were selected and analyzed, complemented by an analysis of flowcharts and recommendations by the GES Clinical Guide of Cleft Lip and Palate of Chile's Government and the authors' expert opinions.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 2680 articles were retrieved, of which 23 were critically analyzed and used to adapt the early stimulation, evaluation, and treatment of children with CP to speech therapy telepractice at the Gantz Foundation, a Hospital in Santiago de Chile.<br><br>LIMITATIONS: Only three researchers carried out a quick review, which limited the depth of individual analysis of the studies included. Also, the suggestions and material presented should be evaluated in future investigations.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This systematic review provides useful guidelines for providing speech pathology interventions through telepractice for children with cleft palate. Audiovisual materials seem to be extremely useful for families receiving the interventions. The use of interactive videos for Spanish-speaking children and educational videos for parents is manifest.},
}
@article {pmid33862071,
year = {2021},
author = {Asadi, K and Gholami, A},
title = {Virosome-based nanovaccines; a promising bioinspiration and biomimetic approach for preventing viral diseases: A review.},
journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.005},
pmid = {33862071},
issn = {1879-0003},
abstract = {Vaccination is the most effective means of controlling infectious disease-related morbidity and mortality. However, due to low immunogenicity of viral antigens, nanomedicine as a new opportunity in new generation of vaccine advancement attracted researcher encouragement. Virosome is a lipidic nanomaterial emerging as FDA approved nanocarriers with promising bioinspiration and biomimetic potency against viral infections. Virosome surface modification with critical viral fusion proteins is the cornerstone of vaccine development. Surface antigens at virosomes innovatively interact with targeted receptors on host cells that evoke humoral or cellular immune responses through antibody-producing B cell and internalization by endocytosis-mediated pathways. To date, several nanovaccine based on virosome formulations have been commercialized against widespread and life-threatening infections. Recently, Great efforts were made to fabricate a virosome-based vaccine platform against a new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. Thus, this review provides a novel overview of the virosome based nanovaccine production, properties, and application on the viral disease, especially its importance in SARS-CoV-2 vaccine discovery.},
}
@article {pmid33861993,
year = {2021},
author = {Machnicki, S and Patel, D and Singh, A and Talwar, A and Mina, B and Oks, M and Makkar, P and Naidich, D and Mehta, A and Hill, N and Brown, K and Raoof, S},
title = {The Utility of Chest CT imaging in suspected or diagnosed COVID-19 Patients - a review of literature.},
journal = {Chest},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.chest.2021.04.004},
pmid = {33861993},
issn = {1931-3543},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has had devastating medical and economic consequences globally. The severity of COVID-19 is related, in a large measure, to the extent of pulmonary involvement. The role of chest CT in the management of patients with COVID-19 has evolved since the onset of the pandemic. Specifically, the description of CT findings, use of CT chest in various acute and subacute settings and its usefulness in predicting chronic disease have been better defined. We performed a review of published data on CT scans in COVID-19 patients. A summary of the range of imaging findings, from typical to less common abnormalities is provided. Familiarity with these findings may facilitate in the diagnosis and management of this disease. A comparison of sensitivity and specificity of CT chest with RT-PCR testing highlights the potential role of CT imaging in difficult to diagnose cases of Covid-19. The utility of CT imaging to assess prognosis, guide management, and identify acute pulmonary complications associated with SARS-COV-2 is highlighted. Beyond the acute stage, it is important for clinicians to recognize pulmonary parenchymal abnormalities, progressive fibrotic lung disease and vascular changes that may be responsible for persistent respiratory symptoms. A large collection of multi institutional images has been included to elucidate the CT findings described.},
}
@article {pmid33860983,
year = {2021},
author = {Ahsan, N and Rao, RSP and Wilson, RS and Punyamurtula, U and Salvato, F and Petersen, M and Ahmed, MK and Abid, MR and Verburgt, JC and Kihara, D and Yang, Z and Fornelli, L and Foster, SB and Ramratnam, B},
title = {Mass spectrometry-based proteomic platforms for better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 induced pathogenesis and potential diagnostic approaches.},
journal = {Proteomics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e2000279},
doi = {10.1002/pmic.202000279},
pmid = {33860983},
issn = {1615-9861},
abstract = {While protein-protein interaction is the first step of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, recent comparative proteomic profiling enabled the identification of over eleven thousand protein dynamics, thus providing a comprehensive reflection of the molecular mechanisms underlying the cellular system in response to viral infection. Here we summarize and rationalize the results obtained by various mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic approaches applied to the functional characterization of proteins and pathways associated with SARS-CoV-2-mediated infections in humans. Comparative analysis of cell-lines vs tissue samples indicates that our knowledge in proteome profile alternation in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is still incomplete and the tissue-specific response to SARS-CoV-2 infection can probably not be recapitulated efficiently by in vitro experiments. However, regardless of the viral infection period, sample types, and experimental strategies, a thorough cross-comparison of the recently published proteome, phosphoproteome, and interactome datasets led to the identification of a common set of proteins and kinases associated with PI3K-Akt, EGFR, MAPK, Rap1, and AMPK signaling pathways. Ephrin receptor A2 (EPHA2), was identified by 11 studies including all proteomic platforms suggesting as a potential future target for SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanisms and the development of new therapeutic strategies. We further discuss the potentials of future proteomics strategies for identifying prognostic SARS-CoV-2 responsive age, gender-dependent tissue-specific protein targets. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
}
@article {pmid33860905,
year = {2021},
author = {Oguz, SH and Koca, M and Yildiz, BO},
title = {Aging versus youth: Endocrine aspects of vulnerability for COVID-19.},
journal = {Reviews in endocrine &amp; metabolic disorders},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33860905},
issn = {1573-2606},
abstract = {Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized with a wide range of clinical presentations from asymptomatic to severe disease. In patients with severe disease, the main causes of mortality have been acute respiratory distress syndrome, cytokine storm and thrombotic events. Although all factors that may be associated with disease severity are not yet clear, older age remains a leading risk factor. While age-related immune changes may be at the bottom of severe course of COVID-19, age-related hormonal changes have considerable importance due to their interactions with these immune alterations, and also with endothelial dysfunction and comorbid cardiometabolic disorders. This review aims to provide the current scientific evidence on the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the pathway to severe COVID-19, from a collaborative perspective of age-related immune and hormonal changes together, in accordance with the clinical knowledge acquired thus far.},
}
@article {pmid33860875,
year = {2021},
author = {Liu, WJ and Xiao, H and Dai, L and Liu, D and Chen, J and Qi, X and Bi, Y and Shi, Y and Gao, GF and Liu, Y},
title = {Avian influenza A (H7N9) virus: from low pathogenic to highly pathogenic.},
journal = {Frontiers of medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33860875},
issn = {2095-0225},
abstract = {The avian influenza A (H7N9) virus is a zoonotic virus that is closely associated with live poultry markets. It has caused infections in humans in China since 2013. Five waves of the H7N9 influenza epidemic occurred in China between March 2013 and September 2017. H7N9 with low-pathogenicity dominated in the first four waves, whereas highly pathogenic H7N9 influenza emerged in poultry and spread to humans during the fifth wave, causing wide concern. Specialists and officials from China and other countries responded quickly, controlled the epidemic well thus far, and characterized the virus by using new technologies and surveillance tools that were made possible by their preparedness efforts. Here, we review the characteristics of the H7N9 viruses that were identified while controlling the spread of the disease. It was summarized and discussed from the perspectives of molecular epidemiology, clinical features, virulence and pathogenesis, receptor binding, T-cell responses, monoclonal antibody development, vaccine development, and disease burden. These data provide tools for minimizing the future threat of H7N9 and other emerging and re-emerging viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2.},
}
@article {pmid33859967,
year = {2020},
author = {Samprathi, M and Jayashree, M},
title = {Biomarkers in COVID-19: An Up-To-Date Review.},
journal = {Frontiers in pediatrics},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {607647},
pmid = {33859967},
issn = {2296-2360},
abstract = {The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) poses several challenges to clinicians. Timely diagnosis and hospitalization, risk stratification, effective utilization of intensive care services, selection of appropriate therapies, monitoring and timely discharge are essential to save the maximum number of lives. Clinical assessment is indispensable, but laboratory markers, or biomarkers, can provide additional, objective information which can significantly impact these components of patient care. COVID-19 is not a localized respiratory infection but a multisystem disease caused by a diffuse systemic process involving a complex interplay of the immunological, inflammatory and coagulative cascades. The understanding of what the virus does to the body and how the body reacts to it has uncovered a gamut of potential biomarkers. This review discusses the different classes of biomarkers - immunological, inflammatory, coagulation, hematological, cardiac, biochemical and miscellaneous - in terms of their pathophysiological basis followed by the current evidence. Differences between children and adults are highlighted. The role of biomarkers in the diagnosis and management of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) is reviewed. The correlation of biomarkers with clinical and radiological features and the viral load, temporal evolution and the effect of treatment remain to be studied in detail. Which biomarker needs to be evaluated when and in whom, and how best this information can contribute to patient care are questions which currently lack convincing answers. With the evidence currently available broad guidelines on the rational use of available biomarkers are presented. Integrating clinical and laboratory data, monitoring trends rather than a single value, correlating with the natural course of the disease and tailoring guidelines to the individual patient and healthcare setting are essential.},
}
@article {pmid33859954,
year = {2021},
author = {Fasogbon, BM and Ademuyiwa, OH and Bamidele, OP and Wahab, IE and Ola-Adedoyin, AT and Alakija, O},
title = {Positive Therapeutic Role of Selected Foods and Plant on Ailments with a Trend Towards COVID-19: A Review.},
journal = {Preventive nutrition and food science},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {1-11},
pmid = {33859954},
issn = {2287-1098},
abstract = {Each day since December 2019, increasing numbers of cases of the novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) infection are being detected as it spreads throughout all continents of the world except Antarctica. The virus is transmitted through contact with an infected environment or person, and the symptoms include fever, cough, and difficulty breathing. The healthcare systems of many countries are overwhelmed due to limited therapeutic options and the absence of an approved vaccine. Due to its poor healthcare systems, Africa may be the worst hit continent if other therapeutic alternatives are not explored. This review explores the source and origin of the COVID-19 infection, and alternative therapeutic options derived from available and cheap medicinal foods and plants that have been shown to alleviate similar infections. The results demonstrate the inhibitory activities of selected food crops and plants against human viruses similar to the novel COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33859951,
year = {2021},
author = {Kumar, A and Singh, R and Kaur, J and Pandey, S and Sharma, V and Thakur, L and Sati, S and Mani, S and Asthana, S and Sharma, TK and Chaudhuri, S and Bhattacharyya, S and Kumar, N},
title = {Wuhan to World: The COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {596201},
pmid = {33859951},
issn = {2235-2988},
abstract = {COVID-19 is a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), caused by SARS-CoV-2, a novel virus which belongs to the family Coronaviridae. It was first reported in December 2019 in the Wuhan city of China and soon after, the virus and hence the disease got spread to the entire world. As of February 26, 2021, SARS-CoV-2 has infected ~112.20 million people and caused ~2.49 million deaths across the globe. Although the case fatality rate among SARS-CoV-2 patient is lower (~2.15%) than its earlier relatives, SARS-CoV (~9.5%) and MERS-CoV (~34.4%), the SARS-CoV-2 has been observed to be more infectious and caused higher morbidity and mortality worldwide. As of now, only the knowledge regarding potential transmission routes and the rapidly developed diagnostics has been guiding the world for managing the disease indicating an immediate need for a detailed understanding of the pathogen and the disease-biology. Over a very short period of time, researchers have generated a lot of information in unprecedented ways in the key areas, including viral entry into the host, dominant mutation, potential transmission routes, diagnostic targets and their detection assays, potential therapeutic targets and drug molecules for inhibiting viral entry and/or its replication in the host including cross-neutralizing antibodies and vaccine candidates that could help us to combat the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In the current review, we have summarized the available knowledge about the pathogen and the disease, COVID-19. We believe that this readily available knowledge base would serve as a valuable resource to the scientific and clinical community and may help in faster development of the solution to combat the disease.},
}
@article {pmid33859687,
year = {2021},
author = {Li, G and Chen, Z and Lv, Z and Li, H and Chang, D and Lu, J},
title = {Diabetes Mellitus and COVID-19: Associations and Possible Mechanisms.},
journal = {International journal of endocrinology},
volume = {2021},
number = {},
pages = {7394378},
pmid = {33859687},
issn = {1687-8337},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a recently emerged disease with formidable infectivity and high mortality. Emerging data suggest that diabetes is one of the most prevalent comorbidities in patients with COVID-19. Although their causal relationship has not yet been investigated, preexisting diabetes can be considered as a risk factor for the adverse outcomes of COVID-19. Proinflammatory state, attenuation of the innate immune response, possibly increased level of ACE2, along with vascular dysfunction, and prothrombotic state in people with diabetes probably contribute to higher susceptibility for SARS-CoV-2 infection and worsened prognosis. On the other hand, activated inflammation, islet damage induced by virus infection, and treatment with glucocorticoids could, in turn, result in impaired glucose regulation in people with diabetes, thus working as an amplification loop to aggravate the disease. Therefore, glycemic management in people with COVID-19, especially in those with severe illness, is of considerable importance. The insights may help to reduce the fatality in the effort against COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33859652,
year = {2021},
author = {Wehbe, Z and Wehbe, M and Iratni, R and Pintus, G and Zaraket, H and Yassine, HM and Eid, AH},
title = {Repurposing Ivermectin for COVID-19: Molecular Aspects and Therapeutic Possibilities.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {663586},
pmid = {33859652},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {As of January 2021, SARS-CoV-2 has killed over 2 million individuals across the world. As such, there is an urgent need for vaccines and therapeutics to reduce the burden of COVID-19. Several vaccines, including mRNA, vector-based vaccines, and inactivated vaccines, have been approved for emergency use in various countries. However, the slow roll-out of vaccines and insufficient global supply remains a challenge to turn the tide of the pandemic. Moreover, vaccines are important tools for preventing the disease but therapeutic tools to treat patients are also needed. As such, since the beginning of the pandemic, repurposed FDA-approved drugs have been sought as potential therapeutic options for COVID-19 due to their known safety profiles and potential anti-viral effects. One of these drugs is ivermectin (IVM), an antiparasitic drug created in the 1970s. IVM later exerted antiviral activity against various viruses including SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we delineate the story of how this antiparasitic drug was eventually identified as a potential treatment option for COVID-19. We review SARS-CoV-2 lifecycle, the role of the nucleocapsid protein, the turning points in past research that provided initial 'hints' for IVM's antiviral activity and its molecular mechanism of action- and finally, we culminate with the current clinical findings.},
}
@article {pmid33859644,
year = {2021},
author = {Lamadrid, P and Alonso-Peña, M and San Segundo, D and Arias-Loste, M and Crespo, J and Lopez-Hoyos, M},
title = {Innate and Adaptive Immunity Alterations in Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease and Its Implication in COVID-19 Severity.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {651728},
pmid = {33859644},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {The coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has hit the world, affecting health, medical care, economies and our society as a whole. Furthermore, COVID-19 pandemic joins the increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome in western countries. Patients suffering from obesity, type II diabetes mellitus, cardiac involvement and metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) have enhanced risk of suffering severe COVID-19 and mortality. Importantly, up to 25% of the population in western countries is susceptible of suffering from both MAFLD and COVID-19, while none approved treatment is currently available for any of them. Moreover, it is well known that exacerbated innate immune responses are key in the development of the most severe stages of MAFLD and COVID-19. In this review, we focus on the role of the immune system in the establishment and progression of MAFLD and discuss its potential implication in the development of severe COVID-19 in MAFLD patients. As a result, we hope to clarify their common pathology, but also uncover new potential therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers for further research.},
}
@article {pmid33859597,
year = {2021},
author = {Russo-Netzer, P and Ameli, M},
title = {Optimal Sense-Making and Resilience in Times of Pandemic: Integrating Rationality and Meaning in Psychotherapy.},
journal = {Frontiers in psychology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {645926},
pmid = {33859597},
issn = {1664-1078},
abstract = {The global COVID-19 pandemic has triggered a wide variety of psychological crises worldwide. In order to respond rapidly and efficiently to the complex challenges, mental health professionals are required to adopt a multidimensional and integrative view. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) founded by Albert Ellis promotes rationality and self-acceptance. Logotherapy, pioneered by Viktor Frankl potentiates meaning and resilience. Both approaches are complementary and mutually enriching. The goal of this paper is to propose an integrative model of &quot;optimal sense-making,&quot; a concept that combines both rationality and meaning, as well as the role of self-transcendence and healthy negative emotions. The model offers a theoretical and clinical foundation for efficient and effective psychological intervention plans for those affected by the pandemic. Along with theoretical background, illustrating case studies are presented to support potential application of the integrative model to affected individuals as well as the work of first-line health professionals during these times of pandemic. Implications are considered for utilizing theoretical and applied insights from the model to cultivate resilience in face of adversity and suffering.},
}
@article {pmid33858983,
year = {2021},
author = {Ackerson, BK and Sy, LS and Glenn, S and Qian, L and Park, CH and Riewerts, RJ and Jacobsen, SJ},
title = {Pediatric Vaccination During the COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Pediatrics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1542/peds.2020-047092},
pmid = {33858983},
issn = {1098-4275},
}
@article {pmid33858832,
year = {2021},
author = {Hrynick, TA and Ripoll Lorenzo, S and Carter, SE},
title = {COVID-19 response: mitigating negative impacts on other areas of health.},
journal = {BMJ global health},
volume = {6},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004110},
pmid = {33858832},
issn = {2059-7908},
abstract = {'Vertical' responses focused primarily on preventing and containing COVID-19 have been implemented in countries around the world with negative consequences for other health services, people's access to and use of them, and associated health outcomes, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). 'Lockdowns' and restrictive measures, especially, have complicated service provision and access, and disrupted key supply chains. Such interventions, alongside more traditional public health measures, interact with baseline health, health system, and social and economic vulnerabilities in LMICs to compound negative impacts. This analysis, based on a rapid evidence assessment by the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform in mid-2020, highlights the drivers and evidence of these impacts, emphasises the additional vulnerabilities experienced by marginalised social groups, and provides insight for governments, agencies, organisations and communities to implement more proportionate, appropriate, comprehensive and socially just responses that address COVID-19 in the context of and alongside other disease burdens. In the short term, there is an urgent need to monitor and mitigate impacts of pandemic responses on health service provision, access and use, including through embedding COVID-19 response within integrated health systems approaches. These efforts should also feed into longer-term strategies to strengthen health systems, expand universal healthcare coverage and attend to the social determinants of health-commitments, both existing and new-which governments, donors and international agencies must make and be held accountable to. Crucially, affected communities must be empowered to play a central role in identifying health priorities, allocating resources, and designing and delivering services.},
}
@article {pmid33858724,
year = {2021},
author = {Landecho, MF and Marin-Oto, M and Recalde-Zamacona, B and Bilbao, I and Frühbeck, G},
title = {Obesity as an adipose tissue dysfunction disease and a risk factor for infections - Covid-19 as a case study.},
journal = {European journal of internal medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.ejim.2021.03.031},
pmid = {33858724},
issn = {1879-0828},
abstract = {Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV2) disease (COVID-19) is a novel threat that hampers life expectancy especially in obese individuals. Though this association is clinically relevant, the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. SARS CoV2 enters host cells via the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 receptor, that is also expressed in adipose tissue. Moreover, adipose tissue is also a source of many proinflammatory mediators and adipokines that might enhance the characteristic COVID-19 cytokine storm due to a chronic low-grade inflammatory preconditioning. Further obesity-dependent thoracic mechanical constraints may also incise negatively into the prognosis of obese subjects with COVID-19. This review summarizes the current body of knowledge on the obesity-dependent circumstances triggering an increased risk for COVID-19 severity, and their clinical relevance.},
}
@article {pmid33857897,
year = {2021},
author = {Al Jumah, M and Abulaban, A and Aggad, H and Al Bunyan, R and AlKhawajah, M and Al Malik, Y and Almejally, M and Alnajashi, H and Alshamrani, F and Bohlega, S and Cupler, EJ and ElBoghdady, A and Makkawi, S and Qureshi, S and Shami, S},
title = {Managing multiple sclerosis in the Covid19 era: a review of the literature and consensus report from a panel of experts in Saudi Arabia.},
journal = {Multiple sclerosis and related disorders},
volume = {51},
number = {},
pages = {102925},
pmid = {33857897},
issn = {2211-0356},
abstract = {Disease-modifying therapies (DMT) for relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) act on the immune system, suggesting a need for caution during the SARS-CoV2/Covid-19 pandemic. A group of experts in MS care from Saudi Arabia convened to consider the impact of Covid-19 on MS care in that country, and to develop consensus recommendations on the current application of DMT therapy. Covid-19 has led to disruption to the care of MS in Saudi Arabia as elsewhere. The Expert Panel considered a DMT's overall tolerability/safety profile to be the most important consideration on whether or not to prescribe at this time. Treatment can be started or continued with interferon beta, teriflunomide, dimethyl fumarate, or natalizumab, as these DMTs are not associated with increased risk of infection (there was no consensus on the initiation of other DMTs). A consensus also supported continuing treatment regimens with fingolimod (or siponimod) and cladribine tablets for a patient without active Covid-19. No DMT should be imitated in a patient with active Covid-19, and (only) interferon beta could be continued in the case of Covid-19 infection. Vaccination against Covid-19 is a therapeutic priority for people with MS. New treatment should be delayed for 2-4 weeks for vaccination. Where treatment is already ongoing, vaccination against Covid-19 should be administered immediately without disruption of treatment (first-line DMTs, natalizumab, fingolimod), when lymphocytes have recovered sufficiently (cladribine tablets, alemtuzumab) or 4 months after the last dose (ocrelizumab). These recommendations will need to be refined and updated as new clinical evidence in this area emerges.},
}
@article {pmid33857725,
year = {2021},
author = {Saqrane, S and El Mhammedi, MA and Lahrich, S and Laghrib, F and El Bouabi, Y and Farahi, A and Bakasse, M},
title = {Recent knowledge in favor of remdesivir (GS-5734) as a therapeutic option for the COVID-19 infections.},
journal = {Journal of infection and public health},
volume = {14},
number = {5},
pages = {655-660},
pmid = {33857725},
issn = {1876-035X},
abstract = {The management of SARS-CoV-2 has not yet been clearly determined and is based on potential therapies evaluated during the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV outbreaks. An emerging potential therapeutic approach currently being evaluated in numerous clinical trials is the remdesivir agent, which acts on COVID-19 by interfering with key steps in the virus replication cycle. It is considered a therapeutic option to be evaluated against COVID-19, based on data on its in vitro and in vivo activity against MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV coronaviruses. In this work, we provide an overview of remdesivir's discovery, mechanism of action, and the current studies exploring its clinical effectiveness. Recommendations for its use against COVID-19 infection are also summarized.},
}
@article {pmid33857716,
year = {2021},
author = {Mohanty, A and Agnihotri, S and Mehta, A and Rawal, S},
title = {COVID-19 and cancer: Sailing through the tides.},
journal = {Pathology, research and practice},
volume = {221},
number = {},
pages = {153417},
pmid = {33857716},
issn = {1618-0631},
abstract = {The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease) pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 with its rapid expansion has led to extraordinary implications in our understanding of viral infections and their management globally. In this current scenario of unusual circumstances and public health emergency, the cancer care per se is facing unprecedented challenges. The peculiarity of the SARS-CoV-2 infections is still being uncovered as the pandemic spreads across the populations than showing signs of its curtailment. The review highlights the significance of idiosyncrasy of the SARS-Cov-2 infection especially putting forth the importance of immunosenescence, both in the COVID-19 specific immune response in the infected lungs of the elderly and in the cancer patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.The focus of the article is directed towards demystifying the unparalleled essence of a proprotein convertase, Furin in the biology of the SARS-Cov-2 infection and its role in facilitating viral transmission through expedited cellular entry into alveolar epithelial cells in COVID-19 infected cancer patients. The risk stratification of the cancer treatment and guidelines shaped up by national and international oncology societies in providing uncompromised patient care during the COVID-19 crisis have also been addressed. The global efforts towards vaccination in developing SARS CoV-2 immunity are also discussed in this article.},
}
@article {pmid33857435,
year = {2021},
author = {Song, WJ and Hui, CKM and Hull, JH and Birring, SS and McGarvey, L and Mazzone, SB and Chung, KF},
title = {Confronting COVID-19-associated cough and the post-COVID syndrome: role of viral neurotropism, neuroinflammation, and neuroimmune responses.},
journal = {The Lancet. Respiratory medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33857435},
issn = {2213-2619},
abstract = {Cough is one of the most common presenting symptoms of COVID-19, along with fever and loss of taste and smell. Cough can persist for weeks or months after SARS-CoV-2 infection, often accompanied by chronic fatigue, cognitive impairment, dyspnoea, or pain-a collection of long-term effects referred to as the post-COVID syndrome or long COVID. We hypothesise that the pathways of neurotropism, neuroinflammation, and neuroimmunomodulation through the vagal sensory nerves, which are implicated in SARS-CoV-2 infection, lead to a cough hypersensitivity state. The post-COVID syndrome might also result from neuroinflammatory events in the brain. We highlight gaps in understanding of the mechanisms of acute and chronic COVID-19-associated cough and post-COVID syndrome, consider potential ways to reduce the effect of COVID-19 by controlling cough, and suggest future directions for research and clinical practice. Although neuromodulators such as gabapentin or opioids might be considered for acute and chronic COVID-19 cough, we discuss the possible mechanisms of COVID-19-associated cough and the promise of new anti-inflammatories or neuromodulators that might successfully target both the cough of COVID-19 and the post-COVID syndrome.},
}
@article {pmid33856663,
year = {2021},
author = {Sinclair, AJ and Maggi, S and Abdelhafiz, AH and Veronese, N and Rodriguez-Manas, L and Bourdel-Marchasson, I},
title = {Dexamethasone and oxygen therapy in care home residents with diabetes: a management guide and algorithm for treatment: a rapid response action statement from the European Diabetes Working Party for Older People (EDWPOP) and European Geriatric Medicine Society (EuGMS).},
journal = {Aging clinical and experimental research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33856663},
issn = {1720-8319},
abstract = {This statement addresses the need to provide clinically relevant and practical guidance for long-term care staff working in care homes and other stakeholders engaged in the care of residents who require consideration for dexamethasone and oxygen therapy. It had been provided following a series of consensus discussions between the EDWPOP and the EuGMS in January and February 2021. Its main aim is to minimise morbidity and mortality from serious acute illnesses including COVID-19 requiring these treatments within the long-term care sector.},
}
@article {pmid33856510,
year = {2021},
author = {Seifried, J and Hoffmann, A and Reda, S and Böttcher, S and Abu Sin, M and Hofmann, A and Noll, I and von Laer, A and Reuss, A and Oh, DY and Albrecht, S and Stern, D and Willrich, N and Staat, D and Zacher, B and Schneider, M and Feig, M and Nitsche, A and Rieck, T and Rexroth, U and Eckmanns, T and Hamouda, O},
title = {[Recording of SARS-CoV-2 laboratory tests in Germany].},
journal = {Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33856510},
issn = {1437-1588},
abstract = {The collection of data on SARS-CoV‑2 tests is central to the assessment of the infection rate in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. At the Robert Koch Institute (RKI), data collected from various laboratory data recording systems are consolidated. First, this article aims to exemplify significant aspects regarding test procedures. Subsequently the different systems for recording laboratory tests are described and test numbers from the RKI test laboratory query and the laboratory-based SARS-CoV‑2 surveillance as well as accounting data from the Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians for SARS-CoV‑2 laboratory tests are shown.Early in the pandemic, the RKI test laboratory query and the laboratory-based SARS-CoV‑2 surveillance became available and able to evaluate data on performed tests and test capacities. By recording the positive and negative test results, statements about the total number of tests and the proportion of positive test rates can be made. While the aggregate test numbers are largely representative nationwide, they are not always representative at the state and district level. The billing data of the Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians can complement the laboratory data afterwards. In addition, it can provide a retrospective assessment of the total number of SARS-CoV‑2 numbers in Germany, because the services provided by statutory health insurers (around 85% of the population in Germany) are included. The various laboratory data recording systems complement one another and the evaluations flow into the recommended measures for the pandemic response.},
}
@article {pmid33856504,
year = {2021},
author = {Xu, L and Herrington, J and Cahill, K and Risacher, S and Gee, MS},
title = {Strategies to optimize a pediatric magnetic resonance imaging service.},
journal = {Pediatric radiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33856504},
issn = {1432-1998},
abstract = {A pediatric MRI service is a vital component of a successful radiology department. Building an efficient and effective pediatric MRI service is a multifaceted process that requires detailed planning for considerations related to finance, operations, quality and safety, and process improvement. These are compounded by the unique challenges of caring for pediatric patients, particularly in the setting of the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In addition to material resources, a successful pediatric MRI service depends on a collaborative team consisting of radiologists, physicists, technologists, nurses and vendor specialists, among others, to identify and resolve challenges and to strive for continued improvement. This article provides an overview of the factors involved in both starting and optimizing a pediatric MRI service, including commonly encountered obstacles and some proposed solutions to address them.},
}
@article {pmid33856133,
year = {2021},
author = {Hamid, S and Nasir, MU and So, A and Andrews, G and Nicolaou, S and Qamar, SR},
title = {Clinical Applications of Dual-Energy CT.},
journal = {Korean journal of radiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3348/kjr.2020.0996},
pmid = {33856133},
issn = {2005-8330},
abstract = {Dual-energy CT (DECT) provides insights into the material properties of tissues and can differentiate between tissues with similar attenuation on conventional single-energy imaging. In the conventional CT scanner, differences in the X-ray attenuation between adjacent structures are dependent on the atomic number of the materials involved, whereas in DECT, the difference in the attenuation is dependent on both the atomic number and electron density. The basic principle of DECT is to obtain two datasets with different X-ray energy levels from the same anatomic region and material decomposition based on attenuation differences at different energy levels. In this article, we discuss the clinical applications of DECT and its potential robust improvements in performance and postprocessing capabilities.},
}
@article {pmid33855747,
year = {2021},
author = {Davda, J and Reynolds, K and Davis, JD and Smith, PF},
title = {BLUEPRINT FOR PANDEMIC RESPONSE: FOCUS ON TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, AND PHARMACOMETRICS.},
journal = {British journal of clinical pharmacology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/bcp.14859},
pmid = {33855747},
issn = {1365-2125},
abstract = {Perhaps the most important lesson learned from the COVID-19 pandemic is that of preparedness. Enhanced surveillance systems for early threat detection will be crucial to maximizing response time for implementation of public health measures and mobilization of resources in containing an emerging pandemic. Recent outbreaks have been dominated by viral pathogens with RNA respiratory viruses being the most likely to have pandemic potential. These should therefore be a preparedness priority. Tools in the areas of virology, drug discovery, clinical pharmacology, translational medicine, and pharmacometrics should be considered key components in the rapid identification and development of existing and novel interventions for a pandemic response. Prioritization of therapeutics should be based on in vitro activity, likelihood of achieving effective drug concentrations at the site of action, and safety profile at the doses that will be required for clinical efficacy. Deployment strategies must be tailored to the epidemiology of the disease, and the adequacy of the response should be re-evaluated in view of evolving epidemiological factors. An interdisciplinary framework integrating drug pharmacology, viral kinetics, epidemiology and health economics could help optimize the deployment strategy by improving decision-making around who to treat, when to treat, and with what type of intervention for optimal outcomes. Lastly, while an effective vaccine will ultimately end a pandemic, antiviral drug intervention guided by clinical pharmacology principles will continue to play a critical role in any pandemic response.},
}
@article {pmid33855639,
year = {2021},
author = {Zuin, M and Rigatelli, G and Bilato, C and Zanon, F and Zuliani, G and Roncon, L},
title = {Pre-existing atrial fibrillation is associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 Patients.},
journal = {Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33855639},
issn = {1572-8595},
abstract = {PURPOSE: The impacts of pre-existing atrial fibrillation (AF) on COVID-19-associated outcomes are unclear. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the pooled prevalence of pre-existing AF and its short-term mortality risk in COVID-19 patients.<br><br>METHODS: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed in abstracting data and assessing validity. We searched MEDLINE and Scopus to locate all the articles published up to January 31, 2021, reporting data on pre-existing AF among COVID-19 survivors and non-survivors. The pooled prevalence of pre-existing AF was calculated using a random effects model and presenting the related 95% confidence interval (CI), while the mortality risk was estimated using the Mantel-Haenszel random effects models with odds ratio (OR) and related 95% CI. Statistical heterogeneity was measured using the Higgins I2 statistic.<br><br>RESULTS: Twelve studies, enrolling 15.562 COVID-19 patients (mean age 71.6 years), met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. The pooled prevalence of pre-existing AF was 11.0% of cases (95% CI: 7.8-15.2%, p < 0.0001) with high heterogeneity (I2 = 95.2%). Pre-existing AF was associated with higher risk of short-term death (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.47-3.36, p < 0.0001), with high heterogeneity (I2 = 79.1%).<br><br>CONCLUSION: Pre-existing AF is present in about 11% of COVID-19 cases but results associated with an increased risk of short-term mortality.},
}
@article {pmid33855275,
year = {2021},
author = {Firestone, TM and Oyewole, OO and Reid, SP and Ng, CL},
title = {Repurposing Quinoline and Artemisinin Antimalarials as Therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2: Rationale and Implications.},
journal = {ACS pharmacology &amp; translational science},
volume = {4},
number = {2},
pages = {613-623},
pmid = {33855275},
issn = {2575-9108},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has infected more than 116 million individuals globally and resulted in over 2.5 million deaths since the first report in December 2019. For most of this time, healthcare professionals have had few tools at their disposal. In December 2020, several vaccines that were shown to be highly effective have been granted emergency use authorization (EUA). Despite these remarkable breakthroughs, challenges include vaccine roll-out and implementation, in addition to deeply entrenched antivaccination viewpoints. While vaccines will prevent disease occurrence, infected individuals still need treatment options, and repurposing drugs circumvents the lengthy and costly process of drug development. SARS-CoV-2, like many other enveloped viruses, require the action of host proteases for entry. In addition, this novel virus employs a unique method of cell exit of deacidified lysosomes and exocytosis. Thus, inhibitors of lysosomes or other players in this pathway are good candidates to target SARS-CoV-2. Chemical compounds in the quinoline class are known to be lysomotropic and perturb pH levels. A large number of quinolines are FDA-approved for treatment of inflammatory diseases and antimalarials. Artemisinins are another class of drugs that have been demonstrated to be safe for use in humans and are widely utilized as antimalarials. In this Review, we discuss the use of antimalarial drugs in the class of quinolines and artemisinins, which have been shown to be effective against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in vivo, and provide a rationale in employing quinolines as treatment of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical settings.},
}
@article {pmid33855053,
year = {2021},
author = {Aghayari Sheikh Neshin, S and Shahjouei, S and Koza, E and Friedenberg, I and Khodadadi, F and Sabra, M and Kobeissy, F and Ansari, S and Tsivgoulis, G and Li, J and Abedi, V and Wolk, DM and Zand, R},
title = {Stroke in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Pictorial Overview of the Pathoetiology.},
journal = {Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {649922},
pmid = {33855053},
issn = {2297-055X},
abstract = {Since the early days of the pandemic, there have been several reports of cerebrovascular complications during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Numerous studies proposed a role for SARS-CoV-2 in igniting stroke. In this review, we focused on the pathoetiology of stroke among the infected patients. We pictured the results of the SARS-CoV-2 invasion to the central nervous system (CNS) via neuronal and hematogenous routes, in addition to viral infection in peripheral tissues with extensive crosstalk with the CNS. SARS-CoV-2 infection results in pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine release and activation of the immune system, COVID-19-associated coagulopathy, endotheliitis and vasculitis, hypoxia, imbalance in the renin-angiotensin system, and cardiovascular complications that all may lead to the incidence of stroke. Critically ill patients, those with pre-existing comorbidities and patients taking certain medications, such as drugs with elevated risk for arrhythmia or thrombophilia, are more susceptible to a stroke after SARS-CoV-2 infection. By providing a pictorial narrative review, we illustrated these associations in detail to broaden the scope of our understanding of stroke in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. We also discussed the role of antiplatelets and anticoagulants for stroke prevention and the need for a personalized approach among patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
}
@article {pmid33855032,
year = {2021},
author = {Ye, C and Qi, L and Wang, J and Zheng, S},
title = {COVID-19 Pandemic: Advances in Diagnosis, Treatment, Organoid Applications and Impacts on Cancer Patient Management.},
journal = {Frontiers in medicine},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {606755},
pmid = {33855032},
issn = {2296-858X},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread globally and rapidly developed into a worldwide pandemic. The sudden outburst and rapid dissemination of SARS-CoV-2, with overwhelming public health and economic burdens, highlight an urgent need to develop effective strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of infected patients. In this review, we focus on the current advances in the diagnostics and treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Notably, we also summarize some antineoplastic drugs repurposed for COVID-19 treatment and address the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges for oncologists to manage cancer patients in this COVID-19 era. In addition, we emphasize the importance of organoid technology as a valuable experimental virology platform to better understand the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and assist rapid screening of drugs against COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33855003,
year = {2021},
author = {Jurado Hernández, JL and Álvarez Orozco, IF},
title = {COVID-19 in Children: Respiratory Involvement and Some Differences With the Adults.},
journal = {Frontiers in pediatrics},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {622240},
pmid = {33855003},
issn = {2296-2360},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents a health problem with multidimensional impacts and heterogeneous respiratory involvement in children, probably due to the interaction between different and complex mechanisms that could explain its variable degrees of severity. Although the majority of reports reveal that children develop less severe cases, the number of patients is increasing with more morbidity. Most serious respiratory manifestations are acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pneumonia. By understanding the key aspects that can be used to differentiate between pediatric and adult respiratory compromise by COVID-19, we can improve our knowledge, and thus decrease the negative impact of the disease in the pediatric population. In this mini review, we summarize some of the mechanisms and findings that distinguish between adult and pediatric COVID-19 and respiratory involvement, taking into account some issues related to the physiopathology, diagnosis, clinical and paraclinical presentation, severity, treatment, and control of the disease.},
}
@article {pmid33854855,
year = {2021},
author = {Daly, A and Sapra, A and Albers, CE and Dufner, AM and Bhandari, P},
title = {Food Insecurity and Diabetes: The Role of Federally Qualified Health Centers as Pillars of Community Health.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {13},
number = {3},
pages = {e13841},
pmid = {33854855},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Food insecurity is a complex public health problem affecting millions of people globally. It leads to negative health outcomes in the afflicted population and the society at large. There is a self-perpetuating vicious cycle between food insecurity and chronic health conditions like diabetes. It is important for healthcare professionals to be aware of its existence, to be able to recognize it, and to work with their patients to find solutions for it. Simultaneously, the providers should advocate for their patients and make program administrators, policymakers, and legislatures aware of this crisis. During the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, when economies have been badly affected and many people have lost their jobs, this subject has arguably assumed much greater importance. In this article, we discuss the magnitude of the problem, its relation to diabetes mellitus, and the role that a Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC) can play in mitigating this problem.},
}
@article {pmid33854516,
year = {2021},
author = {Caron, J and Ridgley, LA and Bodman-Smith, M},
title = {How to Train Your Dragon: Harnessing Gamma Delta T Cells Antiviral Functions and Trained Immunity in a Pandemic Era.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {666983},
pmid = {33854516},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {The emergence of viruses with pandemic potential such as the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus causing COVID-19 poses a global health challenge. There is remarkable progress in vaccine technology in response to this threat, but their design often overlooks the innate arm of immunity. Gamma Delta (γδ) T cells are a subset of T cells with unique features that gives them a key role in the innate immune response to a variety of homeostatic alterations, from cancer to microbial infections. In the context of viral infection, a growing body of evidence shows that γδ T cells are particularly equipped for early virus detection, which triggers their subsequent activation, expansion and the fast deployment of antiviral functions such as direct cytotoxic pathways, secretion of cytokines, recruitment and activation of other immune cells and mobilization of a trained immunity memory program. As such, γδ T cells represent an attractive target to stimulate for a rapid and effective resolution of viral infections. Here, we review the known aspects of γδ T cells that make them crucial component of the immune response to viruses, and the ways that their antiviral potential can be harnessed to prevent or treat viral infection.},
}
@article {pmid33854506,
year = {2021},
author = {Goplen, NP and Cheon, IS and Sun, J},
title = {Age-Related Dynamics of Lung-Resident Memory CD8+ T Cells in the Age of COVID-19.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {636118},
pmid = {33854506},
issn = {1664-3224},
support = {R01 AI147394/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI112844/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI154598/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AG047156/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AG069264/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Following respiratory viral infections or local immunizations, lung resident-memory T cells (TRM) of the CD8 lineage provide protection against the same pathogen or related pathogens with cross-reactive T cell epitopes. Yet, it is now clear that, if homeostatic controls are lost following viral pneumonia, CD8 TRM cells can mediate pulmonary pathology. We recently showed that the aging process can result in loss of homeostatic controls on CD8 TRM cells in the respiratory tract. This may be germane to treatment modalities in both influenza and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, particularly, the portion that present with symptoms linked to long-lasting lung dysfunction. Here, we review the developmental cues and functionalities of CD8 TRM cells in viral pneumonia models with a particular focus on their capacity to mediate heterogeneous responses of immunity and pathology depending on immune status.},
}
@article {pmid33854386,
year = {2021},
author = {Lupieri, S},
title = {Refugee Health During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Review of Global Policy Responses.},
journal = {Risk management and healthcare policy},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {1373-1378},
pmid = {33854386},
issn = {1179-1594},
abstract = {Refugees and displaced persons have been severely affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. Yet findings from this narrative review reveal that the health needs of refugees have been largely neglected within global healthcare responses. Such gaps include: (1) responding to the needs of refugees in camps and detention centers; (2) providing adequate public health information; (3) providing access to healthcare and mental health services; (4) and including refugees as decision-makers within health responses. More research is urgently needed to investigate why these gaps exists and to provide recommendations for improving the inclusiveness of healthcare policies during a pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid33853972,
year = {2021},
author = {Lee, WY and Mok, A and Chung, JPW},
title = {Potential effects of COVID-19 on reproductive systems and fertility; assisted reproductive technology guidelines and considerations: a review.},
journal = {Hong Kong medical journal = Xianggang yi xue za zhi},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.12809/hkmj209078},
pmid = {33853972},
issn = {1024-2708},
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) employs the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor in the renin-angiotensin system for viral entry. The ACE2 receptor is present in both female and male reproductive systems, and reports of multi-organ involvement have led to uncertainty regarding its effects on the reproductive system and fertility. We review the existing literature regarding the function of ACE2 and the renin-angiotensin system in the female and male reproductive systems to postulate the possible implications of SARS-CoV-2 regarding fertility. Because of the presence of ACE2 in the ovaries, SARS-CoV-2 infection may disrupt ovarian function and hence oocyte quality. Higher expression of ACE2 in the endometrium with age and during the secretory phase raises concern about increased susceptibility to infection during periods of high ACE2 expression. The possibility of vertical transmission and the presence of ACE2 in the placenta and during pregnancy are also discussed. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in semen is controversial, but impaired semen quality has been found in men with moderate coronavirus disease 2019 infection. Evidence of orchitis and hormonal changes seen in male coronavirus disease 2019 infection may lead to infertility. The implications of these effects on assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes are also explored. The ART guidelines from different fertility societies for the management of patients treated with ART are provided. The importance of prioritising 'time-sensitive' patients for ART, counselling patients about the uncertainty and risks of ART, and pregnancy during the pandemic is discussed. Recommendations are also provided for infection control and safe regulation of ART centres and laboratories.},
}
@article {pmid33853537,
year = {2021},
author = {Astill Wright, L and Gnanapragasam, S and Downes, AJ and Bisson, JI},
title = {Managing COVID-19 related distress in primary care: principles of assessment and management.},
journal = {BMC family practice},
volume = {22},
number = {1},
pages = {73},
pmid = {33853537},
issn = {1471-2296},
abstract = {COVID-19 will cause normal feelings of worry and stress and many of those who experience higher levels of distress will experience resolution of their symptoms as society returns to pre-COVID-19 functioning. Only a minority are likely to develop a psychiatric disorder. Certain individuals may be vulnerable to experiencing persisting symptoms, such as those with pre-existing comorbidity. Management approaches could centre around using collaborative approaches to provide and build on already existing socioeconomic support structures, the avoidance of over-medicalisation, watchful waiting and finally treating those who do meet the criteria for psychiatric diagnosis. Primary care clinicians are likely be the first healthcare point of contact for most COVID-19 related distress and it is important that they are able to provide evidence based and evidence informed responses, which includes social, psychological and pharmacological approaches. This expert opinion paper serves to summarise some approaches, based primarily on indirect extrapolation of evidence concerning the general management of psychological distress, in the absence of COVID-19 specific evidence, to assist primary care clinicians in their assessment and management of COVID-19 related distress.},
}
@article {pmid33851732,
year = {2021},
author = {Muralidar, S and Gopal, G and Ambi, SV},
title = {Targeting the viral-entry facilitators of SARS-CoV-2 as a therapeutic strategy in COVID-19.},
journal = {Journal of medical virology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/jmv.27019},
pmid = {33851732},
issn = {1096-9071},
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of COVID-19 infection which has emerged as a global pandemic causing serious concerns. Lack of specific and effective therapeutics for the treatment of COVID-19 is a major concern and the development of vaccines is another important aspect in managing the infection effectively. The first step in the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis is the viral entry and it is mediated by its densely glycosylated spike protein (S-protein). Similar to the SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 also engages angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the host cell entry receptor. In addition to ACE2, several recent studies have implicated the crucial role cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) as a necessary assisting co-factor for ACE2-mediated SARS-CoV-2 entry. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 was also identified to use both endosomal cysteine proteases cathepsin B and L (CatB/L) and the transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) for the pivotal role of S-protein priming mediating viral entry. As the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells is mandatory for viral infection, it becomes an extremely attractive therapeutic intervention point. In this regard, this review will focus on the therapeutic targeting of the crucial steps of SARS-CoV-2 viral entry like S-protein/ACE2 interaction and S-protein priming by host cell proteases. In addition, this review will also give insights to the readers on several therapeutic opportunities, pharmacological targeting of the viral-entry facilitators like S-Protein, ACE2, cell surface HS, TMPRSS2, and CatB/L and evidence for those drugs currently ongoing clinical studies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
}
@article {pmid33851369,
year = {2021},
author = {Boccatonda, A and Cocco, G and Ianniello, E and Montanari, M and D'Ardes, D and Borghi, C and Giostra, F and Copetti, R and Schiavone, C},
title = {One year of SARS-CoV-2 and lung ultrasound: what has been learned and future perspectives.},
journal = {Journal of ultrasound},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33851369},
issn = {1876-7931},
abstract = {A first screening by ultrasound can be relevant to set a specific diagnostic and therapeutic route for a patient with a COVID-19 infection. The finding of bilateral B-lines and white lung areas with patchy peripheral distribution and sparing areas is the most suggestive ultrasound picture of COVID-19 pneumonia. Failure to detect bilateral interstitial syndrome (A pattern) on ultrasound excludes COVID-19 pneumonia with good diagnostic accuracy, but does not exclude current infection. The use of shared semiotic and reporting schemes allows the comparison and monitoring of the COVID-19 pulmonary involvement over time. This review aims to summarise the main data on pulmonary ultrasound and COVID-19 to provide accurate and relevant information for clinical practice.},
}
@article {pmid33851272,
year = {2021},
author = {Lavergne, JA and Kennedy, ML},
title = {Telepsychiatry and Medical Students: a Promising Mental Health Treatment for Medical Student Use Both Personally and Professionally.},
journal = {Current psychiatry reports},
volume = {23},
number = {6},
pages = {31},
pmid = {33851272},
issn = {1535-1645},
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We review recent findings on the use of telepsychiatry while investigating medical students' perceptions and willingness to use it for their mental health needs. We explore the impact of COVID-19 on medical school curriculums. We also investigate current education in medical schools surrounding telemedicine.<br><br>RECENT FINDINGS: Medical students experience symptoms of anxiety at a greater rate than the general population. Major barriers to help-seeking behaviors are the refusal to seek treatment due to fear of incurring negative views from supervising faculty, time constraints, and the cost of counseling services. Those who do use telemental health resources have positive views and believe that it is an effective tool. Medical students are willing to use telepsychiatry for their personal mental health needs and recognize its value as a treatment modality that will be useful for their future patients. The telemedicine field is evolving but many medical school curriculums do not include education on telemedicine.},
}
@article {pmid33850936,
year = {2021},
author = {Elekhnawy, E and Kamar, AA and Sonbol, F},
title = {Present and future treatment strategies for coronavirus disease 2019.},
journal = {Future journal of pharmaceutical sciences},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {84},
pmid = {33850936},
issn = {2314-7253},
abstract = {Background: The recent pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in many challenges to the healthcare organizations around the world. Unfortunately, until now, there are no proven effective therapeutic agents against this virus.<br><br>Main body: Several evolving studies suggest repurposing a potential list of drugs which have appropriate pharmacological and therapeutic effects to be used in treating COVID-19 cases. In the present review, we will summarize the potential drugs suggested to be repurposed to be utilized in the treatment of COVID-19 patients like lopinavir-ritonavir, ribavirin, baloxavir marboxil, favipiravir, remdesvir, umifenovir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, corticosteroids, losartan, statins, interferons, nitric oxide, epoprostenol, tocilizumab, siltuximab, sarilumab anakinra, and ruxolitinib. In addition, we discussed the possible future therapeutic regimens based on the recent molecular and genomic discoveries.<br><br>Conclusion: This review could provide beneficial information about the potential current and future treatment strategies to treat the pandemic COVID-19 disease.},
}
@article {pmid33850733,
year = {2021},
author = {Tse, TJ and Purdy, SK and Shen, J and Nelson, FB and Mustafa, R and Wiens, DJ and Reaney, MJT},
title = {Toxicology of alcohol-based hand rubs formulated with technical-grade ethanol.},
journal = {Toxicology reports},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {785-792},
pmid = {33850733},
issn = {2214-7500},
abstract = {Alcohol-based hand rubs (ABHRs) formulated with technical-grade ethanol were temporarily permitted in Canada and the U.S beginning April 2020 to meet the current demand due to COVID-19. ABHRs formulated with technical-grade ethanol are low risk for general use. In this review, we discuss the toxicity of common contaminants found in technical-grade ethanol, as well as contaminants that may have been introduced into the products during formulation and packaging of ABHRs. Although primary route of exposure is via dermal absorption and inhalation, there have been reported elevated concerns regarding to ingestion of ABHRs. Overall, the highest risks were associated with methanol (for its toxicity), ethyl acetate (skin defattening), and acetaldehyde (carcinogenic and teratogenic). For these reasons Health Canada and the United States Food and Drug Administration have issued recalls on products containing some of these contaminants. More vigilant policing by regulatory agencies and general product users are required to ensure compliance, safety, and efficacy of these new products, as demand continue to rise during this unprecedented pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid33850691,
year = {2021},
author = {Lisi, F and Zelikin, AN and Chandrawati, R},
title = {Nitric Oxide to Fight Viral Infections.},
journal = {Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)},
volume = {8},
number = {7},
pages = {2003895},
pmid = {33850691},
issn = {2198-3844},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that has quickly and deeply affected the world, with over 60 million confirmed cases. There has been a great effort worldwide to contain the virus and to search for an effective treatment for patients who become critically ill with COVID-19. A promising therapeutic compound currently undergoing clinical trials for COVID-19 is nitric oxide (NO), which is a free radical that has been previously reported to inhibit the replication of several DNA and RNA viruses, including coronaviruses. Although NO has potent antiviral activity, it has a complex role in the immunological host responses to viral infections, i.e., it can be essential for pathogen control or detrimental for the host, depending on its concentration and the type of virus. In this Essay, the antiviral role of NO against SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and other human viruses is highlighted, current development of NO-based therapies used in the clinic is summarized, existing challenges are discussed and possible further developments of NO to fight viral infections are suggested.},
}
@article {pmid33850632,
year = {2021},
author = {Zhang, Y and Tambo, E and Djuikoue, IC and Tazemda, GK and Fotsing, MF and Zhou, XN},
title = {Early stage risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) strategies and measures against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic crisis.},
journal = {Global health journal (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},
volume = {5},
number = {1},
pages = {44-50},
pmid = {33850632},
issn = {2414-6447},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has proven to be tenacious and shows that the global community is still poorly prepared to handling such emerging pandemics. Enhancing global solidarity in emergency preparedness and response, and the mobilization of conscience and cooperation, can serve as an excellent source of ideas and measures in a timely manner. The article provides an overview of the key components of risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) strategies at the early stages in vulnerable nations and populations, and highlight contextual recommendations for strengthening coordinated and sustainable RCCE preventive and emergency response strategies against COVID-19 pandemic. Global solidarity calls for firming governance, abundant community participation and enough trust to boost early pandemic preparedness and response. Promoting public RCCE response interventions needs crucially improving government health systems and security proactiveness, community to individual confinement, trust and resilience solutions. To better understand population risk and vulnerability, as well as COVID-19 transmission dynamics, it is important to build intelligent systems for monitoring isolation/quarantine and tracking by use of artificial intelligence and machine learning systems algorithms. Experiences and lessons learned from the international community is crucial for emerging pandemics prevention and control programs, especially in promoting evidence-based decision-making, integrating data and models to inform effective and sustainable RCCE strategies, such as local and global safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines and mass immunization programs.},
}
@article {pmid33850483,
year = {2021},
author = {Katal, S and Azam, S and Bombardieri, E and Picchio, M and Gholamrezanezhad, A},
title = {Reopening the country: Recommendations for nuclear medicine departments.},
journal = {World journal of nuclear medicine},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {1-6},
pmid = {33850483},
issn = {1450-1147},
abstract = {The best practices for nuclear medicine departments to operate safely during the COVID-19 pandemic have been debated in the literature recently. However, as many governments have started to ease restrictions in activity due to COVID-19, a set of guidelines is needed to resume routine patient care throughout the world. The nonessential or elective procedures which were previously postponed or canceled during the COVID-19 pandemic will gradually restart in the following weeks despite the continued risks. In this paper, we aim to review some of the most effective general precautions to restart the regular nuclear medicine operations safely.},
}
@article {pmid33850422,
year = {2021},
author = {Banji, D and Alqahtani, SS and Banji, OJF and Machanchery, S and Shoaib, A},
title = {Calming the inflammatory storm in severe COVID-19 infections: Role of biologics- A narrative review.},
journal = {Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society},
volume = {29},
number = {3},
pages = {213-222},
pmid = {33850422},
issn = {1319-0164},
abstract = {The risk of Coronavirus infection continues, and the fear of resurgence indicates the lack of a successful therapeutic strategy. In severe COVID-19 infection, many immune cells and their products are involved, making management difficult. The abundant release of cytokines and chemokines in severe COVID-19 patients leads to profound hyper inflammation and the mobilization of immune cells, triggering the cytokine storm. The complications associated with the cytokine storm include severe respiratory distress, intravascular coagulation, multi-organ failure, and death. The enormous formation of interleukin (IL)-6 and hemopoietic factors such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) are implicated in the severity of the infection. Moreover, these inflammatory cytokines and factors signal through the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway causing the activation of cytokine-related genes. The neutralization of these proteins could be of therapeutic help in COVID-19 patients and could mitigate the risk of mortality. IL-6 antagonist, IL-6 receptor antagonists, GM-CSF receptor inhibitors, and JAK-STAT inhibitors are being investigated to prevent intense lung injury in COVID-19 patients and increase the chances of survival. The review focuses the role of IL-6, GM-CSF, and JAK-STAT inhibitors in regulating the immune response in severely affected COVID-19 patients.},
}
@article {pmid33850412,
year = {2021},
author = {Kiss, A and Ryan, PM and Mondal, T},
title = {Management of COVID-19-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: A comprehensive literature review.},
journal = {Progress in pediatric cardiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {101381},
pmid = {33850412},
issn = {1058-9813},
abstract = {Introduction: The prevalence and severity of COVID-19 is greatly reduced in children, yet some pediatric patients develop a syndrome resembling Kawasaki Disease (KD), termed Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C). With an estimated incidence of 2/100,000 children, MIS-C is relatively rare, but can be fatal. Clinical features can include fever, hyperinflammatory state, gastrointestinal symptoms, myocardial dysfunction, and shock. The pathogenesis of MIS-C, although yet to be completely elucidated, appears to be distinct from KD in terms of epidemiology, severity, and biochemical signature.<br><br>Methods: This comprehensive review searched AMED, EBM Reviews, Embase, Healthstar, MEDLINE, ERIC, and Cochrane for studies that reported treatments and outcomes of MIS-C.<br><br>Results: The search strategy yielded 42 papers, from which 15 underwent full-text review (n = 386). A majority of children received intravenous immunoglobulin (77%) and some form of anticoagulation (63%). Steroid use was also common (44%), with immunotherapy used only in severe cases (n = 72). Outcomes reported included PICU admission (77%), need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (5%), and mortality (1.3%). Although efficacy of treatments for MIS-C have largely not yet been investigated, we propose close monitoring by a multidisciplinary team, symptomatic treatment (e.g., intravenous immunoglobulin for KD-like symptoms, steroids/immunotherapy for multisystem inflammation), and long-term follow-up.<br><br>Conclusion: Although outcomes are largely favorable, management is based on a different disease entity (KD), which may not be appropriate given the likely pathophysiologic divergences. Further research is required to evaluate the effectiveness of current MIS-C treatments and to determine more refined therapies.},
}
@article {pmid33850138,
year = {2021},
author = {Sanyal, G and Särnefält, A and Kumar, A},
title = {Considerations for bioanalytical characterization and batch release of COVID-19 vaccines.},
journal = {NPJ vaccines},
volume = {6},
number = {1},
pages = {53},
pmid = {33850138},
issn = {2059-0105},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted hundreds of laboratories around the world to employ traditional as well as novel technologies to develop vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. The hallmarks of a successful vaccine are safety and efficacy. Analytical evaluation methods, that can ensure the high quality of the products and that can be executed speedily, must be in place as an integral component of Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Control (CMC). These methods or assays are developed to quantitatively test for critical quality attributes (CQAs) of a vaccine product. While clinical (human) efficacy of a vaccine can never be predicted from pre-clinical evaluation of CQA, precise and accurate measurements of antigen content and a relevant biological activity (termed &quot;potency&quot;) elicited by the antigen allow selection of potentially safe and immunogenic doses for entry into clinical trials. All available vaccine technology platforms, novel and traditional, are being utilized by different developers to produce vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. It took less than a year from the publication of SARS-CoV-2 gene sequence to Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) of the first vaccine, setting a record for speed in the history of vaccine development. The largest ever global demand for vaccines has prompted some vaccine developers to enter multiple manufacturing partnerships in different countries in addition to implementing unprecedented scale-up plans. Quantitative, robust, and rapid analytical testing for CQA of a product is essential in ensuring smooth technology transfer between partners and allowing analytical bridging between vaccine batches used in different clinical phases leading up to regulatory approvals and commercialization. We discuss here opportunities to improve the speed and quality of the critical batch release and characterization assays.},
}
@article {pmid33850026,
year = {2021},
author = {Cohen, JS and Donnelly, K and Patel, SJ and Badolato, GM and Boyle, MD and McCarter, R and Goyal, MK},
title = {Firearms Injuries Involving Young Children in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Pediatrics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1542/peds.2020-042697},
pmid = {33850026},
issn = {1098-4275},
}
@article {pmid33850025,
year = {2021},
author = {Bell, TM and Robbins, C and Gosain, A},
title = {The Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Pediatric Firearm Injuries.},
journal = {Pediatrics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1542/peds.2020-049746},
pmid = {33850025},
issn = {1098-4275},
}
@article {pmid33850011,
year = {2021},
author = {Chandra, A and Chakraborty, U and Ghosh, S and Dasgupta, S},
title = {Anticoagulation in COVID-19: current concepts and controversies.},
journal = {Postgraduate medical journal},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1136/postgradmedj-2021-139923},
pmid = {33850011},
issn = {1469-0756},
abstract = {Rising incidence of thromboembolism secondary to COVID-19 has become a global concern, with several surveys reporting increased mortality rates. Thrombogenic potential of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has been hypothesised to originate from its ability to produce an exaggerated inflammatory response leading to endothelial dysfunction. Anticoagulants have remained the primary modality of treatment of thromboembolism for decades. However, there is no universal consensus regarding the timing, dosage and duration of anticoagulation in COVID-19 as well as need for postdischarge prophylaxis. This article seeks to review the present guidelines and recommendations as well as the ongoing trials on use of anticoagulants in COVID-19, identify discrepancies between all these, and provide a comprehensive strategy regarding usage of these drugs in the current pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid33849817,
year = {2021},
author = {Govender, N and Khaliq, OP and Moodley, J and Naicker, T},
title = {Insulin resistance in COVID-19 and diabetes.},
journal = {Primary care diabetes},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33849817},
issn = {1878-0210},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The epidemiology of COVID-19 and its association with cardiometabolic disorders is poorly understood. This is a narrative review that investigates the effects of COVID-19 infection on insulin resistance in patients with diabetes.<br><br>METHODS: An online search of all published literature was done via PubMed and Google Scholar using the MeSH terms &quot;COVID-19,&quot; &quot;SARS-CoV-2,&quot; &quot;coronavirus,&quot; &quot;insulin resistance,&quot; and &quot;diabetes.&quot; Only articles that were directly applicable to insulin resistance in COVID-19 and diabetes was reviewed.<br><br>RESULTS: Current data shows an increased risk of mortality in patients with diabetes and COVID-19 compared to those without diabetes. COVID-19 triggers insulin resistance in patients, causing chronic metabolic disorders that were non-existent prior to infection.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Patients with diabetes are more susceptible to COVID-19 infection than those without diabetes. ACE2 expression decreases with infection, exaggerating Ang II activity with subsequent insulin resistance development, an exaggerated immune response and severe SARS-COV-2 infection.},
}
@article {pmid33849635,
year = {2021},
author = {Ortiz-Prado, E and Espín, E and Vásconez, J and Rodríguez-Burneo, N and Kyriakidis, NC and López-Cortés, A},
title = {Vaccine market and production capabilities in the Americas.},
journal = {Tropical diseases, travel medicine and vaccines},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {11},
pmid = {33849635},
issn = {2055-0936},
abstract = {In the Americas, The United States of America, Canada, Mexico, and Brazil are the top vaccine producers and the countries with the leading infrastructure for biological manufacturing. The North American countries have the most demanding legislation regulating and controlling these pharmaceuticals' distribution and production. Some Latin American countries rank in the top 20 of worldwide vaccine manufacturers, with Cuba, Brazil, México and Colombia have a self-sufficient vaccine production of 72.7%, 54,2%; 25%; and 7.7%, respectively, of the national vaccine demand. On the other hand, the rest of Latin American countries cannot satisfy their demand for vaccines, and most of their efforts are associated with the distribution within their health systems rather than in transferring technology.Based on this literature review, the results suggest an increasing growth vaccine demand, not only for their growing populations and previously established demand but also for the recently exerted pressure due to the COVID-19 pandemic.Because the American continent has a marked inequality between the hegemonic producers of vaccines, the exporters, and those that depend heavily on importing these products, this could assert technological dependence in countries with rapid population growth and jeopardize the effectiveness of the two vaccination plans.},
}
@article {pmid33848900,
year = {2021},
author = {Chen, B and Han, J and Dai, H and Jia, P},
title = {Biocide-tolerance and antibiotic-resistance in community environments and risk of direct transfers to humans: Unintended consequences of community-wide surface disinfecting during COVID-19?.},
journal = {Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)},
volume = {283},
number = {},
pages = {117074},
pmid = {33848900},
issn = {1873-6424},
abstract = {During the current pandemic, chemical disinfectants are ubiquitously and routinely used in community environments, especially on common touch surfaces in public settings, as a means of controlling the virus spread. An underappreciated risk in current regulatory guidelines and scholarly discussions, however, is that the persisting input of chemical disinfectants can exacerbate the growth of biocide-tolerant and antibiotic-resistant bacteria on those surfaces and allow their direct transfers to humans. For COVID-19, the most commonly used disinfecting agents are quaternary ammonium compounds, hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, and ethanol, which account for two-thirds of the active ingredients in current EPA-approved disinfectant products for the novel coronavirus. Tolerance to each of these compounds, which can be either intrinsic or acquired, has been observed on various bacterial pathogens. Of those, mutations and horizontal gene transfer, upregulation of efflux pumps, membrane alteration, and biofilm formation are the common mechanisms conferring biocide tolerance in bacteria. Further, the linkage between disinfectant use and antibiotic resistance was suggested in laboratory and real-life settings. Evidence showed that substantial bacterial transfers to hands could effectuate from short contacts with surrounding surfaces and further from fingers to lips. While current literature on disinfectant-induced antimicrobial resistance predominantly focuses on municipal wastes and the natural environments, in reality the community and public settings are most severely impacted by intensive and regular chemical disinfecting during COVID-19 and, due to their proximity to humans, biocide-tolerant and antibiotic-resistant bacteria emerged in these environments may pose risks of direct transfers to humans, particularly in densely populated urban communities. Here we highlight these risk factors by reviewing the most pertinent and up-to-date evidence, and provide several feasible strategies to mitigate these risks in the scenario of a prolonging pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid33848889,
year = {2021},
author = {Masoodi, N and Abou-Samra, AB and Bertollini, R and Halabi, A and Haidar, F and Anzi, NA and Butt, AA},
title = {Steps and Challenges in Creating and Managing Quarantine Capacity During a Global Emergency - Qatar's Experience.},
journal = {Journal of infection and public health},
volume = {14},
number = {5},
pages = {598-600},
doi = {10.1016/j.jiph.2021.01.018},
pmid = {33848889},
issn = {1876-035X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the lack of adequate and appropriate quarantine capacity globally. Most countries lack the knowledge and/or capacity to set up and manage quarantine facilities at a national scale.<br><br>METHODS: The State of Qatar developed a systematic plan to create and manage quarantine facilities for persons with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 infection or returning travelers and residents. A checklist was developed to streamline the process and to help other institutions requiring such guidance.<br><br>RESULTS: Three distinct stages were identified: acquisition, commissioning and active operations. Steps required for each stage were identified and added to the checklist.<br><br>CONCLUSION: We share our experience and a checklist for setting up new quarantine capacity at a national level. Such checklists can serve as a critical tool to quickly and efficiently ramp up capacity in this setting.},
}
@article {pmid33848885,
year = {2021},
author = {Khodeir, MM and Shabana, HA and Alkhamiss, AS and Rasheed, Z and Alsoghair, M and Alsagaby, SA and Khan, MI and Fernández, N and Al Abdulmonem, W},
title = {Early prediction keys for COVID-19 cases progression: A meta-analysis.},
journal = {Journal of infection and public health},
volume = {14},
number = {5},
pages = {561-569},
doi = {10.1016/j.jiph.2021.03.001},
pmid = {33848885},
issn = {1876-035X},
abstract = {BACKGROUNDː: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), within few months of being declared as a global pandemic by WHO, the number of confirmed cases has been over 75 million and over 1.6 million deaths since the start of the Pandemic and still counting, there is no consensus on factors that predict COVID-19 case progression despite the diversity of studies that reported sporadic laboratory predictive values predicting severe progression. We review different biomarkers to systematically analyzed these values to evaluate whether are they are correlated with the severity of COVID-19 disease and so their ability to be a predictor for progression.<br><br>METHODS: The current meta-analysis was carried out to identify relevant articles using eight different databases regarding the values of biomarkers and risk factors of significance that predict progression of mild or moderate cases into severe and critical cases. We defined the eligibility criteria using a PICO model.<br><br>RESULTS: Twenty-two relevant articles were selected for meta-analysis the following biomarkers C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, LDH, neutrophil, %PD-1 expression, D-dimer, creatinine, AST and Cortisol all recorded high cut-off values linked to severe and critical cases while low lymphocyte count, and low Albumin level were recorded. Also, we meta- analyzed age and comorbidities as a risk factors of progression as hypertension, Diabetes and chronic obstructive lung diseases which significantly correlated with cases progression (p < 0.05).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: ː The current meta-analysis is the first step for analysing and getting cut-off references values of significance for prediction COVID-19 case progression. More studies are needed on patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and on a larger scale to establish clearer threshold values that predict progression from mild to severe cases. In addition, more biomarkers testing also help in building a scoring system for the prediction and guiding for proper timely treatment.},
}
@article {pmid33848884,
year = {2021},
author = {Ghosh, S and Bornman, C and Zafer, MM},
title = {Antimicrobial Resistance Threats in the emerging COVID-19 pandemic: Where do we stand?.},
journal = {Journal of infection and public health},
volume = {14},
number = {5},
pages = {555-560},
doi = {10.1016/j.jiph.2021.02.011},
pmid = {33848884},
issn = {1876-035X},
abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) continues to exert a substantial toll on the global health and world economy and is now expected to be hidden by COVID-19 for a while. The wrong consumption of antibiotics during the COVID-19 pandemic will raise disastrous effects on AMR management and antibiotic stewardship programs. This is related to the concerns extrapolated due to an increase in mortality rates in patients with bacterial coinfections. Importantly, the immune system of COVID-19 patients in regions with high AMR may be fighting on two fronts altogether, the virus and MDR bacteria. Current control policies to manage AMR and prioritization of antibiotic stewardship plans are mandatory during this pandemic. This review aims to discuss the rising concerns of the excess use of antibiotics in COVID-19 patients highlighting the role of bacterial coinfections in these patients. Types of prescribed antibiotics and the development of antibiotic resistance is addressed as well.},
}
@article {pmid33848775,
year = {2021},
author = {Qiu, M and Huang, S and Luo, C and Wu, Z and Liang, B and Huang, H and Ci, Z and Zhang, D and Han, L and Lin, J},
title = {Pharmacological and clinical application of heparin progress: An essential drug for modern medicine.},
journal = {Biomedicine &amp; pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine &amp; pharmacotherapie},
volume = {139},
number = {},
pages = {111561},
doi = {10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111561},
pmid = {33848775},
issn = {1950-6007},
abstract = {Heparin is the earliest and most widely used anticoagulant and antithrombotic drug that is still used in a variety of clinical indications. Since it was discovered in 1916, after more than a century of repeated exploration, heparin has not been replaced by other drugs, but a great progress has been made in its basic research and clinical application. Besides anticoagulant and antithrombotic effects, heparin also has antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and other pharmacological activities. It is widely used clinically in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, lung diseases, kidney diseases, cancer, etc., as the first anticoagulant medicine in COVID-19 exerts anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects. At the same time, however, it also leads to a lot of adverse reactions, such as bleeding, thrombocytopenia, elevated transaminase, allergic reactions, and others. This article comprehensively reviews the modern research progress of heparin compounds; discusses the structure, preparation, and adverse reactions of heparin; emphasizes the pharmacological activity and clinical application of heparin; reveals the possible mechanism of the therapeutic effect of heparin in related clinical applications; provides evidence support for the clinical application of heparin; and hints on the significance of exploring the wider application fields of heparin.},
}
@article {pmid33848774,
year = {2021},
author = {Dourado, D and Freire, DT and Pereira, DT and Amaral-Machado, L and Alencar, ÉN and de Barros, ALB and Egito, EST},
title = {Will curcumin nanosystems be the next promising antiviral alternatives in COVID-19 treatment trials?.},
journal = {Biomedicine &amp; pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine &amp; pharmacotherapie},
volume = {139},
number = {},
pages = {111578},
doi = {10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111578},
pmid = {33848774},
issn = {1950-6007},
abstract = {The COVID-19 has become of striking interest since the number of deaths is constantly rising all over the globe, and the search for an efficient treatment is more urgent. In light of this worrisome scenario, this opinion review aimed to discuss the current knowledge about the potential role of curcumin and its nanostructured systems on the SARS-CoV-2 targets. From this perspective, this work demonstrated that curcumin urges as a potential antiviral key for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 based on its relation to the infection pathways. Moreover, the use of curcumin-loaded nanocarriers for increasing its bioavailability and therapeutic efficiency was highlighted. Additionally, the potential of the nanostructured systems by themselves and their synergic action with curcumin on molecular targets for viral infections have been explored. Finally, a viewpoint of the studies that need to be carried out to implant curcumin as a treatment for COVID-19 was addressed.},
}
@article {pmid33848701,
year = {2021},
author = {Mathis, S and Le Masson, G and Soulages, A and Duval, F and Carla, L and Vallat, JM and Solé, G},
title = {Olfaction and anosmia: From ancient times to COVID-19.},
journal = {Journal of the neurological sciences},
volume = {425},
number = {},
pages = {117433},
doi = {10.1016/j.jns.2021.117433},
pmid = {33848701},
issn = {1878-5883},
abstract = {Olfaction, one of our five main qualitative sensory abilities, is the action of smelling or the capacity to smell. Olfactory impairment can be a sign of a medical problem, from a benign nasal/sinus problem up to a potentially serious brain injury. However, although clinicians (neurologists or not) usually test the olfactory nerves in specific clinical situations (for example, when a neurodegenerative disorder is suspected), they may omit such tests in many other situations. With the recent COVID-19 pandemic, the resurgence of anosmia has reminded us of the importance of testing this sensorineural function. We retrace here the main historical steps and discoveries concerning olfaction and anosmia.},
}
@article {pmid33848599,
year = {2021},
author = {Chew, NW and Ow, ZGW and Teo, VXY and Heng, RRY and Ng, CH and Lee, CH and Low, AF and Chan, MY and Yeo, TC and Tan, HC and Loh, PH},
title = {The Global Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on STEMI care: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {The Canadian journal of cardiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.cjca.2021.04.003},
pmid = {33848599},
issn = {1916-7075},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) requiring primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) worldwide. This review examines the global impact of COVID-19 pandemic on incidence of STEMI admissions, and relationship between the pandemic and door-to-balloon time (D2B), all-cause mortality and other secondary STEMI outcomes.<br><br>METHODS: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to primarily compare D2B time and in-hospital mortality of STEMI patients who underwent primary PCI during and before the pandemic. Subgroup analyses were performed to investigate the influence of geographical region and income status of a country on STEMI care. An online database search included studies comparing the aforementioned outcomes between STEMI patients during and before the pandemic.<br><br>RESULTS: In total, 32 articles were analyzed. Overall, 19,140 and 68,662 STEMI patients underwent primary PCI during and before the pandemic respectively. Significant delay in D2B was observed during the pandemic (WMD=8.10mins; CI:3.90-12.30mins; p=0.0002, I2=90%). In-hospital mortality was higher during the pandemic (OR=1.27; CI:1.09-1.49; p=0.002, I2=36%), however this varied with factors such as geographical location and income status of a country. Subgroup analysis found that low-middle income countries observed a higher rate of mortality during the pandemic (OR=1.52; CI:1.13-2.05; p=0.006), with a similar but insignificant trend seen among the high income countries (OR=1.17; CI:0.95-1.44; p=0.13).<br><br>CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with worse STEMI performance metrics and clinical outcome, particularly in the Eastern low-middle income status countries. Better strategies are needed to address these global trends in STEMI care during the pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid33847825,
year = {2021},
author = {Abel, T and Moodley, J and Naicker, T},
title = {The Involvement of MicroRNAs in SARS-CoV-2 Infection Comorbid with HIV-Associated Preeclampsia.},
journal = {Current hypertension reports},
volume = {23},
number = {4},
pages = {20},
pmid = {33847825},
issn = {1534-3111},
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review investigated the potential role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the synergy of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, preeclampsia (PE), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Maternal health is a great concern when treating pregnant women fighting this triad of diseases, which is highly prevalent in South Africa. MicroRNAs are involved in fine-tuning of physiological processes. Disruptions to the balance of this minute protein can lead to various physiological changes that are sometimes pathological.<br><br>RECENT FINDINGS: MicroRNAs have recently been implicated in PE and have been linked to the anti-angiogenic imbalance evident in PE. Recent in silico studies have identified potential host miRNAs with anti-viral properties against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Studies have demonstrated dysregulated expression of several miRNAs in HIV-1 infection along with the ability of HIV-1 to downregulate anti-viral host microRNAs. This review has highlighted the significant gap in literature on the potential of miRNAs in women with HIV-associated PE in synergy with the novel SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, this review has provided evidence of the critical role that the epigenetic regulatory mechanism of miRNA plays in viral infections and PE, thereby providing a foundation for further research investigating the potential of therapeutic miRNA development with fewer side-effects for pregnant women.},
}
@article {pmid33847795,
year = {2021},
author = {Wang, C and Xiao, X and Feng, H and Hong, Z and Li, M and Tu, N and Li, X and Wang, K and Bu, L},
title = {Ongoing COVID-19 Pandemic: A Concise but Updated Comprehensive Review.},
journal = {Current microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33847795},
issn = {1432-0991},
support = {81871419//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
abstract = {An ongoing global outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; previously temporarily named 2019-nCoV) was reported in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019. SARS-CoV-2 has become a pandemic and a major public health concern. As of 18 January 2021, the virus has spread all over the world, resulting in over 99,026 cases in China and more than 95 million cases in another 216 countries. After three months of efforts, Chinese authorities have managed to control the outbreak by implementing aggressive and effective measures; by striking contrast, the number of confirmed patients outside China is still rapidly climbing following an exponential growth trend, especially in some European and American countries. To date, no specific therapeutic drugs still exist for COVID-19. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to understand the updated comprehensive summary regarding COVID-19, in the hopes of providing a reference for the intervention and prevention of the COVID-19 epidemic for public health authorities and healthcare workers around the world.},
}
@article {pmid33847768,
year = {2021},
author = {Augustin, M and Hallek, M and Nitschmann, S},
title = {[Antibody therapy in patients with COVID-19].},
journal = {Der Internist},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33847768},
issn = {1432-1289},
}
@article {pmid33847762,
year = {2021},
author = {Diercke, M and Claus, H and Rexroth, U and Hamouda, O},
title = {[Adaptation of the routine surveillance system for infectious diseases in 2020 in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic].},
journal = {Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33847762},
issn = {1437-1588},
abstract = {In response to the COVID-19 pandemic the routine surveillance system for infectious diseases had to be adapted. The disease was unknown before the first cases were reported under a catch-all notification requirement for new and threatening pathogens and diseases, but specific notification requirements for SARS-CoV‑2 detection by laboratories as well as for suspect cases of COVID-19 diagnosed by physicians were soon integrated in the infectious diseases protection act. This article describes how the notification system for infectious diseases was adapted in 2020 to meet the requirements of the COVID-19 pandemic.In addition to the notification requirements, the list of data that is collected through the notification system was also amended. To facilitate the work of laboratories and local health authorities we have established the possibility for electronic reporting.Additionally, the software used for case and contact management within the local health authorities had to be adapted accordingly.COVID-19 notification data is important for the assessment of the current epidemiological situation and daily updated data was published by the Robert Koch Institute. To ensure timely data and good data quality, the IT infrastructure within the public health system has to be further modernized and the electronic notification system should be further strengthened.},
}
@article {pmid33847586,
year = {2021},
author = {Borges do Nascimento, IJ and Marcolino, MS and Abdulazeem, HM and Weerasekara, I and Azzopardi-Muscat, N and Gonçalves, MA and Novillo-Ortiz, D},
title = {Impact of Big Data Analytics on People's Health: Overview of Systematic Reviews and Recommendations for Future Studies.},
journal = {Journal of medical Internet research},
volume = {23},
number = {4},
pages = {e27275},
doi = {10.2196/27275},
pmid = {33847586},
issn = {1438-8871},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Although the potential of big data analytics for health care is well recognized, evidence is lacking on its effects on public health.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the use of big data analytics on people's health based on the health indicators and core priorities in the World Health Organization (WHO) General Programme of Work 2019/2023 and the European Programme of Work (EPW), approved and adopted by its Member States, in addition to SARS-CoV-2-related studies. Furthermore, we sought to identify the most relevant challenges and opportunities of these tools with respect to people's health.<br><br>METHODS: Six databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews via Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, and Epistemonikos) were searched from the inception date to September 21, 2020. Systematic reviews assessing the effects of big data analytics on health indicators were included. Two authors independently performed screening, selection, data extraction, and quality assessment using the AMSTAR-2 (A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews 2) checklist.<br><br>RESULTS: The literature search initially yielded 185 records, 35 of which met the inclusion criteria, involving more than 5,000,000 patients. Most of the included studies used patient data collected from electronic health records, hospital information systems, private patient databases, and imaging datasets, and involved the use of big data analytics for noncommunicable diseases. &quot;Probability of dying from any of cardiovascular, cancer, diabetes or chronic renal disease&quot; and &quot;suicide mortality rate&quot; were the most commonly assessed health indicators and core priorities within the WHO General Programme of Work 2019/2023 and the EPW 2020/2025. Big data analytics have shown moderate to high accuracy for the diagnosis and prediction of complications of diabetes mellitus as well as for the diagnosis and classification of mental disorders; prediction of suicide attempts and behaviors; and the diagnosis, treatment, and prediction of important clinical outcomes of several chronic diseases. Confidence in the results was rated as &quot;critically low&quot; for 25 reviews, as &quot;low&quot; for 7 reviews, and as &quot;moderate&quot; for 3 reviews. The most frequently identified challenges were establishment of a well-designed and structured data source, and a secure, transparent, and standardized database for patient data.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Although the overall quality of included studies was limited, big data analytics has shown moderate to high accuracy for the diagnosis of certain diseases, improvement in managing chronic diseases, and support for prompt and real-time analyses of large sets of varied input data to diagnose and predict disease outcomes.<br><br>TRIAL REGISTRATION: International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) CRD42020214048; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=214048.},
}
@article {pmid33847020,
year = {2021},
author = {Theoharides, TC and Cholevas, C and Polyzoidis, K and Politis, A},
title = {Long-COVID syndrome-associated brain fog and chemofog: Luteolin to the rescue.},
journal = {BioFactors (Oxford, England)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/biof.1726},
pmid = {33847020},
issn = {1872-8081},
abstract = {COVID-19 leads to severe respiratory problems, but also to long-COVID syndrome associated primarily with cognitive dysfunction and fatigue. Long-COVID syndrome symptoms, especially brain fog, are similar to those experienced by patients undertaking or following chemotherapy for cancer (chemofog or chemobrain), as well in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) or mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS). The pathogenesis of brain fog in these illnesses is presently unknown but may involve neuroinflammation via mast cells stimulated by pathogenic and stress stimuli to release mediators that activate microglia and lead to inflammation in the hypothalamus. These processes could be mitigated by phytosomal formulation (in olive pomace oil) of the natural flavonoid luteolin.},
}
@article {pmid33846880,
year = {2021},
author = {Stracciari, A and Bottini, G and Guarino, M and Magni, E and Pantoni, L and , },
title = {Cognitive and behavioral manifestations in SARS-CoV-2 infection: not specific or distinctive features?.},
journal = {Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33846880},
issn = {1590-3478},
abstract = {Patients with COVID-19 are increasingly reported to suffer from a wide range of neurological complications, affecting both the central and peripheral nervous system. Among central manifestations, cognitive and behavioral symptoms are to date not exhaustively detailed. Furthermore, it is not clear whether these represent a combination of non-specific complications of a severe systemic disease, not differing from those usually seen in patients suffering from heterogenous pathological conditions affecting the central nervous system, or instead, they are a peculiar expression of COVID-19 neurotropism; in other words, if the infection has a coincidental or causal role in such patients. We examined both hypotheses, reporting opposite points of view, with the aim to stimulate discussion and raise awareness of the topic.},
}
@article {pmid33846867,
year = {2021},
author = {di Filippo, L and Doga, M and Frara, S and Giustina, A},
title = {Hypocalcemia in COVID-19: Prevalence, clinical significance and therapeutic implications.},
journal = {Reviews in endocrine &amp; metabolic disorders},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33846867},
issn = {1573-2606},
abstract = {COVID-19 extra-pulmonary features include several endocrine manifestations and these are becoming strongly clinically relevant in patients affected influencing disease severity and outcomes.At the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic no population data on calcium levels in patients affected were available and in April 2020 a first case of severe acute hypocalcemia in an Italian patient with SARS-CoV-2 infection was reported. Subsequently, several studies reported hypocalcemia as a highly prevalent biochemical abnormality in COVID-19 patients with a marked negative influence on disease severity, biochemical inflammation and thrombotic markers, and mortality. Also a high prevalence of vertebral fractures with worse respiratory impairment in patients affected and a widespread vitamin D deficiency have been frequently observed, suggesting an emerging &quot;Osteo-Metabolic Phenotype&quot; in COVID-19.To date, several potential pathophysiological factors have been hypothesized to play a role in determining hypocalcemia in COVID-19 including calcium dependent viral mechanisms of action, high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in general population, chronic and acute malnutrition during critical illness and high levels of unbound and unsaturated fatty acids in inflammatory responses.Since hypocalcemia is a frequent biochemical finding in hospitalized COVID-19 patients possibly predicting worse outcomes and leading to acute cardiovascular and neurological complications if severe, it is reasonable to assess, monitor and, if indicated, replace calcium at first patient hospital evaluation and during hospitalization.},
}
@article {pmid33846702,
year = {2021},
author = {Das, S and Ramachandran, AK and Birangal, SR and Akbar, S and Ahmed, B and Joseph, A},
title = {The controversial therapeutic journey of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the battle against SARS-CoV-2: A comprehensive review.},
journal = {Medicine in drug discovery},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {100085},
doi = {10.1016/j.medidd.2021.100085},
pmid = {33846702},
issn = {2590-0986},
abstract = {Recently, the pandemic outbreak of a novel coronavirus, officially termed as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), indicated by a pulmonary infection in humans, has become one of the most significant challenges for public health. In the current fight against coronavirus disease-2019, the medical and health authorities across the world focused on quick diagnosis and isolation of patients; meanwhile, researchers worldwide are exploring the possibility of developing vaccines and novel therapeutic options to combat this deadly disease. Recently, based on various small clinical observations, uncontrolled case studies and previously reported antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-1 chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have attracted exceptional consideration as possible therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2. However, there are reports on little to no effect of CQ or HCQ against SARS-CoV-2, and many reports have raised concerns about their cardiac toxicity. Here, in this review, we examine the chemistry, molecular mechanism, and pharmacology, including the current scenario and future prospects of CQ or HCQ in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2.},
}
@article {pmid33846683,
year = {2021},
author = {Khan, AH and Tirth, V and Fawzy, M and Mahmoud, AED and Khan, NA and Ahmed, S and Ali, SS and Akram, M and Hameed, L and Islam, S and Das, G and Roy, S and Dehghani, MH},
title = {COVID-19 transmission, vulnerability, persistence and nanotherapy: a review.},
journal = {Environmental chemistry letters},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-15},
doi = {10.1007/s10311-021-01229-4},
pmid = {33846683},
issn = {1610-3653},
abstract = {End 2019, the zoonotic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), named COVID-19 for coronavirus disease 2019, is the third adaptation of a contagious virus following the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in 2002, SARS-CoV, and the Middle East respiratory syndrome virus in 2012, MERS-CoV. COVID-19 is highly infectious and virulent compared to previous outbreaks. We review sources, contagious routes, preventive measures, pandemic, outbreak, epidemiology of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 from 2002 to 2020 using a Medline search. We discuss the chronology of the three coronaviruses, the vulnerability of healthcare workers, coronaviruses on surface and in wastewater, diagnostics and cures, and measures to prevent spreading.},
}
@article {pmid33846611,
year = {2021},
author = {Excler, JL and Saville, M and Berkley, S and Kim, JH},
title = {Vaccine development for emerging infectious diseases.},
journal = {Nature medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33846611},
issn = {1546-170X},
abstract = {Examination of the vaccine strategies and technical platforms used for the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of those used for previous emerging and reemerging infectious diseases and pandemics may offer some mutually beneficial lessons. The unprecedented scale and rapidity of dissemination of recent emerging infectious diseases pose new challenges for vaccine developers, regulators, health authorities and political constituencies. Vaccine manufacturing and distribution are complex and challenging. While speed is essential, clinical development to emergency use authorization and licensure, pharmacovigilance of vaccine safety and surveillance of virus variants are also critical. Access to vaccines and vaccination needs to be prioritized in low- and middle-income countries. The combination of these factors will weigh heavily on the ultimate success of efforts to bring the current and any future emerging infectious disease pandemics to a close.},
}
@article {pmid33846340,
year = {2021},
author = {Kaslow, DC},
title = {Force of infection: a determinant of vaccine efficacy?.},
journal = {NPJ vaccines},
volume = {6},
number = {1},
pages = {51},
pmid = {33846340},
issn = {2059-0105},
support = {OPP1180199//Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation)/ ; },
abstract = {Vaccine efficacy (VE) can vary in different settings. Of the many proposed setting-dependent determinants of VE, force of infection (FoI) stands out as one of the most direct, proximate, and actionable. As highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic, modifying FoI through non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) use can significantly contribute to controlling transmission and reducing disease incidence and severity absent highly effective pharmaceutical interventions, such as vaccines. Given that NPIs reduce the FoI, the question arises as to if and to what degree FoI, and by extension NPIs, can modify VE, and more practically, as vaccines become available for a pathogen, whether and which NPIs should continue to be used in conjunction with vaccines to optimize controlling transmission and reducing disease incidence and severity.},
}
@article {pmid33846172,
year = {2021},
author = {Aldea, M and Michot, JM and Danlos, FX and Ribas, A and Soria, JC},
title = {Repurposing of anticancer drugs expands possibilities for antiviral and anti-inflammatory discovery in COVID-19.},
journal = {Cancer discovery},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1158/2159-8290.CD-21-0144},
pmid = {33846172},
issn = {2159-8290},
abstract = {In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic led to an unprecedented destabilization of the world's health and economic systems. The rapid spread and life-threatening consequences of COVID-19 have imposed a repurposing drug testing, by investigating drugs already used in other indications, including anti-cancer drugs. Anti-cancer drug repurposing started to contour after deciphering similarities between COVID-19 and malignancies pathogenesis, including abnormal inflammatory and immunological responses. In this review we will discuss the salient positive and negative points of repurposing the main anticancer drugs to further treat COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33845968,
year = {2021},
author = {Tale, S and Meitei Soibam, P},
title = {Care of tuberculosis patients in the times of COVID-19.},
journal = {The Indian journal of tuberculosis},
volume = {68},
number = {2},
pages = {285-286},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijtb.2020.09.004},
pmid = {33845968},
issn = {0019-5707},
abstract = {Globally during this time of Covid-19 pandemic health care services are overhelmed and it has negative impact on other diseases like Tuberculosis (TB). High TB burden countries like India despite being faced by several other problems in present times, is continuously trying to provide uninterrupted services to TB patients through the national programs. In this general perspective we have shared our opinion on problems faced by TB patients in the times of covid-19.},
}
@article {pmid33845838,
year = {2021},
author = {Mascarenhas, RE and Pralhad, S and Manaktala, N},
title = {Pan-dent-emic: safety considerations for dental surgery in the era of COVID-19.},
journal = {Patient safety in surgery},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {16},
pmid = {33845838},
issn = {1754-9493},
abstract = {The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic spread has seized the entire world and has created extensive health concerns in the general population. Despite various efforts to prevent the pandemic spread, the flare-up of this disease is still soaring due to the community spread in every area. The droplet spread from the afflicted is of the highest concern because of its rapid spread to uninfected individuals. Dental treatments have to be planned and carried out with extreme caution and dental personnel should take extreme care and follow meticulous guidelines when treating an individual with SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection. This article highlights the clinical picture of COVID-19 (coronavirus diseases 2019) and presents a summary of precautionary and prophylactic measures in preventing the cross-infection and the nosocomial spread of the infection in a dental setting.},
}
@article {pmid33845351,
year = {2021},
author = {Dalmazane, M and Gallou-Guyot, M and Compagnat, M and Magy, L and Montcuquet, A and Billot, M and Daviet, JC and Perrochon, A},
title = {Effects on gait and balance of home-based active video game interventions in persons with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review.},
journal = {Multiple sclerosis and related disorders},
volume = {51},
number = {},
pages = {102928},
doi = {10.1016/j.msard.2021.102928},
pmid = {33845351},
issn = {2211-0356},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic makes it difficult to obtain physical therapy in rehabilitation centres, particularly for persons with multiple sclerosis (pwMS), who are a population at high risk, since viral infections may contribute to MS exacerbations and relapses. Active video games could be a way to maintain physical therapy at home as part of the rehabilitation. The aim of this review is to summarise the current best evidence for the effectiveness of home-based active video games on gait and balance, user compliance, feasibility and safety for pwMS.<br><br>METHODS: We searched for studies in five databases (PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, CINAHL and Science direct) up to October 2020. Selection of studies, extraction of data and methodological quality assessment through the PEDro scale were made independently by two authors and discussed with a third author.<br><br>RESULTS: Nine studies were included in this systematic review. We found significant improvements in balance; results were mixed concerning mobility, physical activity and gait. Home-based active video games are feasible and safe, with good compliance and adherence. The methodological quality of the studies was moderate (PEDro scale: 5.3 ± 2).<br><br>CONCLUSION: Overall, home-based active video games were found safe and effective improving static and dynamic balance in pwMS. Compliance was good, probably because it is a motivating and enjoyable training. Active video games can be a relevant alternative for physical rehabilitation at home in pwMS. Future studies should follow more rigorous methodological standards (larger sample sizes, more randomised controlled trials) to improve the quality of evidence and include cost-effectiveness in the analysis.},
}
@article {pmid33845349,
year = {2021},
author = {Excler, JL and Privor-Dumm, L and Kim, JH},
title = {Supply and delivery of vaccines for global health.},
journal = {Current opinion in immunology},
volume = {71},
number = {},
pages = {13-20},
doi = {10.1016/j.coi.2021.03.009},
pmid = {33845349},
issn = {1879-0372},
abstract = {Vaccines developed in high-income countries have been enormously successful in reducing the global burden of infectious diseases, saving perhaps 2.5 million lives per year, but even for successful cases, like the rotavirus vaccine, global implementation may take a decade or more. For unincentivized vaccines, the delays are even more profound, as both the supply of a vaccine from developing country manufacturers and vaccine demand from countries with the high disease burdens have to be generated in order for impact to be manifest. A number of poverty-associated infectious diseases, whose burden is greatest in low-income and middle-income countries, would benefit from appropriate levels of support for vaccine development such as Group A Streptococcus, invasive non-typhoid salmonella, schistosomiasis, shigella, to name a few. With COVID-19 vaccines we will hopefully be able to provide novel vaccine technology to all countries through a unique collaborative effort, the COVAX facility, led by the World Health Organization (WHO), Gavi, and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI). Whether this effort can deliver vaccine to all its participating countries remains to be seen, but this ambitious effort to develop, manufacture, distribute, and vaccinate 60-80% of the world's population will hopefully be a lasting legacy of COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33845300,
year = {2021},
author = {Surve, RM and Sinha, P and Baliga, SP and M, R and Karan, N and Jl, A and Arumugham, S and Thirthalli, J},
title = {Electroconvulsive therapy services during COVID-19 pandemic.},
journal = {Asian journal of psychiatry},
volume = {59},
number = {},
pages = {102653},
doi = {10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102653},
pmid = {33845300},
issn = {1876-2026},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has hit the electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) services hard worldwide as it is considered an elective procedure and hence has been given less importance. Other reasons include the risk of transmission of infections, lack of resources, and the scarcity of anesthesiologists due to their diversion to intensive care units to manage COVID-19 patients. However, ECT is an urgent and life-saving measure for patients diagnosed with depression and other severe mental illnesses who have suicidality, catatonia, or require a rapid therapeutic response. COVID-19 pandemic is a significant source of stress for individuals due to its impact on health, employment, and social support resulting in new-onset psychiatric illnesses and the worsening of a pre-existing disorder. Hence, a continuation of the ECT services during the COVID-19 pandemic is of paramount importance. In this narrative review, the authors from India have compiled the literature on the ECT practice during the COVID-19 pandemic related to the screening and testing protocol, necessity of personal protective equipment, modification in ECT Suite, electrical stmulus settings, and anesthesia technique modification. The authors have also shared their experiences with the ECT services provided at their institute during this pandemic. This description will help other institutes to manage the ECT services uninterruptedly and make ECT a safe procedure during the current pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid33845194,
year = {2021},
author = {Gasmi, A and Tippairote, T and Mujawdiya, PK and Peana, M and Menzel, A and Dadar, M and Benahmed, AG and Bjørklund, G},
title = {The microbiota-mediated dietary and nutritional interventions for COVID-19.},
journal = {Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {108725},
doi = {10.1016/j.clim.2021.108725},
pmid = {33845194},
issn = {1521-7035},
abstract = {Worldwide, scientists are looking for specific treatment for COVID-19. Apart from the antiviral approach, the interventions to support healthy immune responses to the virus are feasible through diet, nutrition, and lifestyle approaches. This narrative review explores the recent studies on dietary, nutritional, and lifestyle interventions that influence the microbiota-mediated immunomodulatory effects against viral infections. Cumulative studies reported that the airway microbiota and SARS-CoV-2 leverage each other and determine the pathogen-microbiota-host responses. Cigarette smoking can disrupt microbiota abundance. The composition and diversification of intestinal microbiota influence the airway microbiota and the innate and adaptive immunity, which require supports from the balance of macro- and micronutrients from the diet. Colorful vegetables supplied fermentable prebiotics and anti-inflammatory, antioxidant phytonutrients. Fermented foods and beverages support intestinal microbiota. In sensitive individuals, the avoidance of the high immunoreactive food antigens contributes to antiviral immunity. This review suggests associations between airway and intestinal microbiota, antiviral host immunity, and the influences of dietary, nutritional, and lifestyle interventions to prevent the clinical course toward severe COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33845033,
year = {2021},
author = {Patel, P and Dhindsa, D and Eapen, DJ and Khera, A and Gulati, M and Stone, NJ and Yancy, CW and Rumsfeld, JS and Sperling, LS},
title = {OPTIMIZING THE POTENTIAL FOR TELEHEALTH IN CARDIOVASCULAR CARE (IN THE ERA OF COVID-19): TIME WILL TELL.},
journal = {The American journal of medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.amjmed.2021.03.007},
pmid = {33845033},
issn = {1555-7162},
abstract = {Before the COVID-19 pandemic, use of telehealth services had been limited in cardiovascular care. Potential benefits of telehealth include improved access to care, more efficient care management, reduced costs, the ability to assess patients within their homes while involving key caretakers in medical decisions, maintaining social distancing, and increased patient satisfaction. Challenges include changes in payment models, issues with data security and privacy, potential depersonalization of the patient-clinician relationship, limitations in the use of digital health technologies, and the potential impact on disparities - socioeconomic, gender, age-related, and access to technology and broadband. Implementation and expansion of telehealth from a policy and reimbursement practice standpoint are filled with difficult decisions, yet addressing these are critical to the future of healthcare.},
}
@article {pmid33844898,
year = {2021},
author = {Martins, JRM and Villagelin, DGP and Carvalho, GA and Vaisman, F and Teixeira, PFS and Scheffel, RS and Sgarbi, JA},
title = {Management of thyroid disorders during the COVID-19 outbreak: a position statement from the Thyroid Department of the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism (SBEM).},
journal = {Archives of endocrinology and metabolism},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.20945/2359-3997000000352},
pmid = {33844898},
issn = {2359-4292},
abstract = {This position statement was prepared to guide endocrinologists on the best approach to managing thyroid disorders during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The most frequent thyroid hormonal findings in patients with COVID-19, particularly in individuals with severe disease, are similar to those present in the non-thyroidal illness syndrome and require no intervention. Subacute thyroiditis has also been reported during COVID-19 infection. Diagnosis and treatment of hypothyroidism during the COVID-19 pandemic may follow usual practice; however, should avoid frequent laboratory tests in patients with previous controlled disease. Well-controlled hypo and hyperthyroidism are not associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 infection or severity. Newly diagnosed hyperthyroidism during the pandemic should be preferably treated with antithyroid drugs (ATDs), bearing in mind the possibility of rare side effects with these medications, particularly agranulocytosis, which requires immediate intervention. Definitive treatment of hyperthyroidism (radioiodine therapy or surgery) may be considered in those cases that protective protocols can be followed to avoid COVID-19 contamination or once the pandemic is over. In patients with moderate Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) not at risk of visual loss, glucocorticoids at immunosuppressive doses should be avoided, while in those with severe GO without COVID-19 and at risk of vision loss, intravenous glucocorticoid is the therapeutic choice. Considering that most of the thyroid cancer cases are low risk and associated with an excellent prognosis, surgical procedures could and should be postponed safely during the pandemic period. Additionally, when indicated, radioiodine therapy could also be safely postponed as long as it is possible.},
}
@article {pmid33844771,
year = {2020},
author = {Cerda Thomas, R},
title = {[Excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic, a narrative review].},
journal = {Revista medica de Chile},
volume = {148},
number = {11},
pages = {1647-1651},
doi = {10.4067/S0034-98872020001101647},
pmid = {33844771},
issn = {0717-6163},
abstract = {Capturing all the deaths caused by COVID-19 through epidemiologic surveillance based on individual case notification is difficult, therefore, all-cause excess mortality (EM) is an appropriate measure for geographic comparisons and monitoring of the application of non-pharmacological sanitary measures. This is a narrative review of the literature about the observed EM during the COVID-19 pandemic. A research was made on scientific databases (Google Scholar, Pubmed, Virtual Health Library) using the terms &quot;excess mortality&quot;, &quot;excess deaths&quot;, &quot;COVID-19&quot;, &quot;coronavirus&quot;, &quot;SARS-CoV-2&quot;. It included publications between 2019 and June 16, 2020. Twenty-seven articles were selected from 116 publications found. Most of them correspond to original articles with an analytical ecological study design. They confirm EM in the locations studied, with higher proportion of men and older people and with remarkable spatial heterogeneity. The need to optimize the standardization and updating of mortality registration and reporting mechanisms is highlighted. At a local level, data about EM that will allow these analyses is incipiently becoming available.},
}
@article {pmid33844770,
year = {2020},
author = {Rojas, P and Sarmiento, M},
title = {[Anti-inflammatory therapies for SARS-COV2 infection from a hematological perspective].},
journal = {Revista medica de Chile},
volume = {148},
number = {11},
pages = {1640-1646},
doi = {10.4067/S0034-98872020001101640},
pmid = {33844770},
issn = {0717-6163},
abstract = {The pathophysiology of the inflammatory profile induced by SARS-COV2 infection has similarities with conditions of immune system activation with cytokine release such as hemophagocytic syndrome and some cases of acute graft-versus-host disease. There are encouraging results of clinical studies, performed with increasingly better methodological quality, supporting the use of targeted and specific anti-inflammatory therapy in selected groups of patients with COVID-19 with severe inflammation. In this review we describe the inflammatory pathophysiology of the disease and the recent findings about its treatment.},
}
@article {pmid33844388,
year = {2021},
author = {Furlong, L and Serry, T and Bridgman, K and Erickson, S},
title = {An evidence-based synthesis of instructional reading and spelling procedures using telepractice: A rapid review in the context of COVID-19.},
journal = {International journal of language &amp; communication disorders},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/1460-6984.12619},
pmid = {33844388},
issn = {1460-6984},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Due to COVID-19, many educators and allied health practitioners are facing the challenge of rapidly transitioning to telepractice delivery of instructional reading and spelling procedures without being fully informed of the evidence.<br><br>AIMS: A rapid review was conducted to provide educators, allied health practitioners and policymakers with a synthesis of valid, relevant and actionable evidence relating to telepractice delivery of instructional reading and spelling procedures. The aim was to investigate the nature and outcomes of studies examining instructional reading and spelling procedures delivered via telepractice to school-aged students.<br><br>METHODS &amp; PROCEDURES: A rapid review was undertaken in accordance with the eight-step process published by the Cochrane Rapid Reviews Methods Group. Medline (all databases), Embase, Cochrane and ProQuest Central were systematically searched with predefined search terms organized across four key concepts relating to the research questions.<br><br>OUTCOMES &amp; RESULTS: Nine studies were included in this rapid review. Reading and spelling instruction and intervention using telepractice can be feasible and engaging. Telepractice assessment for reading and spelling can be equally effective as onsite assessment.<br><br>The evidence base for telepractice delivery of reading and spelling procedures is in its infancy in terms of both the quantity and the quality of the evidence. Insufficient evidence exists to draw clear conclusions about its efficacy, and therefore practitioners should proceed cautiously. What this paper adds What is already known on the subject For onsite delivery, evidence-based reading and spelling assessment, instruction and interventions delivered by educators and allied health practitioners have been shown to accelerate students' skills; less is known about the efficacy of instructional reading and spelling procedures in a telepractice model, which have rapidly become the new norm in many countries due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The benefits of telepractice include improved access to services, increased service availability, convenience, time efficiency, caseload management efficiency and removal of logistical barriers relating to cost and geographical location. During the COVID-19 pandemic, telepractice has facilitated continued access to services. What this study adds to existing knowledge Reading and spelling instruction and intervention delivered via telepractice can be feasible and engaging. Telepractice is a viable mode to deliver reading and spelling assessments with strong agreement between telepractice and onsite scores. Given their low methodological quality, the studies in this review provide valuable information around the how of telepractice reading and spelling procedures and highlight the factors that may contribute to positive outcomes with this service delivery model. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? Educators and allied health practitioners need a thorough understanding of the student's telepractice environment and require adequate training and support to engage in telepractice service delivery. Educators and allied health practitioners should consider students for telepractice on a case-by-case basis. Practitioners should proceed cautiously with telepractice reading and spelling assessment, intervention and instruction, with the knowledge that the current available evidence is of limited quality.},
}
@article {pmid33844213,
year = {2021},
author = {Reinhardt, D},
title = {.},
journal = {MMW Fortschritte der Medizin},
volume = {163},
number = {7},
pages = {27},
doi = {10.1007/s15006-021-9829-3},
pmid = {33844213},
issn = {1613-3560},
}
@article {pmid33843158,
year = {2020},
author = {Wang, LQ and Tan Su Yin, E and Wei, GQ and Hu, YX and Nagler, A and Huang, H},
title = {Weathering the storm: COVID-19 infection in patients with hematological malignancies.},
journal = {Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B},
volume = {21},
number = {12},
pages = {921-939},
doi = {10.1631/jzus.B2000423},
pmid = {33843158},
issn = {1862-1783},
mesh = {COVID-19/*complications/diagnosis/prevention &amp; control ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Disease Management ; Hematologic Neoplasms/*complications/diagnosis/virology ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Immunocompromised Host ; Risk Factors ; },
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Within a matter of months, this highly contagious novel virus has led to a global outbreak and is still spreading rapidly across continents. In patients with COVID-19, underlying chronic diseases and comorbidities are associated with dismal treatment outcomes. Owing to their immunosuppressive status, patients with hematological malignancies (HMs) are at an increased risk of infection and have a worse prognosis than patients without HMs. Accordingly, intensive attention should be paid to this cohort. In this review, we summarize and analyze specific clinical manifestations for patients with coexisting COVID-19 and HMs. Furthermore, we briefly describe customized management strategies and interventions for this susceptible cohort. This review is intended to guide clinical practice.},
}
@article {pmid33843087,
year = {2021},
author = {Labrague, LJ},
title = {Psychological resilience, coping behaviours, and social support among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review of quantitative studies.},
journal = {Journal of nursing management},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/jonm.13336},
pmid = {33843087},
issn = {1365-2834},
abstract = {AIM: To appraise and synthesize studies examining resilience, coping behaviours, and social support among healthcare workers during the coronavirus pandemic.<br><br>BACKGROUND: A wide range of evidence has shown that healthcare workers, currently on the frontlines in the fight against COVID-19, are not spared from the psychological and mental health-related consequences of the pandemic. Studies synthesizing the role of coping behaviours, resilience, and social support in safeguarding the mental health of healthcare workers during the pandemic is largely unknown.<br><br>EVALUATION: This is a systematic review with a narrative synthesis. A total of 31 articles were included in the review.<br><br>KEY ISSUES: Healthcare workers utilized both problem-centred and emotion-centred coping to manage the stress-associated with the coronavirus pandemic. Coping behaviours, resilience, and social support were associated with positive mental and psychological health outcomes.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Substantial evidence supports the effectiveness of coping behaviours, resilience, and social support to preserve psychological and mental health among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.<br><br>In order to safeguard the mental health of healthcare workers during the pandemic, hospital and nursing administrators should implement proactive measures to sustain resilience in HCWs, build coping skills, and implement creative ways to foster social support in healthcare workers through theory-based interventions, supportive leadership, and fostering a resilient work environment.},
}
@article {pmid33843008,
year = {2021},
author = {Trimboli, P and Camponovo, C and Scappaticcio, L and Bellastella, G and Piccardo, A and Rotondi, M},
title = {Thyroid sequelae of COVID-19: a systematic review of reviews.},
journal = {Reviews in endocrine &amp; metabolic disorders},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33843008},
issn = {1573-2606},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has the potential to cause multi-organ effects including endocrine disorders. The impact of COVID-19 on the thyroid gland has been described but several aspects have to be clarified. The systematic review was conceived to achieve more solid information about: 1) which thyroid disease or dysfunction should be expected in COVID-19 patients; 2) whether thyroid patients have a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection; 3) whether the management has to be adapted in thyroid patient when infected. The literature was searched by two authors independently. A 5-step search strategy was a priori adopted. Only reviews focused on the relationship between thyroid and COVID-19 were included. The last search was performed on February 21st 2021. Two-hundred-forty-seven records was initially found and nine reviews were finally included. The reviews identified several potential thyroid consequences in COVID-19 patients, such as thyrotoxicosis, low-T3 syndrome and subacute thyroiditis, while no relevant data were found regarding the potential impact of COVID-19 on the management of patients on thyroid treatment. The present systematic review of reviews found that: 1) patients diagnosed with COVID-19 can develop thyroid dysfunction, frequently non-thyroidal illness syndrome when hospitalized in intensive care unit, 2) having a thyroid disease does not increase the risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection, 3) thyroid patients do not need a COVID-19-adapted follow-up. Anyway, several factors, such as critical illness and medications, could affect thyroid laboratory tests.},
}
@article {pmid33842899,
year = {2021},
author = {Ritz, T and Salsman, ML and Young, DA and Lippert, AR and Khan, DA and Ginty, AT},
title = {Boosting Nitric Oxide in Stress and Respiratory Infection: Potential Relevance for Asthma and COVID-19.},
journal = {Brain, behavior, &amp; immunity - health},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {100255},
pmid = {33842899},
issn = {2666-3546},
abstract = {Nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous signaling molecule that is critical for supporting a plethora of processes in biological organisms. Among these, its role in the innate immune system as a first line of defense against pathogens has received less attention. In asthma, levels of exhaled NO have been utilized as a window into airway inflammation caused by allergic processes. However, respiratory infections count among the most important triggers of disease exacerbations. Among the multitude of factors that affect NO levels are psychological processes. In particular, longer lasting states of psychological stress and depression have been shown to attenuate NO production. The novel SARS-CoV-2 virus, which has caused a pandemic, and with that, sustained levels of psychological stress globally, also adversely affects NO signaling. We review evidence on the role of NO in respiratory infection, including COVID-19, and stress, and argue that boosting NO bioavailability may be beneficial in protection from infections, thus benefitting individuals who suffer from stress in asthma or SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
}
@article {pmid33842898,
year = {2021},
author = {Barrantes, FJ},
title = {The Unfolding Palette of COVID-19Multisystemic Syndrome and its Neurological Manifestations.},
journal = {Brain, behavior, &amp; immunity - health},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {100251},
pmid = {33842898},
issn = {2666-3546},
abstract = {Although our current knowledge of the pathophysiology of COVID-19 is still fragmentary, the information so far accrued on the tropism and life cycle of its etiological agent SARS-CoV-2, together with the emerging clinical data, suffice to indicate that the severe acute pulmonary syndrome is the main, but not the only manifestation of COVID-19. Necropsy studies are increasingly revealing underlying endothelial vasculopathies in the form of micro-haemorrhages and micro-thrombi. Intertwined with defective antiviral responses, dysregulated coagulation mechanisms, abnormal hyper-inflammatory reactions and responses, COVID-19 is disclosing a wide pathophysiological palette. An additional property in categorising the disease is the combination of tissue (e.g. neuro- and vasculo-tropism) with organ tropism, whereby the virus preferentially attacks certain organs with highly developed capillary beds, such as the lungs gastrointestinal tract, kidney and brain. These multiple clinical presentations confirm that the acute respiratory syndrome as described initially is increasingly unfolding as a more complex nosological entity, a multiorgan syndrome of systemic breadth. The neurological manifestations of COVID-19, the focus of this review, reflect this manifold nature of the disease.},
}
@article {pmid33842874,
year = {2021},
author = {Lee, T and Cau, A and Cheng, MP and Levin, A and Lee, TC and Vinh, DC and Lamontagne, F and Singer, J and Walley, KR and Murthy, S and Patrick, D and Rewa, OG and Winston, BW and Marshall, J and Boyd, J and Tran, K and Kalil, A and McCuloh, R and Fowler, R and Luther, JM and Russell, JA and , },
title = {ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR BLOCKERS AND ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS IN COVID-19 -META-ANALYSIS/META-REGRESSION ADJUSTED FOR CONFOUNDING FACTORS.},
journal = {CJC open},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.cjco.2021.03.001},
pmid = {33842874},
issn = {2589-790X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and/or angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors could alter mortality of COVID-19, but existing meta-analyses which combined crude and adjusted results may be confounded by comorbidities being more common in ARBs/ACE inhibitors users.<br><br>METHODS: We searched PubMed/MEDLINE/Embase for cohort studies and meta-analysis reporting mortality by pre-existing ARB/ACE inhibitor treatment in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Random effects meta-regression was used to compute pooled odds ratios for mortality adjusted for imbalance in age, sex and prevalence of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease between users and non-users of ARBs/ACE inhibitors at the study-level during data synthesis.<br><br>RESULTS: In 30 included studies of 17,281 patients, 22%, 68%, 25%, and 11% had cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. ARBs/ACE inhibitors use was associated with significantly lower mortality after controlling for potential confounding factors (OR 0.77 (95% CI: 0.62, 0.96)). In contrast, meta-analysis of ARBs/ACE inhibitors use was not significantly associated with mortality when all studies were combined with no confounder adjustment performed (0.87 (95% CI: 0.71, 1.08)).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: ARBs/ACE inhibitors use was associated with decreased mortality in cohorts of COVID-19 patients after adjusting for age, sex, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Unadjusted meta-analyses may not be appropriate for determining whether ARBs/ACE inhibitors are associated with mortality of COVID-19 because of indication bias.},
}
@article {pmid33842840,
year = {2021},
author = {Colombani, T and Rogers, ZJ and Eggermont, LJ and Bencherif, SA},
title = {Harnessing biomaterials for therapeutic strategies against COVID-19.},
journal = {Emergent materials},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-10},
pmid = {33842840},
issn = {2522-574X},
abstract = {With the emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the world is experiencing a profound human health crisis. The number of infections and deaths due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to increase every minute, pinpointing major shortcomings in our ability to prevent viral outbreaks. Although several COVID-19 vaccines have been recently approved for emergency use, therapeutic options remain limited, and their long-term potency has yet to be validated. Biomaterials science has a pivotal role to play in pushing the boundaries of emerging technologies for antiviral research and treatment. In this perspective, we discuss how biomaterials can be harnessed to develop accurate COVID-19 infection models, enhance antiviral drug delivery, foster new antiviral strategies, and boost vaccine efficacy. These efforts will not only contribute to stop or mitigate the current pandemic but will also provide unorthodox platforms to understand, prevent, and protect us from future viral outbreaks.},
}
@article {pmid33842834,
year = {2021},
author = {Hosseini, M and Chen, W and Xiao, D and Wang, C},
title = {Computational molecular docking and virtual screening revealed promising SARS-CoV-2 drugs.},
journal = {Precision clinical medicine},
volume = {4},
number = {1},
pages = {1-16},
doi = {10.1093/pcmedi/pbab001},
pmid = {33842834},
issn = {2516-1571},
abstract = {The pandemic of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rampaged the world, with more than 58.4 million confirmed cases and over 1.38 million deaths across the world by 23 November 2020. There is an urgent need to identify effective drugs and vaccines to fight against the virus. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to the family of coronaviruses consisting of four structural and 16 non-structural proteins (NSP). Three non-structural proteins, main protease (Mpro), papain-like protease (PLpro), and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), are believed to have a crucial role in replication of the virus. We applied computational ligand-receptor binding modeling and performed comprehensive virtual screening on FDA-approved drugs against these three SARS-CoV-2 proteins using AutoDock Vina, Glide, and rDock. Our computational studies identified six novel ligands as potential inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2, including antiemetics rolapitant and ondansetron for Mpro; labetalol and levomefolic acid for PLpro; and leucal and antifungal natamycin for RdRp. Molecular dynamics simulation confirmed the stability of the ligand-protein complexes. The results of our analysis with some other suggested drugs indicated that chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine had high binding energy (low inhibitory effect) with all three proteins-Mpro, PLpro, and RdRp. In summary, our computational molecular docking approach and virtual screening identified some promising candidate SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors that may be considered for further clinical studies.},
}
@article {pmid33842710,
year = {2021},
author = {Wang, VT and Odani, T and Ito, M},
title = {Considerations and Strategies for Restarting Elective Spine Surgery in the Midst of a Pandemic of COVID-19.},
journal = {Spine surgery and related research},
volume = {5},
number = {2},
pages = {52-60},
pmid = {33842710},
issn = {2432-261X},
abstract = {The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak has rapidly spread to the globe, causing severe global socioeconomic disruption on an unprecedented scale. As the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic is now going to settle down, many medical organizations are in the process of reopening surgical services. This paper describes a few key factors that spine surgeons should consider prior to resuming elective spine services namely, local outbreak situations, availability of hospital resources, manpower and personal protective equipment (PPE). Spine surgeons should prioritize their operating list based on clinical indications and likely benefits from surgical intervention so as to make optimum use of hospital resources and operating room listings. International organizations have published on general principles and recommendations on how to restart elective surgery. However, with different regions at varying phases of the outbreak and unpredictable nature of the COVID-19 pandemic, a general set of practice guidelines may not be applicable. This paper also proposes, on top of peri-operative precautionary measures already in place, clearly-defined risk stratification algorithms for hospital visitors, as well as a disease-testing protocol for patients planned for elective surgery. It is of critical importance for surgeons to define key areas of concern and assimilate these principles into clearly-defined algorithms which can be applied to the field of spine surgery so as to help re-establish continuity of care for patients.},
}
@article {pmid33842692,
year = {2021},
author = {Chang, CH and Shao, R and Wang, M and Baker, NM},
title = {Workplace Interventions in Response to COVID-19: an Occupational Health Psychology Perspective.},
journal = {Occupational health science},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-23},
pmid = {33842692},
issn = {2367-0142},
abstract = {The outbreak of COVID-19 has imposed significant threats to individuals' physical health and has substantially changed the socioeconomic order and the nature of our work and life all over the world. To guide organizations to design effective workplace interventions to mitigate the negative impacts of COVID-19, we take the occupational health psychology (OHP) perspective to propose a framework that highlights important areas for organizations to intervene in order to better protect workers' physical health and safety and to promote workers' psychological well-being. Specifically, we integrate the prevention-based public health model with the Total Worker Health (TWH) and OHP-based approaches to propose a comprehensive set of primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions that target different groups of employees with varied exposure risks to the new coronavirus. We believe these proposed interventions can contribute positively to the development of healthy and safe work. Implications of these proposed interventions for workers, organizations, and policy makers are also discussed.},
}
@article {pmid33842688,
year = {2021},
author = {Asadzadeh, A and Kalankesh, LR},
title = {A scope of mobile health solutions in COVID-19 pandemics.},
journal = {Informatics in medicine unlocked},
volume = {23},
number = {},
pages = {100558},
pmid = {33842688},
issn = {2352-9148},
abstract = {Background and aim: COVID-19 has become an international emergency. The use of digital solutions can be effective in managing, preventing, and overcoming the further spread of infectious disease outbreaks. Accordingly, the use of mobile-health (m-health) technologies has the potential to promote public health. This review aimed to study the application of m-health solutions for the management of the COVID-19 outbreak.<br><br>Methods: The search strategy was done in Medline (PubMed), Embase, IEEE, and Google Scholar by using related keywords to m-health and COVID-19 on July 6, 2020. English papers that used m-health technologies for the COVID-19 outbreak were included.<br><br>Results: Of the 2046 papers identified, 16 were included in this study. M-health had been used for various aims such as early detection, fast screening, patient monitoring, information sharing, education, and treatment in response to the COVID-19 outbreak. M-health solutions were classified into four use case categories: prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and protection. The mobile phone-based app and short text massaging were the most frequently used modalities, followed by wearables, portable screening devices, mobile-telehealth, and continuous telemetry monitor during the pandemics.<br><br>Conclusion: It appears that m-health technologies played a positive role during the COVID-19 outbreak. Given the extensive capabilities of m-health solutions, investigation and use of all potential applications of m-health should be considered for combating the current Epidemics and mitigating its negative impacts.},
}
@article {pmid33842685,
year = {2021},
author = {Alballa, N and Al-Turaiki, I},
title = {Machine Learning Approaches in COVID-19 Diagnosis, Mortality, and Severity Risk Prediction: A Review.},
journal = {Informatics in medicine unlocked},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {100564},
pmid = {33842685},
issn = {2352-9148},
abstract = {The existence of widespread COVID-19 infections has prompted worldwide efforts to control and manage the virus, and hopefully curb it completely. One important line of research is the use of machine learning (ML) to understand and fight COVID-19. This is currently an active research field. Although there are already many surveys in the literature, there is a need to keep up with the rapidly growing number of publications on COVID-19-related applications of ML. This paper presents a review of recent reports on ML algorithms used in relation to COVID-19. We focus on the potential of ML for two main applications: diagnosis of COVID-19 and prediction of mortality risk and severity, using readily available clinical and laboratory data. Aspects related to algorithm types, training data sets, and feature selection are discussed. As we cover work published between January 2020 and January 2021, a few key points have come to light. The bulk of the machine learning algorithms used in these two applications are supervised learning algorithms. The established models are yet to be used in real-world implementations, and much of the associated research is experimental. The diagnostic and prognostic features discovered by ML models are consistent with results presented in the medical literature. A limitation of the existing applications is the use of imbalanced data sets that are prone to selection bias.},
}
@article {pmid33842642,
year = {2021},
author = {Yang, L and Wang, Q and Cui, T and Huang, J and Shi, N and Jin, H},
title = {Reporting of coronavirus disease 2019 prognostic models: the transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis statement.},
journal = {Annals of translational medicine},
volume = {9},
number = {5},
pages = {421},
pmid = {33842642},
issn = {2305-5839},
abstract = {Evaluation of the validity and applicability of published prognostic prediction models for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is essential, because determining the patients' prognosis at an early stage may reduce mortality. This study was aimed to utilize the transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD) to report the completeness of COVID-19-related prognostic models and appraise its effectiveness in clinical practice. A systematic search of the Web of Science and PubMed was performed for studies published until August 11, 2020. All models were assessed on model development, external validation of existing models, incremental values, and development and validation of the same model. TRIPOD was used to assess the completeness of included models, and the completeness of each item was also reported. In total, 52 publications were included, including 67 models. Age, disease history, lymphoma count, history of hypertension and cardiovascular disease, C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase, white blood cell count, and platelet count were the commonly used predictors. The predicted outcome was death, development of severe or critical state, survival time, and length-of-hospital stay. The reported discrimination performance of all models ranged from 0.361 to 0.994, while few models reported calibration. Overall, the reporting completeness based on TRIPOD was between 31% and 83% [median, 67% (interquartile range: 62%, 73%)]. Blinding of the outcome to be predicted or predictors were poorly reported. Additionally, there was little description on the handling of missing data. This assessment indicated a poorly-reported COVID-19 prognostic model in existing literature. The risk of over-fitting may exist with these models. The reporting of calibration and external validation should be given more attention in future research.},
}
@article {pmid33842503,
year = {2021},
author = {Portolés, J and Martín, L and Broseta, JJ and Cases, A},
title = {Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease: From Pathophysiology and Current Treatments, to Future Agents.},
journal = {Frontiers in medicine},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {642296},
pmid = {33842503},
issn = {2296-858X},
abstract = {Anemia is a common complication in chronic kidney disease (CKD), and is associated with a reduced quality of life, and an increased morbidity and mortality. The mechanisms involved in anemia associated to CKD are diverse and complex. They include a decrease in endogenous erythropoietin (EPO) production, absolute and/or functional iron deficiency, and inflammation with increased hepcidin levels, among others. Patients are most commonly managed with oral or intravenous iron supplements and with erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESA). However, these treatments have associated risks, and sometimes are insufficiently effective. Nonetheless, in the last years, there have been some remarkable advances in the treatment of CKD-related anemia, which have raised great expectations. On the one hand, a novel family of drugs has been developed: the hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (HIF-PHIs). These agents induce, among other effects, an increase in the production of endogenous EPO, improve iron availability and reduce hepcidin levels. Some of them have already received marketing authorization. On the other hand, recent clinical trials have elucidated important aspects of iron supplementation, which may change the treatment targets in the future. This article reviews the current knowledge of the pathophysiology CKD-related anemia, current and future therapies, the trends in patient management and the unmet goals.},
}
@article {pmid33842400,
year = {2021},
author = {Mahluji, S and Jalili, M and Ostadrahimi, A and Hallajzadeh, J and Ebrahimzadeh-Attari, V and Saghafi-Asl, M},
title = {Nutritional management of diabetes mellitus during the pandemic of COVID-19: a comprehensive narrative review.},
journal = {Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-10},
pmid = {33842400},
issn = {2251-6581},
abstract = {Objectives: According to the recent epidemiological studies, patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) may be at higher risk of hospitalization due to COVID-19. Regarding the important role of nutrition on the immunity, the present review article aimed to outline nutritional support of DM during the outbreak of COVID-19 with a mechanistic insight.<br><br>Methods: Searches were performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases from 2000 until December 2020 using the following keywords. All relevant clinical and experimental studies published in English were included.<br><br>Results: Evidences revealed that hyperglycemia is a significant predictor of some viral infections including COVID-19 which can exacerbate the complications of DM. According to the literature review, adequate intake of dietary protein, fiber, essential fatty acids and some micronutrients especially vitamins D, C, B12, folate, zinc and selenium has beneficial effects on the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 in diabetic patients through modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses or direct effects on virus enzymes or the rate of cell entrance.<br><br>Conclusions: It is well understood that malnutrition may increase susceptibility to viral infections and disease progression. Therefore, considering nutritional status of diabetic patients and reasonable supplementation of the above mentioned nutrients can ameliorate the symptoms of COVID-19 in DM. However, further well-designed clinical trials are needed to determine their therapeutic dose.},
}
@article {pmid33842197,
year = {2021},
author = {Bhattacharya, P and Kumar, M and Islam, MT and Haque, R and Chakraborty, S and Ahmad, A and Niazi, NK and Cetecioglu, Z and Nilsson, D and Ijumulana, J and van der Voorn, T and Jakariya, M and Hossain, M and Ahmed, F and Rahman, M and Akter, N and Johnston, D and Ahmed, KM},
title = {Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Communities Through Wastewater Surveillance-a Potential Approach for Estimation of Disease Burden.},
journal = {Current pollution reports},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-7},
pmid = {33842197},
issn = {2198-6592},
abstract = {The episodic outbreak of COVID-19 due to SARS-CoV-2 is severely affecting the economy, and the global count of infected patients is increasing. The actual number of patients had been underestimated due to limited facilities for testing as well as asymptomatic nature of the expression of COVID-19 on individual basis. Tragically, for emerging economies with high population density, the situation has been more complex due to insufficient testing facilities for diagnosis of the disease. However, the recent reports about persistent shedding of viral RNA of SARS-CoV-2 in the human feces have created a possibility to track the prevalence and trends of the disease in communities, known as wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). In this article, we highlight the current limitations and future prospects for WBE to manage pandemics.},
}
@article {pmid33842083,
year = {2021},
author = {Chalil, A and Baker, CS and Johnston, RB and Just, C and Debicki, DB and Mayich, MS and Bosma, KJ and Steven, DA},
title = {Acute Hemorrhagic Encephalitis Related to COVID-19.},
journal = {Neurology. Clinical practice},
volume = {11},
number = {2},
pages = {e147-e151},
pmid = {33842083},
issn = {2163-0402},
abstract = {Purpose of Review: The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the most critical public health challenge in recent history. In this report, we present a case of suspected acute hemorrhagic encephalitis with bilateral intracranial hemorrhages associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection.<br><br>Recent Findings: A 48-year-old female COVID-19-positive patient developed acute changes in her neurologic status. A head CT with CT angiography demonstrated extensive bilateral parietal and occipital intraparenchymal hemorrhage with intraventricular extension and acute hydrocephalus. The patient was treated with an external ventricular drain, and a CSF sample was tested for SARS-CoV-2 but was found to be negative.<br><br>Summary: The underlying mechanism for developing acute hemorrhagic encephalitis in viral illnesses may be autoimmune in nature and warrants further investigation. The initial neurologic presentation of COVID-19-related hemorrhagic encephalitis is altered level of consciousness, which may prompt further neurologic examination and imaging to exclude this feature.},
}
@article {pmid33842082,
year = {2021},
author = {Nordvig, AS and Fong, KT and Willey, JZ and Thakur, KT and Boehme, AK and Vargas, WS and Smith, CJ and Elkind, MSV},
title = {Potential Neurologic Manifestations of COVID-19.},
journal = {Neurology. Clinical practice},
volume = {11},
number = {2},
pages = {e135-e146},
pmid = {33842082},
issn = {2163-0402},
abstract = {Purpose of Review: Neurologic complications are increasingly recognized in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. COVID-19 is caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This coronavirus is related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and other human coronavirus-related illnesses that are associated with neurologic symptoms. These symptoms raise the question of a neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV-2.<br><br>Recent Findings: Potential neurologic symptoms and syndromes of SARS-CoV-2 include headache, fatigue, dizziness, anosmia, ageusia, anorexia, myalgias, meningoencephalitis, hemorrhage, altered consciousness, Guillain-Barré syndrome, syncope, seizure, and stroke. In addition, we discuss neurologic effects of other coronaviruses, special considerations for management of neurologic patients, and possible long-term neurologic and public health sequelae.<br><br>Summary: As SARS-CoV-2 is projected to infect a large part of the world's population, understanding the potential neurologic implications of COVID-19 will help neurologists and others recognize and intervene in neurologic morbidity during and after the pandemic of 2020.},
}
@article {pmid33842072,
year = {2021},
author = {High, B and Hixon, AM and Tyler, KL and Piquet, AL and Pelak, VS},
title = {Neurology and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Gathering Data for an Informed Response.},
journal = {Neurology. Clinical practice},
volume = {11},
number = {2},
pages = {e48-e63},
pmid = {33842072},
issn = {2163-0402},
abstract = {Purpose of Review: The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is one of the greatest medical crises faced by our current generation of health care providers. Although much remains to be learned about the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2, there is both historical precedent from other coronaviruses and a growing number of case reports and series that point to neurologic consequences of COVID-19.<br><br>Recent Findings: Olfactory/taste disturbances and increased risk of strokes and encephalopathies have emerged as potential consequences of COVID-19 infection. Evidence regarding whether these sequelae result indirectly from systemic infection or directly from neuroinvasion by SARS-CoV-2 is emerging.<br><br>Summary: This review summarizes the current understanding of SARS-CoV-2 placed in context with our knowledge of other human coronaviruses. Evidence and data regarding neurologic sequelae of COVID-19 and the neuroinvasive potential of human coronaviruses are provided along with a summary of patient registries of interest to the Neurology community.},
}
@article {pmid33842018,
year = {2021},
author = {Pluskota-Karwatka, D and Hoffmann, M and Barciszewski, J},
title = {Reducing SARS-CoV-2 Pathological Protein Activity with Small Molecules.},
journal = {Journal of pharmaceutical analysis},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33842018},
issn = {2214-0883},
abstract = {Coronaviruses are dangerous human and animal pathogens. The newly identified coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of COVID-19 outbreak, which is a real threat to human health and life. The world has been struggling with this epidemic for about a year, yet there are still no targeted drugs and effective treatments are very limited. Due to the long process of developing new drugs, reposition of existing ones is one of the best ways to deal with an epidemic of emergency infectious diseases. Among the existing drugs there are candidates which are potentially able to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 replication, and thus infection with the virus. Some therapeutics target several proteins, and many diseases share molecular paths. In such cases, the use of existing pharmaceuticals for more than one purposes can reduce the time needed to design new drugs. The aim of this review was to analyse the key targets of viral infection and potential drugs acting on them, as well as to discuss various strategies and therapeutic approaches, including the possible use of natural products. We highlight the approach based on increasing the involvement of human deaminases, particularly APOBEC deaminases in editing of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. This can reduce the cytosine content in the viral genome leading to the loss of its integrity. We also indicate the nucleic acid technologies as potential approaches for COVID-19 treatment. Among numerous promising natural products, we point out curcumin and cannabidiol as good candidates for being anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents.},
}
@article {pmid33841878,
year = {2021},
author = {Ibekwe, T and Ibekwe, P and Orimadegun, EA},
title = {Third force in the treatment of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Annals of medicine and surgery (2012)},
volume = {65},
number = {},
pages = {102218},
pmid = {33841878},
issn = {2049-0801},
abstract = {Background: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV2) depends on RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) enzyme complex for its genomic replications and thus can be inhibited by nucleoside analogues. An example is Remdesivir, which is a non-obligate chain terminator of RdRp. Therefore, we investigate the activities of Remdesivir against COVID-19.<br><br>Method: This is a systematic-review and meta-analysis of the literature on the effectiveness of Remdesivir in the management of COVID-19 through MEDLINE (from Jan 2019 to January 2021), EMBASE (from Jan 2019 to January 2021), Publics Ovidius Naso (Ovoid), Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials in Issue 1 of 12, January 2021. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist was applied and the questions generated in conformity with the participants, interventions, comparisons, outcomes, and study design (PICOS). Statistical analysis was performed in Stata v. 12.1 (StataCorp, Texas USA).<br><br>Results: The outcome of the reviewed relevant journals and the cross-references including clinical trials, systematic reviews and metanalysis were documented. Out of 569,000 articles, 11 roundly-suited the inclusion criteria. The comparative effects of Remdesivir on death (OR = 0.79; 95% CI = 0.57, 1.08) and recovery (OR = 2.22; p5% CI = 1.80, 2.73) were calculated.<br><br>Conclusion: Remdesivir is useful in the treatment of COVID-19 especially the severe disease. However, it should be used with caution since all the adverse effects are not known. We recommend Remdesivir as an alternative/third-force in the treatment of severe and critical COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33841741,
year = {2021},
author = {Lourenço, S and Lopes, JV and Boog, GH and Chinelatto, L and Hojaij, F},
title = {Novel COVID-19 Intersections with Dentistry: Approaches to protection.},
journal = {Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {e406-e411},
pmid = {33841741},
issn = {1989-5488},
abstract = {Background: COVID-19 outbreak brought many challenges to the society and to health care systems. Health care professionals in dental practices are a high-risk population, due to close contact to saliva and aerosols. Specific guidance for those professionals is essential to control disease transmission and guarantee dentist's health.<br><br>Material and Methods: We performed a literature review based on online search in Pubmed, Scientific Electronic Library, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde and Scopus databases. Included articles were fully read and analysed regarding infection control measurements, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), conditions for procedures and use of mouthrinse.<br><br>Results: Nineteen articles were added to this review. The majority of them recommended maintaining only urgency treatments, with use of rubber dam and mouthrinse before procedures.<br><br>Conclusions: The data collected suggests dental care should be performed under strict protection measures such as a pre-check questionnaire prior to any dental procedure; postponing elective dental treatments and following infection control security procedures may be strategic at this point. The use of adequate PPE for procedures is recommended. Supplementary measures should rise from further understanding of the pandemics. Key words:COVID-19, dentistry, practice.},
}
@article {pmid33841627,
year = {2021},
author = {Wang, S and Ye, J and Kang, Z and Peng, H and Mackey, V and Sun, L},
title = {The COVID-19 pandemic and the potential treatment of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.},
journal = {American journal of translational research},
volume = {13},
number = {3},
pages = {871-881},
pmid = {33841627},
issn = {1943-8141},
abstract = {Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus and the seventh that can infect human beings and result in severe and acute respiratory syndrome and deaths. Currently, the world is undergoing a global health emergency due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. As of May 18, SARS-CoV-2 has spread to over two hundred countries and infected more than 4.8 million people, resulting in over 300,000 deaths since the first case of a novel pneumonia (COVID-19) patient was discovered in Wuhan, China at the end of December 2019. Currently, there are no effective and/or approved targeting drugs for it though various supportive therapy drugs such as small molecule drugs, vaccines, antibodies and even Chinese herb medicines have been used in the treatment of the first-line patients. However, certain drugs such as remdesivir and S416 are under clinical investigation and may become therapeutic drugs. In this article, we review and discuss SARS-CoV-2, its person-to-person transmission, genomics and proteomics, and the potential for drug development.},
}
@article {pmid33841622,
year = {2021},
author = {Fincham, JE},
title = {Negative Consequences of the Widespread and Inappropriate Easy Access to Purchasing Prescription Medications on the Internet.},
journal = {American health &amp; drug benefits},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {22-28},
pmid = {33841622},
issn = {1942-2962},
abstract = {Background: The purchase of prescription medications via the Internet is a global phenomenon with significant economic, social, and health-related impacts. The growth of online purchasing of prescription medicines is significant and has been amplified by social isolation related to the COVID-19 pandemic, with many patients unable to obtain medicines as they normally would. By contrast, there are licensed, certified, legitimate retail pharmacies that provide significant and vital services to patients.<br><br>Objective: To review the major public health threat from illegal entities that sell any type of prescription medicines to individuals without proper physician oversight.<br><br>Discussion: Rogue and inappropriate online vendors are providing counterfeit and substandard medications fraudulently with untold impacts on morbidity and mortality globally. This article presents the differentiation between the types of legal and illegal Internet pharmacies, as well as the actions that are currently in play to affect the illegal online purchase of prescription medicines. Much must be done in a collaborative, global effort to address the public health threat of obtaining prescription drugs via the Internet.<br><br>Conclusion: Global, federal, state, health professional, societal, and patient-specific collaborations are necessary to affect the significant threat that is now present via the increasing ease of access to online medication purchases.},
}
@article {pmid33841439,
year = {2021},
author = {Garcia-Del-Barco, D and Risco-Acevedo, D and Berlanga-Acosta, J and Martos-Benítez, FD and Guillén-Nieto, G},
title = {Revisiting Pleiotropic Effects of Type I Interferons: Rationale for Its Prophylactic and Therapeutic Use Against SARS-CoV-2.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {655528},
pmid = {33841439},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {The pandemic distribution of SARS-CoV-2 together with its particular feature of inactivating the interferon-based endogenous response and accordingly, impairing the innate immunity, has become a challenge for the international scientific and medical community. Fortunately, recombinant interferons as therapeutic products have accumulated a long history of beneficial therapeutic results in the treatment of chronic and acute viral diseases and also in the therapy of some types of cancer. One of the first antiviral treatments during the onset of COVID-19 in China was based on the use of recombinant interferon alfa 2b, so many clinicians began to use it, not only as therapy but also as a prophylactic approach, mainly in medical personnel. At the same time, basic research on interferons provided new insights that have contributed to a much better understanding of how treatment with interferons, initially considered as antivirals, actually has a much broader pharmacological scope. In this review, we briefly describe interferons, how they are induced in the event of a viral infection, and how they elicit signaling after contact with their specific receptor on target cells. Additionally, some of the genes stimulated by type I interferons are described, as well as the way interferon-mediated signaling is torpedoed by coronaviruses and in particular by SARS-CoV-2. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) gene is one of the interferon response genes. Although for many scientists this fact could result in an adverse effect of interferon treatment in COVID-19 patients, ACE2 expression contributes to the balance of the renin-angiotensin system, which is greatly affected by SARS-CoV-2 in its internalization into the cell. This manuscript also includes the relationship between type I interferons and neutrophils, NETosis, and interleukin 17. Finally, under the subtitle of &quot;take-home messages&quot;, we discuss the rationale behind a timely treatment with interferons in the context of COVID-19 is emphasized.},
}
@article {pmid33841435,
year = {2021},
author = {Reusch, N and De Domenico, E and Bonaguro, L and Schulte-Schrepping, J and Baßler, K and Schultze, JL and Aschenbrenner, AC},
title = {Neutrophils in COVID-19.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {652470},
pmid = {33841435},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {Strong evidence has been accumulated since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic that neutrophils play an important role in the pathophysiology, particularly in those with severe disease courses. While originally considered to be a rather homogeneous cell type, recent attention to neutrophils has uncovered their fascinating transcriptional and functional diversity as well as their developmental trajectories. These new findings are important to better understand the many facets of neutrophil involvement not only in COVID-19 but also many other acute or chronic inflammatory diseases, both communicable and non-communicable. Here, we highlight the observed immune deviation of neutrophils in COVID-19 and summarize several promising therapeutic attempts to precisely target neutrophils and their reactivity in patients with COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33841296,
year = {2021},
author = {Tseng, YH and Chen, TH},
title = {Care for Patients With Neuromuscular Disorders in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era.},
journal = {Frontiers in neurology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {607790},
pmid = {33841296},
issn = {1664-2295},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has prompted a rapid and unprecedented reorganization of medical institutions, affecting clinical care for patients with chronic neurological diseases. Although there is no evidence that patients with neuromuscular disorders (NMD) confer a higher infection risk of COVID-19, NMD and its associated therapies may affect the patient's ability to cope with infection or its systemic effects. Moreover, there is a concern that patients with chronic NMD may be at increased risk of manifesting severe symptoms of COVID-19. In particular, as respiratory compromises account for the major cause of mortality and morbidity in NMD patients, newly emerging data also show that the risk of exacerbation caused by COVID-19 accumulates in this particular patient group. For example, patients with motor neuron disease and dystrophinopathies often have ventilatory muscle weakness or cardiomyopathy, which may increase the risk of severe COVID-19 infection. Thus, the COVID-19 pandemic may severely affect NMD patients. Several neurological associations and neuromuscular networks have recently guided the impact of COVID-19 on patients with NMD, especially in managing cardiopulmonary involvements. It is recommended that patients with moderate- to high-risk NMD be sophisticatedly monitored to reduce the risk of rapid decline in cardiopulmonary function or potential deterioration of the underlying NMD. However, limited neuromuscular-specific recommendations for NMD patients who contract COVID-19 and outcome data are lacking. There is an urgent need to properly modify the respiratory care method for NMD patients, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusively, COVID-19 is a rapidly evolving field, and the practical guidelines for the management of NMD patients are frequently revised. There must be a close collaboration in a multidisciplinary care team that should support their hospital to define a standardized care method for NMD patients during the COVID pandemic. This article reviews evidence-based practical guidelines regarding care delivery, modification, and education, highlighting the need for team-based and interspecialty collaboration.},
}
@article {pmid33841284,
year = {2021},
author = {Fowers, BJ and Novak, LF and Calder, AJ and Sommer, RK},
title = {Courage, Justice, and Practical Wisdom as Key Virtues in the Era of COVID-19.},
journal = {Frontiers in psychology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {647912},
pmid = {33841284},
issn = {1664-1078},
abstract = {Fowers et al. (2017) recently made a general argument for virtues as the characteristics necessary for individuals to flourish, given inherent human limitations. For example, people can flourish by developing the virtue of friendship as they navigate the inherent (healthy) human dependency on others. This general argument also illuminates a pathway to flourishing during the COVID-19 pandemic, the risks of which have induced powerful fears, exacerbated injustices, and rendered life and death decisions far more common. Contexts of risk and fear call for the virtue of courage. Courage has emerged more powerfully as a central virtue among medical personnel, first responders, and essential workers. Longstanding inequalities have been highlighted during the pandemic, calling for the virtue of justice. When important personal and public health decisions must be made, the central virtue of practical wisdom comes to the fore. Wise decisions and actions incorporate the recognition of relevant moral concerns and aims, as well as responding in fitting and practical ways to the specifics of the situation. Practicing courage, justice, and practical wisdom illuminates a path to flourishing, even in a pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid33841058,
year = {2021},
author = {Yoganandhan, A and Rajesh Kanna, G and Subhash, SD and Hebinson Jothi, J},
title = {Retrospective and prospective application of robots and artificial intelligence in global pandemic and epidemic diseases.},
journal = {Vacunas},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33841058},
issn = {1576-9887},
abstract = {About 4.25% of people have lost their lives due to COVID-19 disease, among SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. In an unforeseen situation, approximately 25,000 frontline healthcare workers have also been infected by this disease while providing treatment to the infected patients. In this devastating scenario, without any drug or vaccine available for the treatment, frontline healthcare workers are highly prone to viral infection. However, some countries are drastically facing a shortage of healthcare workers in hospitals.<br><br>Methods: The literature search was conducted in ScienceDirect and ResearchGate, using words &quot;Medical Robots&quot;, and &quot;AI in Covid-19&quot; as descriptors. To identify and evaluate the articles that create the impact of robots and artificial intelligence in pandemic diseases. Eligible articles were included publications and laboratory studies before and after covid-19 and also the prospective and retrospective of application of Robots and AI.<br><br>Conclusion: In this pandemic situation, robots were employed in some countries during the COVID-19 outbreak, which are medical robots, UV-disinfectant robots, social robots, drones, and COBOTS. Implementation of these robots was found effective in successful disease management, treatment, most importantly ensures the safety of healthcare workers. Mainly, the Disposal of deceased bodies and the location and transportation of infected patients to hospitals and hospitals were tough tasks and risk of infection. These tasks will be performed by employing mobile robots and automated guided robots respectively. Therefore, in the future, advanced automated robots would be a promising choice in hospitals and healthcare centers to minimize the risk of frontline healthcare workers.},
}
@article {pmid33841050,
year = {2021},
author = {Ridder, MP and Paladino, KD and Lowe, JJ and Rupp, ME},
title = {A Practical Approach to Filtering Facepiece Respirator Decontamination and Reuse: Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation.},
journal = {Current treatment options in infectious diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-12},
pmid = {33841050},
issn = {1523-3820},
abstract = {Purpose of review: Prior outbreaks of respiratory viruses have demonstrated the need for adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) for healthcare workers, particularly filtering facepiece respirators (FFR). Due to shortfalls of PPE during the SARS CoV-2 pandemic, the need for FFR decontamination and reuse (FFR-DR) strategies is paramount. This paper aims to discuss primary decontamination strategies, with an in-depth analysis of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), arriving at the decontamination strategy utilized at the Nebraska Medical Center (NMC).<br><br>Methods: Review of the primary literature in regard to FFR-DR as well as a synopsis of the current protocol for FFR-DR at NMC.<br><br>Recent findings: UVGI demonstrates effective decontamination of multiple pathogens-including several human respiratory viruses-while maintaining mask integrity and filtering capacity. UVGI was associated with degradation of strap integrity at higher doses than that utilized for decontamination or with reuse beyond 20 times.<br><br>Summary: UVGI effectively decontaminates N95 FFRs without significant reduction to fit or strap integrity and can be employed as a strategy for FFR-DR in times of emergency.},
}
@article {pmid33840973,
year = {2021},
author = {Zope, SA and Zope, RA and Biri, GA and Zope, CS},
title = {Sudarshan Kriya Yoga: A Breath of Hope during COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {International journal of yoga},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {18-25},
pmid = {33840973},
issn = {0973-6131},
abstract = {Important counter measures to combat an infectious disease pandemic include vaccination, antiviral therapy, and immunomodulation therapy. Vaccinations are disease specific and moreover strain specific, so the protection provided is also specific and limited. Antiviral therapies are costly and require bulk production of drugs, hence globally there is an increased interest toward low-risk, cost-effective complementary alternative therapies, such as Yoga and Ayurveda to tackle the infectious pandemic, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). There is clinical evidence available on the potential complementary role of yogic practices in the management of noncommunicable and communicable diseases. Various online databases were searched for articles published between 2000 and 2020. Databases explored were Medline, EMBASE, Indian Citation Index, PsycINFO, Index Medicus for South-East Asia Region, and Google Scholar. All search results were screened, and articles related to keywords such as COVID-19, yoga therapy, and Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) were selected for data extraction. Quality of the studies included was evaluated on the basis of the construct validity, content validity, relevance, bias, credibility relating to information, and data sources. SKY is a unique yogic practice that includes specific sequential breathing techniques. It balances the autonomic nervous system and thus can alleviate anxiety, routine stress, depression, stress-related medical disorders, and posttraumatic stress. It potentiates natural host immune defenses that are essential to tackle a plethora of microbial infections. This narrative review article provides an overview of potential therapeutic benefits that SKY can offer to the population at large during this COVID-19 pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid33840920,
year = {2020},
author = {Mahajan, RK and Paul, G and Mahajan, R and Gautam, PL and Paul, B},
title = {Systemic manifestations of COVID-19.},
journal = {Journal of anaesthesiology, clinical pharmacology},
volume = {36},
number = {4},
pages = {435-442},
pmid = {33840920},
issn = {0970-9185},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused due to a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has swept across the planet and has become a public health emergency of international concern. Like other coronaviruses, it predominantly involves the respiratory system. However, several atypical manifestations of the disease have been reported worldwide in a short span of time. Almost all organ systems (cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, renal, hepatic, endocrine, and nervous system) have been reported to be involved. This review concisely summarizes the systemic effects of COVID-19, thus emphasizing that the disease can present in various forms and the healthcare workers need to be extra vigilant, approaching all patients with a high index of suspicion.},
}
@article {pmid33840861,
year = {2021},
author = {Mccalmon, S and Galappaththy, SL and Bulchandani, S and Cabandugama, PK},
title = {Fasting off &quot;The COVID-19&quot;.},
journal = {Missouri medicine},
volume = {118},
number = {2},
pages = {164-167},
pmid = {33840861},
issn = {0026-6620},
abstract = {The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has led to an increase in sedentary lifestyles compounded with the loss of access to public exercise facilities and limited fresh grocery supply. With the multitude of possible diet options available, how do you choose one that works with your lifestyle, financial means, and ultimately proves to be most effective? In this article, we review the medical benefits and challenges of several different types of fasting diets that can be adopted by the general public.},
}
@article {pmid33840847,
year = {2021},
author = {Shevel, E},
title = {Conditions Favoring Increased COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortality: Their Common Denominator and its Early Treatment.},
journal = {Missouri medicine},
volume = {118},
number = {2},
pages = {113-115},
pmid = {33840847},
issn = {0026-6620},
abstract = {The factors contributing to increased morbidity and mortality in SARS-CoV-2 infection are diverse, and include diabetes, obesity, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), advanced age, and male sex. Although there is no obvious connection between these, they do have one common denominator-they all have a tendency towards lower urine pH, which may indicate a lower-than-normal tissue pH. Furthermore, it has been shown that lower pH has two important negative influences: 1) it enhances viral fusion via the endosomal route, thereby facilitating viral multiplication; and 2) it facilitates increased production of inflammatory cytokines, thereby exacerbating the cytokine storm. This paper discusses published literature on lower tissue/interstitial pH in those diseases/co-morbidities that are known risk factors of severe COVID-19, and hypothesize that small doses of baking soda could be a simple, cost-effective, and rapid method of reducing both morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 patients.},
}
@article {pmid33840819,
year = {2021},
author = {Kumar, S and Shah, B and Johari, A and Anjum, R and Garg, D and Salhotra, R and Tyagi, A and Khan, AM and Jain, AK},
title = {Covid-19 Pandemic: Resumption of Orthopedic Care and Medical Education.},
journal = {Indian journal of orthopaedics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-10},
pmid = {33840819},
issn = {0019-5413},
abstract = {Covid-19 is a respiratory disease caused by coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) first identified in Wuhan, China (December 2019). The disease rapidly crossed the barrier of countries, continents and spread globally. Non-pharmaceutical measures such as social distancing, face mask, frequent hand washing and use of sanitizer remained the best available option to prevent the spread of disease. OPD, IPD admissions, elective O. Ts were curtailed. Orthopedic care was only limited to emergency and semi-urgent procedures like necrotizing fasciitis, open fracture, and compartment syndrome. These measures were taken to preserve infrastructure and manpower to manage covid-19 pandemic. The children were thought to have a low susceptibility to covid-19 as compared to an adult. Deferring the patient during pandemic has led to high orthopedic disease burden, morbidity and disease-related sequelae, hence elective care must be resumed with modified hospital infrastructure. Resumption of elective/emergent orthopedic care should be slow, phasic and strategic, much similar to unlocking. Cases must be stratified depending on covid status and severity. Dedicated O.Ts with neutral/negative pressure and HEPA filter for covid positive and suspected patients are to be used. All symptomatic and suspected patients should be investigated for covid-19 by RT-PCR, blood counts and CT scan. Regional anaesthesia should be preferred to General anaesthesia. Power drill/saw/burr/pulse lavage should be minimized to avoid aerosol generation. Postoperatively continuous surveillance and monitoring to be done for covid related symptoms. Medical institutes rapidly shifted to the online mode of education. Blended learning (virtual &amp; physical) and imparting skills have to be continued in post covid phase with equitable distribution of teaching hours to students of different years.},
}
@article {pmid33839522,
year = {2021},
author = {Yang, S and Liu, T and Xiong, J and Teng, Y and Guo, Y and Yu, S and Zeng, F},
title = {Traditional Chinese exercise potential role as prevention and adjuvant therapy in patients with COVID-19.},
journal = {Complementary therapies in clinical practice},
volume = {43},
number = {},
pages = {101379},
doi = {10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101379},
pmid = {33839522},
issn = {1873-6947},
abstract = {The epidemic situation of COVID-19 is a great public health emergency worldwide characterized by fastest spreading, widest infection range and the mostly difficult to prevent and control in recent years. According to medical experience, traditional Chinese exercises (TCE) have been applied for COVID-19 prevention, adjuvant treatment or rehabilitation, and achieved some curative effects. They can enhance the body immunity, improve the function of organs, especially cardiopulmonary function, promote physical and mental rehabilitation by adjusting the body, regulating the breath, regulating the mind. This paper aims to investigate the potential value of TCE for health preservation in the prevention and adjuvant treatment for COVID-19 according to an overview of application and analysis of existing evidence. On this basis, this review proposed the TCE plan by visiting clinical and practice experts, so as to provide some references for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 with TCE in the world.},
}
@article {pmid33839470,
year = {2021},
author = {Metzl, JM and McKay, T and Piemonte, JL},
title = {Structural competency and the future of firearm research.},
journal = {Social science &amp; medicine (1982)},
volume = {277},
number = {},
pages = {113879},
doi = {10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113879},
pmid = {33839470},
issn = {1873-5347},
abstract = {In this critical literature review we develop a five-part agenda for pandemic-era research into mass shootings and multiple-victim homicides that promotes understanding the psychologies of individual shooters within larger structures and systems. We show how the momentous events set in motion by the COVID-19 virus, and the structural drivers of inequity and racism that its spread exposed, challenge mental health research on gun trauma to better account for broader terrains of race and place, as well as the tensions, politics, and assumptions that surround guns in the U.S. more broadly. Doing so will broaden mental-health interventions into epidemics of U.S. gun trauma, and challenge mental health research better recognize structural biases inherent in its own purview. We frame the agenda through the rubric of structural competency, an emerging framework that systematically trains health care professionals and others to recognize ways that institutions, neighborhood conditions, market forces, public policies, and health care delivery systems shape symptoms and diseases. Developing a structural framework around research into U.S. gun violence addresses the risks, traumas, meanings, and consequences that firearms represent for all communities-and highlights the importance of a renewed focus on mental health and safety for communities of color. Recognizing how gun violence reflects and encapsulates structures helps mental health experts address common sense gun policies within broader contexts-by fighting against structural racism or racially inflected gun policies for instance, or against economic policies that undermine access to mental health care more broadly.},
}
@article {pmid33839230,
year = {2021},
author = {Schoenmaker, L and Witzigmann, D and Kulkarni, JA and Verbeke, R and Kersten, G and Jiskoot, W and Crommelin, D},
title = {mRNA-lipid nanoparticle COVID-19 vaccines: structure and stability.},
journal = {International journal of pharmaceutics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {120586},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120586},
pmid = {33839230},
issn = {1873-3476},
abstract = {A drawback of the current mRNA-lipid nanoparticle (LNP) COVID-19 vaccines is that they have to be stored at (ultra)low temperatures. Understanding the root cause of the instability of these vaccines may help to rationally improve mRNA-LNP product stability and thereby ease the temperature conditions for storage. In this review we discuss proposed structures of mRNA-LNPs, factors that impact mRNA-LNP stability and strategies to optimize mRNA-LNP product stability. Analysis of mRNA-LNP structures reveals that mRNA, the ionizable cationic lipid and water are present in the LNP core. The neutral helper lipids are mainly positioned in the outer, encapsulating, wall. mRNA hydrolysis is the determining factor for mRNA-LNP instability. It is currently unknown whether water in the LNP core can interact with the mRNA and to what extent the degradation prone sites of mRNA are protected through a coat of ionizable cationic lipids. To improve the stability of mRNA-LNP vaccines, optimization of the mRNA nucleotide composition should be prioritized. Secondly, a better understanding of the milieu the mRNA is exposed to in the core of LNPs may help to rationalize adjustments to the LNP structure to preserve mRNA integrity. Moreover, drying techniques, such as lyophilization, are promising options still to be explored.},
}
@article {pmid33839229,
year = {2021},
author = {Asadullah Sharief, S and Chahal, P and Alocilja, E},
title = {Application of DNA sequences in anti-counterfeiting: Current progress and challenges.},
journal = {International journal of pharmaceutics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {120580},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120580},
pmid = {33839229},
issn = {1873-3476},
abstract = {Counterfeiting has never been more challenging than during the COVID-19 pandemic as counterfeit test kits and therapeutics have been discovered in the market. Current anti-counterfeiting labels have weaknesses: they can either be duplicated easily, are expensive or ill-suited for the existing complex supply chains. While RFID tags provide for an excellent alternative to current anti-counterfeiting methods, they can prove to be expensive and other routes involving nanomaterials can be difficult to encrypt. A DNA based anticounterfeiting system has significant advantages such as relative ease of synthesis and vast data storage abilities, along with great potential in encryption. Although DNA is equipped with such beneficial properties, major challenges that limit its real-world anti-counterfeiting applications include protection in harsh environments, rapid inexpensive sequence determination, and its attachment to products. This review elaborates the current progress of DNA based anti-counterfeiting systems and identifies technological gaps that need to be filled for its practical application. Progress made on addressing the primary challenges associated with the use of DNA, and potential solutions are discussed.},
}
@article {pmid33839044,
year = {2021},
author = {Relph, S and Thangaratinam, S},
title = {Maternal medicine in the COVID era.},
journal = {Best practice &amp; research. Clinical obstetrics &amp; gynaecology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2021.03.003},
pmid = {33839044},
issn = {1532-1932},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has directly and indirectly impacted pregnant women with co-morbidities or antenatal medical complications, through vulnerability to the severe effects of COVID-19 and service reconfiguration. Women with diabetes or hypertension in pregnancy are at higher risk of admission to intensive care, need for invasive ventilation and death from COVID-19. Suggested service modifications specific to maternal medicine services include home measurement of blood glucose or blood pressure, the use of risk calculators, adaptations to screening criteria for gestational diabetes and monitoring of obstetric cholestasis. Neither the added risk of COVID-19 on pregnant women with medical comorbidities nor the impact of maternal medicine service modifications has yet been established.},
}
@article {pmid33838990,
year = {2021},
author = {Nguyen, T and Buxton, JA},
title = {Pathways between COVID-19 public health responses and increasing overdose risks: A rapid review and conceptual framework.},
journal = {The International journal on drug policy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {103236},
doi = {10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103236},
pmid = {33838990},
issn = {1873-4758},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence indicates that illicit drug overdoses are increasing throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. There is a paucity of evidence on the causative pathways for this trend, but expert opinions, commentaries, and some reviews offer theoretical underpinnings.<br><br>METHODS: In this rapid review, we collate the available published evidence, expert opinions, commentaries, and reviews on the unintended pathways between COVID-19 public health responses and increasing illicit drug overdoses. Using tenets of thematic analyses and grounded theory, we also offer a visual conceptual framework for these unintended pathways.<br><br>RESULTS: Our framework focuses on five particular public health responses, namely social isolation/physical distancing/quarantine; staff/resource reallocations and reductions; closures of businesses and other places of employment; border closures and transportation restrictions; and the early release of people from prisons. As argued in the literature reviewed here, these public health responses have unintentionally created increased overdose risks by producing high risk use scenarios; increased risks of relapsing; disrupted addictions services and treatment; an increasingly toxic supply of drugs; and the risk of using with lowered tolerance.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Health care systems should respond to these pathways to mitigate the unintended consequences. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic may represent an opportunity to enact proactive, progressive, and innovative solutions to an overdose crisis that will surely outlast the current pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid33838738,
year = {2021},
author = {Hinchliffe, S and Manderson, L and Moore, M},
title = {Planetary healthy publics after COVID-19.},
journal = {The Lancet. Planetary health},
volume = {5},
number = {4},
pages = {e230-e236},
doi = {10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00050-4},
pmid = {33838738},
issn = {2542-5196},
abstract = {COVID-19 is a sign of a global malaise. The pandemic is an outcome of what we term a planetary dysbiosis, for which underlining drivers include inequality and the exploitation and extraction of human and non-human labours. The implication is that the usual fixes to outbreaks of infectious diseases (ie, surveillance, pharmaceutical measures, and non-pharmaceutical measures) will be insufficient without a thorough reappraisal of and investment in planetary health. Given the heterogeneity and diversity of environments and populations, we envisage these actions as a matter for the generation of new kinds of public, requiring widespread and multiple forms of engagement to generate lasting solutions. We use and extend the concept of healthy publics to suggest a movement that can start to reclaim planetary health as a collective and ongoing issue.},
}
@article {pmid33838723,
year = {2021},
author = {Li, L and Wang, K and Chen, Z and Koplan, JP},
title = {US-China health exchange and collaboration following COVID-19.},
journal = {Lancet (London, England)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00734-0},
pmid = {33838723},
issn = {1474-547X},
abstract = {Strong US-China collaboration on health and medicine is a crucial element of the global effort against COVID-19. We review the history of health collaboration and exchanges between the public and private sectors in the USA and China, including the long-lasting collaboration between governmental public health agencies of the two countries. Academic and scientific exchanges should be reinvigorated and the increasing valuable role of non-profit foundations acknowledged. The shared interests of the two countries and the magnitude of the pandemic necessitate both countries to collaborate and cooperate. We provide recommendations to the two governments and the global health community to control the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and prepare for future threats. TRANSLATION: For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.},
}
@article {pmid33838685,
year = {2021},
author = {Katoto, PDMC and Brand, AS and Bakan, B and Obadia, PM and Kuhangana, C and Kayembe-Kitenge, T and Kitenge, JP and Nkulu, CBL and Vanoirbeek, J and Nawrot, TS and Hoet, P and Nemery, B},
title = {Acute and chronic exposure to air pollution in relation with incidence, prevalence, severity and mortality of COVID-19: a rapid systematic review.},
journal = {Environmental health : a global access science source},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {41},
pmid = {33838685},
issn = {1476-069X},
support = {1D43TW010937-01A1.//US National Institutes of Health (NIH)-Fogarty Postdoctoral Fellowship (University of Pittsburgh and Stellenbosch University)/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Air pollution is one of the world's leading mortality risk factors contributing to seven million deaths annually. COVID-19 pandemic has claimed about one million deaths in less than a year. However, it is unclear whether exposure to acute and chronic air pollution influences the COVID-19 epidemiologic curve.<br><br>METHODS: We searched for relevant studies listed in six electronic databases between December 2019 and September 2020. We applied no language or publication status limits. Studies presented as original articles, studies that assessed risk, incidence, prevalence, or lethality of COVID-19 in relation with exposure to either short-term or long-term exposure to ambient air pollution were included. All patients regardless of age, sex and location diagnosed as having COVID-19 of any severity were taken into consideration. We synthesised results using harvest plots based on effect direction.<br><br>RESULTS: Included studies were cross-sectional (n = 10), retrospective cohorts (n = 9), ecological (n = 6 of which two were time-series) and hypothesis (n = 1). Of these studies, 52 and 48% assessed the effect of short-term and long-term pollutant exposure, respectively and one evaluated both. Pollutants mostly studied were PM2.5 (64%), NO2 (50%), PM10 (43%) and O3 (29%) for acute effects and PM2.5 (85%), NO2 (39%) and O3 (23%) then PM10 (15%) for chronic effects. Most assessed COVID-19 outcomes were incidence and mortality rate. Acutely, pollutants independently associated with COVID-19 incidence and mortality were first PM2.5 then PM10, NO2 and O3 (only for incident cases). Chronically, similar relationships were found for PM2.5 and NO2. High overall risk of bias judgments (86 and 39% in short-term and long-term exposure studies, respectively) was predominantly due to a failure to adjust aggregated data for important confounders, and to a lesser extent because of a lack of comparative analysis.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The body of evidence indicates that both acute and chronic exposure to air pollution can affect COVID-19 epidemiology. The evidence is unclear for acute exposure due to a higher level of bias in existing studies as compared to moderate evidence with chronic exposure. Public health interventions that help minimize anthropogenic pollutant source and socio-economic injustice/disparities may reduce the planetary threat posed by both COVID-19 and air pollution pandemics.},
}
@article {pmid33838614,
year = {2021},
author = {Rakhmat, II and Kusmala, YY and Handayani, DR and Juliastuti, H and Nawangsih, EN and Wibowo, A and Lim, MA and Pranata, R},
title = {Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) - A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression.},
journal = {Diabetes &amp; metabolic syndrome},
volume = {15},
number = {3},
pages = {777-782},
pmid = {33838614},
issn = {1878-0334},
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This study aims to synthesize evidence on dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor and mortality in COVID-19 patients and factors affecting it.<br><br>METHODS: We performed a systematic literature search from PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases from inception of databases up until 7 March 2021. Studies that met all of the following criteria were included: 1) observational studies or randomized controlled trials that report COVID-19 patients, 2) reporting DPP-4 inhibitor use, 3) mortality, and 4) mortality based on DPP-4 inhibitor use. The exposure was DPP-4 inhibitor, defined as DPP-4 inhibitor use that started prior to COVID-19 hospitalization. The control group was patients with no exposure to DPP-4 inhibitor. The outcome was mortality. The pooled effect estimate was reported as risk ratio (RR).<br><br>RESULTS: There were 4,477 patients from 9 studies in this systematic review and meta-analysis. 31% of (15%, 46%) the patients use DPP-4 inhibitor. Mortality occurs in 23% (15%, 31%) of the patients. DPP-4 inhibitor was associated with lower mortality in patients with COVID-19 (RR 0.76 [0.60, 0.97], p = 0.030, I2: 44.5%, p = 0.072). Meta-regression analysis showed that the association between DPP-4 inhibitor and mortality was significantly affected by metformin (RR 1.02 [1.00, 1.04], p = 0.048) and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ACEI/ARB) use (RR 1.04 [1.01, 1.07], p = 0.006), but not age (p = 0.759), sex (reference: male, p = 0.148), and hypertension (p = 0.218).<br><br>CONCLUSION: DPP-4 inhibitor use was associated with lower mortality in COVID-19 patients, and the association was weaker in patients who were also taking metformin and/or ACE inhibitors.},
}
@article {pmid33838330,
year = {2021},
author = {Poyraz, BM and Engin, ED and Engin, AB and Engin, A},
title = {The effect of environmental diesel exhaust pollution on SARS-CoV-2 infection: The mechanism of pulmonary ground glass opacity.},
journal = {Environmental toxicology and pharmacology},
volume = {86},
number = {},
pages = {103657},
doi = {10.1016/j.etap.2021.103657},
pmid = {33838330},
issn = {1872-7077},
abstract = {Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) are the major components of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) and chronic exposure is recognized to enhance respiratory system complications. Although the spread of SARS-CoV-2 was found to be associated with the PMs, the mechanism by which exposure to DEP increases the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection is still under discussion. However, diesel fine PM (dPM) elevate the probability of SARS-CoV-2 infection, as it coincides with the increase in the number of ACE2 receptors. Expression of ACE2 and its colocalized activator, transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) facilitate the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the alveolar epithelial cells exposed to dPM. Thus, the coexistence of PM and SARS-CoV-2 in the environment augments inflammation and exacerbates lung damage. Increased TGF-β1 expression due to DEP accompanies the proliferation of the extracellular matrix. In this case, &quot;multifocal ground-glass opacity&quot; (GGO) in a CT scan is an indication of a cytokine storm and severe pneumonia in COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33838319,
year = {2021},
author = {Barboza, JJ and Chambergo-Michilot, D and Velasquez-Sotomayor, M and Silva-Rengifo, C and Diaz-Arocutipa, C and Caballero-Alvarado, J and Garcia-Solorzano, FO and Alarcon-Ruiz, CA and Albitres-Flores, L and Malaga, G and Schlagenhauf, P and Rodriguez-Morales, AJ},
title = {Assessment and management of asymptomatic COVID-19 infection: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Travel medicine and infectious disease},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {102058},
pmid = {33838319},
issn = {1873-0442},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: COVID-19 can be asymptomatic in a substantial proportion of patients. The assessment and management of these patients constitute a key element to stop dissemination.<br><br>AIM: To describe the assessment and treatment of asymptomatic infection in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19.<br><br>METHODS: We searched five databases and search engines for preprints/preproofs, up to August 22, 2020. We included cohort, cross-sectional, and case series studies, reporting the assessment and management of asymptomatic individuals. We extracted data on total discharges with negative PCR, length of hospitalization, treatment, and number of patients who remained asymptomatic. A random-effects model with inverse variance method was used to calculate the pooled prevalence.<br><br>RESULTS: 41 studies (nine cross-sectional studies, five retrospective studies and 27 reports/case series; 647 asymptomatic individuals), were included, of which 47% were male (233/501). The age of patients was between 1month and 73 years. In patients who became symptomatic, length of hospitalization mean was 13.6 days (SD 6.4). Studies used lopinavir/ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine plus ritonavir/lopinavir, hydroxychloroquine with and without azithromycin, ribavirin plus interferon and interferon alfa. The proportion of individuals who remained asymptomatic was 91% (463/588 patients; 95%CI: 78.3%-98.7%); and asymptomatic individuals discharged with negative PCR was 86% (102/124 individuals; 95%CI: 58.4%-100%).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: There is no standard treatment for asymptomatic COVID-19 individuals. There are no studies of adequate design to make this decision. It has been shown that most asymptomatic individuals who were followed have recovered, but this cannot be attributed to standard treatment.},
}
@article {pmid33838275,
year = {2021},
author = {Colantuoni, E and Li, X and Hashem, MD and Girard, TD and Scharfstein, DO and Needham, DM},
title = {A structured methodology review showed analyses of functional outcomes are frequently limited to &quot;survivors only&quot; in trials enrolling patients at high risk of death.},
journal = {Journal of clinical epidemiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.03.027},
pmid = {33838275},
issn = {1878-5921},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: This structured methodology review evaluated statistical approaches used in RCTs enrolling patients at high risk of death and makes recommendations for reporting future RCTs.<br><br>STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Using PubMed, we searched for RCTs published in five general medicine journals from January 2014 to August 2019 wherein mortality was ≥10% in at least one randomized group. We abstracted primary and secondary outcomes, statistical analysis methods, and patient samples evaluated (all randomized patients vs. &quot;survivors only&quot;).<br><br>RESULTS: Of 1947 RCTs identified, 434 met eligibility criteria. Of the eligible RCTs, 91 (21%) and 351 (81%) had a primary or secondary functional outcome, respectively, of which 36 (40%) and 263 (75%) evaluated treatment effects among &quot;survivors only&quot;. In RCTs that analyzed all randomized patients, the most common methods included use of ordinal outcomes (e.g., modified Rankin Scale) or creating composite outcomes (primary: 41 of 91 [45%]; secondary: 57 of 351 [16%]).<br><br>CONCLUSION: In RCTs enrolling patients at high risk of death, statistical analyses of functional outcomes are frequently conducted among &quot;survivors only,&quot; for which conclusions might be misleading. Given the growing number of RCTs conducted among patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and other critical illnesses, standards for reporting should be created.},
}
@article {pmid33838164,
year = {2021},
author = {Succar, T and Beaver, HA and Lee, AG},
title = {Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Ophthalmology Medical Student Teaching: Educational Innovations, Challenges, and Future Directions.},
journal = {Survey of ophthalmology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.03.011},
pmid = {33838164},
issn = {1879-3304},
abstract = {Graduate medical education (GME) in ophthalmology has faced and overcome many challenges over the past years and 2020 has been a game-changing year. Although the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) pandemic disrupted medical education globally, ophthalmic educators rapidly transformed their curricula to novel and effective virtual learning formats. Thus, while the COVID-19 outbreak has been one of the most significant challenges faced in the history of medical education, it has also provided an impetus to develop innovative teaching practices, bringing with it unprecedented success in allowing medical students to continue their education in ophthalmology despite these challenges. We review and appraise novel educational interventions implemented by various institutions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting their effectiveness, challenges and proposing future directions beyond the pandemic. Many of these innovations will persist even after the end of the pandemic because they have proven that face-to-face learning is not required for all aspects of the ophthalmic GME curriculum. As ophthalmic educators harness the power of educational technology it is critical that their novel educational initiatives are incorporated into competency-based curricula with assessments mapped to the competencies. Future research should focus on evaluating the impact of this transformation to virtual learning environments on student performances as well as implementing longitudinal assessment strategies for clinical competence in workplace-based practice.},
}
@article {pmid33838089,
year = {2021},
author = {Badakhsh, M and Dastras, M and Sarchahi, Z and Doostkami, M and Mir, A and Bouya, S},
title = {Complementary and alternative medicine therapies and COVID-19: a systematic review.},
journal = {Reviews on environmental health},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1515/reveh-2021-0012},
pmid = {33838089},
issn = {2191-0308},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Despite the high prevalence of coronavirus and various treatment approaches, including complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), there is still no definitive treatment for coronavirus. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of CAM interventions on COVID-19 patients.<br><br>CONTENT: Four databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE) were searched from the inception of databases until July 16, 2020. Keywords included complementary and alternative medicine therapies and Coronavirus.<br><br>SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK: Of the 1,137 studies searched, 14 studies performed on 972 COVID-19 patients entered the systematic review final stage. The results showed that different CAM interventions (acupuncture, Traditional Chinese medicine [TCM], relaxation, Qigong) significantly improved various psychological symptoms (depression, anxiety, stress, sleep quality, negative emotions, quality of life) and physical symptoms (inflammatory factors, physical activity, chest pain, and respiratory function) in COVID-19 patients. The results showed that various CAM interventions have a positive effect on improving the various dimensions of coronavirus disease but since there are few studies in this regard, further studies using different CAM approaches are recommended.},
}
@article {pmid33837972,
year = {2021},
author = {Tahir, M},
title = {Coronavirus genomic nsp14-ExoN, structure, role, mechanism, and potential application as a drug target.},
journal = {Journal of medical virology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/jmv.27009},
pmid = {33837972},
issn = {1096-9071},
abstract = {The recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), causing a global pandemic with devastating effects on healthcare and social-economic systems, has no special antiviral therapies available for human coronaviruses (CoVs). The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) possesses a non-structural protein (nsp14), with amino terminal domain coding for a proofreading exoribonuclease (ExoN) that is required for high-fidelity replication. The ability of CoVs during genome replication and transcription to proofread and exclude mismatched nucleotides has long hindered the development of anti-CoV drugs. The resistance of SARS-CoV-2 to antivirals, especially nucleoside analogs (NAs), shows the need to identify new CoV inhibition targets. Therefore, this review highlights the importance of nsp14-ExoN as a target for inhibition. Also, nucleoside analogs could be used in combination with existing anti-CoV therapeutics to target the proofreading mechanism. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
}
@article {pmid33837899,
year = {2021},
author = {Haybar, H and Maniati, M and Saki, N and Zayeri, ZD},
title = {COVID-19: imbalance of multiple systems during infection and importance of therapeutic choice and dosing of cardiac and anti-coagulant therapies.},
journal = {Molecular biology reports},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33837899},
issn = {1573-4978},
abstract = {The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its metabolites play an important role in homeostasis of body, especially the cardiovascular system. In this study, we discuss the imbalance of multiple systems during the infection and the importance of therapeutic choice, dosing, and laboratory monitoring of cardiac and anti-coagulant therapies in COVID-19 patients. The crosstalk between angiotensin, kinin-kallikrein system, as well as inflammatory and coagulation systems plays an essential role in COVID-19. Cardiac complications and coagulopathies imply the crosstalks between the mentioned systems. We believe that the blockage of bradykinin can be a good option in the management of COVID-19 and CVD in patients and that supportive treatment of respiratory and cardiologic complications is needed in COVID-19 patients. Ninety-one percent of COVID-19 patients who were admitted to hospital with a prolonged aPTT were positive for lupus anticoagulant, which increases the risk of thrombosis and prolonged aPTT. Therefore, the question that is posed at this juncture is whether it is safe to use the prophylactic dose of heparin particularly in those with elevated D-dimer levels. It should be noted that timing is of high importance in anti-coagulant therapy; therefore, we should consider the level of D-dimer, fibrinogen, drug-drug interactions, and risk factors during thromboprophylaxis administration. Fibrinogen is an independent predictor of resistance to heparin and should be considered before thromboprophylaxis. Alteplase and Futhan might be a good choice to assess the condition of heparin resistance. Finally, the treatment option, dosing, and laboratory monitoring of anticoagulant therapy are critical decisions in COVID-19 patients.},
}
@article {pmid33837685,
year = {2021},
author = {Sriharan, A and West, KJ and Almost, J and Hamza, A},
title = {COVID-19-Related Occupational Burnout and Moral Distress among Nurses: A Rapid Scoping Review.},
journal = {Nursing leadership (Toronto, Ont.)},
volume = {34},
number = {1},
pages = {7-19},
doi = {10.12927/cjnl.2021.26459},
pmid = {33837685},
issn = {1910-622X},
abstract = {Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is placing unprecedented pressure on a nursing workforce that is already under considerable mental strain due to an overloaded system. Convergent evidence from the current and previous pandemics indicates that nurses experience the highest levels of psychological distress compared with other health professionals. Nurse leaders face particular challenges in mitigating risk and supporting nursing staff to negotiate moral distress and fatigue during large-scale, sustained crises. Synthesizing the burgeoning literature on COVID-19-related burnout and moral distress faced by nurses and identifying effective interventions to reduce poor mental health outcomes will enable nurse leaders to support the resilience of their teams.<br><br>Aim: This paper aims to (1) synthesize existing literature on COVID-19-related burnout and moral distress among nurses and (2) identify recommendations for nurse leaders to support the psychological needs of nursing staff.<br><br>Methods: Comprehensive searches were conducted in Medline, Embase and PsycINFO (via Ovid); CINAHL (via EBSCOHost); and ERIC (via ProQUEST). The rapid review was completed in accordance with the World Health Organization Rapid Review Guide.<br><br>Key Findings: Thematic analysis of selected studies suggests that nurses are at an increased risk for stress, burnout and depression during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Younger female nurses with less clinical experience are more vulnerable to adverse mental health outcomes.},
}
@article {pmid33837630,
year = {2021},
author = {Palaiodimou, L and Stefanou, MI and Katsanos, AH and Fragkou, PC and Papadopoulou, M and Moschovos, C and Michopoulos, I and Kokotis, P and Bakirtzis, C and Naska, A and Vassilakopoulos, TI and Chroni, E and Tsiodras, S and Tsivgoulis, G},
title = {Prevalence, clinical characteristics and outcomes of Guillain-Barré syndrome spectrum associated with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {European journal of neurology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/ene.14860},
pmid = {33837630},
issn = {1468-1331},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mounting evidence supports an association between Guillain-Barré syndrome spectrum (GBSs) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. However, GBSs in the setting of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) remains poorly characterized, while GBSs prevalence among COVID-19 patients has not been previously systematically evaluated using a meta-analytical approach.<br><br>METHODS: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational cohort and case-series studies reporting on the occurrence, clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with COVID-19-associated GBSs. A random-effects model was used to calculate pooled estimates and odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), when comparing to non-COVID-19, contemporary or historical GBSs patients.<br><br>RESULTS: We identified 18 eligible studies (11 cohorts, 7 case-series) including a total of 136,746 COVID-19 patients. Among COVID-19 patients, including hospitalized and non-hospitalized cases, the pooled GBSs prevalence was 0.15‰ (95%CI:0-0.49‰; I2 =96%). Compared to non-infected contemporary or historical controls, patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection had increased odds for demyelinating GBSs subtypes (OR=3.27; 95%CI: 1.32-8.09; I2 =0%). In SARS-CoV-2 infected patients, olfactory or concomitant cranial nerve involvement was noted in 41.4% (95%CI:3.5-60.4%; I2 =46%) and 42.8% (95%CI:32.8-53%; I2 =0%) of the patients, respectively. Clinical outcomes including in-hospital mortality were comparable between COVID-19 GBSs patients and non-infected contemporary or historical GBSs controls.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: GBSs prevalence was estimated at 15 cases per 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 infections. COVID-19 appears to be associated with an increased likelihood of GBSs and with demyelinating GBSs variants in particular.},
}
@article {pmid33837463,
year = {2021},
author = {Naidoo, P and Bouharati, C and Rambiritch, V and Jose, N and Karamchand, S and Chilton, R and Leisegang, R},
title = {Real-world evidence and product development: Opportunities, challenges and risk mitigation.},
journal = {Wiener klinische Wochenschrift},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33837463},
issn = {1613-7671},
abstract = {Real-world evidence (RWE) is derived from real-world data (RWD) sources including electronic health records, claims data, registries (disease, product) and pragmatic clinical trials. The importance of RWE derived from RWD has been once again demonstrated during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, as it can improve patient care by complementing information obtained from traditional clinical trial programs. Additionally, RWE can generate insights into disease mechanisms, epidemiology, patient flows in and out of healthcare systems, and drivers and barriers to optimal clinical care in real-world settings. Identifying unmet medical needs is crucial as it often can inform which investigational new drugs enter clinical trial testing, and RWE studies from hospital settings have contributed substantial progress here. RWE can also optimize the design of clinical studies, inform benefit risk assessments and use networks of pragmatic studies to help with clinical trial feasibilities and eventual trial initiation. The challenges of RWD include data quality, reproducibility and accuracy which may affect validity. RWD and RWE must be fit for purpose and one must be cognizant of inherent biases.},
}
@article {pmid33837456,
year = {2021},
author = {Bartal, G and Vano, E and Paulo, G},
title = {Get Protected! Recommendations for Staff in IR.},
journal = {Cardiovascular and interventional radiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33837456},
issn = {1432-086X},
abstract = {PURPOSE: Evaluation and registration of patient and staff doses are mandatory under the current European legislation, and the occupational dose limits recommended by the ICRP have been adopted by most of the countries in the world.<br><br>METHODS: Relevant documents and guidelines published by international organisations and interventional radiology societies are referred. Any potential reduction of patient and staff doses should be compatible with the clinical outcomes of the procedures.<br><br>RESULTS: The review summarises the most common protective measures and the needed quality control for them, the criteria to select the appropriate protection devices, and how to avoid unnecessary occupational radiation exposures. Moreover, the current and future advancements in personnel radiation protection using medical simulation with virtual and augmented reality, robotics, and artificial intelligence (AI) are commented. A section on the personnel radiation protection in the era of COVID-19 is introduced, showing the expanding role of the interventional radiology during the pandemic.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The review is completed with a summary of the main factors to be considered in the selection of the appropriate radiation protection tools and practical advices to improve the protection of the staff.},
}
@article {pmid33837130,
year = {2021},
author = {Xantus, GZ and Burke, D and Kanizsai, P},
title = {How to best handle vaccine decliners: scientific facts and psychological approach.},
journal = {Postgraduate medical journal},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1136/postgradmedj-2021-139835},
pmid = {33837130},
issn = {1469-0756},
abstract = {There is currently no curative drug therapy for COVID-19. The spread of the virus seems relentless despite the unprecedented epidemiological measures. Prevention remains the only feasible option to stop the pandemic; without population-level vaccination, we are unlikely to regain the quality of social life and the unrestricted economy/commerce we enjoyed before. Anti-vaxxers and conspiracy theorists are seemingly oblivious to the detrimental effect of COVID-19 both at an individual and societal level. These groups have (and probably will) continue to attempt to undermine efforts to eradicate the virus despite the fact that the major reduction in morbidity/and mortality of infectious diseases of the past century was achieved through the development of vaccines and improved hygiene. Conspiracy theories are directly associated with reduced vaccine uptake and unfortunately neither anti-vaxxers nor vaccine hesitants cannot be persuaded (debunked) with logical arguments; hence, prescribers must not only be aware of the truth underlying the dense web of misinformation but must fully understand the psychological aspects as well to be able to efficiently counsel about the potential benefits and harms. Such knowledge is pivotal to help the lay public to make informed decisions about SARS CoV-2 in general and vaccination in particular; as the COVID-19 situation can probably be best controlled with mass inoculation and novel immune therapies. The lessons learnt regarding the importance of efficient communication and the adherence to the proven epidemiological measures hopefully would be leaving us better prepared for the future if challenged by novel communicable diseases of pandemic potential.},
}
@article {pmid33837054,
year = {2021},
author = {Ascierto, PA and Fu, B and Wei, H},
title = {IL-6 modulation for COVID-19: the right patients at the right time?.},
journal = {Journal for immunotherapy of cancer},
volume = {9},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1136/jitc-2020-002285},
pmid = {33837054},
issn = {2051-1426},
abstract = {The ongoing pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has disrupted the global economy and strained healthcare systems to their limits. After the virus first emerged in late 2019, the first intervention that demonstrated significant reductions in mortality for severe COVID-19 in large-scale trials was corticosteroids. Additional options that may reduce the burden on the healthcare system by reducing the number of patients requiring intensive care unit support are desperately needed, yet no therapy has conclusively established benefit in randomized studies for the management of moderate or mild cases of disease. Severe COVID-19 disease is characterized by a respiratory distress syndrome accompanied by elevated levels of several systemic cytokines, in a profile that shares several features with known inflammatory pathologies such as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and cytokine release syndrome secondary to chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. Based on these observations, modulation of inflammatory cytokines, particularly interleukin (IL)-6, was proposed as a strategy to mitigate severe disease. Despite encouraging recoveries with anti-IL-6 agents, especially tocilizumab from single-arm studies, early randomized trials returned mixed results in terms of clinical benefit with these interventions. Later, larger trials such as RECOVERY and REMAP-CAP, however, are establishing anti-IL-6 in combination with steroids as a potential option for hypoxic patients with evidence of hyperinflammation. We propose that a positive feedback loop primarily mediated by macrophages and monocytes initiates the inflammatory cascade in severe COVID-19, and thus optimal benefit with anti-IL-6 therapies may require intervention during a finite window of opportunity at the outset of hyperinflammation but before fulminant disease causes irreversible tissue damage-as defined clinically by C reactive protein levels higher than 75 mg/L.},
}
@article {pmid33836322,
year = {2021},
author = {Damayanthi, HDWT and Prabani, KIP},
title = {Nutritional determinants and COVID-19 outcomes of older patients with COVID-19: A systematic review.},
journal = {Archives of gerontology and geriatrics},
volume = {95},
number = {},
pages = {104411},
pmid = {33836322},
issn = {1872-6976},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Malnutrition among older people is one of the serious public health problem worldwide. Nutritional status and levels of nutrients of older patients with COVID-19 effect on COVID-19 outcomes. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify the prevalence of malnutrition and levels of nutrients associated with outcomes of the older patients with COVID-19.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search was performed using PubMed, Science direct and Google scholar database using specific keywords related to the aims. All related articles published on COVID-19 during 2020 were retrieved. PRISMA Statement was followed. The quality of the study was assessed using the quality assessment tools of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health.<br><br>RESULTS: Of the 2979 studies found, a total of eight studies were included in this review. Of these studies, three provided data on nutritional status and outcomes of COVID-19 among older patients with COVID-19. The prevalence of malnutrition among older patients with COVID-19 was high and it was associated with negative outcomes including hospital deaths and transfer to intensive care units. Five studies provided data on nutrients and outcomes of COVID-19. Low albumin, vitamin D, magnesium ,vitamin B12, Se status were associated with malnutrition, oxygen therapy and/or intensive care support of the patients, survival of COVID -19.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Extra care should be provided to older patients with COVID-19 to minimize the prevalence of malnutrition and negative outcomes of COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33836276,
year = {2021},
author = {Dheyab, MA and Khaniabadi, PM and Aziz, AA and Jameel, MS and Mehrdel, B and Oglat, AA and Khaleel, HA},
title = {Focused Role of Nanoparticles Against COVID-19: Diagnosis and Treatment.},
journal = {Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {102287},
pmid = {33836276},
issn = {1873-1597},
abstract = {The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)) has witnessed a rapid and global proliferation since its early identification in patients with severe pneumonia in Wuhan, China. As of 27th May 2020, 2019-nCoV cases have risen to >5 million, with confirmed deaths of 350,000. However, Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) diagnostic and treatment measures are yet to be fully unraveled, given the novelty of this particular coronavirus. Hence, no drug or vaccine has been adapted for treatment, and the accuracy of the current diagnostic tests is debatable. Therefore, existing antiviral agents used for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) were repurposed for COVID-19, taking their biological features into consideration. This study provides a concise review of the current and emerging detection and supervision technologies for SARS-CoV-2, which is the viral etiology of COVID19, and their performance characteristics, with emphasis on the novel Nano-based diagnostic tests (protein corona sensor array and magnetic levitation) and treatment measures (treatment protocols based on nano-silver colloids) for COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33835761,
year = {2021},
author = {Li, C and Brant, E and Budak, H and Zhang, B},
title = {CRISPR/Cas: a Nobel Prize award-winning precise genome editing technology for gene therapy and crop improvement.},
journal = {Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B},
volume = {22},
number = {4},
pages = {253-284},
doi = {10.1631/jzus.B2100009},
pmid = {33835761},
issn = {1862-1783},
abstract = {Since it was first recognized in bacteria and archaea as a mechanism for innate viral immunity in the early 2010s, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) has rapidly been developed into a robust, multifunctional genome editing tool with many uses. Following the discovery of the initial CRISPR/Cas-based system, the technology has been advanced to facilitate a multitude of different functions. These include development as a base editor, prime editor, epigenetic editor, and CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and CRISPR activator (CRISPRa) gene regulators. It can also be used for chromatin and RNA targeting and imaging. Its applications have proved revolutionary across numerous biological fields, especially in biomedical and agricultural improvement. As a diagnostic tool, CRISPR has been developed to aid the detection and screening of both human and plant diseases, and has even been applied during the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. CRISPR/Cas is also being trialed as a new form of gene therapy for treating various human diseases, including cancers, and has aided drug development. In terms of agricultural breeding, precise targeting of biological pathways via CRISPR/Cas has been key to regulating molecular biosynthesis and allowing modification of proteins, starch, oil, and other functional components for crop improvement. Adding to this, CRISPR/Cas has been shown capable of significantly enhancing both plant tolerance to environmental stresses and overall crop yield via the targeting of various agronomically important gene regulators. Looking to the future, increasing the efficiency and precision of CRISPR/Cas delivery systems and limiting off-target activity are two major challenges for wider application of the technology. This review provides an in-depth overview of current CRISPR development, including the advantages and disadvantages of the technology, recent applications, and future considerations.},
}
@article {pmid33835735,
year = {2021},
author = {Rahmawati, PL and Tini, K and Susilawathi, NM and Wijayanti, IAS and Samatra, DP},
title = {Pathomechanism and Management of Stroke in COVID-19: Review of Immunopathogenesis, Coagulopathy, Endothelial Dysfunction, and Downregulation of ACE2.},
journal = {Journal of clinical neurology (Seoul, Korea)},
volume = {17},
number = {2},
pages = {155-163},
doi = {10.3988/jcn.2021.17.2.155},
pmid = {33835735},
issn = {1738-6586},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can reportedly manifest as an acute stroke, with most cases presenting as large vessel ischemic stroke in patients with or without comorbidities. The exact pathomechanism of stroke in COVID-19 remains ambiguous. The findings of previous studies indicate that the most likely underlying mechanisms are cerebrovascular pathological conditions following viral infection, inflammation-induced endothelial dysfunction, and hypercoagulability. Acute endothelial damage due to inflammation triggers a coagulation cascade, thrombosis propagation, and destabilization of atherosclerosis plaques, leading to large-vessel occlusion and plaque ulceration with concomitant thromboemboli, and manifests as ischemic stroke. Another possible mechanism is the downregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as the target action of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Acute stroke management protocols need to be modified during the COVID-19 pandemic in order to adequately manage stroke patients with COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33835432,
year = {2021},
author = {Khatiwada, S and Subedi, A},
title = {A Mechanistic Link Between Selenium and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).},
journal = {Current nutrition reports},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33835432},
issn = {2161-3311},
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapidly emerging disease caused by a highly contagious virus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and this disease has affected millions of people across the world and led to hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide. Nutrition is a key factor related to this disease, and nutritional status may determine the risk and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Selenium is one of the major trace elements required for redox functions and has significant roles in viral infections. The purpose of this review was to examine the current evidence on the role of selenium in COVID-19. We reviewed studies on selenium and COVID-19, and other relevant studies to understand how selenium status can modify the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and how selenium status might affect a person post-infection.<br><br>RECENT FINDINGS: We found that oxidative stress is a characteristic feature of COVID-19 disease, which is linked with the immunopathological disorder observed in individuals with severe COVID-19. Selenium plays a key role in strengthening immunity, reducing oxidative stress, preventing viral infections and supporting critical illness. Moreover, selenium deficiency is related to oxidative stress and hyperinflammation seen in critical illness, and selenium deficiency is found to be associated with the severity of COVID-19 disease. Selenium supplementation at an appropriate dose may act as supportive therapy in COVID-19. Future studies in large cohorts of COVID-19 are warranted to verify the benefits of selenium supplementation for reducing risk and severity of COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33835345,
year = {2021},
author = {Farr, MA and Duvic, M and Joshi, TP},
title = {Teledermatology During COVID-19: An Updated Review.},
journal = {American journal of clinical dermatology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33835345},
issn = {1179-1888},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has fundamentally transformed the landscape of providing dermatologic care. In an age of lockdowns and social distancing, teledermatology (TD) has emerged as a powerful tool to deliver remote care. Here, we review literature on TD use during the pandemic to evaluate the positives and negatives of TD implementation. We especially consider the reception of TD in underserved communities and the developing world as well as the ethico-legal challenges wrought by the burgeoning utilization of this new paradigm of care. The potential of TD to occupy a more prominent role in dermatologic care in a post-COVID-19 world is also discussed.},
}
@article {pmid33835268,
year = {2021},
author = {Scherg, A and Ilse, B and Elsner, F},
title = {[Undergraduate palliative care teaching in times of COVID-19].},
journal = {Schmerz (Berlin, Germany)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33835268},
issn = {1432-2129},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic classroom teaching was largely discontinued at all German medical faculties in the summer semester (SS) 2020. This also affected undergraduate education in palliative care, which is established with an average of 22 teaching units. Teachers were asked to rapidly develop digital teaching and assessment tools.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: The aim of this survey was to map the teaching situation in QB13 palliative medicine in SS 2020 under the influence of COVID-19 and from this to derive the need for networking and support for the coming semesters.<br><br>MATERIAL AND METHODS: The key persons involved in palliative care education in all 41 medical faculties in Germany were identified and invited by the coordination office of the German Society for Palliative Medicine (DGP) to participate in an online survey using SurveyMonkey®. The questionnaire consisted of 15 items dealing with the evaluation of the past semester and the need for support for the coming semester.<br><br>RESULTS: Out of 41 contacted teachers 16 participated in the survey. Most of them described the challenge of teaching in SS 2020 as successful. Support from the faculties was provided primarily in the form of digital teaching structures. A digital teaching design is also planned for the coming semester. Power point slides with sound and the conference tool Zoom® are often used.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The design of examinations in SS 2020 is rated worse in the self-evaluation than the teaching design. Multiple choice questions were often used in classroom examinations. Lecturers would like the DGP to create and collect teaching and assessment materials centrally.},
}
@article {pmid33835197,
year = {2021},
author = {Brandes, M and Muellmann, S and Allweiss, T and Bauer, U and Bethmann, A and Forberger, S and Frense, J and Gelius, P and Pfeifer, K and Okan, O and Renner, B and Schupp, H and Wright, M and Zeeb, H},
title = {[Evidence-based primary prevention and health promotion: methods and procedures in 5 research consortia].},
journal = {Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33835197},
issn = {1437-1588},
abstract = {Between 2014 and 2022, the 5 German research networks AEQUIPA, CAPITAL4HEALTH, HLCA, PartKommPlus, and SMARTACT are investigating topics of primary prevention and health promotion with the aim of further deepening the evidence base in these areas. The work of the 5 research networks for primary prevention and health promotion is presented, analysed, and discussed from an internal perspective. A model of evidence-based public health serves as a structuring framework.The 5 research networks use a variety of access routes for the generation of evidence with regard to the participation of nonacademic, civil society actors and users. There is a wide range of study designs - from randomised controlled trials and systematic reviews to diverse qualitative designs. The use of models and theories supports the evidence base. Beyond evidence generation, all research networks focus on at least exemplary implementation of new evidence.Due to the diversity of methods, a diversified evidence-based approach can be realised, taking into account network-specific aspects. Structural circumstances limit the further systematic strengthening of the evidence base. In particular, the involvement of nonacademic, civil society actors for the work with hard-to-reach target groups often cannot be financed or is considered too time consuming under the given circumstances. The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the importance of a flexible spectrum of methods, employing both digital and analogue methods in a meaningful way.},
}
@article {pmid33835192,
year = {2021},
author = {Rogge, A and Naeve-Nydahl, M and Nydahl, P and Rave, F and Knochel, K and Woellert, K and Schmalz, C},
title = {[Recommendations for ethical decision making regarding hospital visitation during the COVID-19 pandemic].},
journal = {Medizinische Klinik, Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33835192},
issn = {2193-6226},
abstract = {Visitation restrictions in hospitals during the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic led to great psychological burden for patients, their relatives and employees. For hospitals, they represent a complex organizational challenge with respect to ethics. The present recommendations are intended to support decision-making at the meso- and microlevels.},
}
@article {pmid33834961,
year = {2021},
author = {Park, M and Pawliuk, C and Nguyen, T and Griffitt, A and Dix-Cooper, L and Fourik, N and Dawes, M},
title = {Determining the communicable period of SARS-CoV-2: A rapid review of the literature, March to September 2020.},
journal = {Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin},
volume = {26},
number = {14},
pages = {},
pmid = {33834961},
issn = {1560-7917},
abstract = {IntroductionStandard testing for infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is based on RT-PCR tests, but detection of viral genetic material alone does not indicate ongoing infectious potential. The ability to isolate whole virus represents a better proxy for infectivity.AimThe objective of this study was to gain an understanding of the current literature and compare the reported periods of positive SARS-CoV-2 detection from studies that conducted RT-PCR testing in addition to experiments isolating whole virus.MethodsUsing a rapid review approach, studies reporting empirical data on the duration of positive RT-PCR results and/or successful viral isolation following SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans were identified through searches of peer-reviewed and pre-print health sciences literature. Articles were screened for relevance, then data were extracted, analysed, and synthesised.ResultsOf the 160 studies included for qualitative analysis, 84% (n = 135) investigated duration of positive RT-PCR tests only, 5% (n = 8) investigated duration of successful viral isolations, while 11% (n = 17) included measurements on both. There was significant heterogeneity in reported data. There was a prolonged time to viral clearance when deduced from RT-PCR tests compared with viral isolations (median: 26 vs 9 days).DiscussionFindings from this review support a minimum 10-day period of isolation but certain cases where virus was isolated after 10 days were identified. Given the extended time to viral clearance from RT-PCR tests, future research should ensure standard reporting of RT-PCR protocols and results to help inform testing policies aimed at clearance from isolation.},
}
@article {pmid33834387,
year = {2021},
author = {Saikh, KU},
title = {MyD88 and beyond: a perspective on MyD88-targeted therapeutic approach for modulation of host immunity.},
journal = {Immunologic research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33834387},
issn = {1559-0755},
support = {CBM.THROX.03.10.RD.006//Defense Threat Reduction Agency/ ; },
abstract = {The continuous emergence of infectious pathogens along with antimicrobial resistance creates a need for an alternative approach to treat infectious diseases. Targeting host factor(s) which are critically involved in immune signaling pathways for modulation of host immunity offers to treat a broad range of infectious diseases. Upon pathogen-associated ligands binding to the Toll-like/ IL-1R family, and other cellular receptors, followed by recruitment of intracellular signaling adaptor proteins, primarily MyD88, trigger the innate immune responses. But activation of host innate immunity strongly depends on the correct function of MyD88 which is tightly regulated. Dysregulation of MyD88 may cause an imbalance that culminates to a wide range of inflammation-associated syndromes and diseases. Furthermore, recent reports also describe that MyD88 upregulation with many viral infections is linked to decreased antiviral type I IFN response, and MyD88-deficient mice showed an increase in survivability. These reports suggest that MyD88 is also negatively involved via MyD88-independent pathways of immune signaling for antiviral type I IFN response. Because of its expanding role in controlling host immune signaling pathways, MyD88 has been recognized as a potential drug target in a broader drug discovery paradigm. Targeting BB-loop of MyD88, small molecule inhibitors were designed by structure-based approach which by blocking TIR-TIR domain homo-dimerization have shown promising therapeutic efficacy in attenuating MyD88-mediated inflammatory impact, and increased antiviral type I IFN response in experimental mouse model of diseases. In this review, we highlight the reports on MyD88-linked immune response and MyD88-targeted therapeutic approach with underlying mechanisms for controlling inflammation and antiviral type I IFN response. HIGHLIGHTS: • Host innate immunity is activated upon PAMPs binding to PRRs followed by immune signaling through TIR domain-containing adaptor proteins mainly MyD88. • Structure-based approach led to develop small-molecule inhibitors which block TIR domain homodimerization of MyD88 and showed therapeutic efficacy in limiting severe inflammation-associated impact in mice. • Therapeutic intervention of MyD88 also showed an increase in antiviral effect with strong type I IFN signaling linked to increased phosphorylation of IRFs via MyD88-independent pathway. • MyD88 inhibitors might be potentially useful as a small-molecule therapeutics for modulation of host immunity against inflammatory diseases and antiviral therapy. • However, prior clinical use of more in-depth efforts should be focused for suitability of the approach in deploying to complex diseases including COPD and COVID-19 in limiting inflammation-associated syndrome to infection.},
}
@article {pmid33834160,
year = {2021},
author = {Delahay, RJ and de la Fuente, J and Smith, GC and Sharun, K and Snary, EL and Flores Girón, L and Nziza, J and Fooks, AR and Brookes, SM and Lean, FZX and Breed, AC and Gortazar, C},
title = {Assessing the risks of SARS-CoV-2 in wildlife.},
journal = {One health outlook},
volume = {3},
number = {},
pages = {7},
pmid = {33834160},
issn = {2524-4655},
abstract = {The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 likely emerged from a wildlife source with transmission to humans followed by rapid geographic spread throughout the globe and severe impacts on both human health and the global economy. Since the onset of the pandemic, there have been many instances of human-to-animal transmission involving companion, farmed and zoo animals, and limited evidence for spread into free-living wildlife. The establishment of reservoirs of infection in wild animals would create significant challenges to infection control in humans and could pose a threat to the welfare and conservation status of wildlife. We discuss the potential for exposure, onward transmission and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in an initial selection of wild mammals (bats, canids, felids, mustelids, great apes, rodents and cervids). Dynamic risk assessment and targeted surveillance are important tools for the early detection of infection in wildlife, and here we describe a framework for collating and synthesising emerging information to inform targeted surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 in wildlife. Surveillance efforts should be integrated with information from public and veterinary health initiatives to provide insights into the potential role of wild mammals in the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2.},
}
@article {pmid33833942,
year = {2021},
author = {Ogah, OS and Umuerri, EM and Adebiyi, A and Orimolade, OA and Sani, MU and Ojji, DB and Mbakwem, AC and Stewart, S and Sliwa, K},
title = {SARS-CoV 2 Infection (Covid-19) and Cardiovascular Disease in Africa: Health Care and Socio-Economic Implications.},
journal = {Global heart},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {18},
pmid = {33833942},
issn = {2211-8179},
abstract = {The current pandemic of SARS-COV 2 infection (Covid-19) is challenging health systems and communities worldwide. At the individual level, the main biological system involved in Covid-19 is the respiratory system. Respiratory complications range from mild flu-like illness symptoms to a fatal respiratory distress syndrome or a severe and fulminant pneumonia. Critically, the presence of a pre-existing cardiovascular disease or its risk factors, such as hypertension or type II diabetes mellitus, increases the chance of having severe complications (including death) if infected by the virus. In addition, the infection can worsen an existing cardiovascular disease or precipitate new ones. This paper presents a contemporary review of cardiovascular complications of Covid-19. It also specifically examines the impact of the disease on those already vulnerable and on the poorly resourced health systems of Africa as well as the potential broader consequences on the socio-economic health of this region.},
}
@article {pmid33833798,
year = {2021},
author = {Zhang, B},
title = {Expert Consensus on Telemedicine Management of Diabetes (2020 Edition).},
journal = {International journal of endocrinology},
volume = {2021},
number = {},
pages = {6643491},
pmid = {33833798},
issn = {1687-8337},
abstract = {Diabetes is a chronic disease that is very suitable for telemedicine management. Owing to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, telemedicine management of diabetes is particularly important. This consensus proposes 38 recommendations for key issues in telemedicine management of diabetes and provides preliminary specifications for diabetes management. It is recommended to use the most current information and communication technologies for telemanagement of patients' diet, exercise, behavior, and drug therapy. A strategy for drug therapy that is more suitable for telemedicine management of diabetes than previous ones is established. During online follow-up visits, major changes of antihyperglycemic agents must be avoided, and treatment modification should be done in a stepwise manner. Greater attention should be paid to the occurrence and prevention of hypoglycemia, in addition to educating patients about the side effects of the drugs used and encouraging them to actively report adverse drug reactions. Conditions are clarified under which online follow-up visits must be terminated and in-person visits or emergency visits must be initiated. Telemedicine can improve the management level and control rate of diabetes. The present consensus for the standardized diagnosis and treatment of diabetes can reduce the potential risks of telemedicine management, yield great benefits to patients, and reduce chronic complications and comorbidities.},
}
@article {pmid33833714,
year = {2021},
author = {Trenerry, B and Chng, S and Wang, Y and Suhaila, ZS and Lim, SS and Lu, HY and Oh, PH},
title = {Preparing Workplaces for Digital Transformation: An Integrative Review and Framework of Multi-Level Factors.},
journal = {Frontiers in psychology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {620766},
pmid = {33833714},
issn = {1664-1078},
abstract = {The rapid advancement of new digital technologies, such as smart technology, artificial intelligence (AI) and automation, robotics, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things (IoT), is fundamentally changing the nature of work and increasing concerns about the future of jobs and organizations. To keep pace with rapid disruption, companies need to update and transform business models to remain competitive. Meanwhile, the growth of advanced technologies is changing the types of skills and competencies needed in the workplace and demanded a shift in mindset among individuals, teams and organizations. The recent COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated digitalization trends, while heightening the importance of employee resilience and well-being in adapting to widespread job and technological disruption. Although digital transformation is a new and urgent imperative, there is a long trajectory of rigorous research that can readily be applied to grasp these emerging trends. Recent studies and reviews of digital transformation have primarily focused on the business and strategic levels, with only modest integration of employee-related factors. Our review article seeks to fill these critical gaps by identifying and consolidating key factors important for an organization's overarching digital transformation. We reviewed studies across multiple disciplines and integrated the findings into a multi-level framework. At the individual level, we propose five overarching factors related to effective digital transformation among employees: technology adoption; perceptions and attitudes toward technological change; skills and training; workplace resilience and adaptability, and work-related wellbeing. At the group-level, we identified three factors necessary for digital transformation: team communication and collaboration; workplace relationships and team identification, and team adaptability and resilience. Finally, at the organizational-level, we proposed three factors for digital transformation: leadership; human resources, and organizational culture/climate. Our review of the literature confirms that multi-level factors are important when planning for and embarking on digital transformation, thereby providing a framework for future research and practice.},
}
@article {pmid33833676,
year = {2021},
author = {Mainali, S and Darsie, ME},
title = {Neurologic and Neuroscientific Evidence in Aged COVID-19 Patients.},
journal = {Frontiers in aging neuroscience},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {648662},
pmid = {33833676},
issn = {1663-4365},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic continues to prevail as a catastrophic wave infecting over 111 million people globally, claiming 2. 4 million lives to date. Aged individuals are particularly vulnerable to this disease due to their fraility, immune dysfunction, and higher rates of medical comorbidities, among other causes. Apart from the primary respiratory illness, this virus is known to cause multi-organ dysfunction including renal, cardiac, and neurologic injuries, particularly in the critically-ill cohorts. Elderly patients 65 years of age or older are known to have more severe systemic disease and higher rates of neurologic complications. Morbidity and mortality is very high in the elderly population with 6-930 times higher likelihood of death compared to younger cohorts, with the highest risk in elderly patients ≥85 years and especially those with medical comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, and underlying respiratory illness. Commonly reported neurologic dysfunctions of COVID-19 include headache, fatigue, dizziness, and confusion. Elderly patients may manifest atypical presentations like fall or postural instability. Other important neurologic dysfunctions in the elderly include cerebrovascular diseases, cognitive impairment, and neuropsychiatric illnesses. Elderly patients with preexisting neurologic diseases are susceptibility to severe COVID-19 infection and higher rates of mortality. Treatment of neurologic dysfunction of COVID-19 is based on existing practice standards of specific neurologic condition in conjunction with systemic treatment of the viral illness. The physical, emotional, psychologic, and financial implications of COVID-19 pandemic have been severe. Long-term data are still needed to understand the lasting effects of this devastating pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid33833623,
year = {2021},
author = {Parsons, S and Tran, VL},
title = {The Trilogy of SARS-CoV-2 in Pediatrics (Part 1): Acute COVID-19 in Special Populations.},
journal = {The journal of pediatric pharmacology and therapeutics : JPPT : the official journal of PPAG},
volume = {26},
number = {3},
pages = {220-239},
pmid = {33833623},
issn = {1551-6776},
abstract = {With the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) virus, the pandemic has resulted in a severe respiratory disease known as COVID-19. Data and literature are limited in the evaluation, treatment, and considerations for pediatric patients including special populations (e.g., neonates, children, immunocompromised patients, and those with sickle cell disease). There exists a need for a comprehensive review of pediatric proven and disproven treatments as therapies continue to emerge. This article evaluates the pharmacologic treatment and prevention therapies used in pediatric patients to date, including emergency use authorizations, as well as rationales for pharmacotherapies not routinely used to treat acute COVID-19 infection. It is important to note this review article is current as of January 25, 2021, given the rapid evolvement of the pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid33833585,
year = {2021},
author = {Evans, N and Martinez, E and Petrosillo, N and Nichols, J and Islam, E and Pruitt, K and Almodovar, S},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Pathogen Pincer Attack.},
journal = {HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.)},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {361-375},
pmid = {33833585},
issn = {1179-1373},
abstract = {Paramount efforts worldwide are seeking to increase understanding of the basic virology of SARS-CoV-2, characterize the spectrum of complications associated with COVID-19, and develop vaccines that can protect from new and recurrent infections with SARS-CoV-2. While we continue learning about this new virus, it is clear that 1) the virus is spread via the respiratory route, primarily by droplets and contact with contaminated surfaces and fomites, as well as by aerosol formation during invasive respiratory procedures; 2) the airborne route is still controversial; and 3) that those infected can spread the virus without necessarily developing COVID-19 (ie, asymptomatic). With the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections increasing globally, the possibility of co-infections and/or co-morbidities is becoming more concerning. Co-infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is one such example of polyparasitism of interest. This military-themed comparative review of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV details their virology and describes them figuratively as separate enemy armies. HIV, an old enemy dug into trenches in individuals already infected, and SARS-CoV-2 the new army, attempting to attack and capture territories, tissues and organs, in order to provide resources for their expansion. This analogy serves to aid in discussion of three main areas of focus and draw attention to how these viruses may cooperate to gain the upper hand in securing a host. Here we compare their target, the key receptors found on those tissues, viral lifecycles and tactics for immune response surveillance. The last focus is on the immune response to infection, addressing similarities in cytokines released. While the majority of HIV cases can be successfully managed with antiretroviral therapy nowadays, treatments for SARS-CoV-2 are still undergoing research given the novelty of this army.},
}
@article {pmid33833483,
year = {2021},
author = {Ahmad, A and Ishtiaq, SM and Khan, JA and Aslam, R and Ali, S and Arshad, MI},
title = {COVID-19 and comorbidities of hepatic diseases in a global perspective.},
journal = {World journal of gastroenterology},
volume = {27},
number = {13},
pages = {1296-1310},
pmid = {33833483},
issn = {2219-2840},
abstract = {The worldwide outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has challenged the priorities of healthcare system in terms of different clinical management and infection transmission, particularly those related to hepatic-disease comorbidities. Epidemiological data evidenced that COVID-19 patients with altered liver function because of hepatitis infection and cholestasis have an adverse prognosis and experience worse health outcomes. COVID-19-associated liver injury is correlated with various liver diseases following a severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection that can progress during the treatment of COVID-19 patients with or without pre-existing liver disease. SARS-CoV-2 can induce liver injury in a number of ways including direct cytopathic effect of the virus on cholangiocytes/hepatocytes, immune-mediated damage, hypoxia, and sepsis. Indeed, immediate cytopathogenic effects of SARS-CoV-2 via its potential target, the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptor, which is highly expressed in hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, renders the liver as an extra-respiratory organ with increased susceptibility to pathological outcomes. But, underlying COVID-19-linked liver disease pathogenesis with abnormal liver function tests (LFTs) is incompletely understood. Hence, we collated COVID-19-associated liver injuries with increased LFTs at the nexus of pre-existing liver diseases and COVID-19, and defining a plausible pathophysiological triad of COVID-19, hepatocellular damage, and liver disease. This review summarizes recent findings of the exacerbating role of COVID-19 in pre-existing liver disease and vice versa as well as international guidelines of clinical care, management, and treatment recommendations for COVID-19 patients with liver disease.},
}
@article {pmid33833480,
year = {2021},
author = {Alberca, GGF and Solis-Castro, RL and Solis-Castro, ME and Alberca, RW},
title = {Coronavirus disease-2019 and the intestinal tract: An overview.},
journal = {World journal of gastroenterology},
volume = {27},
number = {13},
pages = {1255-1266},
pmid = {33833480},
issn = {2219-2840},
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can progress to a severe respiratory and systemic disease named coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The most common symptoms are fever and respiratory discomfort. Nevertheless, gastrointestinal infections have been reported, with symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and lack of appetite. Importantly, SARS-CoV-2 can remain positive in fecal samples after nasopharyngeal clearance. After gastrointestinal SARS-CoV-2 infection and other viral gastrointestinal infections, some patients may develop alterations in the gastrointestinal microbiota. In addition, some COVID-19 patients may receive antibiotics, which may also disturb gastrointestinal homeostasis. In summary, the gastrointestinal system, gut microbiome, and gut-lung axis may represent an important role in the development, severity, and treatment of COVID-19. Therefore, in this review, we explore the current pieces of evidence of COVID-19 gastrointestinal manifestations, possible implications, and interventions.},
}
@article {pmid33833213,
year = {2021},
author = {Romero-Saritama, JM and Simaluiza, J and Fernandez, H},
title = {[Prevention measures to avoid COVID-19 spreading by: from the everyday to the technical-scientific actions.].},
journal = {Revista espanola de salud publica},
volume = {95},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33833213},
issn = {2173-9110},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: In the attempt to reactivate the economy after several months of the pandemic generated by COVID-19, several South American countries have been forced to attenuate the restriction measures created to prevent contagion, leaving all the responsibility to citizens to safeguard their lives. Faced with this situation, the objective of the work was to promote good prevention practices against COVID-19 in the general population to avoid the collapse of the public health system.<br><br>METHODS: An exploratory review on prevention measures against COVID-19 was carried out in the databases Elsevier, Pubmed, Wiley, Scopus, Scielo and, in general, in academic Google, to obtain gray information.<br><br>RESULTS: The role of seven individual protection and prevention measures and barriers to stop the advance of community infections by COVID-19 were described and analyzed. Studies showed that the use of preventive measures can play a critical role in containing the pandemic. However, they can also provide a false security of protection, predisposing to neglect the correct use and handling of all containment measures.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Given the drastic rise in infections and deaths from COVID-19 in Latin America, it becomes necessary to continue with biosecurity campaigns so that citizens are clear that prevention is an integrated process and that the use of one measure does not replace another.},
}
@article {pmid33832961,
year = {2021},
author = {Patel, S and Dadnam, C and Hewitson, R and Thakur, I and Morgan, J},
title = {Fifteen-minute consultation: Recognition of sickle cell crises in the paediatric emergency department.},
journal = {Archives of disease in childhood. Education and practice edition},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1136/archdischild-2020-321338},
pmid = {33832961},
issn = {1743-0593},
abstract = {Children with sickle cell disease can develop life-threatening and painful crises that require prompt assessment and efficient management by healthcare professionals in the emergency or acute care setting. Due to migration patterns and improved survival rates in high-prevalence countries, there is an increased tendency to encounter these patients across the UK. These factors warrant regular revisions in sickle cell crisis management, along with education for medical personnel and patients to improve clinical care and patient management. The focus of this article is on the initial assessment and management of acute paediatric sickle cell complications in the emergency setting. Specific case studies, including acute pain crises, trauma, splenic sequestration, aplastic crises, acute chest syndrome, infection, avascular necrosis, osteomyelitis and stroke, are discussed. Due to the current COVID-19 pandemic, we have also reviewed specific concerns around this patient group.},
}
@article {pmid33832868,
year = {2021},
author = {Elsaddig, M and Khalil, A},
title = {Effects of the COVID pandemic on pregnancy outcomes.},
journal = {Best practice &amp; research. Clinical obstetrics &amp; gynaecology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33832868},
issn = {1532-1932},
abstract = {Pregnant women and neonates are often categorised as being at high risk during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the characteristics of COVID-19 disease in pregnant women and non-pregnant women are very similar. However, pregnant women with COVID-19 in the third trimester are more likely than their non-pregnant counterparts to require intensive care, though this may reflect a lower threshold for intervention in pregnant women rather than more serious disease. Compared with pregnant women without COVID-19, pregnant women with symptomatic COVID-19 requiring admission to hospital have worse maternal outcomes, including death, although the absolute risk remains very low. Outcomes of neonates born to women positive for COVID-19 are generally very good, though iatrogenic preterm birth is more common. Findings from these studies highlight the need for further monitoring of the outcomes of pregnant and post-partum women according to trimester during this pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid33832730,
year = {2021},
author = {Didelot, N and Hofmann, C and Larcher, B and Drexler, D and Lefort, H},
title = {[COVID-19, drugs and hospital pharmacy].},
journal = {Revue de l'infirmiere},
volume = {70},
number = {270},
pages = {40-42},
doi = {10.1016/j.revinf.2021.02.014},
pmid = {33832730},
issn = {1293-8505},
mesh = {*COVID-19/drug therapy/epidemiology ; Caregivers/psychology ; France/epidemiology ; Humans ; *Pharmacy Service, Hospital/organization &amp; administration ; },
abstract = {Observation, interpretation, actions for improvement, questioning are all terms that echo the situation of caregivers since the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic in France at the beginning of 2020. All those involved in the healthcare chain have had to cope with the influx of patients and to show that they are capable of seeing their practices evolve on a daily basis. What was recommended a few weeks earlier could quickly become obsolete. It was necessary to be reactive and the question of drug treatments was at the heart of the concerns, requiring prescribers to keep themselves informed and pharmacists to be as mobilized as possible to respond to requests from the field as quickly as possible.},
}
@article {pmid33832727,
year = {2021},
author = {Young, G and Hodgson, J},
title = {[In the United Kingdom, volunteer caregivers to reinforce COVID vaccination teams].},
journal = {Revue de l'infirmiere},
volume = {70},
number = {270},
pages = {33-34},
doi = {10.1016/j.revinf.2021.02.011},
pmid = {33832727},
issn = {1293-8505},
mesh = {*COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention &amp; control ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/administration &amp; dosage ; *Caregivers ; Humans ; United Kingdom/epidemiology ; *Volunteers ; },
abstract = {The United Kingdom, like many countries, is strongly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The vaccination campaign was launched last December. Ghislaine Young, a nurse, and Jim Hodgson, a general practitioner, both retired, are offering their services as vaccinators to help fight this epidemic. By the end of Febuary 2021, more than 20 million people had already been vaccinated.},
}
@article {pmid33832511,
year = {2021},
author = {Dhouib, W and Maatoug, J and Ayouni, I and Zammit, N and Ghammem, R and Fredj, SB and Ghannem, H},
title = {The incubation period during the pandemic of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Systematic reviews},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {101},
pmid = {33832511},
issn = {2046-4053},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The aim of our study was to determine through a systematic review and meta-analysis the incubation period of COVID-19. It was conducted based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA). Criteria for eligibility were all published population-based primary literature in PubMed interface and the Science Direct, dealing with incubation period of COVID-19, written in English, since December 2019 to December 2020. We estimated the mean of the incubation period using meta-analysis, taking into account between-study heterogeneity, and the analysis with moderator variables.<br><br>RESULTS: This review included 42 studies done predominantly in China. The mean and median incubation period were of maximum 8 days and 12 days respectively. In various parametric models, the 95th percentiles were in the range 10.3-16 days. The highest 99th percentile would be as long as 20.4 days. Out of the 10 included studies in the meta-analysis, 8 were conducted in China, 1 in Singapore, and 1 in Argentina. The pooled mean incubation period was 6.2 (95% CI 5.4, 7.0) days. The heterogeneity (I2 77.1%; p < 0.001) was decreased when we included the study quality and the method of calculation used as moderator variables (I2 0%). The mean incubation period ranged from 5.2 (95% CI 4.4 to 5.9) to 6.65 days (95% CI 6.0 to 7.2).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This work provides additional evidence of incubation period for COVID-19 and showed that it is prudent not to dismiss the possibility of incubation periods up to 14 days at this stage of the epidemic.},
}
@article {pmid33832487,
year = {2021},
author = {Amimo, F and Lambert, B and Magit, A and Hashizume, M},
title = {A review of prospective pathways and impacts of COVID-19 on the accessibility, safety, quality, and affordability of essential medicines and vaccines for universal health coverage in Africa.},
journal = {Globalization and health},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {42},
pmid = {33832487},
issn = {1744-8603},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has the potential to reverse progress towards global targets. This study examines the risks that the COVID-19 pandemic poses to equitable access to essential medicines and vaccines (EMV) for universal health coverage in Africa.<br><br>METHODS: We searched medical databases and grey literature up to 2 October 2020 for studies reporting data on prospective pathways and innovative strategies relevant for the assessment and management of the emerging risks in accessibility, safety, quality, and affordability of EMV in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. We used the resulting pool of evidence to support our analysis and to draw policy recommendations to mitigate the emerging risks and improve preparedness for future crises.<br><br>RESULTS: Of the 310 records screened, 134 were included in the analysis. We found that the disruption of the international system affects more immediately the capability of low- and middle-income countries to acquire the basket of EMV. The COVID-19 pandemic may facilitate dishonesty and fraud, increasing the propensity of patients to take substandard and falsified drugs. Strategic regional cooperation in the form of joint tenders and contract awarding, joint price negotiation and supplier selection, as well as joint market research, monitoring, and evaluation could improve the supply, affordability, quality, and safety of EMV. Sustainable health financing along with international technology transfer and substantial investment in research and development are needed to minimize the vulnerability of African countries arising from their dependence on imported EMV. To ensure equitable access, community-based strategies such as mobile clinics as well as fees exemptions for vulnerable and under-served segments of society might need to be considered. Strategies such as task delegation and telephone triage could help reduce physician workload. This coupled with payments of risk allowance to frontline healthcare workers and health-literate healthcare organization might improve the appropriate use of EMV.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Innovative and sustainable strategies informed by comparative risk assessment are increasingly needed to ensure that local economic, social, demographic, and epidemiological risks and potentials are accounted for in the national COVID-19 responses.},
}
@article {pmid33832474,
year = {2021},
author = {Huang, S and Zhao, S and Luo, H and Wu, Z and Wu, J and Xia, H and Chen, X},
title = {The role of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a narrative review.},
journal = {BMC pulmonary medicine},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {116},
pmid = {33832474},
issn = {1471-2466},
support = {82071251; 81701887;//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2018YFC2001802//National Key Research and Development Project/ ; },
abstract = {Extracorporeal life support treatments such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) have been recommended for the treatment of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To date, many countries, including China, have adopted ECMO as a treatment for severe COVID-19. However, marked differences in patient survival rates have been reported, and the underlying reasons are unclear. This study aimed to summarize the experience of using ECMO to treat severe COVID-19 and provide suggestions for improving ECMO management. The effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and the effects of ECMO on the clinical outcomes in patients with severe cases of COVID-19 were reviewed. Recent data from frontline workers involved in the use of ECMO in Wuhan, China, and those experienced in the implementation of artificial heart and lung support strategies were analysed. There is evidence that ECMO may complicate the pathophysiological state in COVID-19 patients. However, many studies have shown that the appropriate application of ECMO improves the prognosis of such patients. To expand our understanding of the benefits of ECMO for critically ill patients with COVID-19, further prospective, multicentre clinical trials are needed.},
}
@article {pmid33832056,
year = {2021},
author = {Wang, LX and Deng, YP and Wang, YJ and Liu, L and Duan, MJ and Zhang, H},
title = {[Coronavirus and the risk of ocular transmission].},
journal = {[Zhonghua yan ke za zhi] Chinese journal of ophthalmology},
volume = {57},
number = {4},
pages = {305-310},
doi = {10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20200926-00625},
pmid = {33832056},
issn = {0412-4081},
mesh = {Animals ; *COVID-19 ; *Coronavirus ; *Coronavirus Infections ; Humans ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Coronaviruses are a common class of respiratory viruses that can cause human infections. 2019 novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV), a new coronavirus that has recently caused a pandemic, has affected millions of people and put tremendous pressure on the health systems of almost every country in the world. Coronaviruses are known to spread from person to person through droplets or contact. The 2019-nCoV has also been found in the conjunctival secretions and tears of some clinically diagnosed patients. To assess whether the eye is one of the transmission routes of the virus, we review literature, and summarize the anatomy of the eye-nose pathway, the expression of the virus receptor in the eye, the preclinical animal studies, and the clinical data. We analyze the possibility of eyes as a means of transmission and propose some suggestions of ocular protection. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2021, 57: 305-310).},
}
@article {pmid33831618,
year = {2021},
author = {Bonadonna, P and Brockow, K and Niedoszytko, M and Elberink, HO and Akin, C and Nedoszytko, B and Butterfield, JH and Alvarez-Twose, I and Sotlar, K and Schwaab, J and Jawhar, M and Castells, M and Sperr, WR and Hermine, O and Gotlib, J and Zanotti, R and Reiter, A and Broesby-Olsen, S and Bindslev-Jensen, C and Schwartz, LB and Horny, HP and Radia, D and Triggiani, M and Sabato, V and Carter, MC and Siebenhaar, F and Orfao, A and Grattan, C and Metcalfe, DD and Arock, M and Gulen, T and Hartmann, K and Valent, P},
title = {COVID-19 vaccination in mastocytosis: recommendations of the European Competence Network on Mastocytosis (ECNM) and American Initiative in Mast Cell Diseases (AIM).},
journal = {The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jaip.2021.03.041},
pmid = {33831618},
issn = {2213-2201},
abstract = {Mastocytosis is a neoplasm characterized by an accumulation of mast cells in various organs and increased risk for severe anaphylaxis in patients with concomitant allergies. Covid-19 is a pandemic that is associated with a relatively high rate of severe lung disease and mortality. The mortality is particularly high in those with certain comorbidities and increases with age. Recently, several companies have developed an effective vaccination against Covid-19. Although the reported frequency of severe side effects is low, there is an emerging discussion about the safety of Covid-19 vaccination in patients with severe allergies and mastocytosis. However, even in these patients, severe adverse reactions are rare. We therefore recommend the broad use of Covid-19 vaccination in patients with mastocytosis on a global basis. The only well-established exception is a known or suspected allergy against a constituent of the vaccine. Safety measures, including premedication and post-vaccination observation should be considered in all patients with mastocytosis, depending on the individual personal risk and overall situation in each case. The current article provides a summary of published data, observations and expert opinion that form the basis of these recommendations.},
}
@article {pmid33831583,
year = {2021},
author = {Ruba, I and Zain, B and Ildikó, C},
title = {Regulatory status quo and prospects for biosurfactants in pharmaceutical applications.},
journal = {Drug discovery today},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.drudis.2021.03.029},
pmid = {33831583},
issn = {1878-5832},
abstract = {The concept of going 'green' and 'cold' has led to utilizing renewable resources for the synthesis of microbial biosurfactants that are both patient and eco-friendly. In this review, we shed light on the potential and regulatory aspects of biosurfactants in pharmaceutical applications and how they can significantly contribute to novel concepts for the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine and future treatment. We emphasize that more specific guidelines should be formulated to regulate the approval of biosurfactants for human use. It is also crucial to implement a risk-based approach from the early research and development (R&amp;D) phase in addition to establishing more robust standardized techniques and assays to evaluate the characteristics of biosurfactants.},
}
@article {pmid33831567,
year = {2021},
author = {Guimarães, L and Rossini, CVT and Lameu, C},
title = {Implications of SARS-Cov-2 infection on eNOS and iNOS activity: consequences for the respiratory and vascular systems.},
journal = {Nitric oxide : biology and chemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33831567},
issn = {1089-8611},
abstract = {Symptoms of COVID-19 range from asymptomatic/mild symptoms to severe illness and death, consequence of an excessive inflammatory process triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection. The diffuse inflammation leads to endothelium dysfunction in pulmonary blood vessels, uncoupling eNOS activity, lowering NO production, causing pulmonary physiological alterations and coagulopathy. On the other hand, iNOS activity is increased, which may be advantageous for host defense, once NO plays antiviral effects. However, overproduction of NO may be deleterious, generating a pro-inflammatory effect. In this review, we discussed the role of endogenous NO as a protective or deleterious agent of the respiratory and vascular systems, the most affected in COVID-19 patients, focusing on eNOS and iNOS roles. We also reviewed the currently available NO therapies and pointed out possible alternative treatments targeting NO metabolism, which could help mitigate health crises in the present and future CoV's spillovers.},
}
@article {pmid33831263,
year = {2021},
author = {Degauque, N and Haziot, A and Brouard, S and Mooney, N},
title = {Endothelial cell, myeloid, and adaptive immune responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
journal = {FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology},
volume = {35},
number = {5},
pages = {e21577},
doi = {10.1096/fj.202100024R},
pmid = {33831263},
issn = {1530-6860},
support = {ANR-11-LABX-0016-01//Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR)/ ; CA17138//European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)/ ; },
mesh = {Adaptive Immunity/*immunology ; Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology ; COVID-19/*immunology/*pathology ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/immunology/pathology ; Cytokines/immunology ; Endothelial Cells/*pathology ; Humans ; Immunologic Memory ; Myeloid Cells/cytology/*immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology ; },
abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) is an emerging respiratory pathogen that has rapidly spread in human populations. Severe forms of infection associate cytokine release syndrome and acute lung injury due to hyperinflammatory responses even though virus clearance is achieved. Key components of inflammation include immune cell recruitment in infected tissues, a step which is under the control of endothelial cells. Here, we review endothelial cell responses in inflammation and infection due to SARS-CoV-2 together with phenotypic and functional alterations of monocytes, T and B lymphocytes with which they interact. We surmise that endothelial cells function as an integrative and active platform for the various cells recruited, where fine tuning of immune responses takes place and which provides opportunities for therapeutic intervention.},
}
@article {pmid33830976,
year = {2021},
author = {Meza, N and Pérez-Bracchiglione, J and Pérez, I and Carvajal, C and Ortiz-Muñoz, L and Olguín, P and Rada, G and Madrid, E and , },
title = {Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers for COVID-19: A living systematic review of randomized clinical trials.},
journal = {Medwave},
volume = {21},
number = {2},
pages = {e8105},
doi = {10.5867/medwave.2021.02.8105},
pmid = {33830976},
issn = {0717-6384},
abstract = {Objective: This living systematic review aims to provide a timely, rigorous, and continuously updated summary of the evidence available on the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB) in the treatment of patients with COVID-19.<br><br>Data sources: We conducted searches in PubMed/Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), grey literature and in a centralized repository in L·OVE (Living OVerview of Evidence), which retrieves articles from multiple sources such as PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, among other pre-print and protocols repositories. In response to the COVID-19 emergency, L·OVE (Living OVerview of Evidence) was adapted to expand the range of evidence and customized to group all COVID-19 evidence in one place on a daily search basis. The search covered a period of time up to July 31, 2020.<br><br>We adapted an already published standard protocol for multiple parallel living systematic reviews to this question's specificities. We included randomized trials evaluating the effect of either suspension or indication of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers as monotherapy, or in combination versus placebo or no treatment in patients with COVID-19. We searched for randomized trials evaluating the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers versus placebo or no treatment in patients with COVID-19. Two reviewers independently screened each study for eligibility, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. We pooled the results using meta-analysis and applied the GRADE system to assess the certainty of the evidence for each outcome. We will resubmit results every time the conclusions change or whenever there are substantial updates.<br><br>Results: We screened 772 records, but none was considered for eligibility. We identified 55 ongoing studies, including 41 randomized trials evaluating angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers for patients with COVID-19.<br><br>Conclusions: We did not find a randomized clinical trial meeting our inclusion criteria, and hence there is no evidence for supporting the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers in the treatment of patients with COVID-19. A substantial number of ongoing studies would provide valuable evidence to inform researchers and decision-makers in the near future.<br><br>PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020182495.<br><br>Protocol preprint DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/vp9nj.},
}
@article {pmid33830800,
year = {2021},
author = {Cock, K and Bromley, R and Faux, W},
title = {Adapting a 2-week-wait colorectal service in the pandemic using the quantitative faecal immunochemical test.},
journal = {British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing)},
volume = {30},
number = {7},
pages = {404-408},
doi = {10.12968/bjon.2021.30.7.404},
pmid = {33830800},
issn = {0966-0461},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Cohort Studies ; Colorectal Neoplasms/*diagnosis ; Humans ; *Occult Blood ; Referral and Consultation/*organization &amp; administration ; *Waiting Lists ; },
abstract = {The coronavirus pandemic has brought about an economic and healthcare crisis. This has resulted in delays in virtually all areas of patient care and has forced clinicians to review and adapt their processes, in order to ensure patients continue to have access to timely and effective services. In the author's local Trust, this manifested in altered protocols, developed in order to maintain patient and staff safety while conducting invasive and potentially virus-spreading investigations. A new (temporary) standard operating procedure was developed in conjunction with Cancer Alliance South West to introduce the quantitative faecal immunochemical test (qFIT) as an indicator for diagnostic testing after the majority of diagnostic services were suspended or drastically reduced. Patients would then have their investigation(s) deferred on the basis of a negative result (<10 mcg Hb/g). This cohort (n=120) were revisited once diagnostic services were resumed and referred for CT examination. Audits carried out on the data showed that nine cancers had been identified in the negative qFIT population (lung, prostate, breast, bladder, small bowel carcinoid, oesophageal and three occurrences of caecal carcinoma. This article provides an overview of the experiences and outcomes of a colorectal 2-week-wait service in response to this global pandemic and how this experience will shape the service in the future.},
}
@article {pmid33830352,
year = {2021},
author = {Mathews, J and Hannon, B and Zimmermann, C},
title = {Models of Integration of Specialized Palliative Care with Oncology.},
journal = {Current treatment options in oncology},
volume = {22},
number = {5},
pages = {44},
pmid = {33830352},
issn = {1534-6277},
abstract = {OPINION STATEMENT: Evidence from randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses has shown that early integration of specialized palliative care improves symptoms and quality of life for patients with advanced cancer. There are various models of early integration, which may be classified based on setting of care and method of palliative care referral. Most successful randomized controlled trials of early palliative care have used a model of specialized teams providing in-person palliative care in free-standing or embedded outpatient clinics. During the COVID-19 pandemic, telehealth has become a prominent model for palliative care delivery. This model of care has been well received by patients and palliative care providers, although evidence to date is limited. Despite evidence from trials that routine early integration of palliative care into oncology care improves patient outcomes, referral to palliative care still occurs mostly according to the judgment of individual oncologists. This hinders equitable access to palliative care and to its known benefits for patients and their caregivers. Automated referral based on triggering criteria is being actively explored as an alternative. In particular, routine technology-assisted symptom screening, combined with targeted needs-based automatic referral to outpatient palliative care, may improve integration and ultimately increase quality of life.},
}
@article {pmid33830144,
year = {2021},
author = {Das, MC and Islam, N and Hasan, M and Khanam, F and Alam, A and Akter, A and Khan, MH and Rahman, KS and Khan, A and Das, D},
title = {Pandemic Now and Then: A Historical Perspective of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions Adopted In Covid-19.},
journal = {Mymensingh medical journal : MMJ},
volume = {30},
number = {2},
pages = {562-569},
pmid = {33830144},
issn = {2408-8757},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; China/epidemiology ; Humans ; *Pandemics/prevention &amp; control ; Quarantine ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), first reported in Wuhan, China is now a major global health threat - a pandemic. Public health control measures are the cornerstones in the fight against COVID-19 in the absence of an effective vaccine or proven treatment. The aim of this review was to explore the historical use case of various public health measures adopted today to tackle COVID-19 spread. Although our knowledge about this novel coronavirus transmission is evolving over time, the fundamental non-pharmaceutical interventions e.g., handwashing, wearing a mask, physical distancing, isolation, quarantine and border control which are adopted globally at present are not new. This review highlighted that historically and religiously similar approaches were practised in the medieval past for controlling disease outbreaks. The successful implementation of the public health control measures largely depends on health systems resilience, community engagement and changes in population behaviour. Combined global efforts are essential to strengthen health systems, improve the capability of research and transparent information sharing with both public and international bodies to combat the pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid33830022,
year = {2021},
author = {Auletta, JJ and Novakovich, JL and Stritesky, GL and Newman, J and Fridy-Chesser, ST and Hailperin, K and Devine, SM},
title = {Meeting the Demand for Unrelated Donors in the Midst of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Rapid Adaptations by the National Marrow Donor Program and Its Network Partners Ensured a Safe Supply of Donor Products.},
journal = {Transplantation and cellular therapy},
volume = {27},
number = {2},
pages = {133-141},
pmid = {33830022},
issn = {2666-6367},
abstract = {The impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) donor registries and transplant center (TC) practices is underreported. This article reports on the National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP) Be The Match Registry and its coordinating the provision of unrelated donor (URD) products to domestic and international TCs during the initial 3 months of the COVID-19 pandemic (March through May 2020). Specifically, NMDP data are presented for disease indications for transplant, URD search volumes and availability, graft requests and processing, courier utilization and performance, and conversion rates from formal donor search and workup to graft collection and shipment. Data following the onset of COVID-19 are compared to the immediate 3 months prior to the COVID-19 pandemic (December 2019 through February 2020) and the same quarter 1 year prior to COVID-19 (March through May 2019). During the initial onset of COVID-19 and compared to 1 year prior, TCs requested and the NMDP performed less donor searches. More multiple URD and direct to workup requests were processed by the NMDP, which likely reflected reductions in donor availability. Yet TCs continued to perform allogeneic transplants for acute disease indications like acute leukemia and myelodysplasia, using more cryopreserved grafts than before COVID-19. In comparison to prepandemic patient cycle conversion rates and durations, the NMDP was able to convert patient cycles at nearly the same or higher rates and in similar or shorter periods of time. Last, despite significant challenges caused by the pandemic, including interruptions in domestic courier services and travel restrictions, graft products were delivered to and received by TCs in similar periods of time than before COVID-19. Taken together, these data show that NMDP service line operations continued to function effectively during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, ensuring requests for and delivery of URD products to domestic and international allogeneic HCT recipients.},
}
@article {pmid33829608,
year = {2021},
author = {Song, J},
title = {Adenosine triphosphate energy-independently controls protein homeostasis with unique structure and diverse mechanisms.},
journal = {Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/pro.4079},
pmid = {33829608},
issn = {1469-896X},
support = {R-154-000-B92-114//Ministry of Education of Singapore/ ; },
abstract = {Proteins function in the crowded cellular environments with high salt concentrations, thus facing tremendous challenges of misfolding/aggregation which represents a pathological hallmark of aging and an increasing spectrum of human diseases. Recently, intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) were recognized to drive liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), a common principle for organizing cellular membraneless organelles (MLOs). ATP, the universal energy currency for all living cells, mysteriously has concentrations of 2-12 mM, much higher than required for its previously-known functions. Only recently, ATP was decoded to behave as a biological hydrotrope to inhibit protein LLPS and aggregation at mM. We further revealed that ATP also acts as a bivalent binder, which not only biphasically modulates LLPS driven by IDRs of human and viral proteins, but also bind to the conserved nucleic-acid-binding surfaces of the folded proteins. Most unexpectedly, ATP appears to act as a hydration mediator to antagonize the crowding-induced destabilization as well as to enhance folding of proteins without significant binding. Here, this review focuses on summarizing the results of these biophysical studies and discussing their implications in an evolutionary context. By linking triphosphate with unique hydration property to adenosine, ATP appears to couple the ability for establishing hydrophobic, π-π, π-cation and electrostatic interactions to the capacity in mediating hydration of proteins, which is at the heart of folding, dynamics, stability, phase separation and aggregation. Consequently, ATP acquired a category of functions at ~mM to energy-independently control protein homeostasis with diverse mechanisms, thus implying a link between cellular ATP concentrations and protein-aggregation diseases.},
}
@article {pmid33829568,
year = {2021},
author = {Kean, S and Donaghy, E and Bancroft, A and Clegg, G and Rodgers, S},
title = {Theorising survivorship after intensive care: A systematic review of patient and family experiences.},
journal = {Journal of clinical nursing},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/jocn.15766},
pmid = {33829568},
issn = {1365-2702},
support = {CGA/17/50//Chief Scientist Office, Scotland/ ; },
abstract = {AIMS AND OBJECTIVE: This systematic literature review explores and maps what we know about survivorship to understand how survivorship can be theoretically defined.<br><br>BACKGROUND: Survivorship of critical illness has been identified as a challenge for the 21st Century. Whilst the use of the term 'survivorship' is now common in critical care, it has been borrowed from the cancer literature where the discourse on what survivorship means in a cancer context is ongoing and remains largely descriptive. In the absence of a theoretical understanding, the term 'survivorship' is often used in critical illness in a generic way, limiting our understanding of what survivorship is. The current COVID-19 pandemic adds to an urgency of understanding what intensive care unit (ICU) survivorship might mean, given the emerging long-term consequences of this patient cohort. We set out to explore how survivorship after critical illness is being conceptualised and what the implications might be for clinical practice and research.<br><br>DESIGN: Integrated systematic literature review. The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. PRISMA guidelines were followed and a PRISMA checklist for reporting systematic reviews completed.<br><br>RESULTS: The three main themes around which the reviewed studies were organised are: (a) healthcare system; (b) ICU survivors' families; and (c) ICU survivor's identity. These three themes feed into an overarching core theme of 'ICU Survivorship Experiences'. These themes map our current knowledge of what happens when a patient survives a critical illness and where we are in understanding ICU survivorship.<br><br>CONCLUSION: We mapped in this systematic review the different pieces of the jigsaw that emerge following critical illness to understand and see the bigger picture of what happens after patients survive critical illness. It is evident that existing research has mapped these connections, but what we have not managed to do yet is defining what survivorship is theoretically. We offer a preliminary definition of survivorship as a process but are aware that this definition needs to be developed further with patients and families.},
}
@article {pmid33829393,
year = {2021},
author = {Finsterer, J and Scorza, FA},
title = {Clinical and Pathophysiologic Spectrum of Neuro-COVID.},
journal = {Molecular neurobiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33829393},
issn = {1559-1182},
abstract = {Though the lungs are predominantly affected in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, extra-pulmonary manifestations can occur. Extra-pulmonary manifestations of the central and peripheral nervous system need to be recognised as they can strongly determine the outcome. This mini-review summarises and discusses previous and recent findings about neuro-COVID. The spectrum of central nervous system disease in COVID-19 patients is much broader than so far anticipated. Peripheral nerves and the skeletal muscle are less predominantly affected. In the vast majority of the cases, there is no direct attack of the virus towards vulnerable structures, which explains why various manifestations of the nervous system manifest favourably to immune suppression or immune modulation. Overall, the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of CNS/PNS involvement in COVID-19 is wider than believed. All patients with COVID-19 should be investigated by the neurologist for primary or secondary involvement of the CNS/PNS in the infection. neuro-COVID responds favourably to immune suppressants or immune modulation.},
}
@article {pmid33828999,
year = {2021},
author = {Sender, V and Hentrich, K and Henriques-Normark, B},
title = {Virus-Induced Changes of the Respiratory Tract Environment Promote Secondary Infections With Streptococcus pneumoniae.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {643326},
pmid = {33828999},
issn = {2235-2988},
abstract = {Secondary bacterial infections enhance the disease burden of influenza infections substantially. Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) plays a major role in the synergism between bacterial and viral pathogens, which is based on complex interactions between the pathogen and the host immune response. Here, we discuss mechanisms that drive the pathogenesis of a secondary pneumococcal infection after an influenza infection with a focus on how pneumococci senses and adapts to the influenza-modified environment. We briefly summarize what is known regarding secondary bacterial infection in relation to COVID-19 and highlight the need to improve our current strategies to prevent and treat viral bacterial coinfections.},
}
@article {pmid33828849,
year = {2021},
author = {Goodwin, L and Hayward, T and Krishan, P and Nolan, G and Nundy, M and Ostrishko, K and Attili, A and Cárceles, SB and Epelle, EI and Gabl, R and Pappa, EJ and Stajuda, M and Zen, S and Dozier, M and Anderson, N and Viola, IM and McQuillan, R},
title = {Which factors influence the extent of indoor transmission of SARS-CoV-2? A rapid evidence review.},
journal = {Journal of global health},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {10002},
pmid = {33828849},
issn = {2047-2986},
support = {/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Air Pollution, Indoor/*analysis/prevention &amp; control ; COVID-19/prevention &amp; control/*transmission ; Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention &amp; control/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; *Environment, Controlled ; Environmental Microbiology ; Environmental Monitoring/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Background: This rapid evidence review identifies and integrates evidence from epidemiology, microbiology and fluid dynamics on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor environments.<br><br>Methods: Searches were conducted in May 2020 in PubMed, medRxiv, arXiv, Scopus, WHO COVID-19 database, Compendex &amp; Inspec. We included studies reporting data on any indoor setting except schools, any indoor activities and any potential means of transmission. Articles were screened by a single reviewer, with rejections assessed by a second reviewer. We used Joanna Briggs Institute and Critical Appraisal Skills Programme tools for evaluating epidemiological studies and developed bespoke tools for the evaluation of study types not covered by these instruments. Data extraction and quality assessment were conducted by a single reviewer. We conducted a meta-analysis of secondary attack rates in household transmission. Otherwise, data were synthesised narratively.<br><br>Results: We identified 1573 unique articles. After screening and quality assessment, fifty-eight articles were retained for analysis. Experimental evidence from fluid mechanics and microbiological studies demonstrates that aerosolised transmission is theoretically possible; however, we found no conclusive epidemiological evidence of this occurring. The evidence suggests that ventilation systems have the potential to decrease virus transmission near the source through dilution but to increase transmission further away from the source through dispersal. We found no evidence for faecal-oral transmission. Laboratory studies suggest that the virus survives for longer on smooth surfaces and at lower temperatures. Environmental sampling studies have recovered small amounts of viral RNA from a wide range of frequently touched objects and surfaces; however, epidemiological studies are inconclusive on the extent of fomite transmission. We found many examples of transmission in settings characterised by close and prolonged indoor contact. We estimate a pooled secondary attack rate within households of 11% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 9, 13). There were insufficient data to evaluate the transmission risks associated with specific activities. Workplace challenges related to poverty warrant further investigation as potential risk factors for workplace transmission. Fluid mechanics evidence on the physical properties of droplets generated by coughing, speaking and breathing reinforce the importance of maintaining 2 m social distance to reduce droplet transmission.<br><br>Conclusions: This review provides a snap-shot of evidence on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor environments from the early months of the pandemic. The overall quality of the evidence was low. As the quality and quantity of available evidence grows, it will be possible to reach firmer conclusions on the risk factors for and mechanisms of indoor transmission.},
}
@article {pmid33828839,
year = {2021},
author = {Gyeltshen, D and Musa, SS and Amesho, JN and Ewelike, SC and Bayoh, AVS and Al-Sammour, C and Camua, AA and Lin, X and Lowe, M and Ahmadi, A and Ntacyabukura, B and Adebisi, YA and Lucero-Prisno, DE},
title = {COVID-19: A novel burden on the fragile health system of Angola.},
journal = {Journal of global health},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {03059},
pmid = {33828839},
issn = {2047-2986},
mesh = {Angola/epidemiology ; COVID-19/*epidemiology ; Communicable Disease Control/*organization &amp; administration ; Government Programs/*methods ; Health Services Research ; Humans ; *National Health Programs ; Resource Allocation/*organization &amp; administration ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
}
@article {pmid33828835,
year = {2021},
author = {Zhang, X},
title = {Remote court hearing as a judicial response to the COVID-19 outbreak: An impact assessment and suggestions for improvement.},
journal = {Journal of global health},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {03051},
pmid = {33828835},
issn = {2047-2986},
}
@article {pmid33828834,
year = {2021},
author = {Al Hosany, F and Ganesan, S and Al Memari, S and Al Mazrouei, S and Ahamed, F and Koshy, A and Zaher, W},
title = {Response to COVID-19 pandemic in the UAE: A public health perspective.},
journal = {Journal of global health},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {03050},
pmid = {33828834},
issn = {2047-2986},
mesh = {COVID-19/epidemiology/*prevention &amp; control ; Humans ; Pandemics/*prevention &amp; control ; *Public Health ; United Arab Emirates/epidemiology ; },
}
@article {pmid33828833,
year = {2021},
author = {Al-Rabayah, AA and Hammoudeh, SS and AbuBlan, RS and Najjar, R and Salmany, SS and Nassar, N and Nazer, L and Jaddoua, SM},
title = {Oncology pharmacists' response to COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan: The King Hussein Cancer Center experience.},
journal = {Journal of global health},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {03048},
pmid = {33828833},
issn = {2047-2986},
}
@article {pmid33828832,
year = {2021},
author = {Nit, B and Kobashi, Y and Vory, S and Lim, S and Chea, S and Ito, S and Tsubokura, M},
title = {The introduction of telemedicine is required immediately in Cambodia: Barriers and lessons from COVID-19.},
journal = {Journal of global health},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {03047},
pmid = {33828832},
issn = {2047-2986},
}
@article {pmid33828830,
year = {2021},
author = {Okereke, M and Babatunde, AO and Samuel, ST and Ogunkola, IO and Mogessie, YG and Lucero-Prisno, DE},
title = {Applications of telemedicine in the supply and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines in Africa.},
journal = {Journal of global health},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {03039},
pmid = {33828830},
issn = {2047-2986},
mesh = {Africa ; COVID-19/*prevention &amp; control ; COVID-19 Vaccines/*supply &amp; distribution ; Humans ; Mass Vaccination/*methods ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Telemedicine/*methods ; },
}
@article {pmid33828579,
year = {2021},
author = {Saksena, N and Bonam, SR and Miranda-Saksena, M},
title = {Epigenetic Lens to Visualize the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection in COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Frontiers in genetics},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {581726},
pmid = {33828579},
issn = {1664-8021},
abstract = {In <20 years, we have witnessed three different epidemics with coronaviruses, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 in human populations, causing widespread mortality. SARS-CoV-2, through its rapid global spread, has led to the pandemic that we call COVID-19. As of February 1, 2021, the global infections linked to SARS-CoV-2 stand at 103,503,340, with 2,236,960 deaths, and 75,108,099 recoveries. This review attempts to highlight host-pathogen interaction with particular emphasis on the role of epigenetic machinery in regulating the disease. Although researchers, since the start of the pandemic, have been intensely engaged in diverse areas to understand the mechanisms involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection to find answers that can bring about innovative ways to swiftly treat and prevent disease progression, this review provides an overview on how the host epigenetics is modulated and subverted by SARS-CoV-2 to enter the host cells and drive immunopathogenesis. Epigenetics is the study that combines genetic and non-genetic factors controlling phenotypic variation, which are primarily a consequence of external and environmental stimuli. These stimuli alter the activity of a gene without impinging on the DNA code. In viral-host interactions, DNA/RNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, chromatin remodeling, and histone modifications are known to regulate and modulate host gene expression patterns. Viruses such as Coronaviruses (an RNA virus) show intrinsic association with these processes. They have evolved the ability to tamper with host epigenetic machinery to interfere with immune sensing pathways to evade host immune response, thereby enhancing its replication and pathogenesis post-entry. These epigenetic alterations allow the virus to weaken the host's immune response to successfully spread infection. How this occurs, and what epigenetic mechanisms are altered is poorly understood both for coronaviruses and other respiratory RNA viruses. The review highlights several cutting-edge aspects of epigenetic work primarily pertinent to SARS-CoV-2, which has been published between 2019 and 2020 to showcase the current knowledge both in terms of success and failures and take lessons that will assist us in understanding the disease to develop better treatments suited to kill SARS-CoV-2.},
}
@article {pmid33828481,
year = {2021},
author = {Ma, LL and Liu, HM and Luo, CH and He, YN and Wang, F and Huang, HZ and Han, L and Yang, M and Xu, RC and Zhang, DK},
title = {Fever and Antipyretic Supported by Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Multi-Pathway Regulation.},
journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {583279},
pmid = {33828481},
issn = {1663-9812},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease, 2019 (COVID-19), has spread rapidly around the world and become a major public health problem facing the world. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been fully committed to treat COVID-19 in China. It improved the clinical symptoms of patients and reduced the mortality rate. In light of the fever was identified as one of leading clinical features of COVID-19, this paper will first analyze the material basis of fever, including pyrogenic cytokines and a variety of the mediators of fever. Then the humoral and neural pathways of fever signal transmission will be described. The scattered evidences about fever recorded in recent years are connected in series. On this basis, the understanding of fever is further deepened from the aspects of pathology and physiology. Finally, combining with the chemical composition and pharmacological action of available TCM, we analyzed the mechanisms of TCMs to play the antipyretic effect through multiple ways. So as to further provide the basis for the research of antipyretic compound preparations of TCMs and explore the potential medicines for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33828231,
year = {2021},
author = {Ong, SYQ and Flyamer, IM and Bickmore, WA and Biddie, SC},
title = {From bedside to bench: regulation of host factors in SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
journal = {Experimental &amp; molecular medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33828231},
issn = {2092-6413},
support = {MC_UU_00007/2//RCUK | Medical Research Council (MRC)/ ; },
abstract = {The zoonotic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2), which causes COVID-19 (coronavirus disease-2019), has resulted in a pandemic. This has led to an urgent need to understand the molecular determinants of SARS-CoV-2 infection, factors associated with COVID-19 heterogeneity and severity, and therapeutic options for these patients. In this review, we discuss the role of host factors in SARS-CoV-2 infection and describe variations in host factor expression as mechanisms underlying the symptoms and severity of COVID-19. We focus on two host factors, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), implicated in SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also discuss genetic variants associated with COVID-19 severity revealed in selected patients and based on genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Furthermore, we highlight important advances in cell and chromatin biology, such as single-cell RNA and chromatin sequencing and chromosomal conformation assays, as methods that may aid in the discovery of viral-host interactions in COVID-19. Understanding how regulation of host factor genes varies in physiological and pathological states might explain the heterogeneity observed in SARS-CoV-2 infection, help identify pathways for therapeutic development, and identify patients most likely to progress to severe COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33828228,
year = {2021},
author = {Cavicchiolo, ME and Trevisanuto, D and Priante, E and Moschino, L and Mosca, F and Baraldi, E},
title = {Italian neonatologists and SARS-CoV-2: lessons learned to face coming new waves.},
journal = {Pediatric research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33828228},
issn = {1530-0447},
abstract = {The aim of this review was threefold: (a) to retrieve all SARS-CoV-2 evidences published by Italian neonatologists working in maternity centers and NICUs during the pandemic; (b) to summarize current evidence for the management of term and preterm infants with a SARS-CoV-2-related illness; and (c) to provide an update for dealing with the second wave of COVID-19 and discuss open questions. A review was conducted using MEDLINE/PubMed and the national COVID-19 registry of the Italian Society of Neonatology including citations from December 1, 2019 to October 28, 2020. Sixty-three articles were included. Collected data were divided into the following topics: (a) antenatal management, (b) management in delivery room, (c) postnatal management, (d) mother-baby dyad and breastfeeding management, (e) neonatal emergency transport system reorganization, (f) parents' management and perspective during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and (g) future perspective. Evidences have evolved over the pandemic period and the current review can be useful in the management of the mother-neonate dyad during SARS-CoV-2 future waves. Italian neonatologists have played an active role in producing official guidelines and reporting data that have contributed to improve the care of neonates. A joint European action plan is mandatory to face COVID-19 in neonates with more awareness. IMPACT: A joint European action plan is mandatory to face COVID-19 in neonates with more awareness. This review summarizes the available evidences from neonatal COVID-19 management in Italy analyzing all the published paper in this specific field of interest. The current review can be useful in the management of the mother-neonate dyad during the SARS-CoV-2 future waves.},
}
@article {pmid33827844,
year = {2021},
author = {Pearson, I and Butler, N and Yelgezekova, Z and Nihlén, Å and Yordi Aguirre, I and Quigg, Z and Stöckl, H},
title = {Emerging responses implemented to prevent and respond to violence against women and children in WHO European member states during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review of online media reports.},
journal = {BMJ open},
volume = {11},
number = {4},
pages = {e045872},
pmid = {33827844},
issn = {2044-6055},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Child ; Communicable Disease Control ; Domestic Violence/*prevention &amp; control ; Europe ; Female ; Humans ; Internet ; *Mass Media ; *Pandemics ; World Health Organization ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: This study aims to explore the strategies that governments and civil society organisations implemented to prevent and respond to the anticipated rise in violence against women and/or children (VAWC) during the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.<br><br>DESIGN: A scoping review and content analysis of online media reports.<br><br>SETTING: WHO European region.<br><br>METHODS: A scoping review of media reports and publications and a search of other grey literature (published from 1 January to 17 September 2020). Primary and secondary outcome measures included measures implemented by governments, public services and non-governmental and civil organisations to prevent or respond to VAWC during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic.<br><br>RESULTS: Our study found that in 52 of the 53 member states there was at least one measure undertaken to prevent or respond to VAWC during the pandemic. Government-led or government-sponsored measures were the most common, reported in 50 member states. Non-governmental and other civil society-led prevention and response measures were reported in 40 member states. The most common measure was the use of media and social media to raise awareness of VAWC and to provide VAWC services through online platforms, followed by measures taken to expand and/or maintain helpline services for those exposed to violence.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The potential increase in VAWC during COVID-19-imposed restrictions and lockdowns resulted in adaptations and/or increases in prevention and response strategies in nearly all member states. The strength of existing public health systems influenced the requirement and choice of strategies and highlights the need for sustaining and improving violence prevention and response services. Innovative strategies employed in several member states may offer opportunities for countries to strengthen prevention and responses in the near future and during similar emergencies.},
}
@article {pmid33826068,
year = {2021},
author = {Talukder, P and Chanda, S},
title = {RNAi Technology and Investigation on Possible Vaccines to Combat SARS-CoV-2 Infection.},
journal = {Applied biochemistry and biotechnology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33826068},
issn = {1559-0291},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, taking place globally, occurs as a result of the SARS-CoV-2 viral infection which has caused death of innumerable numbers of people and is responsible for a massive drop in the global economy. Millions of people are infected, and the death rate is also quite high in different countries. So, there is an urgent requirement of the invention of some effective and efficient drugs that can be effective against this deadly viral infection. The invention of new drugs and vaccine has become a matter of utmost importance to stop the mayhem of coronavirus pandemic. In the middle of such a deadly pandemic, the necessity of development of a vaccine is of high importance in this context. Among all the popular methods of vaccine development, the mRNA vaccines turned out to be the one of the most versatile vaccine with quick responses. However, in this review, we have explained all the possible types of vaccines available including DNA vaccines, RNA vaccines, and live and attenuated vaccines. Their effectiveness, importance, and application of the vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 virus have been discussed. Research is also being conducted in the field of gene silencing, and one of the best possible ways to combat the virus at the molecular level is by applying RNAi technology. The modified siRNA molecules can be used to silence the gene expression of the virus. A summarization of the virus's behavior, characteristics, and the methods by which RNAi technology can be administered to control the virus is depicted in this study.},
}
@article {pmid33826045,
year = {2021},
author = {Castillo-Martínez, D and Torres, Z and Amezcua-Guerra, LM and Pineda, C},
title = {Are antiphospholipid antibodies just a common epiphenomenon or are they causative of immune-mediated coagulopathy in COVID-19?.},
journal = {Clinical rheumatology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33826045},
issn = {1434-9949},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the largest public health emergency in recent times. A significant number of patients develop a severe form of COVID-19 characterized by coagulopathy, organ failure, and elevated mortality. In addition, an unusually high frequency of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) has been found in patients with COVID-19. These clinical and serological manifestations closely resemble those seen in the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), especially in its catastrophic form, suggesting a role of aPLs in immune-associated coagulopathy. However, government bodies such as the American Society of Hematology have spoken out against the systematic search for aPLs in patients with COVID-19. In an attempt to bridge the gap on this hot topic, we conducted a comprehensive review of currently available cohort studies and case series systematically evaluating aPLs in COVID-19 patients. In this Perspective, we seek to identify both the frequency and the type of aPLs found in patients with COVID-19, as well as the potential association of these aPLs with vascular thrombosis and other distinctive characteristics of COVID-19. Furthermore, we investigated whether there is evidence that allows us to define the occurrence of aPLs in COVID-19 as an epiphenomenon, as has been observed in other systemic viral infections, or as antibodies against self-antigens bearing hallmarks that suggest a pathogenic role in immune-mediated thrombosis. Defining whether aPLs represent an epiphenomenon or they are actually involved in hemostatic abnormalities of COVID-19 is crucial both for uncovering novel mechanisms of immune-mediated thrombosis and for identifying potential prognostic biomarkers in this devastating disease.},
}
@article {pmid33825700,
year = {2021},
author = {Barrantes, FJ},
title = {Structural biology of coronavirus ion channels.},
journal = {Acta crystallographica. Section D, Structural biology},
volume = {77},
number = {Pt 4},
pages = {391-402},
doi = {10.1107/S2059798321001431},
pmid = {33825700},
issn = {2059-7983},
support = {PIP 857/2015//Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas/ ; },
mesh = {COVID-19/virology ; *Computational Chemistry ; Ion Channels/*chemistry ; Protein Conformation ; SARS-CoV-2/*chemistry ; Viral Proteins/*chemistry ; },
abstract = {Viral infection compromises specific organelles of the cell and readdresses its functional resources to satisfy the needs of the invading body. Around 70% of the coronavirus positive-sense single-stranded RNA encodes proteins involved in replication, and these viruses essentially take over the biosynthetic and transport mechanisms to ensure the efficient replication of their genome and trafficking of their virions. Some coronaviruses encode genes for ion-channel proteins - the envelope protein E (orf4a), orf3a and orf8 - which they successfully employ to take control of the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi complex intermediate compartment or ERGIC. The E protein, which is one of the four structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses, assembles its transmembrane protomers into homopentameric channels with mild cationic selectivity. Orf3a forms homodimers and homotetramers. Both carry a PDZ-binding domain, lending them the versatility to interact with more than 400 target proteins in infected host cells. Orf8 is a very short 29-amino-acid single-passage transmembrane peptide that forms cation-selective channels when assembled in lipid bilayers. This review addresses the contribution of biophysical and structural biology approaches that unravel different facets of coronavirus ion channels, their effects on the cellular machinery of infected cells and some structure-functional correlations with ion channels of higher organisms.},
}
@article {pmid33825689,
year = {2021},
author = {Peng, HT and Rhind, SG and Beckett, A},
title = {Convalescent Plasma for the Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Quantitative Analysis.},
journal = {JMIR public health and surveillance},
volume = {7},
number = {4},
pages = {e25500},
doi = {10.2196/25500},
pmid = {33825689},
issn = {2369-2960},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by a novel coronavirus termed SARS-CoV-2, has spread quickly worldwide. Convalescent plasma (CP) obtained from patients following recovery from COVID-19 infection and development of antibodies against the virus is an attractive option for either prophylactic or therapeutic treatment, since antibodies may have direct or indirect antiviral activities and immunotherapy has proven effective in principle and in many clinical reports.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: We seek to characterize the latest advances and evidence in the use of CP for COVID-19 through a systematic review and quantitative analysis, identify knowledge gaps in this setting, and offer recommendations and directives for future research.<br><br>METHODS: PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were continuously searched for studies assessing the use of CP for COVID-19, including clinical studies, commentaries, reviews, guidelines or protocols, and in vitro testing of CP antibodies. The screening process and data extraction were performed according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Quality appraisal of all clinical studies was conducted using a universal tool independent of study designs. A meta-analysis of case-control and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted using a random-effects model.<br><br>RESULTS: Substantial literature has been published covering various aspects of CP therapy for COVID-19. Of the references included in this review, a total of 243 eligible studies including 64 clinical studies, 79 commentary articles, 46 reviews, 19 guidance and protocols, and 35 in vitro testing of CP antibodies matched the criteria. Positive results have been mostly observed so far when using CP for the treatment of COVID-19. There were remarkable heterogeneities in the CP therapy with respect to patient demographics, donor antibody titers, and time and dose of CP administration. The studies assessing the safety of CP treatment reported low incidence of adverse events. Most clinical studies, in particular case reports and case series, had poor quality. Only 1 RCT was of high quality. Randomized and nonrandomized data were found in 2 and 11 studies, respectively, and were included for meta-analysis, suggesting that CP could reduce mortality and increase viral clearance. Despite promising pilot studies, the benefits of CP treatment can only be clearly established through carefully designed RCTs.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: There is developing support for CP therapy, particularly for patients who are critically ill or mechanically ventilated and resistant to antivirals and supportive care. These studies provide important lessons that should inform the planning of well-designed RCTs to generate more robust knowledge for the efficacy of CP in patients with COVID-19. Future research is necessary to fill the knowledge gap regarding prevention and treatment for patients with COVID-19 with CP while other therapeutics are being developed.},
}
@article {pmid33825299,
year = {2021},
author = {Moncorps, F and Jouet, E and Bayen, S and Fornasieri, I and Renet, S and Las-Vergnas, O and Messaadi, N},
title = {Specifics of chronic fatigue syndrome coping strategies identified in a French flash survey during the COVID-19 containment.},
journal = {Health &amp; social care in the community},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/hsc.13376},
pmid = {33825299},
issn = {1365-2524},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has focused health systems on supporting patients affected by this virus. Meanwhile in the community, many other contained patients could only use self-care strategies, especially in countries that have set up a long and strict containment such as France. The study aimed to compare coping strategies deployed by patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS; a poorly recognised syndrome) to those with better known and referenced chronic conditions. An online flash survey was conducted during the containment period in partnership with French Patients Organizations including ME/CFS national association. Therefore, 'Brief COPE' version of Lazarus and Folkman's Ways of Coping Check List has been adapted to the specificity of the containment. The survey was e-distributed in France from 15 April to 11 May 2020. Differences of coping strategies were analyzed using Wilcoxon-Mann-Withney test. Amongst 637 responses, 192 were complete, presenting a wide variety of diseases, including 93 ME/CFS. The latter have significantly different coping strategies than recognised diagnosed diseases patients: similar uses of emotion focused coping but less uses of seek social support and problem-focused copings. In conclusion, coping strategies are different for those who deal with the daily experience of ME/CFS, highly disabling chronic condition with diagnostic ambiguity, low degree of medical and social recognition and without treatment. Better understanding of those strategies is needed to provide the means for health promotion researchers, managers and clinicians, to accompany those patients.},
}
@article {pmid33825271,
year = {2021},
author = {Babando, J and Quesnel, DA and Woodmass, K and Lomness, A and Graham, JR},
title = {Responding to pandemics and other disease outbreaks in homeless populations: A review of the literature and content analysis.},
journal = {Health &amp; social care in the community},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/hsc.13380},
pmid = {33825271},
issn = {1365-2524},
support = {//University of British Columbia Eminence/ ; //Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council/ ; },
abstract = {Considering the recent COVID-19 pandemic, we recognised a lack of synthesis amongst the available literature pertaining to the intersections of homelessness and pandemic response and planning. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to identify relevant peer-reviewed literature in this area to thematically produce evidence-based recommendations that would inform community planning and response amongst homeless populations. Although this review is inspired by the COVID-19 pandemic, our intention was to produce relevant recommendations to for all current and future outbreaks and pandemics more generally. Our search criteria focused on pandemics and rapid-spread illnesses such as contagious respiratory diseases with contact spread and with an emphasis on individuals experiencing homelessness. Content analysis methods were followed to extract and thematically synthesise key information amongst the 223 articles that matched our search criteria between the years of 1984 and 2020. Two reviewers were assigned to the screening process and used Covidence and undertook two rounds of discussion to identify and finalise themes for extraction. This review illustrates that the current breadth of academic literature on homeless populations has thus far focused on tuberculosis (TB) rather than diseases that are more recent and closely related to COVID-19-such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) or H1N1. Our thematic content analysis revealed six themes that offer tangible and scalable recommendations which include (1) education and outreach, (2) adapting structure of services, (3) screening and contract tracing, (4) transmission and prevention strategies, (5) shelter protocols and (6) treatment, adherence and vaccination. The breadth and depth of reviews such as these are dependent on the quantity and quality of the available literature. Therefore, the limited existing literature outside of tuberculosis specific to homelessness in this review illustrates a need for more academic research into the intersections of pandemics and homelessness-particularly for evaluations of response and planning. Nonetheless, this review offers timely considerations for pandemic response and planning amongst homeless populations during the current COVID-19 pandemic and can facilitate future research in this area.},
}
@article {pmid33824998,
year = {2021},
author = {de Leeuw, AJM and Oude Luttikhuis, MAM and Wellen, AC and Müller, C and Calkhoven, CF},
title = {Obesity and its impact on COVID-19.},
journal = {Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33824998},
issn = {1432-1440},
abstract = {The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has proven a challenge to healthcare systems since its first appearance in late 2019. The global spread and devastating effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on patients have resulted in countless studies on risk factors and disease progression. Overweight and obesity emerged as one of the major risk factors for developing severe COVID-19. Here we review the biology of coronavirus infections in relation to obesity. In particular, we review literature about the impact of adiposity-related systemic inflammation on the COVID-19 disease severity, involving cytokine, chemokine, leptin, and growth hormone signaling, and we discuss the involvement of hyperactivation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Due to the sheer number of publications on COVID-19, we cannot be completed, and therefore, we apologize for all the publications that we do not cite.},
}
@article {pmid33824935,
year = {2021},
author = {Pollard-Larkin, JM and Briere, TM and Kudchadker, RJ and Sadagopan, R and Nitsch, PL and Wang, XA and Salehpour, M and Wang, J and Vedam, S and Nelson, CL and Sahoo, N and Zhu, XR and Court, LE and Balter, PA and Robinson, IJ and Yang, J and Howell, RM and Followill, DS and Kry, S and Beddar, SA and Martel, MK},
title = {Our Experience Leading a Large Medical Physics Practice During the COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Advances in radiation oncology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {100683},
doi = {10.1016/j.adro.2021.100683},
pmid = {33824935},
issn = {2452-1094},
abstract = {COVID-19 has presented Radiation Oncology with unique challenges. This article presents suggestions from our large Radiation Oncology practice on how to provide Physics coverage during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our facility encompasses 4 smaller Houston Area Locations (HALs), a main campus with 8 distinct services based on treatment site (ie. Thoracic, Head and Neck, Breast, Gastrointestinal, Gynecology, Genitourinary, Hematologic Malignancies, Melanoma and Sarcoma and Central Nervous System/Pediatrics), a Proton Center facility, an MR-Linac, a Gamma Knife clinic and an array of brachytherapy services. Due to the scope of our services, we have gained experience in dealing with the rapidly changing pandemic effects on our clinical practice. The goal of this paper is to provide a resource to other Medical Physics practices in search of workflows that have been resilient during these challenging times.},
}
@article {pmid33824849,
year = {2021},
author = {Najafizada, M and Rahman, A and Oxford, K},
title = {Analyzing models of patient-centered care in Canada through a scoping review and environmental scan.},
journal = {Zeitschrift fur Gesundheitswissenschaften = Journal of public health},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-13},
pmid = {33824849},
issn = {2198-1833},
abstract = {Aim: The objective of this study was to identify and synthesize models of patient-centered care in Canada and compare them with the normative models described in the literature.<br><br>Subject and methods: Patient-centered care has gained momentum in the twenty-first century as a component of quality care. During the Covid-19 pandemic, the crisis often shifts the focus to the disease rather than the patient. The multiplicity of Canadian systems, including the federal, provincial, and territorial contexts, made a good case to search for a variety of models. This study was conducted using a scoping review method supported by an environmental scan to identify patient-centered care models in Canada.<br><br>Results: The study identified 19 patient-centered interventions across Canada. The interventions included bedside interventions, patient-engagement projects at the organizational level, and citizen advisory panels at the system level. The organizational model was the most common. The goals of interventions ranged from enhancing the patient's experience of care to identifying ways to cut costs. In most organizational-level projects, there was a marked tendency to engage patients as members of quality improvement committees. Respecting patient dignity and autonomy in one-on-one clinical interactions was minimally addressed in the models.<br><br>Conclusion: Health systems are not only technical, biomedical organizations but also socio-political institutions with goals of financial protection, the fair distribution of services and resources, and the meaningful inclusion of the citizens in the system, and thus patients need to be respected as individuals and as collectives within the healthcare system.},
}
@article {pmid33824674,
year = {2020},
author = {Atefi, N and Behrangi, E and Mozafarpoor, S and Seirafianpour, F and Peighambari, S and Goodarzi, A},
title = {N-acetylcysteine and coronavirus disease 2019: May it work as a beneficial preventive and adjuvant therapy? A comprehensive review study.},
journal = {Journal of research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences},
volume = {25},
number = {},
pages = {109},
pmid = {33824674},
issn = {1735-1995},
abstract = {Background: Coronaviruses are major pathogens of respiratory system causing different disorders, including the common cold, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and severe acute respiratory syndrome. Today's global pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has high mortality rate, with an approximate of 20% in some studies, and is 30-60 times more fatal than the common annual influenza, However, there is still no gold standard treatment for it. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a well-known multi-potential drug with hypothetically probable acceptable effect on COVID-related consequences, which we completely focused in this comprehensive review.<br><br>Materials and Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar have been searched. Study eligibility criteria: efficacy of NAC in various subclasses of pathogenic events which may occur during COVID-19 infection. Efficacy of NAC for managing inflammatory or any symptoms similar to symptoms of COVID-19 was reviewed and symptom improvements were assessed.<br><br>Results: Randomized clinical trials introduced NAC as an antioxidant glutathione analog and detoxifying agent promoted for different medical conditions and pulmonary disorders to alleviate influenza and reduce mortality by 50% in influenza-infected animals. The beneficial effects of NAC on viral disorders, including Epstein-Barr virus, HIV and hepatitis, and well-known vital organ damages were also exist and reported.<br><br>Conclusion: We classified the probable effects of NAC as oxidative-regulatory and apoptotic-regulatory roles, antiviral activities, anti-inflammatory roles, preventive and therapeutic roles in lung disorders and better oxygenation functions, supportive roles in intensive care unit admitted patients and in sepsis, positive role in other comorbidities and nonpulmonary end-organ damages or failures and even in primary COVID-associated cutaneous manifestations. Based on different beneficial effects of NAC, it could be administered as a potential adjuvant therapy for COVID-19 considering patient status, contraindications, and possible drug-related adverse events.},
}
@article {pmid33824640,
year = {2021},
author = {Mishra, P and Tomar, A and Kumar, A and Nath, A and Sharma, SK and Singh, GK},
title = {Pain management in COVID-19 pediatric patients-An evidence- based review.},
journal = {Saudi journal of anaesthesia},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {33-39},
pmid = {33824640},
issn = {1658-354X},
abstract = {Despite our growing knowledge about the COVID pandemic, not much concern has been focused upon the effective pain management in pediatric patients suffering from this SARS CoV2 virus. Symptoms with pain like myalgia (10%-40%), sore throat (5%-30%), headache (14%-40%) and abdominal pain (10%) are common in children suffering from COVID. (3-5) We conducted a systematic review regarding analgesia for COVID positive pediatric patients. Cochrane, PubMed, and Google scholar databases were searched for relevant literature. Owing to the novel status of COVID-19 with limited literature, we included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), observational studies, case series and case reports in the descending order of consideration. Articles in languages other than English, abstract only articles and non-scientific commentaries were excluded. The Primary outcome was evaluation of pain related symptoms and best strategies for their management. Our review revealed that a multidisciplinary approach starting from non-pharmacological techniques like drinking plenty of water, removing triggers like inadequate sleep, specific foods and psychotherapy including distraction, comfort and cognitive behavioural strategies should be used. Pharmacological approaches like acetaminophen, NSAIDS, spasmolytics etc. can be used if non-pharmacological therapy is inadequate. As per the current strength of evidence, acetaminophen and ibuprofen can be safely administered for pain management in children with COVID-19. Undertreated pain is a significant contributor to increased morbidity and poor prognosis. Integration of evidence based non-pharmacotherapies in the multidisciplinary pain management will contribute towards improved functioning, early recovery and better quality care for pediatric patients suffering from COVID.},
}
@article {pmid33824639,
year = {2021},
author = {Goudra, B and Singh, PM},
title = {Anesthesia for GI endoscopy in the era of COVID-19.},
journal = {Saudi journal of anaesthesia},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {27-32},
pmid = {33824639},
issn = {1658-354X},
abstract = {As a result of COVID-19, the last few weeks have necessitated a reevaluation of the sedation paradigm for gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopic procedures. Routine screening and some surveillance procedures have taken a backseat and likely to remain so until a vaccine or effective treatment becomes available. Anesthesia providers and endoscopists are required to adapt to this new reality rapidly. The general aim of sedation remains the same-patient comfort, reduced hypoxia, prevention of aspiration along with rapid recovery, and discharge. The present review focuses on necessary modification to reduce the risk of virus contagion for both patients (from health-care providers) and vice versa. A preprocedure evaluation and consenting should be modified and provided remotely. Unsedated GI endoscopy, sedation with minimal respiratory depression, and modification of general anesthesia are explored. Challenges with supplemental oxygen administration and monitoring are addressed. Guidelines for appropriate use of personal protective equipment are discussed. Measures for limiting aerosolization are deliberated.},
}
@article {pmid33824638,
year = {2021},
author = {Kapoor, I and Mahajan, C and Prabhakar, H},
title = {COVID-19 and the perioperative neuroscience - A narrative review.},
journal = {Saudi journal of anaesthesia},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {19-26},
pmid = {33824638},
issn = {1658-354X},
abstract = {Among the several medical specialties, anesthesiologists are probably the most affected ones from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic as they are at the frontline. In the present stage of the pandemic, where we are observing community transmission, more people with elective neurologic and neurosurgical problems are likely to be tested positive for this virulent disease. Neuroanesthesiologists play an important role in the perioperative period and in neuroradiology suite. It is imperative to know the best available ways by which health care providers can manage their patients and also necessary steps to prevent the spread of infection, not only amongst themselves but also between patients. A high index of suspicion in such patients may help avoid delay in diagnosis and catastrophic sequelae. An overall knowledge about the disease will help plan the clinical management of neurologic patients, during the perioperative period.},
}
@article {pmid33824633,
year = {2021},
author = {Dai, H and Han, J and Lichtfouse, E},
title = {Smarter cures to combat COVID-19 and future pathogens: a review.},
journal = {Environmental chemistry letters},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-13},
pmid = {33824633},
issn = {1610-3653},
abstract = {Prevention is better than cure. A milestone of the anthropocene is the emergence of a series of epidemics and pandemics often characterized by the transmission of a pathogen from animals to human in the past two decades. In particular, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has made a profound impact on emergency responding and policy-making in a public health crisis. Classical solutions for controlling the virus, such as travel restrictions, lockdowns, repurposed drugs and vaccines, are socially unpopular and medically limited by the fast mutation and adaptation of the virus. This is exacerbated by microbial resistance to therapeutic drugs and the slowness of vaccine development. In other words, microbial pathogens are somehow 'smarter' and faster than us, thus calling for more intelligent cures to combat future pandemics. Here, we compare therapeutics for COVID-19 such as synthetic drugs, vaccines, antibodies and phages. We present the strength and limitations of antibiotic and antiviral drugs, vaccines, and antibody-based therapeutics. We describe smarter, cheaper and preventive cures such as bacteriophages, food medicine using probiotics and prebiotics, sports, healthy diet, music, yoga, Tai Chi, dance, reading, knitting, cooking and outdoor activities. Some of these preventive cures have been intuitively developed since thousands of years ago, as illustrated by the fascinating similarity of the Chinese characters for 'music' and 'herbal medicine.'},
}
@article {pmid33824579,
year = {2021},
author = {Li, C and Zhao, H and Cheng, L and Wang, B},
title = {Anti-Inflammation, Immunomodulation and Therapeutic Repair in Current Clinical Trials for the Management of COVID-19.},
journal = {Drug design, development and therapy},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1345-1356},
pmid = {33824579},
issn = {1177-8881},
mesh = {Anti-Inflammatory Agents/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Biological Products/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; COVID-19/diagnosis/*drug therapy/immunology/virology ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Cytokines/*antagonists &amp; inhibitors/immunology ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Immunologic Factors/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Molecular Targeted Therapy ; SARS-CoV-2/*immunology/pathogenicity ; Treatment Outcome ; },
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), continues to spread around the world. While prophylactic vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are making great progress, there is still a need to explore safe and effective therapies with biological products for COVID-19. Currently clinical trial efforts are planned and ongoing using different biological agents for anti-inflammatory therapies, immunomodulation, and therapeutic repair in COVID-19. Targeting inflammatory cytokines with antibodies or inhibitors may be an urgent therapeutic strategy for COVID-19. Importantly, it is critical for an in-depth understanding of these new clinical therapeutic agents in their conditions that are probably involved in both physiological and pathological host responses. In this article, we analyze the potential implications for the current clinical trials of therapeutic biologics and address issues for the development of the COVID-19-related biological therapies.},
}
@article {pmid33824539,
year = {2021},
author = {Lidz, V},
title = {Afterword: A Functional Analysis of the Crisis in American Society, 2020.},
journal = {The American sociologist},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-29},
doi = {10.1007/s12108-021-09480-6},
pmid = {33824539},
issn = {0003-1232},
abstract = {In 2020, American society experienced a number of crises. They involved raced relations precipitated by the Black Lives Matter movement, the Covid 19 pandemic with its huge loss of life and rates of illness, the economic recession that accompanied the pandemic and efforts to control it, and the tensions of the national political campaign, followed by the refusal of President Trump to acknowledge his defeat. Each of these crises led to cleavages in the relationships of solidarity in the societal community subsystem of American society. The cleavages may prove to be the most enduring of the crises.},
}
@article {pmid33824495,
year = {2021},
author = {Flerlage, T and Boyd, DF and Meliopoulos, V and Thomas, PG and Schultz-Cherry, S},
title = {Influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2: pathogenesis and host responses in the respiratory tract.},
journal = {Nature reviews. Microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33824495},
issn = {1740-1534},
support = {R01 AI121832/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Influenza viruses cause annual epidemics and occasional pandemics of respiratory tract infections that produce a wide spectrum of clinical disease severity in humans. The novel betacoronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in December 2019 and has since caused a pandemic. Both viral and host factors determine the extent and severity of virus-induced lung damage. The host's response to viral infection is necessary for viral clearance but may be deleterious and contribute to severe disease phenotypes. Similarly, tissue repair mechanisms are required for recovery from infection across the spectrum of disease severity; however, dysregulated repair responses may lead to chronic lung dysfunction. Understanding of the mechanisms of immunopathology and tissue repair following viral lower respiratory tract infection may broaden treatment options. In this Review, we discuss the pathogenesis, the contribution of the host response to severe clinical phenotypes and highlight early and late epithelial repair mechanisms following influenza virus infection, each of which has been well characterized. Although we are still learning about SARS-CoV-2 and its disease manifestations in humans, throughout the Review we discuss what is known about SARS-CoV-2 in the context of this broad knowledge of influenza virus, highlighting the similarities and differences between the respiratory viruses.},
}
@article {pmid33824489,
year = {2021},
author = {Pulendran, B and S Arunachalam, P and O'Hagan, DT},
title = {Emerging concepts in the science of vaccine adjuvants.},
journal = {Nature reviews. Drug discovery},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33824489},
issn = {1474-1784},
abstract = {Adjuvants are vaccine components that enhance the magnitude, breadth and durability of the immune response. Following its introduction in the 1920s, alum remained the only adjuvant licensed for human use for the next 70 years. Since the 1990s, a further five adjuvants have been included in licensed vaccines, but the molecular mechanisms by which these adjuvants work remain only partially understood. However, a revolution in our understanding of the activation of the innate immune system through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is improving the mechanistic understanding of adjuvants, and recent conceptual advances highlight the notion that tissue damage, different forms of cell death, and metabolic and nutrient sensors can all modulate the innate immune system to activate adaptive immunity. Furthermore, recent advances in the use of systems biology to probe the molecular networks driving immune response to vaccines ('systems vaccinology') are revealing mechanistic insights and providing a new paradigm for the vaccine discovery and development process. Here, we review the 'known knowns' and 'known unknowns' of adjuvants, discuss these emerging concepts and highlight how our expanding knowledge about innate immunity and systems vaccinology are revitalizing the science and development of novel adjuvants for use in vaccines against COVID-19 and future pandemics.},
}
@article {pmid33824483,
year = {2021},
author = {Bonaventura, A and Vecchié, A and Dagna, L and Martinod, K and Dixon, DL and Van Tassell, BW and Dentali, F and Montecucco, F and Massberg, S and Levi, M and Abbate, A},
title = {Endothelial dysfunction and immunothrombosis as key pathogenic mechanisms in COVID-19.},
journal = {Nature reviews. Immunology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33824483},
issn = {1474-1741},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a clinical syndrome caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Patients with severe disease show hyperactivation of the immune system, which can affect multiple organs besides the lungs. Here, we propose that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces a process known as immunothrombosis, in which activated neutrophils and monocytes interact with platelets and the coagulation cascade, leading to intravascular clot formation in small and larger vessels. Microthrombotic complications may contribute to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other organ dysfunctions. Therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing immunothrombosis may therefore be useful. Several antithrombotic and immunomodulating drugs have been proposed as candidates to treat patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The growing understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection pathogenesis and how it contributes to critical illness and its complications may help to improve risk stratification and develop targeted therapies to reduce the acute and long-term consequences of this disease.},
}
@article {pmid33824130,
year = {2020},
author = {Rasool, MS and Siddiqui, F and Hassan, MA and Hafiz, S},
title = {Novel Coronavirus-2019 (2019-nCoV): Perspectives of emergence, prophylaxis and predicted treatment approaches.},
journal = {Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences},
volume = {33},
number = {5},
pages = {2199-2207},
pmid = {33824130},
issn = {1011-601X},
mesh = {Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; COVID-19/etiology/*prevention &amp; control/*therapy/virology ; COVID-19 Vaccines/administration &amp; dosage ; China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation &amp; purification ; },
abstract = {Emergence of novel coronavirus-2019 has become an international health concern. The objective of this review is to focus on 2019-nCoV emergence, prophylaxis and to predict the treatment approaches. The first case of 2019-nCoV was noted in Wuhan, China. The WHO has announced this epidemic as pandemic. The 2019-nCoV has +ve ssRNA (29903bp), lipid-bilayer envelope spiked with glycoprotein and bears genome sequences similar to bat coronavirus RaTG13. Antiviral agents like Interferon, Darunavir, Ribavirin, Lopinavir, Remdesivir, Chloroquine and Camostat mesylate may be considered for clinical trials. Chinese herbals may be effective against 2019-nCoV. These include Saikosaponins (triterpene glycosides), Amentoflavone, Scutellarein, Myricetin, extracts of Isatis indigotica, and Houttuynia cordata. Another treatment approach is to administer plasma from COVID-19 recovered patients. RNA vaccines, recombinant vector based vaccine and ACE-2 receptor like molecules may be employed for immunization against COVID-19. Moreover, immunity can be boosted against 2019-nCoV by regular exercise. We have checked Thymoquinone as ligand for various targets of 2019-nCoV (receptor binding domain of spike, RNA polymerase, protease, Nsp9 RNA binding protein, nucleocapsid phosphoprotein, endoribonuclease) by protein-ligand docking server SwissDoc. Thymoquinone can bind effectively to the targets of 2019-nCoV. Hence, it may be an effective candidate for the treatment of COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33823855,
year = {2021},
author = {McCartan, C and Adell, T and Cameron, J and Davidson, G and Knifton, L and McDaid, S and Mulholland, C},
title = {A scoping review of international policy responses to mental health recovery during the COVID-19 pandemic.},
journal = {Health research policy and systems},
volume = {19},
number = {1},
pages = {58},
pmid = {33823855},
issn = {1478-4505},
mesh = {COVID-19/*psychology ; *Communicable Disease Control ; *Delivery of Health Care ; *Global Health ; Government ; Health Policy ; Humans ; Mental Health ; *Mental Health Recovery ; *Mental Health Services ; Organizations ; *Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has affected people's physical and mental health. Quarantine and other lockdown measures have altered people's daily lives; levels of anxiety, depression, substance use, self-harm and suicide ideation have increased. This commentary assesses how international governments, agencies and organisations are responding to the challenge of the mental health impact of COVID-19 with the aim of informing the ongoing policy and service responses needed in the immediate and longer term. It identifies some of the key themes emerging from the literature, recognises at-risk populations and highlights opportunities for innovation within mental health services, focusing on the published academic literature, international health ministry websites and other relevant international organisations beyond the United Kingdom and Ireland. COVID-19 has challenged, and may have permanently changed, mental health services. It has highlighted and exacerbated pre-existing pressures and inequities. Many decision-makers consider this an opportunity to transform mental health care, and tackling the social determinants of mental health and engaging in prevention will be a necessary part of such transformation. Better data collection, modelling and sharing will enhance policy and service development. The crisis provides opportunities to build on positive innovations: the adaptability and flexibility of community-based care; drawing on lived experience in the design, development and monitoring of services; interagency collaboration; accelerating digital healthcare; and connecting physical and mental health.},
}
@article {pmid33823602,
year = {2021},
author = {Sedláčková, L},
title = {COVID-19 and immunomodulation treatment for women with reproductive failures.},
journal = {Casopis lekaru ceskych},
volume = {160},
number = {1},
pages = {33-36},
pmid = {33823602},
issn = {0008-7335},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Female ; Humans ; *Immunomodulation ; *Infertility, Female ; *Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {COVID-19 pandemic is affecting various areas of health care, including reproductive medicine. Many women with infertility are treated by immunomodulation and immunosuppression in periimplantation period due to underlying autoimmune diseases or cellular immune dysfunction. Many questions have been raised in relation to COVID-19, including susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection in women with immunotherapy, how to manage women with an increased risk of and active COVID-19 infection. International team of reproductive immunologists led by professor Joanne Kwak-Kim prepared a review of information and recommendations for using immunotherapy in women with reproductive disorder in COVID-19 pandemic. Everyday practice need led us to presentation of the synopsis of these interim guidelines for particular treatment modalities.},
}
@article {pmid33823253,
year = {2021},
author = {Silvestri, V and Recchia, GE},
title = {Aortic pathology during COVID -19 pandemics: Clinical reports in literature and open questions on the two co-occurring conditions.},
journal = {Annals of vascular surgery},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33823253},
issn = {1615-5947},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infection has emerged as one of viral major clinical features during actual pandemic; limb arterial ischemic events, venous thrombosis, acute myocardial infection and stroke have occurred in patients. Acute aortic conditions have also been described, followed by interesting observations on cases, hypothesis, raised since the emergence of the pandemics.<br><br>METHODS: a review of cases in literature of aortic pathology in patients with clinically suspected/microbiologically confirmed COVID-19 infection has been carried out to analyze anagraphic data, clinical presentation, treatment options and outcome.<br><br>RESULTS: 17 cases have been included. Mean age of patients was 58.6±15.2years, with a male to female ratio of 12:15 (70.5% vs 29.5%). Comorbidities were reported in 11 cases (64.7%), but in 5 cases (29.4%) no previous pathology was signaled in history. Hypertension was the most frequently reported comorbidity, in 8 cases, (47%), followed by renal pathology (17.6%), coronary artery disease (17.6%), previous aortic surgery (11.7%) and arrhythmia (11.7%); but also cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, autoimmune conditions, previous neoplasia and arrhythmia were reported once each. Fever and thoracic pain were the most frequently reported findings at presentation (8 cases, 47% each), followed by respiratory symptoms (6, 35.2%), low lymphocyte count (17.6%), features related to aneurysm rupture, ischemic stroke, abdominal pain and acute renal insufficiency. Reported aortic pathology included: type A aortic dissection (11 cases; 64.7%); new pathology of previous aortic graft (2 cases, 11.7%); 2 aortitis, one associated with type A aortic dissection; 1 thoraco-abdominal aortic aneurysm, 1 ruptured aortic aneurysm and 1 aortic embolizing thrombosis. Open surgery was carried out in 10 cases (58.8%), endovascular treatment in 3 (17.6%). Three patients (17.6%) died before surgery. Exitus was reported in 4 cases, with a total mortality of 23.5%.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Acute aortic events have occurred during pandemic in patients with clinically suspected/microbiologically confirmed COVID-19 infection. Confounding clinical features at presentation, the importance of anamnestic details (as previous vascular graft implant), the observed surgical and post-operatory challenges may suggest the need to consider the implications of the possible link between acute aortic events and SARS-CoV-2 infection, in order to promptly correctly diagnose the patient and respond to specific needs.},
}
@article {pmid33822773,
year = {2021},
author = {Golob, JL and Lugogo, N and Lauring, AS and Lok, AS},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: a triumph of science and collaboration.},
journal = {JCI insight},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1172/jci.insight.149187},
pmid = {33822773},
issn = {2379-3708},
abstract = {Roughly one year after the first case of COVID-19 was identified and less than one year after the sequencing of SARS-CoV-2, multiple SARS-CoV-2 vaccines with demonstrated safety and efficacy in phase III clinical trials are available. The most promising vaccines have targeted the surface glycoprotein (S-protein) of SARS-CoV-2 and achieved an approximate 85-95% reduction in the risk of symptomatic COVID-19, while retaining excellent safety profiles and modest side effects in the phase III clinical trials. The mRNA, replication-incompetent viral vector, and protein subunit vaccine technologies have all been successfully employed. Some novel SARS-CoV-2 variants evade but do not appear to fully overcome the potent immunity induced by these vaccines. Emerging real-world effectiveness data add evidence for protection from severe COVID-19. This is an impressive first demonstration of the effectiveness of the mRNA vaccine and vector vaccine platforms. The success of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development should be credited to open science, industry partnerships, harmonization of clinical trials, and the altruism of study participants. The manufacturing and distribution of the emergency use-authorized SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are ongoing challenges. What remains now is to ensure broad and equitable global vaccination against COVID-19. .},
}
@article {pmid33822391,
year = {2021},
author = {Lago, ADN and Cordon, R and Gonçalves, LM and Menezes, CFS and Furtado, GS and Rodrigues, FCN and Marques, DMC},
title = {How to use laser safely in times of COVID-19: Systematic review.},
journal = {Special care in dentistry : official publication of the American Association of Hospital Dentists, the Academy of Dentistry for the Handicapped, and the American Society for Geriatric Dentistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/scd.12593},
pmid = {33822391},
issn = {1754-4505},
abstract = {AIM: To conduct a systematic review of the literature on biosafety with the use of lasers.<br><br>METHODS: The systematic review of literature was performed using MEDLINE (PubMed), Science Direct and Web of Science databases. The electronic search strategy included terms in the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) related to biosafety in dentistry and laser, forms of contamination with aerosols, as well as their synonyms. The selected keywords were &quot;aerosol virus transmission dentistry,&quot; &quot;laser-generated air contaminants,&quot; &quot;biosafety dentistry laser&quot; combined with the terms AND/OR.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 1334 abstracts were reviewed, resulting in inclusion of 23 reviews. The dental surgeons are professionals with a high risk of contamination; high-power lasers form aerosols that need to be controlled and low-power lasers must be protected to minimize the risks of cross-infection.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The biosafety of using lasers is important for professionals can be more oriented as to the correct use of this equipment. This study has the relevance of showing biosafety measures for the professional, staff and patients, as well as suggesting that more studies that are clinical should be conducted in this area.},
}
@article {pmid33822324,
year = {2021},
author = {Welcome, MO and Mastorakis, NE},
title = {Neuropathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019: neuroinflammation and blood brain barrier disruption are critical pathophysiological processes that contribute to the clinical symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
journal = {Inflammopharmacology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33822324},
issn = {1568-5608},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) first discovered in Wuhan, Hubei province, China in December 2019. SARS-CoV-2 has infected several millions of people, resulting in a huge socioeconomic cost and over 2.5 million deaths worldwide. Though the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is not fully understood, data have consistently shown that SARS-CoV-2 mainly affects the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence has implicated the central nervous system in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Unfortunately, however, the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 induced impairment of the central nervous system are not completely known. Here, we review the literature on possible neuropathogenic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 induced cerebral damage. The results suggest that downregulation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) with increased activity of the transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and cathepsin L in SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion may result in upregulation of proinflammatory mediators and reactive species that trigger neuroinflammatory response and blood brain barrier disruption. Furthermore, dysregulation of hormone and neurotransmitter signalling may constitute a fundamental mechanism involved in the neuropathogenic sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The viral RNA or antigenic peptides also activate or interact with molecular signalling pathways mediated by pattern recognition receptors (e.g., toll-like receptors), nuclear factor kappa B, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription, complement cascades, and cell suicide molecules. Potential molecular targets and therapeutics of SARS-CoV-2 induced neurologic damage are also discussed.},
}
@article {pmid33821487,
year = {2021},
author = {Mehta, KJ},
title = {Role of iron and iron-related proteins in mesenchymal stem cells: Cellular and clinical aspects.},
journal = {Journal of cellular physiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/jcp.30383},
pmid = {33821487},
issn = {1097-4652},
abstract = {Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are located in various tissues where these cells show niche-dependent multilineage differentiation and secrete immunomodulatory molecules to support numerous physiological processes. Due to their regenerative and reparative properties, MSCs are extremely valuable for cell-based therapy in tackling several pathological conditions including COVID-19. Iron is essential for MSC processes but iron-loading, which is common in several chronic conditions, hinders normal MSC functionality. This not only aggravates disease pathology but can also affect allogeneic and autologous MSC therapy. Thus, understanding MSCs from an iron perspective is of clinical significance. Accordingly, this review highlights the roles of iron and iron-related proteins in MSC physiology. It describes the contribution of iron and endogenous iron-related effectors like hepcidin, ferroportin, transferrin receptor, lactoferrin, lipocalin-2, bone morphogenetic proteins and hypoxia inducible factors in MSC biology. It summarises the excess-iron-induced alterations in MSC components, processes and discusses signalling pathways involving ROS, PI3K/AKT, MAPK, p53, AMPK/MFF/DRP1 and Wnt. Additionally, it evaluates the endogenous and exogenous saviours of MSCs against iron-toxicity. Lastly, it elaborates on the involvement of MSCs in the pathology of clinical conditions of iron-excess, namely, hereditary hemochromatosis, diabetes, β-thalassaemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. This unique review integrates the distinct fields of iron regulation and MSC physiology. Through an iron-perspective, it describes both mechanistic and clinical aspects of MSCs and proposes an iron-linked MSC-contribution to physiology, pathology and therapeutics. It advances the understanding of MSC biology and may aid in identifying signalling pathways, molecular targets and compounds for formulating adjunctive iron-based therapies for excess-iron conditions, and thereby inform regenerative medicine.},
}
@article {pmid33821229,
year = {2021},
author = {Costa, R and Castagna, A and Ruotolo, G},
title = {COVID-19 and cardiovascular problems in elderly patients: Food for thought.},
journal = {Aging medicine (Milton (N.S.W))},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33821229},
issn = {2475-0360},
abstract = {The global number of COVID-19 infections, as of December 23, 2020, stood at approximately 79 million, with over 1.7 million deaths. The development of vascular inflammation may also contribute to a hypercoagulable state and endothelial dysfunction in such patients. It is known that multi-organ damage is more likely in patients with sepsis if they develop coagulopathy and that inhibition of thrombin synthesis can have a positive impact in reducing mortality. In this review, we will focus on the protection of the most fragile groups of the population, such as the elderly. This segment of the population will be a key issue and probably of primary interest to all. Biomarkers appear to be extremely useful as an indicator of what is happening from a pathophysiological point of view in the heart, allowing us to better stratify the prognosis of our patients affected by COVID-19, especially in the most severe cases and those with comorbidities.},
}
@article {pmid33821222,
year = {2021},
author = {Das, A and Ahmed, R and Akhtar, S and Begum, K and Banu, S},
title = {An overview of basic molecular biology of SARS-CoV-2 and current COVID-19 prevention strategies.},
journal = {Gene reports},
volume = {23},
number = {},
pages = {101122},
pmid = {33821222},
issn = {2452-0144},
abstract = {Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) manifests as extreme acute respiratory conditions caused by a novel beta coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) which is reported to be the seventh coronavirus to infect humans. Like other SARS-CoVs it has a large positive-stranded RNA genome. But, specific furin site in the spike protein, mutation prone and phylogenetically mess open reading frame1ab (Orf1ab) separates SARS-CoV-2 from other RNA viruses. Since the outbreak (February-March 2020), researchers, scientists, and medical professionals are inspecting all possible facts and aspects including its replication, detection, and prevention strategies. This led to the prompt identification of its basic biology, genome characterization, structural and expression based functional information of proteins, and utilization of this information in optimizing strategies to prevent its spread. This review summarizes the recent updates on the basic molecular biology of SARS-CoV-2 and prevention strategies undertaken worldwide to tackle COVID-19. This recent information can be implemented for the development and designing of therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2.},
}
@article {pmid33821213,
year = {2021},
author = {Adhikari, B and Sahu, N},
title = {COVID-19 into Chemical Science Perspective: Chemical Preventive Measures and Drug Development.},
journal = {ChemistrySelect},
volume = {6},
number = {9},
pages = {2010-2028},
pmid = {33821213},
issn = {2365-6549},
abstract = {COVID-19 facts and literature are discussed into chemical science intuition highlighting the direct role of chemistry to the ongoing global pandemic by covering structural identification of the virus, chemical preventive measures and development of drugs. We reviewed the four most promising repurposed drugs which are presently being investigated in mass clinical trials on COVID-19 infected persons and synthetic routes of these drugs with their recent advancement. Chemical preventive measures such as soap water, hand sanitizer and disinfectant are the only available options in the arsenal to fight against COVID-19, till an effective medicine or vaccine will be made available. As such the present review will focus on the mode of action of the major chemical preventives.},
}
@article {pmid33821206,
year = {2021},
author = {Saha, S and Al-Rifai, RH and Saha, S},
title = {Diabetes prevalence and mortality in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression.},
journal = {Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-12},
pmid = {33821206},
issn = {2251-6581},
abstract = {Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are at high risk of fatal outcomes. This meta-analysis quantifies the prevalence of mortality among (1) diabetic and (2) non-diabetic, and (3) the prevalence of DM, in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.<br><br>Methods: Published studies were retrieved from four electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and medRxiv) and appraised critically utilizing the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's tool. Meta-analyses were performed using the random-effects model. The measures of heterogeneity were ascertained by I- squared (I2) and Chi-squared (Chi2) tests statistics. Predictors of heterogeneity were quantified using meta-regression models.<br><br>Results: Of the reviewed 475 publications, 22 studies (chiefly case series (59.09 %)), sourcing data of 45,775 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, were deemed eligible. The weighted prevalence of mortality in hospitlized COVID-19 patients with DM (20.0 %, 95 % CI: 15.0-26.0; I2 , 96.8 %) was 82 % (1.82-time) higher than that in non-DM patients (11.0 %, 95 % CI: 5.0-16.0; I2 , 99.3 %). The prevalence of mortality among DM patients was highest in Europe (28.0 %; 95 % CI: 14.0-44.0) followed by the United States (20.0 %, 95 % CI: 11.0-32.0) and Asia (17.0 %, 95 % CI: 8.0-28.0). Sample size and severity of the COVID-19 were associated (p < 0.05) with variability in the prevalence of mortality. The weighted prevalence of DM among hospitalized COVID-19 patients was 20 % (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 15-25, I2 , 99.3 %). Overall, the quality of the studies was fair.<br><br>Conclusions: Hospitalized COVID-19 patients were appreciably burdened with a high prevalence of DM. DM contributed to the increased risk of mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients compared to non-DM patients, particularly among critically ill patients. Registration: PROSPERO (registration no. CRD42020196589).<br><br>Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-021-00779-2.},
}
@article {pmid33821184,
year = {2021},
author = {Matsumura, T and Saito, T and Mori, M and Kishida, M and Tamagaki, K and Yoshida, Y and Ishikawa, Y and Komai, K and Goto, K and Komori, T},
title = {Infection control in the respiratory care of coronavirus disease-19 patients with neuromuscular diseases.},
journal = {Neurology and clinical neuroscience},
volume = {9},
number = {2},
pages = {159-165},
pmid = {33821184},
issn = {2049-4173},
abstract = {Close contact is unavoidable in the care of patients with neuromuscular diseases (NMD). In addition, respiratory physiotherapy and noninvasive ventilation generate massive amounts of aerosols. Caring for a patient suffering from coronavirus disease-19 raises concerns about the risk of infection not only to the caregiver and/or medical staff but also to other individuals in contact with these personnel. We reviewed the points to be noted in infection control when a patient with neuromuscular diseases receiving respiratory care is infected with COVID-19 and summarizes the recommendation. Infected patients must be isolated in a negative-pressure or actively ventilated room. Clear zoning separating clean and infected areas should be performed for pathogen containment. Caregivers should wear appropriate personal protective equipment and thoroughly clean their hands. Leak-prevention measures and the use of proper respiratory circuits and filters with virus-removal performance are crucial to reducing aerosols in noninvasive ventilation. Although respiratory physiotherapy is essential, treatment should be minimized in consideration of the infection state and sputum status, and alternative therapies such as postural drainage should be carefully considered. Infection control is distinctly obligate; however, it impairs the quality of life and activity of daily living significantly. We should implement it with enough ethical consideration, adequate explanation, and patient consent. We hope that this paper will contribute to appropriate COVID-19 infection control in patients with neuromuscular diseases requiring respiratory care.},
}
@article {pmid33821126,
year = {2021},
author = {Sigahi, TFAC and Kawasaki, BC and Bolis, I and Morioka, SN},
title = {A systematic review on the impacts of Covid-19 on work: Contributions and a path forward from the perspectives of ergonomics and psychodynamics of work.},
journal = {Human factors and ergonomics in manufacturing},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33821126},
issn = {1090-8471},
abstract = {Work is a major issue in the discussions on the Covid-19 pandemic, whose consequences impair the capacities of workers at all organizational levels and impose unexpected challenges on managers. Nevertheless, the scientific literature still lacks an overview of how researchers have been covering the issue. This article presents a systematic review to investigate the impact of Covid-19 on work and workers of all occupations, reveal research gaps, and help managers to adapt to organizations amid the pandemic. This review is based on a sample of 258 papers from Web of Science and Scopus databases. Quantitative and qualitative analysis indicated a vast majority of studies focused on frontline healthcare workers and a lack of empirical investigation on managers' work. We show how literature has been addressing different aspects of work (e.g., workers' health, working conditions, procedures, protection equipment, remote working, etc.) in the various economic sectors. We discuss the results in light of ergonomics and psychodynamics of work, two disciplines that conceive work and organization as intimately connected, and that can assist managers in meeting the difficulties brought by the pandemic. We highlight that considering the construction of health, interindividual variability, subjective relation to work, supportive workplace environment, and organizational and individual capabilities can play a key role in successfully adapting and transforming organizations in the current scenario.},
}
@article {pmid33821085,
year = {2021},
author = {Espitia, A and Mattoo, A and Rocha, N and Ruta, M and Winkler, D},
title = {Pandemic trade: COVID-19, remote work and global value chains.},
journal = {The World economy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33821085},
issn = {1467-9701},
abstract = {This paper studies the trade effects of COVID-19 using monthly disaggregated trade data for 28 countries and multiple trading partners from the beginning of the pandemic to June 2020. Regression results based on a sector-level gravity model show that the negative trade effects induced by COVID-19 shocks varied widely across sectors. Sectors more amenable to remote work contracted less throughout the pandemic. Importantly, participation in global value chains increased traders' vulnerability to shocks suffered by trading partners, but it also reduced their vulnerability to domestic shocks.},
}
@article {pmid33821078,
year = {2021},
author = {Usui, R and Sheeran, LK and Asbury, AM and Blackson, M},
title = {Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on mammals at tourism destinations: a systematic review.},
journal = {Mammal review},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33821078},
issn = {0305-1838},
abstract = {The COVID-19 outbreak is having an unprecedented effect on human society, but how is it affecting the mammals that people live with? Mammals that were part of tourism experiences are of concern, because they impact on people's health and livelihoods and, since many of them are now dependent on people, we urge consideration of the status of these mammals as a result of the pandemic.We provide a systematic review of the impacts the COVID-19 outbreak has had on mammals in tourism venues. We examine reports of diverse species in various settings responding to changes in their environments that are occurring because of the pandemic.We searched the scholarly literature, preprints, and online news sources using combinations of the search terms 'tourism', 'animals', 'wildlife', 'coronavirus', and 'COVID-19'. We searched Web of Science, SCOPUS, EBSCOHost, JSTOR, bioRxiv, OSFPREPRINTS, GDELT, Google News, and National Public Radio, and analysed a total of 39 news articles, one peer-reviewed article, and six preprints.In total, we identified 92 distinct animal reports representing 48 mammal species. We used an existing tourism classification schema to categorise each article based on the situation reported, with the new addition of one context. We classified 92 separate animal reports in 46 articles into four (of six possible) contexts: mammals as attractions (n = 40 animal reports), mammals as commodities (n = 33), mammals as threats (n = 2), and unusual sightings of mammals (n = 17). Shortage of food, in danger of losing home, having an enriched/relaxed environment, spatial expansion, disease transmission, and poaching are the major impacts or events reported in these contexts.We suggest changes for each context with respect to how people interface with mammals, with the goal of improving the lives of mammals and the people dependent on them.},
}
@article {pmid33821018,
year = {2021},
author = {Cockayne, D},
title = {The feminist economic geographies of working from home and &quot;digital by default&quot; in Canada before, during, and after COVID-19.},
journal = {The Canadian geographer. Geographe canadien},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33821018},
issn = {0008-3658},
abstract = {This paper builds on insights in feminist economic geography to critically review the literature on work in the home and provide a starting point for examining COVID-19 pandemic-imposed work from home measures for tertiary and quaternary sector firms and organizations. It critically reviews literature on the pandemic, working from home, and work in general, to examine lockdown-related workplace disruptions in relation to the various forms of work that took place in the home prior to the pandemic. It argues that feminist economic geography provides a starting point for examinations of working from home during and after COVID-19. This situates writing on social reproduction, and informal and unpaid work in the home, within the purview of our understanding of pandemic response. Following this review, the paper demonstrates this argument by interrogating Canada's &quot;telework capacity&quot; discourse and the decisions by white-collar offices regarding the continuation and abatement of &quot;digital by default&quot; policies. The pandemic will radically shift our understanding of the meanings of both home and work, and this paper, through a critical review of key literature, suggests that feminist economic geography provides one starting point for theorizing the implications of that shift in the Canadian context.},
}
@article {pmid33820678,
year = {2021},
author = {Forman, R and Shah, S and Jeurissen, P and Jit, M and Mossialos, E},
title = {COVID-19 vaccine challenges: What have we learned so far and what remains to be done?.},
journal = {Health policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33820678},
issn = {1872-6054},
abstract = {Developing and distributing a safe and effective SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) vaccine has garnered immense global interest. Less than a year after COVID-19 was declared a pandemic, several vaccine candidates had received emergency use authorization across a range of countries. Despite this scientific breakthrough, the journey from vaccine discovery to global herd immunity against COVID-19 continues to present significant policy challenges that require a collaborative, global response. We offer a framework for understanding remaining and new policy challenges for successful global vaccine campaigns against COVID-19 as well as potential solutions to address them. Decision-makers must be aware of these challenges and strategize solutions that can be implemented at scale. These include challenges around maintaining R&amp;D incentives, running clinical trials, authorizations, post-market surveillance, manufacturing and supply, global dissemination, allocation, uptake, and clinical system adaption. Alongside these challenges, financial and ethical concerns must also be addressed.},
}
@article {pmid33819751,
year = {2021},
author = {Silvestris, N and Di Maio, M and Russo, A and Chiari, R and De Giorgi, U and Del Mastro, L and Giuffrida, D and La Verde, N and Perrone, F and Tucci, M and Beretta, GD and Cinieri, S},
title = {COVID-19 infection in cancer patients: what has been the contribution of Associazione Italiana Oncologia Medica (AIOM) to oncological care since the beginning of the first pandemic wave?.},
journal = {ESMO open},
volume = {6},
number = {2},
pages = {100100},
doi = {10.1016/j.esmoop.2021.100100},
pmid = {33819751},
issn = {2059-7029},
abstract = {High mortality rates in elderly patients or in those with underlying chronic illnesses and/or a compromised immune system is a peculiar feature of COVID-19 infection. The possible coexistence of a cancer and COVID-19 infection in the same individual prompted concerns regarding their synergistic effect on prognosis. In order to balance patients' needs with the risks related to the infection, the question oncologists have asked from the beginning of the first wave of the pandemic has been: 'how can we deal with COVID-19 infection in cancer patients?' In pursuing its mission, the Associazione Italiana Oncologia Medica (AIOM) has made every possible effort to support cancer patients, health care professionals and institutions in the decision-making processes the pandemic has engendered within this scenario. The relevant documents as well as the educational and institutional initiatives the AIOM has taken are reported in this article.},
}
@article {pmid33819492,
year = {2021},
author = {Barabutis, N and Akhter, MS and Kubra, KT and Uddin, MA},
title = {Restoring the endothelial barrier function in the elderly.},
journal = {Mechanisms of ageing and development},
volume = {196},
number = {},
pages = {111479},
doi = {10.1016/j.mad.2021.111479},
pmid = {33819492},
issn = {1872-6216},
abstract = {Endothelial barrier dysfunction in the elderly has been associated with severe disorders, including acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis and COVID-19. Herein we deliver an opinion regarding the development of alternative therapeutic avenues to counteract the pathogenesis of the corresponding diseases.},
}
@article {pmid33819450,
year = {2021},
author = {Groom, LL and McCarthy, MM and Stimpfel, AW and Brody, AA},
title = {Telemedicine and Telehealth in Nursing Homes: An Integrative Review.},
journal = {Journal of the American Medical Directors Association},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jamda.2021.02.037},
pmid = {33819450},
issn = {1538-9375},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Telemedicine and telehealth are increasingly used in nursing homes (NHs). Their use was accelerated further by the COVID-19 pandemic, but their impact on patients and outcomes has not been adequately investigated. These technologies offer promising avenues to detect clinical deterioration early, increasing clinician's ability to treat patients in place. A review of literature was executed to further explore the modalities' ability to maximize access to specialty care, modernize care models, and improve patient outcomes.<br><br>DESIGN: Whittemore and Knafl's integrative review methodology was used to analyze quantitative and qualitative studies.<br><br>SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Primary research conducted in NH settings or focused on NH residents was included. Participants included clinicians, NH residents, subacute patients, and families.<br><br>METHODS: PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Embase, PsycNET, and JSTOR were searched, yielding 16 studies exploring telemedicine and telehealth in NH settings between 2014 and 2020.<br><br>RESULTS: Measurable impacts such as reduced emergency and hospital admissions, financial savings, reduced physical restraints, and improved vital signs were found along with process improvements, such as expedient access to specialists. Clinician, resident, and family perspectives were also discovered to be roundly positive. Studies showed wide methodologic heterogeneity and low generalizability owing to small sample sizes and incomplete study designs.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Preliminary evidence was found to support geriatrician, psychiatric, and palliative care consults through telemedicine. Financial and clinical incentives such as Medicare savings and reduced admissions to hospitals were also supported. NHs are met with increased challenges as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which telemedicine and telehealth may help to mitigate. Additional research is needed to explore resident and family opinions of telemedicine and telehealth use in nursing homes, as well as remote monitoring costs and workflow changes incurred with its use.},
}
@article {pmid33819440,
year = {2021},
author = {Johnson, H and Garg, M and Shantikumar, S and Thachil, J and Rai, B and Aboumarzouk, OM and Hashim, H and Philip, J},
title = {COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) in Non-Airborne body fluids: A systematic review &amp; Meta-analysis.},
journal = {Turkish journal of urology},
volume = {47},
number = {2},
pages = {87-97},
doi = {10.5152/tud.2021.20586},
pmid = {33819440},
issn = {2149-3235},
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has been predominantly respiratory. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of virus in non-airborne body fluids as transmission vehicles. Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from December 01, 2019, to July 01, 2020, using terms relating to SARS-CoV-2 and non-airborne clinical sample sources (feces, urine, blood, serum, serum, and peritoneum). Studies in humans, of any design, were included. Risk of bias assessment was performed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy 2 tool. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews &amp; Meta-Analyses) guidelines were used for abstracting data. If ≥5 studies reported proportions for the same non-respiratory site, a meta-analysis was conducted using either a fixed or random-effects model, depending on the presence of heterogeneity. A total of 22 studies with 648 patients were included. Most were cross-sectional and cohort studies. The SARS-CoV-2 RNA was most frequently detected in feces. Detectable RNA was reported in 17% of the blood samples, 8% of the serum, 16% in the semen, but rarely in urine. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in non-airborne sites varies widely with a third of non-airborne fluids. Patients with bowel and non-specific symptoms have persistence of virus in feces for upto 2 weeks after symptom resolution. Although there was a very low detection rate in urine, given the more frequent prevalence in blood samples, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in patients with disrupted urothelium or undergoing urinary tract procedures, is likely to be higher. Healthcare providers need to consider non-airborne transmission and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in body fluids to enable appropriate precautions to protect healthcare workers and carers.},
}
@article {pmid33818971,
year = {2021},
author = {Haque, A},
title = {The COVID-19 pandemic and the role of responsible leadership in health care: thinking beyond employee well-being and organisational sustainability.},
journal = {Leadership in health services (Bradford, England)},
volume = {34},
number = {1},
pages = {52-68},
doi = {10.1108/LHS-09-2020-0071},
pmid = {33818971},
issn = {1751-1887},
abstract = {PURPOSE: The unprecedented crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic has posed an enormous challenge ever for health-care organisations to find strategies to deal with their survival. The health-care employees are the frontline soldiers to fight against COVID-19 pandemic. Currently, there is a lack of research regarding the conceptualisation of COVID-19 and its impact on health-care employees' well-being and their organisational sustainability. Extending the role of responsible leadership (RL), the purpose of this paper is to develop a multi-level conceptual model to overcome the crisis of COVID-19 pandemic and promote employee (e.g. workers, nurses and professionals) well-being and organisational sustainability.<br><br>DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: With a comprehensive literature review, this paper presents five testable propositions and highlights the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on employee well-being and organisational sustainability.<br><br>FINDINGS: The proposed model counsels that organisations need to go beyond the simple application of strategic climate and should enable RL to protect and maintain employee well-being and organisational sustainability.<br><br>The proposed conceptual model is a step forward to not only explore future empirical research but also it will help the health-care policymakers to take responsible initiatives to increase employee well-being and uphold organisational sustainability.<br><br>ORIGINALITY/VALUE: There is a lack of research regarding the conceptualisation of the COVID 19 pandemic and its impact on health-care employees' well-being and organisational sustainability. The proposed conceptual model opens and guides a novel research avenue for the alignment of strategic management (as a moderator) and RL on the relationships among the COVID-19 pandemic, employee well-being and organisational sustainability.},
}
@article {pmid33818861,
year = {2021},
author = {Sargazi, S and Sheervalilou, R and Rokni, M and Shirvaliloo, M and Shahraki, O and Rezaei, N},
title = {The role of autophagy in controlling of SARS-CoV-2 infection: An overview with virophagy-mediated of molecular drug targets.},
journal = {Cell biology international},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/cbin.11609},
pmid = {33818861},
issn = {1095-8355},
abstract = {Autophagy-dependent cell death is a prominent mechanism that majorly contributes to homeostasis by maintaining the turnover of organelles under stressful conditions. Several viruses, including coronaviruses, take advantage of cellular autophagy to facilitate their own replication. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a beta-coronavirus that mediates its replication through dependent or independent ATG5 pathway using specific double-membrane vesicles that can be considered as similar to autophagosomes. With due attention to several mutations in NSP6, a non-structural protein with a positive regulatory effect on autophagosome formation, a potential correlation between SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis mechanisms and autophagy can be expected. Certain medications, albeit limited in number, have been indicated to negatively regulate autophagy flux, potentially in a way similar to the inhibitory effect of β-CoVs on the process of autophagy. Though, there is no conclusive evidence to support their direct antagonizing effect on CoVs. Off-target accumulation of a major fraction of FDA-approved autophagy modulating drugs may result in adverse effects. Therefore, medications that have modulatory effects on autophagy could be considered as potential lead compounds for the development of new treatments against this virus. This review discusses the role of autophagy/virophagy in controlling of SARS-CoV-2, focusing on the potential therapeutic implications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
}
@article {pmid33818467,
year = {2021},
author = {Khaire, NS and Jindal, N and Yaddanapudi, LN and Sachdev, S and Hans, R and Sachdeva, N and Singh, MP and Agarwal, A and Mukherjee, A and Kumar, G and Sharma, RR and Suri, V and Puri, GD and Malhotra, P},
title = {Use of convalescent plasma for COVID-19 in India: A review &amp; practical guidelines.},
journal = {The Indian journal of medical research},
volume = {153},
number = {1 &amp; 2},
pages = {64-85},
doi = {10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_3092_20},
pmid = {33818467},
issn = {0971-5916},
abstract = {Convalescent plasma (CP) therapy is one of the promising therapies being tried for COVID-19 patients. This passive immunity mode involves separating preformed antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 from a recently recovered COVID-19 patient and infusing it into a patient with active disease or an exposed individual for prophylaxis. Its advantages include ease of production, rapid deployment, specificity against the target infectious agent, and scalability. In the current pandemic, it has been used on a large scale across the globe and also in India. However, unequivocal proof of efficacy and effectiveness in COVID-19 is still not available. Various CP therapy parameters such as donor selection, antibody quantification, timing of use, and dosing need to be considered before its use. The current review attempts to summarize the available evidence and provide recommendations for setting up CP protocols in clinical and research settings.},
}
@article {pmid33818466,
year = {2021},
author = {Rao, MVV and Juneja, A and Maulik, M and Adhikari, T and Sharma, S and Gupta, J and Panchal, Y and Yadav, N},
title = {Emerging trends from COVID-19 research registered in the Clinical Trials Registry - India.},
journal = {The Indian journal of medical research},
volume = {153},
number = {1 &amp; 2},
pages = {26-63},
doi = {10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_2556_20},
pmid = {33818466},
issn = {0971-5916},
abstract = {Since the beginning of the year, the deadly coronavirus pandemic, better known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), brought the entire world to an unprecedented halt. In tandem with the global scenario, researchers in India are actively engaged in the conduct of clinical research to counter the pandemic. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of the COVID-19 research in India including design aspects, through the clinical trials registered in the Clinical Trials Registry - India (CTRI) till June 5, 2020. One hundred and twenty two registered trials on COVID-19 were extracted from the CTRI database. These trials were categorized into modern medicine (n=42), traditional medicine (n=67) and miscellaneous (n=13). Of the 42 modern medicine trials, 28 were on repurposed drugs, used singly (n=24) or in combination (n=4). Of these 28 trials, 23 were to evaluate their therapeutic efficacy in different severities of the disease. There were nine registered trials on cell- and plasma-based therapies, two phytopharmaceutical trials and three vaccine trials. The traditional medicine trials category majorly comprised Ayurveda (n=45), followed by homeopathy (n=14) and others (n=8) from Yoga, Siddha and Unani. Among the traditional medicine category, 31 trials were prophylactic and 36 were therapeutic, mostly conducted on asymptomatic or mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients. This review would showcase the research being conducted on COVID-19 in the country and highlight the research gaps to steer further studies.},
}
@article {pmid33818465,
year = {2021},
author = {Munshi, I and Khandvilkar, A and Chavan, SM and Sachdeva, G and Mahale, SD and Chaudhari, UK},
title = {An overview of preclinical animal models for SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity.},
journal = {The Indian journal of medical research},
volume = {153},
number = {1 &amp; 2},
pages = {17-25},
doi = {10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_3215_20},
pmid = {33818465},
issn = {0971-5916},
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 has caused millions of fatalities globally since its origin in November 2019. The SARS-CoV-2 shares 79 and 50 per cent genome similarity with its predecessors, severe SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus, all belonging to the same genus, Betacoronavirus. This relatively new virus has stymied the effective control of COVID-19 pandemic and caused huge social and economic impact worldwide. The FDA-approved drugs were re-purposed to reduce the number of fatalities caused by SARS-CoV-2. However, controversy surrounds about the efficacy of these re-purposed antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2.This necessitates the identification of new drug targets for SARS-CoV-2. Hence, the development of pre-clinical animal model is warranted. Such animal models may help us gain better understanding of the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and will be effective tools for the evaluation and licensure of therapeutic strategies against SARS-CoV-2. This review provides a summary of the attempts made till to develop a suitable animal model to understand pathophysiology and effectiveness of therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2.},
}
@article {pmid33818464,
year = {2021},
author = {Sharma, YP and Agstam, S and Yadav, A and Gupta, A and Gupta, A},
title = {Cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19: An evidence-based narrative review.},
journal = {The Indian journal of medical research},
volume = {153},
number = {1 &amp; 2},
pages = {7-16},
doi = {10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_2450_20},
pmid = {33818464},
issn = {0971-5916},
abstract = {The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, primarily involves the respiratory system with viral pneumonia as a predominant manifestation. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 has various cardiovascular manifestations which increase morbidity and mortality in COVID-19. Patients with underlying cardiovascular diseases and conventional cardiovascular risk factors are predisposed for COVID-19 with worse prognosis. The possible mechanisms of cardiovascular injury are endothelial dysfunction, diffuse microangiopathy with thrombosis and increased angiotensin II levels. Hyperinflammation in the myocardium can result in acute coronary syndrome, myocarditis, heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death. The high level of cardiac troponins and natriuretic peptides in the early course of COVID-19 reflects an acute myocardial injury. The complex association between COVID-19 and cardiovascular manifestations requires an in-depth understanding for appropriate management of these patients. Till the time a specific antiviral drug is available for COVID-19, treatment remains symptomatic. This review provides information on the cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33818416,
year = {2021},
author = {Bestari, MB and Joewono, IR},
title = {Screening Colonoscopy for Colon Cancer in Women during COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Acta medica Indonesiana},
volume = {53},
number = {1},
pages = {132-139},
pmid = {33818416},
issn = {0125-9326},
mesh = {Attitude to Health ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention &amp; control ; *Colonoscopy/methods/psychology ; *Colorectal Neoplasms/diagnosis/epidemiology ; *Early Detection of Cancer/methods/psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Needs Assessment ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Sex Factors ; },
abstract = {Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the top three leading causes of death in both men and women. However, screening can help detect and prevent CRC. Multiple guidelines recommend CRC screening using stool-based screening and direct visualization via colonoscopy. Anatomically, women have a longer total colonic length, especially in the transverse colon, which makes it redundant; thus it is more difficult to perform complete endoscopy in women. Women also have a higher risk of developing right-sided colon cancer of the flat and depressed type, which is harder to detect than the other types. Moreover, women are less likely to undergo colonoscopy due to embarrassment, especially when the procedure is performed by male gastroenterologists, and the lack of available female gastroenterologists further complicates the problem. The current COVID-19 pandemic also decreases patients' willingness to undergo screening due to the fear of contracting the COVID-19. Delay in diagnosis leads to more advanced tumors upon detection and ultimately decreases the survival rate, especially in women, as they have lower 1-year survival rate when CRC is detected in its later stages than in men. Innovative options for CRC screening have recently emerged, including colon capsule endoscopy, which can be performed in a clinic and may reduce the need for colonoscopy. However, sex-specific CRC screening guidelines and tools are not available. The objective of this review is to identify the barriers and challenges faced when performing screening colonoscopy in women, especially during the pandemic and to encourage the development of sex-specific CRC screening.},
}
@article {pmid33818412,
year = {2021},
author = {Suryana, KD and Simadibrata, M and Renaldi, K},
title = {Impact of COVID-19 on the Gut: A Review of the Manifestations, Pathology, Management, and Challenges.},
journal = {Acta medica Indonesiana},
volume = {53},
number = {1},
pages = {96-104},
pmid = {33818412},
issn = {0125-9326},
mesh = {*COVID-19/immunology/physiopathology/prevention &amp; control/transmission ; Feces/virology ; *Gastrointestinal Diseases/diagnosis/etiology/immunology ; *Gastrointestinal Tract/immunology/virology ; Humans ; *SARS-CoV-2/isolation &amp; purification/pathogenicity/physiology ; },
abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 is a virus that can enter its hosts through the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor. ACE2 is mainly expressed in cells of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the esophageal epithelium and enterocytes from the ileum-colon. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has varying clinical symptoms and presents differently in individuals, ranging from asymptomatic carriers to moderate clinical spectrum with mild pneumonia clinical features, and to a severe clinical presentation with dyspnea and hypoxia, leading to death due to respiratory or multi-organ failure. COVID-19 infection can also manifest themselves in the form of gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, and abdominal pain. Severe complications of gastrointestinal COVID-19 infections include hemorrhage or perforation of the gastrointestinal tract and severe inflammation, which can adversely affect the intestinal immune system, and therefore the systemic immune system of the host. Furthermore, COVID-19 has also shown to affect microbiota homeostasis in the digestive tract. To date, no clear explanation is available regarding the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal SARS-CoV-2 infection, fecal RNA detection, and the possibility of fecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2. This review aims to discuss the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the digestive tract, microbiota, and lung, and the possibility of fecal-oral transmission in COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33818411,
year = {2021},
author = {Hosseini, P and Rahimi, H and Najafabadi, MM and Ghorbani, A and Najafabadi, SK and Faridzadeh, A and Arabpour, J and Khormali, E and Deravi, N},
title = {Convalescent Plasma Therapy for COVID-19: Lessons from SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and H1N1 Infection.},
journal = {Acta medica Indonesiana},
volume = {53},
number = {1},
pages = {86-95},
pmid = {33818411},
issn = {0125-9326},
mesh = {Antibodies, Viral/blood ; COVID-19/epidemiology/immunology/*therapy ; Coronavirus Infections/*therapy ; Humans ; Immunization, Passive/methods ; SARS-CoV-2/*immunology ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/*therapy ; Treatment Outcome ; },
abstract = {The global widespread mortality after the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in China, has become a critical concern all around the world. Convalescent plasma (CP) therapy is one of the methods elevating the survival rate for COVID-19 infection cases. This technique, as a practicable therapy, was used in previous viral outbreaks including influenza, SARS and MERS. In CP therapy, the blood plasma is collected from persons rehabilitated from that specific infection in order to develop a passive immunity in other patients. Therefore, this review aimed to point out the role of CP therapy in aforementioned viral infections and illustrate different factors influencing the efficacy of CP therapy.},
}
@article {pmid33818031,
year = {2021},
author = {Taher, M and Tik, N and Susanti, D},
title = {Drugs intervention study in COVID-19 management.},
journal = {Drug metabolism and personalized therapy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1515/dmdi-2020-0173},
pmid = {33818031},
issn = {2363-8915},
abstract = {By 9 February 2021, the Coronavirus has killed 2,336,650 people worldwide and it has been predicted that this number continues to increase in year 2021. The study aimed to identify therapeutic approaches and drugs that can potentially be used as interventions in Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) management. A systematic scoping review was conducted. Articles reporting clinical evidence of therapeutic management of COVID-19 were selected from three different research databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct). From the database search, 31 articles were selected based on the study inclusion and exclusion criteria. This review paper showed that remdesivir and ivermectin significantly reduced viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) activity. On the other hand, convalescent plasma (CP) significantly improved COVID-19 clinical symptoms. Additionally, the use of corticosteroid increased survival rates in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Findings also indicated that both hydroxychloroquine and favipiravir were effective against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, lopinavir-ritonavir combination was not effective against COVID-19. Finally, ribavirin, galidesivir, and sofosbuvir showed potential therapeutic benefit in treating COVID-19, but there is a lack of clinical evidence on their effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2. Remdesivir, ivermectin, favipiravir, hydroxychloroquine, dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, and CP are the therapeutic agents that can potentially be used in COVID-19 management.},
}
@article {pmid33818026,
year = {2021},
author = {Ikonne, EU and Ikpeazu, VO and Ugbogu, OC and Emmanuel, O and Nwakuche, IP and Iweala, EJ and Ugbogu, EA},
title = {A review on the clinical trials of repurposing therapeutic drugs, mechanisms and preventive measures against SARS-CoV-2.},
journal = {Drug metabolism and personalized therapy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1515/dmpt-2020-0184},
pmid = {33818026},
issn = {2363-8915},
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmittable pathogenic viral infection that causes a disease known as COVID-19. It is a pandemic and public health challenge ravaging the world today. Unfortunately, with the daily increase of infected individuals, there is no known drug approved for the treatment of COVID-19. However, there are therapeutic drugs with the potentials to inhibit endocytic pathways, suppress ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase activities, and reduce the replication of SARS-CoV-2. These drugs modifications are aimed at reducing inflammation, time of recovery, and number of deaths. This review is aimed at providing updated information on the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, preventive measures and therapeutic drugs used against SARS-CoV-2. The finding of this review revealed that some of these drugs are transmembrane protease, serine 2, and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 inhibitors with the capacity to block the entrance/replication of SARS-CoV-2 in a host cell and therefore, may be promising in preventing the spread and mortality of SARS-CoV-2. However, these drugs may cause detrimental health effects such as toxic and non-efficacy issues. Therefore great caution should be employed by health professionals when prescribing these drugs to COVID-19 patients.},
}
@article {pmid33817867,
year = {2021},
author = {Palit, P and Mukhopadhyay, A and Chattopadhyay, D},
title = {Phyto-pharmacological perspective of Silymarin: A potential prophylactic or therapeutic agent for COVID-19, based on its promising immunomodulatory, anti-coagulant and anti-viral property.},
journal = {Phytotherapy research : PTR},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/ptr.7084},
pmid = {33817867},
issn = {1099-1573},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) triggered by a new viral pathogen, named severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is now a global health emergency. This debilitating viral pandemic not only paralyzed the normal daily life of the global community but also spread rapidly via global travel. To date there are no effective vaccines or specific treatments against this highly contagious virus; therefore, there is an urgent need to advocate novel prophylactic or therapeutic interventions for COVID-19. This brief opinion critically discusses the potential of Silymarin, a flavonolignan with diverse pharmacological activity having antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antiplatelet, and antiviral properties, with versatile immune-cytokine regulatory functions, that able to bind with transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and induce endogenous antiviral cytokine interferon-stimulated gene 15, for the management of COVID-19. Silymarin inhibits the expression of host cell surface receptor TMPRSS2 with a docking binding energy corresponding to -1,350.61 kcal/mol and a full fitness score of -8.11. The binding affinity of silymarin with an impressive virtual score exhibits significant potential to interfere with SARS-CoV-2 replication. We propose in-depth pre-clinical and clinical review studies of silymarin for the development of anti-COVID-19 lead, based on its clinical manifestations of COVID-19 and multifaceted bioactivities.},
}
@article {pmid33817811,
year = {2021},
author = {Shah, HM and Jain, AS and Joshi, SV and Kharkar, PS},
title = {Crocetin and related oxygen diffusion-enhancing compounds: Review of chemical synthesis, pharmacology, clinical development, and novel therapeutic applications.},
journal = {Drug development research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/ddr.21814},
pmid = {33817811},
issn = {1098-2299},
abstract = {The current pandemic forced us to introspect and revisit our armamentarium of medicinal agents which could be life-saving in emergency situations. Oxygen diffusion-enhancing compounds represent one such class of potential therapeutic agents, particularly in ischemic conditions. As rewarding as the name suggests, these agents, represented by the most advanced and first-in-class molecule, trans-sodium crocetinate (TSC), are the subject of intense clinical investigation, including Phase 1b/2b clinical trials for COVID-19. Being a successor of a natural product, crocetin, TSC is being investigated for various cancers as a radiosensitizer owing to its oxygen diffusion enhancement capability. The unique properties of TSC make it a promising therapeutic agent for various ailments such as hemorrhagic shock, stroke, heart attack, among others. The present review outlines various (bio)synthetic strategies, pharmacological aspects, clinical overview and potential therapeutic benefits of crocetin and related compounds including TSC. The recent literature focusing on the delivery aspects of these compounds is covered as well to paint the complete picture to the curious reader. Given the potential TSC holds as a first-in-class agent, small- and/or macromolecular therapeutics based on the core concept of improved oxygen diffusion from blood to the surrounding tissues where it is needed the most, will be developed in future and satisfy the unmet medical need for many diseases and disorders.},
}
@article {pmid33817690,
year = {2021},
author = {DiPietro, MA and Mondie, C},
title = {Toxicity of herbal medications suggested as treatment for COVID-19: A narrative review.},
journal = {Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians open},
volume = {2},
number = {2},
pages = {e12411},
pmid = {33817690},
issn = {2688-1152},
abstract = {Objectives: In the absence of a definitive cure, herbal medications are gaining increasing popularity in the general public for treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although many herbal preparations are safe and can be used without complication, serious toxicities do occur. This article focuses on the major characteristics and toxicities of herbal preparations that have been proposed as treatments for COVID-19.<br><br>Methods: A review was performed focusing on herbal preparations that have gained popularity as potential treatments for COVID-19. Some of these preparations have been directly recommended by government agencies, whereas others have gained popularity through various other news sources.<br><br>Results: The herbal preparations covered in this paper include the cardiac glycoside oleandrin, plants of the Datura genus, and herbs commonly used in traditional Chinese Medicine including plants of the Aconitum genus, bitter apricot seeds, ephedra, and licorice root.<br><br>Conclusion: Although herbal preparations have been reported to aid in the treatment of COVID-19 with success, few clinical trials have been performed to evaluate their efficacy and instead rely mainly on in vitro studies and anecdotal reports. Furthermore, many of the herbal preparations suggested carry significant toxicities, and frontline healthcare workers should be aware of the common symptoms and toxidromes that result from these poisonings.},
}
@article {pmid33817665,
year = {2021},
author = {Nissen, CB and Sciascia, S and de Andrade, D and Atsumi, T and Bruce, IN and Cron, RQ and Hendricks, O and Roccatello, D and Stach, K and Trunfio, M and Vinet, É and Schreiber, K},
title = {The role of antirheumatics in patients with COVID-19.},
journal = {The Lancet. Rheumatology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33817665},
issn = {2665-9913},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in more than 2 million deaths globally. Two interconnected stages of disease are generally recognised; an initial viral stage and a subsequent immune response phase with the clinical characteristics of hyperinflammation associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Therefore, many immune modulators and immunosuppressive drugs, which are widely used in rheumatological practice, have been proposed as treatments for patients with moderate or severe COVID-19. In this Review, we provide an overview of what is currently known about the efficacy and safety of antirheumatic therapies for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Dexamethasone has been shown to reduce COVID-19 related mortality, interleukin-6 inhibitors to reduce risk of cardiovascular or respiratory organ support, and baricitinib to reduce time to recovery in hospitalised patients requiring oxygen support. Further studies are needed to identify whether there is any role for glucocorticoids in patients with less severe COVID-19. Although evidence on the use of other antirheumatic drugs has suggested some benefits, results from adequately powered clinical trials are urgently needed. The heterogeneity in dosing and the absence of uniform inclusion criteria and defined stage of disease studied in many clinical trials have affected the conclusions and comparability of trial results. However, after the success of dexamethasone in proving the anti-inflammatory hypothesis, the next 12 months will undoubtedly bring further clarity about the clinical utility and optimal dose and timing of other anti-rheumatic drugs in the management of COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33817618,
year = {2021},
author = {Raina, R and Nair, N and Sharma, A and Chakraborty, R and Rush, S},
title = {Telemedicine for Pediatric Nephrology: Perspectives on COVID-19, Future Practices, and Workflow Changes.},
journal = {Kidney medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33817618},
issn = {2590-0595},
abstract = {While the use of telemedicine in rural areas has increased steadily over the years, its use was rapidly implemented during the onset of the COVID-19 crisis. Due to this rapid implementation, there is a lack of standardized workflows to assess and treat for various nephrotic conditions, symptoms, treatment modalities and transition processes in the pediatric population. In order to provide a foundation/suggestion for future standardized workflows, the authors of this paper have developed standardized workflows via the Delphi method. These workflows were informed based on results from cross sectional surveys directed to patients and providers. The majority of patients and providers were satisfied, 87% and 71% respectively, with their telemedicine visits. Common issues that were raised with the use of telemedicine included difficulty in procuring physical laboratory results and a lack of personal warmth during telemedicine visits. The workflows created based on these suggestions will both enhance safety in treating patients and allow for the best possible care.},
}
@article {pmid33817557,
year = {2021},
author = {Shang, Y and Meng, FL},
title = {Repair of programmed DNA lesions in antibody class switch recombination: common and unique features.},
journal = {Genome instability &amp; disease},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-11},
pmid = {33817557},
issn = {2524-7662},
abstract = {The adaptive immune system can diversify the antigen receptors to eliminate various pathogens through programmed DNA lesions at antigen receptor genes. In immune diversification, general DNA repair machineries are applied to transform the programmed DNA lesions into gene mutation or recombination events with common and unique features. Here we focus on antibody class switch recombination (CSR), and review the initiation of base damages, the conversion of damaged base to DNA double-strand break, and the ligation of broken ends. With an emphasis on the unique features in CSR, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of DNA repair/replication coordination, and ERCC6L2-mediated deletional recombination. We further elaborate the application of CSR in end-joining, resection and translesion synthesis assays. In the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, we hope it help to understand the generation of therapeutic antibodies.},
}
@article {pmid33817556,
year = {2021},
author = {Rajendra Santosh, AB and Muddana, K and Bakki, SR},
title = {Fungal Infections of Oral Cavity: Diagnosis, Management, and Association with COVID-19.},
journal = {SN comprehensive clinical medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-12},
pmid = {33817556},
issn = {2523-8973},
abstract = {The frequency of fungal infections is increasing due to immunodeficiency viruses and immunosuppressive drugs. The most common fungal infection of the oral cavity is candidiasis. The existence of Candida can be a part of normal commensal; hence, the isolation of Candida in the absence of clinical symptoms should exclude candidiasis. The pathogenicity of Candida is witnessed as opportunistic when immune status is compromised. Oral fungal infections are uncommon, but when identified, these infections are associated with greater discomfort and are sometimes destruction of tissues. Cytology and tissue biopsy are helpful in confirming the clinical diagnosis. The management of oral fungal infections must strategically focus on signs, symptoms, and culture reports. This article reviews information on diagnosis and therapeutic management of aspergillosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, mucormycosis, and geotrichosis.},
}
@article {pmid33817553,
year = {2021},
author = {Tharayil, A and Rajakumari, R and Kumar, A and Choudhary, MD and Palit, P and Thomas, S},
title = {New insights into application of nanoparticles in the diagnosis and screening of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2).},
journal = {Emergent materials},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-17},
pmid = {33817553},
issn = {2522-574X},
abstract = {Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is by far the worst pandemic disease in the current millennium. The first human-to-human transmission was observed in December 2019 in China and is caused by the highly contagious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has infected millions of people within months across the globe. SARS-CoV-2 is a spike protein enveloped virus with particle-like characteristics and a diameter of 60-140 nm. Real-time PCR, reverse transcriptase PCR, isothermal PCR, immunological-based detection technique and nano-based diagnostic system have been explained for the identification and differentiation of different types of virus including SARS-COV-2. Synthetic nanoparticles can closely mimic the virus and interact strongly with its virulent proteins due to their morphological similarities. Some of the antiviral nanomaterials are also discussed, for example zinc oxide nanoparticle is an antiviral agent with a tetrapod morphology that mimics the cell surface by interacting with the viral capsid. It suppressed the viral proteins upon UV radiation due to reaction caused by photocatalysis. Hence, nanoparticle-based strategies for tackling viruses have immense potential. The second part of the review points to the latest in vitro and in vivo procedures for screening viral particles and the usage of nanoparticles in diagnostic and therapeutics. This would be beneficial for early detection and assists for the safe and effective therapeutic management of COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33817453,
year = {2021},
author = {Thomas, M and Price, OJ and Hull, JH},
title = {Pulmonary function and COVID-19.},
journal = {Current opinion in physiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33817453},
issn = {2468-8673},
abstract = {In people recovering from COVID-19, there is concern regarding potential long-term pulmonary sequelae and associated impairment of functional capacity. Data published thus far indicate that spirometric indices appear to be generally well preserved, but that a defect in diffusing capacity (DLco) is a prevalent abnormality identified on follow-up lung function; present in 20-30% of those with mild to moderate disease and 60% in those with severe disease. Reductions in total lung capacity were commonly reported. Functional capacity is also often impaired, with data now starting to emerge detailing walk test and cardiopulmonary exercise test outcome at follow-up. In this review, we evaluate the published evidence in this area, to summarise the impact of COVID-19 infection on pulmonary function and relate this to the clinico-radiological findings and disease severity.},
}
@article {pmid33817451,
year = {2021},
author = {Engin, AB and Engin, ED and Engin, A},
title = {Current opinion in neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
journal = {Current opinion in toxicology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33817451},
issn = {2468-2934},
abstract = {Neurological symptoms occur in approximately one third of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Among these symptoms, hypoxic encephalopathy develops in one-fifth of severe cases, while ischemic strokes due to thrombotic complications are common in one-third of COVID-19 intensive care patients. Brain involvement of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is eventuated by several routes, including hematogenous spread, trans-synaptic entry through infected neurons, olfactory nerve, ocular epithelium, vascular endothelium and impaired blood-brain barrier. Besides the high angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) binding affinity, and FURIN preactivation, SARS-CoV-2 maintains efficient neuronal entry while evading immune surveillance by utilizing basigin, and neuropilin-1 receptors. However, the neurological manifestations and their pathogenic mechanisms are still debated in COVID-19 patients.},
}
@article {pmid33817321,
year = {2021},
author = {Gazzaz, ZJ},
title = {Diabetes and COVID-19.},
journal = {Open life sciences},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {297-302},
pmid = {33817321},
issn = {2391-5412},
abstract = {Several factors are linked with a higher risk of mortality from Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), including male gender, increased age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancer. Hyperglycemic COVID-19 patients have severe clinical problems, increased ICU admittance, machine-driven ventilation, and a substantial rise in inflammatory markers. Among all patients, those with diabetes or hyperglycemia have a two- to four-fold increase in mortality and severity of COVID-19 than those without diabetes. The primary cause of mortality in COVID-19 patients with diabetes is compromised immune response to viral infections. Increased blood sugar level probably affects intracellular degradation of bacteria, neutrophil chemotaxis, and phagocytosis, thus improving viral binding affinity and entry and decreasing virus clearance. In addition, it has significant effects on the proteins by inducing glycosylation and altering the composition of complements, and glycosylation renders cells susceptible to viral inflammation and damage. The treatment of COVID-19 in patients with diabetes requires an integrated team approach to minimize the risk of medical complications and mortality. Moreover, physicians should adopt proactive strategies to care for persons with comorbidities. This strategy would help reduce the frequency of complications and mortality among patients and load on the healthcare system.},
}
@article {pmid33816701,
year = {2021},
author = {Travassos, TC and De Oliveira, JMI and Selegatto, IB and Reis, LO},
title = {COVID-19 impact on bladder cancer-orientations for diagnosing, decision making, and treatment.},
journal = {American journal of clinical and experimental urology},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {132-139},
pmid = {33816701},
issn = {2330-1910},
abstract = {The world is going through an unprecedented time in history, and Urologists are, like many other healthcare professionals, facing and combating on two fronts: against the pandemic itself and cancer. When looking at the fatality rates, bladder cancer overcomes Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by far and can be as high as 52%, so Urologists must not postpone investigation. Cystoscopy remains the gold standard for the investigation of bladder cancer and computed tomography (CT) urography for obtaining images of the upper tract in cases of macroscopic hematuria. Whenever transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURB) is necessary, extra care must be taken to assure muscle sample, avoiding another surgical intervention and hospitalization, but when necessary it should not be postponed due to the elevated progression rate of the disease. Follow-up cystoscopies can be postponed for 6 months for low risk, 3 months for intermediate, 6 weeks for high risk, and not beyond 24 hours in case of emergencies as life-threatening hematuria, anemia, and urinary retention. Regarding chemotherapy, more than ever the key point is to evaluate each case individually. Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) must be considered only as an inducing course, in selected intermediate and most high-risk cancers. Whenever possible patients should be tested before surgery. Based on the current literature on optimal bladder cancer patients approach we comprehensively synthetize the major societies guidelines on the issue so far, adding a critical view to the topic. This article aims to guide Urologists on decision making against bladder cancer in the COVID-19 era.},
}
@article {pmid33816542,
year = {2021},
author = {Al-Kuraishy, HM and Al-Gareeb, AI and Faidah, H and Al-Maiahy, TJ and Cruz-Martins, N and Batiha, GE},
title = {The Looming Effects of Estrogen in Covid-19: A Rocky Rollout.},
journal = {Frontiers in nutrition},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {649128},
pmid = {33816542},
issn = {2296-861X},
abstract = {In the face of the Covid-19 pandemic, an intensive number of studies have been performed to understand in a deeper way the mechanisms behind better or worse clinical outcomes. Epidemiologically, men subjects are more prone to severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections than women, with a similar scenario being also stated to the previous coronavirus diseases, namely, SARS-CoV in 2003 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus diseases (MERS-CoV) in 2012. In addition, and despite that aging is regarded as an independent risk factor for the severe form of the disease, even so, women protection is evident. In this way, it has been expected that sex hormones are the main determinant factors in gender differences, with the immunomodulatory effects of estrogen in different viral infections, chiefly in Covid-19, attracting more attention as it might explain the case-fatality rate and predisposition of men for Covid-19 severity. Here, we aim to provide a mini-review and an overview on the protective effects of estrogen in Covid-19. Different search strategies were performed including Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, Pubmed, and Google Scholar database to find relative studies. Findings of the present study illustrated that women have a powerful immunomodulating effect against Covid-19 through the effect of estrogen. This study illustrates that estrogens have noteworthy anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulatory effects in Covid-19. Also, estrogen hormone reduces SARS-CoV-2 infectivity through modulation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. This study highlighted the potential protective effect of estrogen against Covid-19 and recommended for future clinical trial and prospective studies to elucidate and confirm this protective effect.},
}
@article {pmid33816521,
year = {2021},
author = {Issa, H and Eid, AH and Berry, B and Takhviji, V and Khosravi, A and Mantash, S and Nehme, R and Hallal, R and Karaki, H and Dhayni, K and Faour, WH and Kobeissy, F and Nehme, A and Zibara, K},
title = {Combination of Angiotensin (1-7) Agonists and Convalescent Plasma as a New Strategy to Overcome Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) Inhibition for the Treatment of COVID-19.},
journal = {Frontiers in medicine},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {620990},
pmid = {33816521},
issn = {2296-858X},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently the most concerning health problem worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 infects cells by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). It is believed that the differential response to SARS-CoV-2 is correlated with the differential expression of ACE2. Several reports proposed the use of ACE2 pharmacological inhibitors and ACE2 antibodies to block viral entry. However, ACE2 inhibition is associated with lung and cardiovascular pathology and would probably increase the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Therefore, utilizing ACE2 soluble analogs to block viral entry while rescuing ACE2 activity has been proposed. Despite their protective effects, such analogs can form a circulating reservoir of the virus, thus accelerating its spread in the body. Levels of ACE2 are reduced following viral infection, possibly due to increased viral entry and lysis of ACE2 positive cells. Downregulation of ACE2/Ang (1-7) axis is associated with Ang II upregulation. Of note, while Ang (1-7) exerts protective effects on the lung and cardiovasculature, Ang II elicits pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic detrimental effects by binding to the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R). Indeed, AT1R blockers (ARBs) can alleviate the harmful effects associated with Ang II upregulation while increasing ACE2 expression and thus the risk of viral infection. Therefore, Ang (1-7) agonists seem to be a better treatment option. Another approach is the transfusion of convalescent plasma from recovered patients with deteriorated symptoms. Indeed, this appears to be promising due to the neutralizing capacity of anti-COVID-19 antibodies. In light of these considerations, we encourage the adoption of Ang (1-7) agonists and convalescent plasma conjugated therapy for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. This therapeutic regimen is expected to be a safer choice since it possesses the proven ability to neutralize the virus while ensuring lung and cardiovascular protection through modulation of the inflammatory response.},
}
@article {pmid33816370,
year = {2020},
author = {Barzkar, F and Ranjbar, M and Sioofy-Khojine, AB and Khajehazad, M and Vesal Azad, R and Moradi, Y and Baradaran, HR},
title = {Efficacy and safety of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19: A comprehensive evidence synthesis of clinical, animal, and in vitro studies.},
journal = {Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran},
volume = {34},
number = {},
pages = {171},
pmid = {33816370},
issn = {1016-1430},
abstract = {Background: The world is facing a pandemic of COVID-19, a respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus which is now called SARS-CoV-2. Current treatment recommendations for the infection are mainly repurposed drugs based on experience with other clinically similar conditions and are not backed by direct evidence. Chloroquine (CQ) and its derivative Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are among the candidates. We aimed to synthesize current evidence systematically for in vitro, animal, and human studies on the efficacy and safety of chloroquine in patients with COVID-19. Methods: The Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, PubMed (via Medline), Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science, MedRxiv, clinical trial registries including clinicaltrials.gov, ChiCTR (Chinese Clinical Trial Registry), IRCT (Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials), and the EU Clinical Trials Register. We used the Cochrane tool for risk of bias assessment in randomized studies, the ROBINS tool for non-randomized studies, and the GRADE methodology to summarize the evidence and certainty in effect estimates. Results: The initial database searching retrieved 24,752 studies. Of these, 15,435 abstracts were screened and 115 were selected for full-text review. Finally, 20 human studies, 3 animal studies, and 4 in vitro studies were included in this systematic review. The risk of bias within studies was unclear to high and the overall certainty in evidence-based on GRADES- was very low. HCQ may be effective in clinical improvement in a subset of patients with COVID-19. However, the frequency of adverse events was higher in patients taking HCQ compared to standard of care alone. In contrast, animal studies, did not report any adverse effects. Furthermore, clear benefit of the drug in the survival of the animals has been reported. Most in vitro studies indicated a high selectivity index for the drug and one study that used a human coronavirus reported blockage of virus replication. Conclusion: Current evidence background is limited to six poorly conducted clinical studies with inconsistent findings which fail to show significant efficacy for HCQ. Safety data is also limited but the drug may increase adverse outcomes. Routine use of the drug is not recommended based on limited efficacy and concerns about the drug safety especially in high-risk populations.},
}
@article {pmid33816359,
year = {2021},
author = {Khan, AH and Nasir, N and Nasir, N and Maha, Q and Rehman, R},
title = {Vitamin D and COVID-19: is there a role?.},
journal = {Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-8},
pmid = {33816359},
issn = {2251-6581},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic requires a rapid understanding of the pathogenesis of the spectrum of the disease and factors associated with varied clinical presentations. Immune dysregulation with a cytokine storm (CS) progressing to ARDS with resemblance to sHLH is suggested as a main cause of tissue injury. Low levels of vitamin D were observed in COVID-19 cases with higher incidence of mortality in 20 European countries, increased risk of severity in COVID-19 contributing to ARDS or fulminant myocarditis and micro vascular thrombosis is proposed. Vitamin D may be protective against acute respiratory tract infections, as it regulates the inflammatory cytokine response of respiratory epithelial cells and macrophages, suppress CS and other manifestations seen in SARS-Cov-2. Hence, it is suggested as one of the therapies in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Major research gaps are identified globally in clinical management and this relationship. There is an imperative requisite to understand the interplay of markers in SARS-CoV-2, its risk factors and potential role of vitamin D to improve clinical outcome by pandemic of COVID-19. We therefore perform this review for understanding the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infections and the role of vitamin D in combating it.},
}
@article {pmid33816341,
year = {2021},
author = {Andrade, FB and Gualberto, A and Rezende, C and Percegoni, N and Gameiro, J and Hottz, ED},
title = {The Weight of Obesity in Immunity from Influenza to COVID-19.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {638852},
pmid = {33816341},
issn = {2235-2988},
abstract = {The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged in December 2019 and rapidly outspread worldwide endangering human health. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) manifests itself through a wide spectrum of symptoms that can evolve to severe presentations as pneumonia and several non-respiratory complications. Increased susceptibility to COVID-19 hospitalization and mortality have been linked to associated comorbidities as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and, recently, to obesity. Similarly, individuals living with obesity are at greater risk to develop clinical complications and to have poor prognosis in severe influenza pneumonia. Immune and metabolic dysfunctions associated with the increased susceptibility to influenza infection are linked to obesity-associated low-grade inflammation, compromised immune and endocrine systems, and to high cardiovascular risk. These preexisting conditions may favor virological persistence, amplify immunopathological responses and worsen hemodynamic instability in severe COVID-19 as well. In this review we highlight the main factors and the current state of the art on obesity as risk factor for influenza and COVID-19 hospitalization, severe respiratory manifestations, extrapulmonary complications and even death. Finally, immunoregulatory mechanisms of severe influenza pneumonia in individuals with obesity are addressed as likely factors involved in COVID-19 pathophysiology.},
}
@article {pmid33816151,
year = {2021},
author = {Seki, M},
title = {Trends in the management of infectious disease under SARS-CoV-2 era: From pathophysiological comparison of COVID-19 and influenza.},
journal = {World journal of virology},
volume = {10},
number = {2},
pages = {62-68},
pmid = {33816151},
issn = {2220-3249},
abstract = {Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has become a historic pandemic, and dealing with it is one of the most important aspects of infectious disease treatment today. SARS-CoV-2 has been found to have characteristic and powerful infectivity (ability to propagate) and lethality (severity). With influenza, primary influenza pneumonia from the virus itself is known to exist in addition to secondary bacterial pneumonia. With COVID-19, on the other hand, it is important to provide diagnosis and treatment while keeping acute respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary edema (alveolar flood) from a similar cytokine storm, as well as severe angiopathy, in mind. The importance of complying with hand hygiene and masks in infection control remains the same as in previous general infection control measures and responses to influenza virus infections and others, but in the future, vaccination will likely be the key to infection control in the community.},
}
@article {pmid33816150,
year = {2021},
author = {Spera, AM},
title = {Are nucleotide inhibitors, already used for treating hepatitis C virus infection, a potential option for the treatment of COVID-19 compared with standard of care? A literature review.},
journal = {World journal of virology},
volume = {10},
number = {2},
pages = {53-61},
pmid = {33816150},
issn = {2220-3249},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is global pandemic with various clinical presentations, ranging from cold to sometimes unrecoverable acute respiratory distress syndrome. Although urgently needed, currently there are no specific treatments for COVID-19. Repurposing existing pharmaceuticals to treat COVID-19 is crucial to control the pandemic. In silico and in vitro studies suggest that a nucleotide inhibitor called Sofosbuvir, has also antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), apart from suppressing other positive-strand ribonucleic Acid viruses with conserved polymerase (hepatitis C virus). The aim of this study was to assess if Sofosbuvir improves clinical outcomes in patients with moderate or severe COVID-19. A compre-hensive overview of scientific literature has been made. Terms searched in PubMed were: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, nucleotide inhibitors, pandemic, Sofosbuvir. Results clinical trials conducted among adults with moderate or severe COVID-19 were analyzed. Patients were divided in treatment and control arms, receiving Sofosbuvir plus standard care and standard care alone respectively. The addition of Sofosbuvir to standard care significantly reduced the duration of hospital stay compared with standard care alone in clinical trials examined. If efficacy of these repurposed, cheap and easily available drug against SARS-CoV-2 is further demonstrated, it could be essential to refine the treatment of COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33816149,
year = {2021},
author = {Dominari, A and Hathaway Iii, D and Kapasi, A and Paul, T and Makkar, SS and Castaneda, V and Gara, S and Singh, BM and Agadi, K and Butt, M and Retnakumar, V and Chittajallu, S and Taugir, R and Sana, MK and Kc, M and Razzack, S and Moallem, N and Alvarez, A and Talalaev, M},
title = {Bottom-up analysis of emergent properties of N-acetylcysteine as an adjuvant therapy for COVID-19.},
journal = {World journal of virology},
volume = {10},
number = {2},
pages = {34-52},
pmid = {33816149},
issn = {2220-3249},
abstract = {N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is an abundantly available antioxidant with a wide range of antidotal properties currently best studied for its use in treating acetaminophen overdose. It has a robustly established safety profile with easily tolerated side effects and presents the Food and Drug Administration's approval for use in treating acetaminophen overdose patients. It has been proven efficacious in off-label uses, such as in respiratory diseases, heart disease, cancer, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and seasonal influenza. Clinical trials have recently shown that NAC's capacity to replenish glutathione stores may significantly improve coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes, especially in high risk individuals. Interestingly, individuals with glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency have been shown to experience even greater benefit. The same study has concluded that NAC's ability to mitigate the impact of the cytokine storm and prevent elevation of liver enzymes, C-reactive protein, and ferritin is associated with higher success rates weaning from the ventilator and return to normal function in COVID-19 patients. Considering the background knowledge of biochemistry, current uses of NAC in clinical practice, and newly acquired evidence on its potential efficacy against COVID-19, it is worthwhile to investigate further whether this agent can be used as a treatment or adjuvant for COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33816137,
year = {2021},
author = {Mencia, MM and Goalan, R},
title = {COVID-19 and its effects upon orthopaedic surgery: The Trinidad and Tobago experience.},
journal = {World journal of orthopedics},
volume = {12},
number = {3},
pages = {94-101},
pmid = {33816137},
issn = {2218-5836},
abstract = {The World Health Organisation (WHO) declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic on March 11, 2020. COVID-19 is not the first infectious disease to affect Trinidad and Tobago. The country has faced outbreaks of both Chikungunya and Zika virus in 2014 and 2016 respectively. The viral pandemic is predicted to have a significant impact upon all countries, but the healthcare services in a developing country are especially vulnerable. The Government of Trinidad and Tobago swiftly established a parallel healthcare system to isolate and treat suspected and confirmed cases of COVID-19. Strick 'lockdown' orders, office closures, social distancing and face mask usage recommendation were implemented following advice from the WHO. This approach has seen Trinidad and Tobago emerge from the second wave of infections, with the most recent Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker report indicating a favourable risk of openness index for the country. The effects of the pandemic on the orthopaedic services in the public and private healthcare systems show significant differences. Constrained by shortages in personal protective equipment and inadequate testing facilities, the public system moved into emergency mode prioritizing the care of urgent and critical cases. Private healthcare driven more by economic considerations, quickly instituted widespread safety measures to ensure that the clinics remained open and elective surgery was not interrupted. Orthopaedic teaching at The University of the West Indies was quickly migrated to an online platform to facilitate both medical students and residents. The Caribbean Association of Orthopedic Surgeons through its frequent virtual meetings provided a forum for continuing education and social interaction amongst colleagues. The pandemic has disrupted our daily routines leading to unparalleled changes to our lives and livelihoods. Many of these changes will remain long after the pandemic is over, permanently transforming the practice of orthopaedics.},
}
@article {pmid33816115,
year = {2021},
author = {Albayati, N and Waisi, B and Al-Furaiji, M and Kadhom, M and Alalwan, H},
title = {Effect of COVID-19 on air quality and pollution in different countries.},
journal = {Journal of transport &amp; health},
volume = {21},
number = {},
pages = {101061},
pmid = {33816115},
issn = {2214-1405},
abstract = {Introduction: COVID-19 is a pandemic that affected humans' lives and activities through the year 2020 in a way that was not witnessed in recent years. Many governments declared a complete lockdown as a try to stop the transmission of the disease. This lockdown resulted in a good recovery in environmental health, where air pollutants levels dramatically decreased.<br><br>Theory: There are two relations between air pollution and COVID-19, one is before the disease spread, and the other is after. Before the disease spread, many areas had high levels of contaminants in the air due to industrial activities, transportation, and human density. These areas had the highest infection rates and death cases. This could be attributed to two reasons, the aerosol could help to spread the virus at a higher rate, and air pollutants could negatively affect peoples' lungs, which assisted the virus in attacking the patients brutally.<br><br>Results: After the disease spread, the lockdown that was applied in the major industrial countries led to a decrease in the pollutants levels and an increase in the ozone level in the air. This lockdown improved the air quality worldwide to a level that all political conferences and agreements could not reach. In this review, we are showing the impact of COVID-19 on air pollutants in different countries.<br><br>Summary: This paper provides information about pollutants' influence on human and environmental health that other researchers obtained in different areas of the globe before and after the pandemic. This could give ideas about the impact of humans on the environment and the possible ways of recovering the environment's health.},
}
@article {pmid33816085,
year = {2021},
author = {Valussi, M and Antonelli, M and Donelli, D and Firenzuoli, F},
title = {Appropriate use of essential oils and their components in the management of upper respiratory tract symptoms in patients with COVID-19.},
journal = {Journal of herbal medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {100451},
doi = {10.1016/j.hermed.2021.100451},
pmid = {33816085},
issn = {2210-8033},
abstract = {Introduction: The involvement of the upper respiratory tract is common in COVID-19, and the majority of patients are treated at home with a mild-to-moderate form of the disease. Many approaches based on essential oils have been proposed for the symptomatic treatment of COVID-19. This work aims to outline the potential and safe evidence-based uses of essential oils and their major components for the clinical management of mild respiratory symptoms caused by uncomplicated coronavirus infections, including SARS-CoV-2. Due to their wide use, a focus on the constituents eucalyptol and menthol has been provided.<br><br>Methods: An overview of the scientific literature with a critical discussion of retrieved evidence and clinical recommendations.<br><br>Results: In general, eucalyptol and essential oils or blends whose content is rich in it, may be used as an integrative remedy for the symptomatic improvement of patients with mild and uncomplicated infections caused by coronaviruses. Menthol is not recommended in patients with COVID-19, due to a potential reduction of the self-perception of dyspnea, which can lead infected patients to underestimate the actual disease severity and to delay medical attention.<br><br>Discussion: Based on available evidence, symptomatic remedies for COVID-19, such as essential oils and their isolated compounds, can be useful, but are not an alternative to standard medical therapy and do not exempt patients from following precautionary measures issued by health authorities. Clinical recommendations on the appropriate use of essential oils for the management of upper airway symptoms of COVID-19 are provided. Further studies on the topic are advised.},
}
@article {pmid33816060,
year = {2021},
author = {Paiz, N and Alonso, P and Portillo, AL},
title = {Vitamin D Status: Can It Affect the Risk of Infection and the Severity of COVID-19 Symptoms?.},
journal = {Current tropical medicine reports},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-8},
pmid = {33816060},
issn = {2196-3045},
abstract = {Purpose of Review: In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, several academic studies have emerged that explore the importance of vitamin D in the development of the SARS-CoV2 infection. The basis of this interest comes from the established effect vitamin D status has on other acute respiratory infections, such as influenza. This article aims to determine the role and effect of vitamin D serum concentration in the prevalence and severity of COVID-19.<br><br>Recent Findings: Several observational studies have demonstrated that suboptimal levels of vitamin D serum concentrations can significantly increase the risk of developing COVID-19 and lead to a more severe symptomatology. One study suggests, however, that supplementation of vitamin D could potentially increase the incidence of mortality in COVID-19 patients.<br><br>Summary: Vitamin D status could have an influential role in the development and progression of SARS-CoV2 infection. Further studies are warranted to understand fully the veracity and the extent of this association.},
}
@article {pmid33816059,
year = {2021},
author = {Fadul, N and Hussein, ME and Fadul, AA},
title = {Re-opening Sudan: the Balance Between Maintaining Daily Living and Avoiding the Next Peak of COVID-19.},
journal = {Current tropical medicine reports},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-7},
pmid = {33816059},
issn = {2196-3045},
abstract = {Purpose of the Review: To describe the intersectionality of healthcare and economy, and potential solutions to prevent the next peak of COVID-19 in Sudan.<br><br>Recent Findings: Sudan has recently emerged from a 30-year dictatorship to face the COVID-19 pandemic in the midst of the worst economic crisis. Disease control measures that have been used in developed countries have been difficult to implement in Sudan due to economic, social, and structural challenges. There is a need for integration of data into the disease response plan and for community engagement to help with mitigation efforts. Youth-led community organizations were critical in the success of the Sudanese revolution. Their formal involvement in contact tracing and community awareness campaigns can be beneficial.<br><br>Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought to the surface many of the challenges facing the healthcare system in Sudan. Culturally tailored interventions are needed to prevent the next peak of COVID-19 in the country.},
}
@article {pmid33816058,
year = {2021},
author = {Quadri, SA and Padala, PR},
title = {An Aspect of Kumbh Mela Massive Gathering and COVID-19.},
journal = {Current tropical medicine reports},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-6},
pmid = {33816058},
issn = {2196-3045},
abstract = {Purpose of Review: Kumbh Mela, a religious gathering of Hindus held in India, is the largest massive gathering event in the world. The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented healthcare crisis in recent times with effects reverberating in all spheres of human lives. India has registered the second highest number of COVID-19 cases. This paper aims to dwell in the religious and social background of Kumbh Mela massive gathering, as well as the ritualistic practices that could potentially entail public health risks in the current situation. It also aims to identify possible preparatory and interventional measures to evade such risks.<br><br>Recent Findings: In recent years, the increase in the number of people attending the Kumbh Mela has been phenomenal. Congregants are put up at the holy sites for several days. The sheer number of people assembling at the religious venues poses a great challenge to manage the crowds, to cater to the requirements of basic amenities, and to meet their healthcare needs. Some of the ritualistic practices could heighten the risk for transmission of respiratory pathogens. The COVID-19 pandemic has escalated over the past few months in India. The pandemic is expected to sustain its tempo in India throughout the foreseeable future. Organization of the forthcoming Kumbh Mela needs meticulous planning.<br><br>Summary: Kumbh Mela is a Hindu religious gathering at the banks of India's rivers, held periodically. It witnesses assembly of huge numbers of people and has the potential to amplify the COVID-19 pandemic in India; this could overwhelm the healthcare system.},
}
@article {pmid33816047,
year = {2021},
author = {Kumar, SU and Priya, NM and Nithya, SR and Kannan, P and Jain, N and Kumar, DT and Magesh, R and Younes, S and Zayed, H and Doss, CGP},
title = {A review of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): based on genomic structure, phylogeny, current shreds of evidence, candidate vaccines, and drug repurposing.},
journal = {3 Biotech},
volume = {11},
number = {4},
pages = {198},
pmid = {33816047},
issn = {2190-572X},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is instigated by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of March 13, 2021, more than 118.9 million cases were infected with COVID-19 worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA beta-CoV. Most COVID-19 infected individuals recover within 1-3 weeks. Nevertheless, approximately 5% of patients develop acute respiratory distress syndrome and other systemic complications, leading to death. Structural genetic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 have shown genomic resemblances but a low evolutionary correlation to SARS-CoV-1 responsible for the 2002-2004 outbreak. The S glycoprotein is critical for cell adhesion and the entrance of the virus into the host. The process of cell entry uses the cellular receptor named angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Recent evidence proposed that the CD147 as a SARS-CoV-2's potential receptor. The viral genome is mainly held by two non-structural proteins (NSPs), ORF1a and ORF1ab, along with structural proteins. Although NSPs are conserved among the βCoVs, mutations in NSP2 and NSP3 may play critical roles in transmitting the virus and cell tropism. To date, no specific/targeted anti-viral treatments exist. Notably, more than 50 COVID-19 candidate vaccines in clinical trials, and a few being administered. Preventive precautions are the primary strategy to limit the viral load transmission and spread, emphasizing the urgent need for developing significant drug targets and vaccines against COVID-19. This review provides a cumulative overview of the genomic structure, transmission, phylogeny of SARS-CoV-2 from Indian clusters, treatment options, updated discoveries, and future standpoints for COVID-19.<br><br>Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02749-0.},
}
@article {pmid33815925,
year = {2021},
author = {Eze, P and Mezue, KN and Nduka, CU and Obianyo, I and Egbuche, O},
title = {Efficacy and safety of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for treatment of COVID-19 patients-a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.},
journal = {American journal of cardiovascular disease},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {93-107},
pmid = {33815925},
issn = {2160-200X},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused significant morbidity and mortality worldwide and an effective treatment is needed. Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have shown in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 which causes the disease, but the evidence from in vivo studies so far has been inconclusive.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of CQ and HCQ in the treatment of COVID-19.<br><br>DATA SOURCES: We systematically searched the PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, Scopus, Joanna Briggs Institute Database, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR) for all articles published between 01 January 2020 to 15 September 2020 on CQ/HCQ and COVID-19 using a predefined search protocol; without any language restrictions. A search of grey literature repositories (New York Academy of Medicine Grey Literature and Open Grey), and pre-publication server deposits (medRxIV and bioRxIV) was also performed.<br><br>STUDY SELECTION: Randomized clinical trials (RCT) which compared CQ/HCQ to standard supportive therapy in treating COVID-19 were included.<br><br>DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Data were extracted from original publications by four independent reviewers. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's assessment tool. Data were meta-analyzed using a random-effect models. Results are reported according to PRISMA guidelines. Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s): The primary prespecified efficacy outcome was all-cause mortality. The primary safety outcome was any adverse effect attributed to use of CQ/HCQ.<br><br>RESULTS: Eight RCTs were included and pooled in the mortality meta-analysis (6,592 unique participants; mean age = 59.4 years; 42% women). CQ/HCQ did not show any mortality benefit when compared to standard supportive therapy (Pooled Relative Risk [RR] 1.07; 95% CI = 0.97-1.18; I2 statistic = 0.00%). Sensitivity and sub-group analyses showed similar findings. Any adverse event was significantly higher in patients randomized to CQ/HCQ (RR = 2.51; 95% CI = 1.53-4.12; n = 1,818 patients), but the risk of developing severe adverse event was not statistically significant (RR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.53-1.86; n = 6,456 patients).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Evidence from currently published RCTs do not demonstrate any added benefit for the use of CQ or HCQ in the treatment of COVID-19 patients.},
}
@article {pmid33815890,
year = {2021},
author = {Okpechi, SC and Fong, JT and Gill, SS and Harman, JC and Nguyen, TH and Chukwurah, QC and Onor, IO and Alahari, SK},
title = {Global Sex Disparity of COVID-19: A Descriptive Review of Sex Hormones and Consideration for the Potential Therapeutic Use of Hormone Replacement Therapy in Older Adults.},
journal = {Aging and disease},
volume = {12},
number = {2},
pages = {671-683},
pmid = {33815890},
issn = {2152-5250},
abstract = {The 2019-2020 SARS-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has brought unprecedented challenges to healthcare sectors around the world. As of November 2020, there have been over 64 million confirmed cases and approaching 2 million deaths globally. Despite the large number of positive cases, there are very limited established standards of care and therapeutic options available. To date, there is still no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved vaccine for COVID-19, although there are several options in various clinical trial stages. Herein, we have performed a global review evaluating the roles of age and sex on COVID-19 hospitalizations, ICU admissions, deaths in hospitals, and deaths in nursing homes. We have identified a trend in which elderly and male patients are significantly affected by adverse outcomes. There is evidence suggesting that sex hormone levels can influence immune system function against SARS-CoV-2 infection, thus reducing the adverse effects of COVID-19. Since older adults have lower levels of these sex hormones, we therefore speculate, within rational scientific context, that sex steroids, such as estrogen and progesterone, needs further consideration for use as alternative therapeutic option for treating COVID-19 elderly patients. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive article evaluating the significance of sex hormones in COVID-19 outcomes in older adults.},
}
@article {pmid33815889,
year = {2021},
author = {Jain, S and Abrham, E and Khan, MN and Mathur, R},
title = {An Account of Immune Senescence in the Clinical Pathophysiology of COVID-19 Infection in Aging.},
journal = {Aging and disease},
volume = {12},
number = {2},
pages = {662-670},
pmid = {33815889},
issn = {2152-5250},
abstract = {Worldwide COVID-19 infection poses an enormous risk to public health and an alarming global socioeconomic burden. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on individuals with underlying health conditions as well as on the elderly population is extensive and effective strategies are needed to understand the mechanism behind it. Cellular senescence defines as an irreversible cell cycle arrest due to DNA damage leading to accumulation of senescent cells in the elderly population and may result in worsening of COVID-19 mediated increased mortality. However, whether this variation in senescence levels, in different aged populations, translation to COVID-19 infection is unknown. The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 has been recently identified to be responsible for inducing pathogenic signals, although a clear understanding of how the host receptor interacts with SARS-CoV-2 protein and mediates the immune responses is not clear. In this review, we address the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 and the cellular senescence responding immune response to pathogenic SARS-CoV-2. We provide a prospective summary of what to expect and how to brace the possible immunological strategy to protect against COVID-19 infection. The review majorly explores an underline mechanism of how senescent cells trigger a hyperimmune inflammatory response and cause high mortality in aging people could serve as a potential aid to alleviate the treatment for elderly battling COVID-19 infection.},
}
@article {pmid33815862,
year = {2021},
author = {Jiang, C and Li, X and Ge, C and Ding, Y and Zhang, T and Cao, S and Meng, L and Lu, S},
title = {Molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 being challenged by virus variation and asymptomatic infection.},
journal = {Journal of pharmaceutical analysis},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33815862},
issn = {2214-0883},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a pandemic for more than a year. With the expanding second wave of pandemic in winter, the continuous evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has brought new issues, including the significance of virus mutations in infection and the detection of asymptomatic infection. In this review, we firstly introduced several major SARS-CoV-2 mutations since the COVID-19 outbreak and then mentioned the widely used molecular detection techniques to diagnose COVID-19, primarily focusing on their strengths and limitations. We further discussed the effects of viral genetic variation and asymptomatic infection on the molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The review finally summarized useful insights into the molecular diagnosis of COVID-19 under the special situation challenging by virus mutation and asymptomatic infection.},
}
@article {pmid33815838,
year = {2021},
author = {Alzahrani, SH and Al-Rabia, MW},
title = {Cardiac Injury Biomarkers and the Risk of Death in Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Cardiology research and practice},
volume = {2021},
number = {},
pages = {9363569},
pmid = {33815838},
issn = {2090-8016},
abstract = {Background: Cardiac complications may develop in a proportion of patients with the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which may influence their prognosis.<br><br>Objectives: To assess the role of cardiac injury biomarkers measured on admission and during hospitalization as risk factors for subsequent death in COVID-19 patients.<br><br>Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out involving cohort studies that compared the levels of cardiac injury biomarkers in surviving and dead COVID-19 patients. Cardiac injury is defined as an elevation of the definitive markers (cardiac troponin (cTnI and cTnT) and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)) above the 99th percentile upper reference limit. Secondary markers included creatine kinase-myocardial bound (CK-MB), myoglobin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP). The risk of death and the differences in marker concentrations were analyzed using risk ratios (RRs) and standardized mean differences (SMDs), respectively.<br><br>Results: Nine studies met the inclusion criteria (1799 patients, 53.36% males, 20.62% with cardiac injury). The risk of death was significantly higher in patients with elevated cTn than those with normal biomarker levels (RR = 5.28, P < 0.0001). Compared to survivors, dead patients had higher levels of cTn (SMD = 2.15, P=0.001), IL-6 (SMD = 3.13, P=0.03), hs-CRP (SMD = 2.78, P < 0.0001), and CK-MB (SMD = 0.97, P < 0.0001) on admission and a significant rise of plasma cTnT during hospitalization.<br><br>Conclusion: COVID-19 patients with elevated cTn on admission, possibly due to immune-mediated myocardial injury, are at increased risk for mortality. This requires further radiographic investigations, close monitoring, and aggressive care to reduce the risk of severe complications and death.},
}
@article {pmid33815815,
year = {2021},
author = {Nageshwaran, G and Harris, RC and Guerche-Seblain, CE},
title = {Review of the role of big data and digital technologies in controlling COVID-19 in Asia: Public health interest vs. privacy.},
journal = {Digital health},
volume = {7},
number = {},
pages = {20552076211002953},
pmid = {33815815},
issn = {2055-2076},
abstract = {Background: Asia has been at the forefront of leveraging big data and digital technologies to strengthen measures against SARS-CoV-2 spread. Understanding strengths and challenges of these new approaches is important to inform improvements and implementation. In this review, we aimed to explore how these tools were utilized in four countries in Asia to facilitate COVID-19 preventative control measures.<br><br>Methods: We conducted a pragmatic review of English-language literature and web-based information in Pubmed, MedRxiv, national and international public health institution websites and media sources between 1st January-3rd August 2020 to identify examples of big data and digital technologies to facilitate COVID-19 preventative control measures in Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, and Singapore. Results were summarized narratively by common technological themes, and examples of integration highlighted.<br><br>Results: Digital tools implemented included real-time epidemiological dashboards, interactive maps of case location, mobile apps for tracing patients' contacts and geofencing to monitor quarantine compliance. Examples of integration of tools included linkage of national health and immigration databases to identify high-risk individuals in Taiwan, and the use of multiple digital surveillance sources to map patients' movements in South Korea. Challenges in balancing privacy and public good were identified.<br><br>Conclusions: Digital technologies have facilitated and strengthened traditional public health measures for prevention of SARS-CoV-2 spread in Asia. Resolving issues around privacy concerns would improve future preparedness, implementation speed and uptake of digital measures. The significant technological advances and lessons learned can be adopted or adapted by other countries to ensure public health preparedness for future waves of COVID-19 and other pandemics.},
}
@article {pmid33815798,
year = {2021},
author = {Alam, W},
title = {Hypercoagulability in COVID-19: A review of the potential mechanisms underlying clotting disorders.},
journal = {SAGE open medicine},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {20503121211002996},
pmid = {33815798},
issn = {2050-3121},
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 has emerged as a new viral pandemic, causing Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) leading to a wide array of symptoms ranging from asymptomatic to severe respiratory failure. However, coagulation disorders have been found in some patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, leading to either a clotting disorder or hemorrhage. Several mechanisms attempt to explain the mechanism behind the pro-coagulant state seen with COVID-19 patients, including different receptor binding, cytokine storm, and direct viral endothelial damage. SARS-CoV-2 has also been recently found to bind to CLEC4M receptor, a receptor that participates in the clearance of von Willebrand Factor and Factor VIII. The competitive binding of SARS-CoV-2 to CLEC4M could lead to decreased clearance, and therefore a promotion of a pro-coagulative state; however, an experimental study needs to be done to prove such an association.},
}
@article {pmid33815787,
year = {2021},
author = {Amri, MF and Azizan, N and Hussain, FA and Hayati, F and Syed Abdul Rahim, SS and Azhar, ZI},
title = {The challenges and risk of laboratory handling on a histology specimen during COVID-19 pandemic.},
journal = {Annals of medicine and surgery (2012)},
volume = {64},
number = {},
pages = {102242},
pmid = {33815787},
issn = {2049-0801},
abstract = {The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has taken the world into turmoil by surprise. The rapid spreading of this virus has led to an exponential increase in the number of cases. It has created a public health disaster, causing a collapse of the health system in every part of the world. Many sectors in the health area are affected, including histopathology services. The challenges and risk of viral transmission can come from various aspects and levels. For COVID-19 tests, there are even cases of no direct contact with the specimens; the specimens received infection from individuals of unknown status. The fixatives used for histopathology specimens are believed to be inactivated viruses, which can be an inactivate coronavirus. Even so, precautions have to be put in place to prevent the spread of infection to laboratory personnel, especially to those handling underfixed and fresh frozen cytology samples. Precautions must also be taken when dealing with histopathology services, by wearing full personal protective equipment and by executing other standard safety measures. The purpose of this review is to highlight the challenges faced in managing histopathology services in our centre during the COVID-19 pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid33815781,
year = {2021},
author = {Mohamed, MMB and Velez, JCQ},
title = {Proteinuria in COVID-19.},
journal = {Clinical kidney journal},
volume = {14},
number = {Suppl 1},
pages = {i40-i47},
pmid = {33815781},
issn = {2048-8505},
abstract = {Upper respiratory and pulmonary diseases are the primary manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, kidney involvement has also been recognized and extensively described. A large percentage of affected patients present with acute kidney injury (AKI). However, specific phenotypic aspects of AKI or other renal manifestations of COVID-19 remain sparsely characterized. Many reports indicate that proteinuria can be detected in AKI associated with COVID-19 (CoV-AKI) despite CoV-AKI being largely described as a form of acute tubular injury. On the other hand, individuals of African ancestry with the high-risk APOL1 genotype are uniquely at risk of developing collapsing glomerulopathy when they are infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the entity now known as COVID-19-associated nephropathy (COVAN). Patients with COVAN typically present with nephrotic-range proteinuria. The exact incidence of proteinuria in COVID-19 is unclear due to heterogeneity in the frequency with which proteinuria has been assessed in cases of COVID-19, as well as methodological differences in the way proteinuria is measured and/or reported. In this review we discuss the current evidence of proteinuria as a manifestation of COVID-19 and elaborate on potential pathophysiological mechanisms associated with it.},
}
@article {pmid33815780,
year = {2021},
author = {Toapanta, N and Torres, IB and Sellarés, J and Chamoun, B and Serón, D and Moreso, F},
title = {Kidney transplantation and COVID-19 renal and patient prognosis.},
journal = {Clinical kidney journal},
volume = {14},
number = {Suppl 1},
pages = {i21-i29},
pmid = {33815780},
issn = {2048-8505},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVD-19) emerged as a pandemic in December 2019. Infection has spread quickly and renal transplant recipients receiving chronic immunosuppression have been considered a population at high risk of infection, complications and infection-related death. During this year a large amount of information from nationwide registries, multicentre and single-centre studies have been reported. The number of renal transplant patients diagnosed with COVID-19 was higher than in the general population, but the lower threshold for testing may have contributed to its better identification. Major complications such as acute kidney injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome were very frequent in renal transplant patients, with a high comorbidity burden, but further studies are needed to support that organ transplant recipients receiving chronic immunosuppression are more prone to develop these complications than the general population. Kidney transplant recipients experience a high mortality rate compared with the general population, especially during the very early post-transplant period. Despite the fact that some studies report more favourable outcomes in patients with a kidney transplant than in patients on the kidney waiting list, the higher mortality described in the very early post-transplant period would advise against performing a kidney transplant in areas where the spread of infection is high, especially in recipients >60 years of age. Management of transplant recipients has been challenging for clinicians and strategies such as less use of lymphocyte-depleting agents for new transplants or anti-metabolite withdrawal and calcineurin inhibitor reduction for transplant patients with COVID-19 are not based on high-quality evidence.},
}
@article {pmid33815777,
year = {2021},
author = {Waqar, S and Asaria, M and Ghouri, N and Suleman, M and Begum, H and Marmot, M},
title = {Assessing the impact of Ramadan fasting on COVID-19 mortality in the UK.},
journal = {Journal of global health},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {03060},
pmid = {33815777},
issn = {2047-2986},
}
@article {pmid33815697,
year = {2021},
author = {Sadoughi, F and Maleki Dana, P and Hallajzadeh, J and Asemi, Z and Mansournia, MA and Yousefi, B},
title = {Coagulopathy: Another side effect of coronavirus infection.},
journal = {Journal of cardiovascular and thoracic research},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {15-22},
pmid = {33815697},
issn = {2008-5117},
abstract = {Recently, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been considered as a major health problem around the globe. This severe acute respiratory syndrome has a bunch of features, such as high transmission rate, which are adding to its importance. Overcoming this disease relies on a complete understanding of the viral structure, receptors, at-risk cells or tissues, and pathogenesis. Currently, researches have shown that besides the lack of a proper anti-viral therapeutic method, complications provided by this virus are also standing in the way of decreasing its mortality rate. One of these complications is believed to be a hematologic manifestation. Commonly, three kinds of coagulopathies are detected in COVID-19 patients: disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), pulmonary embolism (PE), and deep vein thrombosis (DVT). In this paper, we have reviewed the relation between these conditions and coronavirus-related diseases pathogenesis, severity, and mortality rate.},
}
@article {pmid33815688,
year = {2021},
author = {Ciuffreda, L and Rodríguez-Pérez, H and Flores, C},
title = {Nanopore sequencing and its application to the study of microbial communities.},
journal = {Computational and structural biotechnology journal},
volume = {19},
number = {},
pages = {1497-1511},
pmid = {33815688},
issn = {2001-0370},
abstract = {Since its introduction, nanopore sequencing has enhanced our ability to study complex microbial samples through the possibility to sequence long reads in real time using inexpensive and portable technologies. The use of long reads has allowed to address several previously unsolved issues in the field, such as the resolution of complex genomic structures, and facilitated the access to metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs). Furthermore, the low cost and portability of platforms together with the development of rapid protocols and analysis pipelines have featured nanopore technology as an attractive and ever-growing tool for real-time in-field sequencing for environmental microbial analysis. This review provides an up-to-date summary of the experimental protocols and bioinformatic tools for the study of microbial communities using nanopore sequencing, highlighting the most important and recent research in the field with a major focus on infectious diseases. An overview of the main approaches including targeted and shotgun approaches, metatranscriptomics, epigenomics, and epitranscriptomics is provided, together with an outlook to the major challenges and perspectives over the use of this technology for microbial studies.},
}
@article {pmid33815686,
year = {2021},
author = {Jobe, A and Vijayan, R},
title = {Neuropilins: C-end rule peptides and their association with nociception and COVID-19.},
journal = {Computational and structural biotechnology journal},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33815686},
issn = {2001-0370},
abstract = {Viral internalization is aided by host cell surface receptors. In the case of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, the primary host receptor is the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Considering the disparities in the transmission rate and viral tropism of the two coronaviruses, additional host factors were suspected. Recently, a novel host factor for SARS-CoV-2 entry, neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) has been identified. These receptors potentiate viral infection in the presence of other host factors like ACE2. Through its C-end rule (CendR) motif exposed following furin processing, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds to the CendR pocket of NRP-1 and achieves cell entry through endocytosis. The binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to the NRP-1 receptor interferes with the docking of its endogenous ligand VEGF-A, signaling that would otherwise promote nociception. This review looks at the function of neuropilins and how it contributes to SARS-CoV-2 infection and nociception.},
}
@article {pmid33815684,
year = {2021},
author = {Patel, L and Gandhi, D and Westergard, E and Ornes, M and Lillyblad, M and Skeik, N},
title = {COVID-19 and venous thromboembolism: Known and unknown for imaging decisions.},
journal = {World journal of radiology},
volume = {13},
number = {3},
pages = {64-74},
pmid = {33815684},
issn = {1949-8470},
abstract = {As we continue to fight against the current coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, healthcare professionals across the globe are trying to answer questions surrounding how to best help patients with the up-to-date available science while awaiting the development of new therapies and mass vaccination. Since early in the pandemic, studies indicated a heightened risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in COVID-19 infected patients. There have been differing expert opinions about how to assess pretest probability of VTE in this patient population. This has been partly due to the high prevalence of respiratory failure in this patient population and the use of D-dimer as a prognostic test which is also frequently elevated in patients with COVID-19 in absence of VTE. Some experts have argued for an approach similar to usual care with testing if clinical suspicion is high enough. Some have argued for more routine screening at different points of care. Others have even suggested empiric therapeutic anti-coagulation in moderate to severely ill COVID-19 patients. In the following article, we review and summarize the most current literature in hopes of assisting clinicians in decision making and guidance for when to be concerned for VTE in COVID-19 patients. We also discuss research gaps and share pathways currently being used within our institution.},
}
@article {pmid33815683,
year = {2021},
author = {Verma, HK},
title = {Radiological and clinical spectrum of COVID-19: A major concern for public health.},
journal = {World journal of radiology},
volume = {13},
number = {3},
pages = {53-63},
pmid = {33815683},
issn = {1949-8470},
abstract = {The pandemic of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by +ve strand RNA virus (SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) that belongs to the corona viridae family. In March, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of novel coronavirus for the public health emergency. Although SARS-CoV-2 infection presents with respiratory symptoms, it affects other organs such as the kidneys, liver, heart and brain. Early-stage laboratory disease testing shows many false positive or negative outcomes such as less white blood cell count and a low number of lymphocyte count. However, radiological examination and diagnosis are among the main components of the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. In particular, for COVID-19, chest computed tomography developed vigorous initial diagnosis and disease progression assessment. However, the accuracy is limited. Although real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction is the gold standard method for the diagnosis of COVID-19, sometimes it may give false-negative results. Due to the consequences of the missing diagnosis. This resulted in a discrepancy between the two means of examination. Conversely, based on currently available evidence, we summarized the possible understanding of the various patho-physiology, radio diagnostic methods in severe COVID-19 patients. As the information on COVID-19 evolves rapidly, this review will provide vital information for scientists and clinicians to consider novel perceptions for the comprehensive knowledge of the diagnostic approaches based on current experience.},
}
@article {pmid33815663,
year = {2021},
author = {Ferraro, E and Germanò, M and Mollace, R and Mollace, V and Malara, N},
title = {HIF-1, the Warburg Effect, and Macrophage/Microglia Polarization Potential Role in COVID-19 Pathogenesis.},
journal = {Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity},
volume = {2021},
number = {},
pages = {8841911},
pmid = {33815663},
issn = {1942-0994},
abstract = {Despite the international scientific community's commitment to improve clinical knowledge about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), knowledge regarding molecular details remains limited. In this review, we discuss hypoxia's potential role in the pathogenesis of the maladaptive immune reaction against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The state of infection, with serious respiratory dysfunction, causes tissues to become hypoxic due to a discrepancy between cellular O2 uptake and consumption similar to that seen within tumor tissue during the progression of numerous solid cancers. In this context, the heterogeneous clinical behavior and the multiorgan deterioration of COVID-19 are discussed as a function of the upregulated expression of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and of the metabolic reprogramming associated with HIF-1 and with a proinflammatory innate immune response activation, independent of the increase in the viral load of SARS-CoV-2. Possible pharmacological strategies targeting O2 aimed to improve prognosis are suggested.},
}
@article {pmid33815424,
year = {2021},
author = {Olusanya, OA and Bednarczyk, RA and Davis, RL and Shaban-Nejad, A},
title = {Addressing Parental Vaccine Hesitancy and Other Barriers to Childhood/Adolescent Vaccination Uptake During the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {663074},
pmid = {33815424},
issn = {1664-3224},
support = {R37 CA234119/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Routine childhood immunizations are proven to be one of the most effective public health interventions at controlling numerous deadly diseases. Therefore, the CDC recommends routine immunizations for children and adolescent populations against vaccine-preventable diseases e.g., tetanus, pertussis, diphtheria, etc. This current review sought to examine barriers to pediatric vaccine uptake behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. We also explored the implications for parental vaccine hesitancy/delay during an ongoing health crisis and proposed recommendations for increasing vaccine confidence and compliance. Our review determined that the receipt for vaccinations steadily improved in the last decade for both the United States and Tennessee. However, this incremental progress has been forestalled by the COVID-19 pandemic and other barriers i.e. parental vaccine hesitancy, social determinants of health (SDoH) inequalities, etc. which further exacerbate vaccination disparities. Moreover, non-compliance to routine vaccinations could cause an outbreak of diseases, thereby, worsening the ongoing health crisis and already strained health care system. Healthcare providers are uniquely positioned to offer effective recommendations with presumptive languaging to increase vaccination rates, as well as, address parental vaccine hesitancy. Best practices that incorporate healthcare providers' quality improvement coaching, vaccination reminder recall systems, adherence to standardized safety protocols (physical distancing, hand hygiene practices, etc.), as well as, offer telehealth and outdoor/drive-through/curbside vaccination services, etc. are warranted. Additionally, a concerted effort should be made to utilize public health surveillance systems to collect, analyze, and interpret data, thereby, ensuring the dissemination of timely, accurate health information for effective health policy decision-making e.g., vaccine distribution, etc.},
}
@article {pmid33815415,
year = {2021},
author = {Fergie, J and Srivastava, A},
title = {Immunity to SARS-CoV-2: Lessons Learned.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {654165},
pmid = {33815415},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {In the year since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and with understanding of the etiology of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, it has become clear that most infected individuals achieve some form of immunity against the virus with relatively few reported reinfections. A number of vaccines have already achieved emergency use authorization based on data from large phase 3 field efficacy clinical trials. However, our knowledge about the extent and durability of this immunity, and the breadth of vaccine coverage against SARS-CoV-2 variants is still evolving. In this narrative review, we summarize the latest and rapidly developing understanding of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection, including what we have learned about the key antigens of SARS-CoV-2 (i.e., the spike protein and its receptor-binding domain), their importance in vaccine development, the immediate immune response to SARS-CoV-2, breadth of coverage of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, contributions of preexisting immunity to related coronaviruses, and duration of immunity. We also discuss lessons from newer approaches, such as systems serology, that provide insights into molecular and cellular immune responses elicited and how they relate to the trajectory of infection, and potentially inform immune correlates of protection. We also briefly examine the limited research literature on immune responses in special populations, such as pregnant women and children.},
}
@article {pmid33815218,
year = {2021},
author = {Luoto, S and Varella, MAC},
title = {Pandemic Leadership: Sex Differences and Their Evolutionary-Developmental Origins.},
journal = {Frontiers in psychology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {633862},
pmid = {33815218},
issn = {1664-1078},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a global societal, economic, and social upheaval unseen in living memory. There have been substantial cross-national differences in the kinds of policies implemented by political decision-makers to prevent the spread of the virus, to test the population, and to manage infected patients. Among other factors, these policies vary with politicians' sex: early findings indicate that, on average, female leaders seem more focused on minimizing direct human suffering caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, while male leaders implement riskier short-term decisions, possibly aiming to minimize economic disruptions. These sex differences are consistent with broader findings in psychology, reflecting women's stronger empathy, higher pathogen disgust, health concern, care-taking orientation, and dislike for the suffering of other people-as well as men's higher risk-taking, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, narcissism, and focus on financial indicators of success and status. This review article contextualizes sex differences in pandemic leadership in an evolutionary framework. Evolution by natural selection is the only known process in nature that organizes organisms into higher degrees of functional order, or counteracts the unavoidable disorder that would otherwise ensue, and is therefore essential for explaining the origins of human sex differences. Differential sexual selection and parental investment between males and females, together with the sexual differentiation of the mammalian brain, drive sex differences in cognition and behavioral dispositions, underlying men's and women's leadership styles and decision-making during a global pandemic. According to the sexually dimorphic leadership specialization hypothesis, general psychobehavioral sex differences have been exapted during human evolution to create sexually dimorphic leadership styles. They may be facultatively co-opted by societies and/or followers when facing different kinds of ecological and/or sociopolitical threats, such as disease outbreaks or intergroup aggression. Early evidence indicates that against the invisible viral foe that can bring nations to their knees, the strategic circumspection of empathic feminine health &quot;worriers&quot; may bring more effective and humanitarian outcomes than the devil-may-care incaution of masculine risk-taking &quot;warriors&quot;.},
}
@article {pmid33815205,
year = {2021},
author = {Rajkumar, RP},
title = {Harnessing the Neurobiology of Resilience to Protect the Mental Well-Being of Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Frontiers in psychology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {621853},
pmid = {33815205},
issn = {1664-1078},
abstract = {Healthcare workers are at a high risk of psychological morbidity in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there is significant variability in the impact of this crisis on individual healthcare workers, which can be best explained through an appreciation of the construct of resilience. Broadly speaking, resilience refers to the ability to successfully adapt to stressful or traumatic events, and thus plays a key role in determining mental health outcomes following exposure to such events. A proper understanding of resilience is vital in enabling a shift from a reactive to a proactive approach for protecting and promoting the mental well-being of healthcare workers. Research in the past decade has identified six areas that provide promising leads in understanding the biological basis of individual variations in resilience. These are: (1) the key role played by the monoamines noradrenaline and serotonin, (2) the centrality of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in influencing stress vulnerability and resilience, (3) the intimate links between the immune system and stress sensitivity, (4) the role of epigenetic modulation of gene expression in influencing the stress response, (5) the role played by certain neuropeptides as a natural &quot;brake&quot; mechanism in the face of stress, and (6) the neurobiological mechanisms by which environmental factors, such as exercise, diet, and social support, influence resilience to subsequent life events. Though much of this research is still in its early stages, it has already provided valuable information on which strategies - including dietary changes, lifestyle modification, environmental modification, psychosocial interventions, and even pharmacological treatments - may prove to be useful in fostering resilience in individuals and groups. This paper examines the above evidence more closely, with a specific focus on the challenges faced by healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic, and provides suggestions regarding how it may be translated into real-world interventions, as well as how the more tentative hypotheses advanced in this field may be tested during this critical period.},
}
@article {pmid33815131,
year = {2021},
author = {Xie, J and Zhong, R and Wang, W and Chen, O and Zou, Y},
title = {COVID-19 and Smoking: What Evidence Needs Our Attention?.},
journal = {Frontiers in physiology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {603850},
pmid = {33815131},
issn = {1664-042X},
abstract = {The current COVID-19 pandemic has caused severe morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although relevant studies show that the smoking rate of COVID-19 patients is relatively low, the current smoking status of people with COVID-19 cannot be accurately measured for reasons. Thus, it is difficult to assess the relationship between smoking and COVID-19. Smoking can increase the risk of severe COVID-19 symptoms and aggravate the condition of patients with COVID-19. Nicotine upregulates the expression of ACE2, which can also increase susceptibility to COVID-19, aggravatiing the disease. Although nicotine has certain anti-inflammatory effects, there is no evidence that it is related to COVID-19 treatment; therefore, smoking cannot be considered a preventative measure. Furthermore, smokers gathering and sharing tobacco may promote the spread of viruses. Despite the COVID-19 epidemic, the findings suggested that COVID-19 has not encouraged smokers to quit. Additionally, there is evidence that isolation at home has contributed to increased smoking behavior and increased quantities. Therefore, it is recommended that governments increase smoking cessation messaging as part of public health measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic. This review analyzes the existing research on smoking's impact on COVID-19 so that governments and medical institutions can develop evidence-based smoking-related prevention and control measures for COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33815126,
year = {2021},
author = {Uckun, FM and Saund, S and Windlass, H and Trieu, V},
title = {Repurposing Anti-Malaria Phytomedicine Artemisinin as a COVID-19 Drug.},
journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {649532},
pmid = {33815126},
issn = {1663-9812},
abstract = {Artemisinin is an anti-inflammatory phytomedicine with broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Artemisinin and its antimalarial properties were discovered by the Chinese scientist Tu Youyu, who became one of the laureates of the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this breakthrough in tropical medicine. It is a commonly used anti-malaria drug. Artemisinin has recently been repurposed as a potential COVID-19 drug. Its documented anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity has been attributed to its ability to inhibit spike-protein mediated and TGF-β-dependent early steps in the infection process as well as its ability to disrupt the post-entry intracellular events of the SARS-CoV-2 infection cycle required for viral replication. In addition, Artemisinin has anti-inflammatory activity and reduces the systemic levels of inflammatory cytokines that contribute to cytokine storm and inflammatory organ injury in high-risk COVID-19 patients. We postulate that Artemisinin may prevent the worsening of the health condition of patients with mild-moderate COVID-19 when administered early in the course of their disease.},
}
@article {pmid33815095,
year = {2020},
author = {Dash, P and Mohapatra, S and Ghosh, S and Nayak, B},
title = {A Scoping Insight on Potential Prophylactics, Vaccines and Therapeutic Weaponry for the Ongoing Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic- A Comprehensive Review.},
journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {590154},
pmid = {33815095},
issn = {1663-9812},
abstract = {The emergence of highly virulent CoVs (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of novel ongoing &quot;COVID-19&quot; pandemics has been marked as an alarming case of pneumonia posing a large global healthcare crisis of unprecedented magnitude. Currently, the COVID-19 outbreak has fueled an international demand in the biomedical field for the mitigation of the fast-spreading illness, all through the urgent deployment of safe, effective, and rational therapeutic strategies along with epidemiological control. Confronted with such contagious respiratory distress, the global population has taken significant steps towards a more robust strategy of containment and quarantine to halt the total number of positive cases but such a strategy can only delay the spread. A substantial number of potential vaccine candidates are undergoing multiple clinical trials to combat COVID-19 disease, includes live-attenuated, inactivated, viral-vectored based, sub-unit vaccines, DNA, mRNA, peptide, adjuvant, plant, and nanoparticle-based vaccines. However, there are no licensed anti-COVID-19 drugs/therapies or vaccines that have proven to work as more effective therapeutic candidates in open-label clinical trial studies. To counteract the infection (SARS-CoV-2), many people are under prolonged treatment of many chemical drugs that inhibit the PLpro activity (Ribavirin), viral proteases (Lopinavir/Ritonavir), RdRp activity (Favipiravir, Remdesivir), viral membrane fusion (Umifenovir, Chloroquine phosphate (CQ), Hydroxychloroquine phosphate (HCQ), IL-6 overexpression (Tocilizumab, Siltuximab, Sarilumab). Mesenchymal Stem Cell therapy and Convalescent Plasma Therapy have emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy against SARS-CoV-2 virion. On the other hand, repurposing previously designed antiviral agents with tolerable safety profile and efficacy could be the only promising approach and fast response to the novel virion. In addition, research institutions and corporations have commenced the redesign of the available therapeutic strategy to manage the global crisis. Herein, we present succinct information on selected anti-COVID-19 therapeutic medications repurposed to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection. Finally, this review will provide exhaustive detail on recent prophylactic strategies and ongoing clinical trials to curb this deadly pandemic, outlining the major therapeutic areas for researchers to step in.},
}
@article {pmid33814954,
year = {2021},
author = {Franklyne, JS and Gopinath, PM and Mukherjee, A and Chandrasekaran, N},
title = {Nanoemulsions: the rising star of antiviral therapeutics and nano-delivery system - current status and prospects.},
journal = {Current opinion in colloid &amp; interface science},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {101458},
pmid = {33814954},
issn = {1359-0294},
abstract = {Nanoemulsions (NEs) of essential oil (EO) have significant potential to target microorganisms, especially viruses. They act as a vehicle for delivering antiviral drugs and vaccines. Narrowing of drug discovery pipeline and the emergence of new viral diseases, especially, COVID-19 have created a niche to use nanoemulsions (NEs) for augmenting currently available therapeutic options. Published literature demonstrated that EOs have an inherent broad spectrum of activity across bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens. The emulsification process significantly improved the efficacy of the active ingredients in the EOs. This article highlights the research findings and patent developments in the last two years especially, in EO antiviral activity, antiviral drug delivery, vaccine delivery, viral resistance development, and repurposing EO compounds against SARS-CoV2.},
}
@article {pmid33814894,
year = {2021},
author = {Sisniega, DC and Reynolds, AS},
title = {Severe Neurologic Complications of SARS-CoV-2.},
journal = {Current treatment options in neurology},
volume = {23},
number = {5},
pages = {14},
pmid = {33814894},
issn = {1092-8480},
abstract = {Purpose of Review: This review presents an overview of the known neurocritical care complications of severe acute respiratory virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We present readers with a review of the literature of severe neurologic complications of SARS-CoV-2 and cases from our institution to illustrate these conditions.<br><br>Recent Findings: Neurologic manifestations are being increasingly recognized in the literature. Some patients can have severe neurologic manifestations, though the true prevalence is unknown.<br><br>Summary: Severe neurologic complications of COVID-19 include large vessel occlusion ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, encephalitis, myelitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, status epilepticus, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. These conditions can manifest in COVID-19 patients even in the absence of risk factors and must be promptly identified as they can have a high mortality if left untreated.},
}
@article {pmid33814892,
year = {2021},
author = {Krysko, KM and Bove, R and Dobson, R and Jokubaitis, V and Hellwig, K},
title = {Treatment of Women with Multiple Sclerosis Planning Pregnancy.},
journal = {Current treatment options in neurology},
volume = {23},
number = {4},
pages = {11},
pmid = {33814892},
issn = {1092-8480},
abstract = {Purpose of Review: We review data available for treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) before, during, and after pregnancy. We present recent data on disease-modifying therapies (DMT) before/during pregnancy and while breastfeeding, with treatment recommendations.<br><br>Recent Findings: Observational data support the safety of injectable DMTs (glatiramer acetate, interferon-beta) for use in pregnancy, while some oral DMTs might be associated with fetal risk. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) before pregnancy such as rituximab or natalizumab likely do not pose significant fetal risks, but can cross the placenta with neonatal hematological abnormalities if given in the second trimester or later. Breastfeeding is associated with decreased risk of postpartum relapses. Finally, injectables and mAbs likely have low transfer into breastmilk.<br><br>Summary: Many women with MS do not require DMTs during pregnancy, although injectables could be continued. For women with highly active MS, cell-depleting therapies could be given before conception, or natalizumab could be continued through pregnancy, with monitoring of the fetus. Women should be encouraged to breastfeed, and those with higher relapse risk could consider injectables or mAbs while breastfeeding. Further data on safety of DMTs around pregnancy are needed. Maximizing function through non-pharmacologic approaches is complementary to DMTs. Special considerations for pregnancy and DMTs during the COVID-19 pandemic are needed.},
}
@article {pmid33814874,
year = {2021},
author = {Hossain, N and Chowdhury, MA and Shuvho, MBA and Kashem, MA and Kchaou, M},
title = {3D-Printed Objects for Multipurpose Applications.},
journal = {Journal of materials engineering and performance},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-12},
pmid = {33814874},
issn = {1059-9495},
abstract = {3D printing is a popular nonconventional manufacturing technique used to print 3D objects by using conventional and nonconventional materials. The application and uses of 3D printing are rapidly increasing in each dimension of the engineering and medical sectors. This article overviews the multipurpose applications of 3D printing based on current research. In the beginning, various popular methods including fused deposition method, stereolithography 3D printing method, powder bed fusion method, digital light processing method, and metal transfer dynamic method used in 3D printing are discussed. Popular materials utilized randomly in printing techniques such as hydrogel, ABS, steel, silver, and epoxy are overviewed. Engineering applications under the current development of the printing technique which include electrode, 4D printing technique, twisting object, photosensitive polymer, and engines are focused. Printing of medical equipment including artificial tissues, scaffolds, bioprinted model, prostheses, surgical instruments, COVID-19, skull, and heart is of major focus. Characterization techniques of the printed 3D products are mentioned. In addition, potential challenges and future prospects are evaluated based on the current scenario. This review article will work as a masterpiece for the researchers interested to work in this field.},
}
@article {pmid33814860,
year = {2021},
author = {Cole, PA and Lezak, BA and Schroder, LK and Cole, PA},
title = {Global orthopaedic trauma surgeons highlight telenomics during the COVID-19 era: A case for advancing telemedicine in orthopaedics.},
journal = {Journal of clinical orthopaedics and trauma},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {182-185},
pmid = {33814860},
issn = {0976-5662},
abstract = {The Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic sparked rapid widespread adoption of telemedicine throughout specialties, including orthopaedics. A succession of factors, starting with payers, followed by provider adoption, and reciprocated by patient approval, created newly accepted telehealth practices that have moved from trial to norm in a short time span. Orthopaedic surgeons believe telehealth will endure as a permanent change to their practice beyond the COVID-19 era, however, many permanent changes must take place by payers, providers, and patients to sustain telehealth into the future. The goal of this paper is to highlight the indelibility of telemedicine adoption in orthopaedic practices globally, characterize the chain of events that led to its large-scale adoption, and catalyze discussion around actionable next steps to sustain its benefits.},
}
@article {pmid33814761,
year = {2021},
author = {Ramanan, RV and Joshi, AR and Venkataramanan, A and Nambi, SP and Badhe, R},
title = {Incidental chest computed tomography findings in asymptomatic Covid-19 patients. A multicentre Indian perspective.},
journal = {The Indian journal of radiology &amp; imaging},
volume = {31},
number = {Suppl 1},
pages = {S45-S52},
pmid = {33814761},
issn = {0971-3026},
abstract = {In December 2019, an unprecedented outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology emerged called COVID-19. A vast number of people affected by this disease are asymptomatic and yet contagious with up to 79% of COVID-19 infections reportedly caused by undocumented infections. Surprisingly, these asymptomatic subjects are also known to quietly harbor pneumonia changes on CT scans. RT-PCR, the definitive test for COVID-19, maybe false negative in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia on CT. Incidental findings highly suspicious of COVID-19 pneumonia on CT chest of asymptomatic patients may increase as the community transmission of the virus rises and isolation restrictions are released. It is advisable to be aware of its appearances and the challenges associated with it.},
}
@article {pmid33814760,
year = {2021},
author = {Chaluvashetty, SB and Kalra, N and Bhujade, H and Keshava, SN and Mohan, C},
title = {Interventional radiology and COVID-19: How to face the challenge?.},
journal = {The Indian journal of radiology &amp; imaging},
volume = {31},
number = {Suppl 1},
pages = {S38-S44},
pmid = {33814760},
issn = {0971-3026},
abstract = {With the sudden outbreak of Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) in China, and its rapid spread across the continents over a short period of time, healthcare workers are posed with the challenge of managing these patients as well protecting themselves from getting infected. Since interventional radiology deals with both elective and emergency services, wherein close patient contact is a norm, there is a substantial risk of acquiring and transmitting infection. Given the circumstances, it is imperative to develop broadly applicable guidelines to utilize the available resources in an optimal fashion and limit transmission of disease. This brief review deals with infection control measures within the Interventional Radiology department or section and possible recommendations that can be adopted at the institutional level.},
}
@article {pmid33814759,
year = {2021},
author = {Ahuja, G and Verma, M and Patkar, D},
title = {Financial impact of COVID-19 on radiology practice in India.},
journal = {The Indian journal of radiology &amp; imaging},
volume = {31},
number = {Suppl 1},
pages = {S31-S37},
pmid = {33814759},
issn = {0971-3026},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic will have serious financial effects on the healthcare sector business. There will be significant short-term and long-term effects of this on Radiology services throughout the country. Various social distancing measures undertaken by the government will bring larger economic hurdles with them. An attempt to achieve COVID-19 preparedness by hospitals has led to a significant decline in patient footfall and in turn imaging volumes. Despite relief measures provided by the government like providing a moratorium on EMIs of all outstanding loans for a specified period and allocating funds toward reinforcing healthcare infrastructure, the effects of this pandemic will leave the radiology business in a crippled state, in the foreseeable future. Radiology practices have seen a significant impact on business to the extent of almost 60%-70% reduction in imaging volumes and this will be the case for the next few months to come. Administrators and radiologists should proactively take measures to device strategies and plans to tide over this crisis. Eventually, this pandemic will end, and life will have a &quot;New Normal.&quot; Medical aid that is being deferred today will be sought out later. Alternate means of reporting like teleradiology and artificial intelligence should be strongly pursued and providing education regarding these to their staff and the younger generation of radiologists should be of prime concern.},
}
@article {pmid33814758,
year = {2021},
author = {Garg, T and Desai, A and Gala, K and Warawdekar, G and Tavri, S},
title = {Interventional radiology preparedness during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.},
journal = {The Indian journal of radiology &amp; imaging},
volume = {31},
number = {Suppl 1},
pages = {S21-S30},
pmid = {33814758},
issn = {0971-3026},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has affected every sector of healthcare. Interventional Radiology in many instances continues to provide frontline care during this pandemic. The purpose of this article is to assist Interventional Radiologists in their preparation to face the challenges, by summarizing global experiences and guidelines. We provide a basic framework that can be used to prepare institue specific guidelines in coordination with multidisciplinary teams and hospital administration.},
}
@article {pmid33814757,
year = {2021},
author = {Gala, KB and Gala, BM and Gala, FB},
title = {Are radiological diagnostic centres ready to tackle COVID-19 pandemic? An Indian perspective.},
journal = {The Indian journal of radiology &amp; imaging},
volume = {31},
number = {Suppl 1},
pages = {S15-S20},
pmid = {33814757},
issn = {0971-3026},
abstract = {Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has been declared as pandemic. Its transmission is mainly by droplets and touching infected surfaces. Health care workers including personnel working at diagnostic centers are more prone to contact the disease through infected patients and hence various precautionary measures have to be implemented which has been discussed in this article. This manuscript shall brief about the preparedness by the diagnostic center in terms of the modification in the work flow, the precautions and protections to be taken by the personnel and patients, disinfection of the equipment and surfaces, and new norms of social distancing. This article will be addressing mainly to the diagnostic centers and the changes to be made as per their convenience.},
}
@article {pmid33814756,
year = {2021},
author = {Mahajan, A and Sharma, P},
title = {Psychological impact of COVID-19 on radiology: Emotional wellbeing versus psychological burnout.},
journal = {The Indian journal of radiology &amp; imaging},
volume = {31},
number = {Suppl 1},
pages = {S11-S14},
pmid = {33814756},
issn = {0971-3026},
abstract = {While the COVID-19 pandemics seem to be crippling the global health care system, it has caused enormous uncertainty and panic in the lives of the health care professionals with a significant impact on their productivity. A significant proportion of these affected health care individuals comprise of the working staff belonging to the Radiology department. Although the main focus of all health care individuals has constantly been to reduce the number of new cases by minimal transmission, save lives of the infected patients by findings effective cure and carry out meticulous research to develop preventive vaccine, we have been unknowingly giving very little consideration to critical issues relating to the psychological well-being of the front liners. It is of utmost necessity that the psychological impact of this pandemic needs to be recognized and dealt with, in a timely fashion. While planning interventions to fight the pandemic, mental health issues must not be sidelined instead considered pragmatically. The radiology departments must come up with a mitigation plan to combat the subsequent short-term and long-term adverse effects of COVID-19 on mental well-being of their staff members. This article discusses the psychological impact of COVID-19 on the radiology department.},
}
@article {pmid33814755,
year = {2021},
author = {Pankhania, M},
title = {Artificial intelligence and radiology: Combating the COVID-19 conundrum.},
journal = {The Indian journal of radiology &amp; imaging},
volume = {31},
number = {Suppl 1},
pages = {S4-S10},
pmid = {33814755},
issn = {0971-3026},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated rapid testing and diagnosis to manage its spread. While reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is being used as the gold standard method to diagnose COVID-19, many scientists and doctors have pointed out some challenges related to the variability, accuracy, and affordability of this technique. At the same time, radiological methods, which were being used to diagnose COVID-19 in the early phase of the pandemic in China, were sidelined by many primarily due to their low specificity and the difficulty in conducting a differential diagnosis. However, the utility of radiological methods cannot be neglected. Indeed, over the past few months, healthcare consultants and radiologists in India have been using or advising the use of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the chest for early diagnosis and tracking of COVID-19, particularly in preoperative and asymptomatic patients. At the same time, scientists have been trying to improve upon the radiological method of COVID-19 diagnosis and monitoring by using artificial intelligence (AI)-based interpretation models. This review is an effort to compile and compare such efforts. To this end, the latest scientific literature on the use of radiology and AI-assisted radiology for the diagnosis and monitoring of COVID-19 has been reviewed and presented, highlighting the strengths and limitations of such techniques.},
}
@article {pmid33814753,
year = {2021},
author = {Kaur, RJ and Dutta, S and Bhardwaj, P and Charan, J and Dhingra, S and Mitra, P and Singh, K and Yadav, D and Sharma, P and Misra, S},
title = {Adverse Events Reported From COVID-19 Vaccine Trials: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-13},
pmid = {33814753},
issn = {0970-1915},
abstract = {COVID-19 infection originated in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and crippled human health globally in no time. The public health emergency required urgent efforts to develop and test the efficacy and safety of vaccines to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. The emergency use approval has been granted to COVID-19 vaccines before the completion of conventional phases of clinical trials. However, there is no comprehensive review of safety data reported from the vaccine trials, which is critical information to inform the policies in order to improve uptake of COVID-19 vaccines and mitigate the risk aversion perceived due to the COVID-vaccine side effects. This study aims to systematically review and synthesize the evidence on the safety data from the published COVID-19 vaccine trials. This study followed PRISMA guidelines. We searched three major electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar) for published studies between Dec 2019 and 2020. Eligible study designs were randomized trials and pre-and post-intervention evaluations. Descriptive findings of included studies were reported stratified by target population, setting, outcomes, and overall results. From PubMed, Embase, WHO database, and Google Scholar screened titles and abstracts, 11 studies were identified in this review. Most of the reactions reported were mild to moderate whereas a few with severe intensity. All reactions resolved within 3-4 days. The commonly reported local adverse events were pain at the site of injection, swelling, and redness. The systemic reactions included fever, fatigue, myalgia, and headache. Some trials also reported laboratory derangements like decreased hemoglobin, increased bilirubin, altered SGOT and SGPT. None of these alterations were clinically manifested and were self-limiting. Few clinical trials reported serious adverse events, but they were unrelated to vaccination. This systematic review indicates that COVID-19 vaccines can be safe with no serious adverse events. However, long-term post-marketing surveillance data, particularly in high-risk vulnerable populations (elderly and those with co-morbidities, pregnant women, and children) is warranted to ensure the safety of COVID-19 vaccines.},
}
@article {pmid33814681,
year = {2021},
author = {Mello, IF and Squillante, L and Gomes, GO and Seridonio, AC and de Souza, M},
title = {Epidemics, the Ising-model and percolation theory: A comprehensive review focused on Covid-19.},
journal = {Physica A},
volume = {573},
number = {},
pages = {125963},
doi = {10.1016/j.physa.2021.125963},
pmid = {33814681},
issn = {0378-4371},
abstract = {We revisit well-established concepts of epidemiology, the Ising-model, and percolation theory. Also, we employ a spin S = 1/2 Ising-like model and a (logistic) Fermi-Dirac-like function to describe the spread of Covid-19. Our analysis show that: (i) in many cases the epidemic curve can be described by a Gaussian-type function; (ii) the temporal evolution of the accumulative number of infections and fatalities follow a logistic function; (iii) the key role played by the quarantine to block the spread of Covid-19 in terms of an interacting parameter between people. In the frame of elementary percolation theory, we show that: (i) the percolation probability can be associated with the probability of a person being infected with Covid-19; (ii) the concepts of blocked and non-blocked connections can be associated, respectively, with a person respecting or not the social distancing. Yet, we make a connection between epidemiological concepts and well-established concepts in condensed matter Physics.},
}
@article {pmid33814400,
year = {2021},
author = {Aleksandrov, Y and Semikov, V and Shulutko, A and Gogokhia, T and Gorbacheva, A and Mansurova, G},
title = {[SUBACUTE THYROIDITIS AND COVID-19 (REVIEW)].},
journal = {Georgian medical news},
volume = {},
number = {311},
pages = {98-103},
pmid = {33814400},
issn = {1512-0112},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; *Coronavirus Infections ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Thyroiditis, Subacute/complications/diagnosis ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemia has shown that there is not enough knowledge today to fully control it. Along with severe respiratory syndrome, attention has recently been paid to extrapulmonary lesions, including endocrinopathies. The aim of the study was to summarize the current literature data about the effects of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus on the thyroid gland. One of the most striking manifestations of viral aggression is de Quervain's subacute thyroiditis. The analysis of works from the most authoritative international abstract bibliographic databases was carried out using methods of analysis and processing of scientific resources. Based on the analysis, it was concluded that subacute thyroiditis can be both a clinical manifestation and a complication of COVID-19. The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus can also trigger other thyroid diseases. The causes of subacute thyroiditis are considered to be the direct effect of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus on thyroid cells due to the use of ACE2 receptors, the subsequent inflammatory reaction and apoptosis, as well as central hypothalamus-pituitary mechanisms. The clinical variants of subacute thyroiditis in COVID-19 are diverse and have not been fully evaluated. In this regard, it can be concluded that the true incidence of subacute thyroiditis in COVID-19 is much greater, since it is masked by severe lesions of other organs.},
}
@article {pmid33814067,
year = {2021},
author = {Chan, AH},
title = {Logistics of Rehabilitation Telehealth: Documentation, Reimbursement, and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act.},
journal = {Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America},
volume = {32},
number = {2},
pages = {429-436},
doi = {10.1016/j.pmr.2021.01.006},
pmid = {33814067},
issn = {1558-1381},
abstract = {As a result of the COVID-19 public health emergency, the Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services expanded its telehealth benefit on a temporary and emergency basis. Effective March 6, 2020, Medicare will pay for Medicare telehealth services at the same rate as regular, in-person visits. Medicare has prescribed specific guidance on the billing and coding of such services, having an impact on reimbursement for qualified providers. Additional guidance also exists on acceptable telehealth communication platforms and patient privacy.},
}
@article {pmid33814065,
year = {2021},
author = {Wells, MJ and Dukarm, P and Mills, A},
title = {Telehealth in Rehabilitation Psychology and Neuropsychology.},
journal = {Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America},
volume = {32},
number = {2},
pages = {405-418},
doi = {10.1016/j.pmr.2020.12.009},
pmid = {33814065},
issn = {1558-1381},
abstract = {With the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States in March 2020, most ambulatory care environments rapidly pivoted to extensive use to telehealth to protect patients and providers while continuing to provide care. This shift resulted in the expansion of telehealth platforms and workflows. Many behavioral health services can be provided in a telehealth format. The case example in this article illustrates that transition to telehealth is feasible and sustainable. Limitations include preoperative psychological assessments and certain neuropsychological tests requiring material manipulation. Careful consideration of risk factors should be exerted for more vulnerable patient populations.},
}
@article {pmid33814060,
year = {2021},
author = {Hsu, N and Monasterio, E and Rolin, O},
title = {Telehealth in Pediatric Rehabilitation.},
journal = {Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America},
volume = {32},
number = {2},
pages = {307-317},
doi = {10.1016/j.pmr.2020.12.010},
pmid = {33814060},
issn = {1558-1381},
abstract = {Pediatric rehabilitation focuses on optimizing function and quality of life of children through a holistic and transdisciplinary patient-centered team approach. This article describes the incorporation of telehealth in pediatric rehabilitation and its growth over the past decade. It also reviews the experience of practitioners using telehealth by necessity during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. Evidence suggests many applications where telehealth can appropriately substitute for traditional in-person visits, and there are many potential applications of telehealth to be explored as a means to enhance connectivity of the interdisciplinary rehabilitation team and the outreach to patients in remote and underserved areas.},
}
@article {pmid33814055,
year = {2021},
author = {Howard, IM and Burgess, K},
title = {Telehealth for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Multiple Sclerosis.},
journal = {Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America},
volume = {32},
number = {2},
pages = {239-251},
doi = {10.1016/j.pmr.2020.12.003},
pmid = {33814055},
issn = {1558-1381},
abstract = {Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis are neurodegenerative diseases requiring interdisciplinary rehabilitation services to maximize function, manage symptoms, prevent complications, and promote higher quality of life. Distance and disability may pose barriers to access of subspecialized care. Telehealth is one solution to facilitate access and was rapidly expanded during the COVID-19 pandemic. This article details the utility of telehealth services across the disease spectrum-including to establish a diagnosis, monitor progression for ongoing management, and identify and manage symptoms and provide therapy interventions. The challenges and promise of telehealth services for clinical care and research will be explored.},
}
@article {pmid33814054,
year = {2021},
author = {Subbarao, BS and Stokke, J and Martin, SJ},
title = {Telerehabilitation in Acquired Brain Injury.},
journal = {Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America},
volume = {32},
number = {2},
pages = {223-238},
doi = {10.1016/j.pmr.2021.01.001},
pmid = {33814054},
issn = {1558-1381},
abstract = {With the rapid shift to telemedicine brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic, physiatrists must get accustomed to the new technology and learn how to optimize their evaluations. For those practitioners managing patients with acquired brain injuries, which include stroke and traumatic brain injury, this can seem a daunting task given potential physical and cognitive barriers. However, as the authors discuss techniques to optimize visits, the aim is to illustrate how telehealth appointments can not only be comparable to in-person examinations but also may help increase outreach, compliance, and even satisfaction among this unique population.},
}
@article {pmid33814053,
year = {2021},
author = {Barrows, D and Goldstein, B},
title = {Virtual Care in the Veterans Affairs Spinal Cord Injuries and Disorders System of Care During the COVID-19 National Public Health Emergency.},
journal = {Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America},
volume = {32},
number = {2},
pages = {207-221},
doi = {10.1016/j.pmr.2021.01.007},
pmid = {33814053},
issn = {1558-1381},
abstract = {Telehealth reduces disparities that result from physical disabilities, difficulties with transportation, geographic barriers, and scarcity of specialists, which are commonly experienced by individuals with spinal cord injuries and disorders (SCI/D). The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) has been an international leader in the use of virtual health. The VA's SCI/D System of Care is the nation's largest coordinated system of lifelong care for people with SCI/D and has implemented the use of telehealth to ensure that Veterans with SCI/D have convenient access to their health care, particularly during the restrictions that were imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid33813931,
year = {2021},
author = {Love, AS and Love, RJ},
title = {Considering Needle Phobia among Adult Patients During Mass COVID-19 Vaccinations.},
journal = {Journal of primary care &amp; community health},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {21501327211007393},
pmid = {33813931},
issn = {2150-1327},
mesh = {Adult ; Anxiety ; COVID-19/*prevention &amp; control ; *COVID-19 Vaccines ; *Fear ; Humans ; Implosive Therapy ; *Needles ; *Pandemics ; *Phobic Disorders ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccination/*psychology ; },
abstract = {As mass vaccination is underway to combat the COVID-19 pandemic and achieve herd immunity, healthcare professionals need to recognize the fear and phobia of needles among their patients. Approximately 11.5 to 66 million U.S. adults may suffer from this condition. This population often avoids seeking medical care including vaccinations. The exact number of people suffering from this phobia is unknown, and the potential years of life lost in the American health care system cannot be estimated accurately. The resistance to vaccinations among this population may delay achieving herd immunity to end this current pandemic. An overview of needle phobia, vaccinations, and current treatments are explored. The use of telemedicine could prove critical for reaching this population as well as those who are hesitant about vaccinations. Providing education to healthcare providers to identify and manage these patients during the pandemic is necessary.},
}
@article {pmid33813796,
year = {2021},
author = {Cao, Y and Yang, R and Lee, I and Zhang, W and Sun, J and Wang, W and Meng, X},
title = {Characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 E Protein: Sequence, Structure, Viroporin, and Inhibitors.},
journal = {Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/pro.4075},
pmid = {33813796},
issn = {1469-896X},
support = {NSFC-31900894//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; NSFC-81872472: NSFC-31870843//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 epidemic is one of the most influential epidemics in history. Understanding the impact of coronaviruses (CoVs) on host cells is very important for disease treatment. The SARS-CoV-2 envelope (E) protein is a small structural protein involved in many aspects of the viral life cycle. The E protein promotes the packaging and reproduction of the virus, and deletion of this protein weakens or even abolishes the virulence. This review aims to establish new knowledge by combining recent advances in the study of the SARS-CoV-2 E protein and by comparing it with the SARS-CoV E protein. The E protein amino acid sequence, structure, self-assembly characteristics, viroporin mechanisms and inhibitors are summarized and analyzed herein. Although the mechanisms of the SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV E proteins are similar in many respects, specific studies on the SARS-CoV-2 E protein, for both monomers and oligomers, are still lacking. A comprehensive understanding of this protein should prompt further studies on the design and characterization of effective targeted therapeutic measures.},
}
@article {pmid33813758,
year = {2021},
author = {Rutkowski, K and Mirakian, R and Till, S and Rutkowski, R and Wagner, A},
title = {Adverse reactions to COVID-19 vaccines: A practical approach.},
journal = {Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/cea.13880},
pmid = {33813758},
issn = {1365-2222},
abstract = {COVID-19-related mortality in high-risk individuals is substantial and current treatment options are limited. There is convincing evidence that the COVID-19 vaccines reduce the severity of infection and prevent deaths. Three COVID-19 vaccines are approved in the United Kingdom with many more in development. There are limited data on the triggers and mechanisms of anaphylaxis to these vaccines. We review the potential allergenic compounds in the COVID-19 vaccines and describe an innovative allergy support model for the vaccination hubs that allows most patients with severe allergy be immunized. Finally, we propose a practical algorithm for the investigations of anaphylaxis to these vaccines.},
}
@article {pmid33813329,
year = {2021},
author = {Surujballi, J and Shah, H and Hutton, B and Alzahrani, M and Beltran-Bless, AA and Shorr, R and Larocque, G and McGee, S and Cole, K and Ibrahim, MFK and Fernandes, R and Arnaout, A and Stober, C and Liu, M and Sienkiewicz, M and Saunders, D and Vandermeer, L and Clemons, M},
title = {The COVID-19 pandemic: An opportunity to rethink and harmonise the frequency of follow-up visits for patients with early stage breast cancer.},
journal = {Cancer treatment reviews},
volume = {97},
number = {},
pages = {102188},
doi = {10.1016/j.ctrv.2021.102188},
pmid = {33813329},
issn = {1532-1967},
abstract = {PURPOSE: While routine, in-person follow-up of early-stage breast cancer patients (EBC) after completion of initial treatment is common, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in unprecedented changes in clinical practice. A systematic review was performed to evaluate the evidence supporting different frequencies of routine follow-up.<br><br>METHODS: MEDLINE and the Cochrane Collaboration Library were searched from database inception to July 16, 2020 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective cohort studies (PCS) evaluating different frequencies of routine follow-up. Citations were assessed by pairs of independent reviewers. Risk of Bias (RoB) was assessed using the Cochrane RoB tool for RCTs and the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale for Cohort Studies. Findings were summarized narratively.<br><br>RESULTS: The literature search identified 3316 studies, of which 7 (6 RCTs and 1 PCS) were eligible. Study endpoints included; quality of life (QoL; 5 RCTs and 1 PCS), disease free survival (DFS) (1 RCT), overall survival (OS) (1 RCT) and cost-effectiveness (1 RCT). The results showed reduction in follow-up frequency had no adverse effect on: QoL (6 studies, n = 920), DFS (1 trial, n = 472) or OS (1 trial, n = 472), but improved cost-effectiveness (1 trial, n = 472). Four RCTs specifically examined follow-up on-demand versus scheduled follow-up visits and found no statistically significant differences in QoL (n = 544).<br><br>CONCLUSION: While no evidence-based guidelines suggest that follow-up of EBC patients improves DFS or OS, routinely scheduled in-person assessment is common. RCT data suggests that reduced frequency of follow-up has no adverse effects.},
}
@article {pmid33813139,
year = {2021},
author = {Winkler, MS and Skirecki, T and Brunkhorst, FM and Cajander, S and Cavaillon, JM and Ferrer, R and Flohé, SB and García-Salido, A and Giamarellos-Bourboulis, EJ and Girardis, M and Kox, M and Lachmann, G and Martin-Loeches, I and Netea, MG and Spinetti, T and Schefold, JC and Torres, A and Uhle, F and Venet, F and Weis, S and Scherag, A and Rubio, I and Osuchowski, MF},
title = {Bridging animal and clinical research during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: A new-old challenge.},
journal = {EBioMedicine},
volume = {66},
number = {},
pages = {103291},
doi = {10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103291},
pmid = {33813139},
issn = {2352-3964},
abstract = {Many milestones in medical history rest on animal modeling of human diseases. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has evoked a tremendous investigative effort primarily centered on clinical studies. However, several animal SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 models have been developed and pre-clinical findings aimed at supporting clinical evidence rapidly emerge. In this review, we characterize the existing animal models exposing their relevance and limitations as well as outline their utility in COVID-19 drug and vaccine development. Concurrently, we summarize the status of clinical trial research and discuss the novel tactics utilized in the largest multi-center trials aiming to accelerate generation of reliable results that may subsequently shape COVID-19 clinical treatment practices. We also highlight areas of improvement for animal studies in order to elevate their translational utility. In pandemics, to optimize the use of strained resources in a short time-frame, optimizing and strengthening the synergy between the preclinical and clinical domains is pivotal.},
}
@article {pmid33813117,
year = {2021},
author = {Martinuka, O and von Cube, M and Wolkewitz, M},
title = {Methodological evaluation of bias in observational COVID-19 studies on drug effectiveness.},
journal = {Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33813117},
issn = {1469-0691},
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Observational studies may provide valuable evidence on real-world causal effects of drug effectiveness in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since patients are usually observed from hospital admission to discharge and drug initiation starts during hospitalization, advanced statistical methods are needed to account for time-dependent drug exposure, confounding, and competing events. Our objective is to evaluate the observational studies on the three common methodological pitfalls in time-to-event analyses: immortal time bias, confounding bias, and competing risk bias.<br><br>METHODS: We performed a systematic literature search on October 23, 2020, in the PubMed database to identify observational cohort studies that evaluated drug effectiveness in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We included articles published in four journals: The British Medical Journal (The BMJ), the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), and The Lancet as well as their sub-journals.<br><br>RESULTS: Overall, out of 255 articles screened, eleven observational cohort studies on treatment effectiveness with drug exposure-outcome associations were evaluated. All studies were susceptible to one or more types of bias in the primary study analysis. Eight studies had a time-dependent treatment. However, the hazard ratios were not adjusted for immortal time in the primary analysis. Even though confounders presented at baseline have been addressed in nine studies, time-varying confounding caused by time-varying treatment exposure and clinical variables was less recognized. Only one out of eleven studies addressed competing event bias by extending follow-up beyond patient's discharge.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: In the observational cohort studies on drug effectiveness for treatment of COVID-19 published in four high impact journals, the methodological biases were concerningly common. Appropriate statistical tools are essential to avoid misleading conclusion and receive a better understanding of potential treatment effects.},
}
@article {pmid33812043,
year = {2021},
author = {Lipsitt, J and Chan-Golston, AM and Liu, J and Su, J and Zhu, Y and Jerrett, M},
title = {Spatial analysis of COVID-19 and traffic-related air pollution in Los Angeles.},
journal = {Environment international},
volume = {153},
number = {},
pages = {106531},
doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2021.106531},
pmid = {33812043},
issn = {1873-6750},
}
@article {pmid33812037,
year = {2021},
author = {Marchi, R and Sugita, B and Centa, A and Fonseca, AS and Bortoletto, S and Fiorentin, K and Ferreira, S and Cavalli, LR},
title = {The role of microRNAs in modulating SARS-CoV-2 infection in human cells: a systematic review.},
journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases},
volume = {91},
number = {},
pages = {104832},
doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104832},
pmid = {33812037},
issn = {1567-7257},
abstract = {MicroRNAs are gene expression regulators, associated with several human pathologies, including the ones caused by virus infections. Although their role in infection diseases is not completely known, they can exert double functions in the infected cell, by mediating the virus infection and/or regulating the immunity-related gene targets through complex networks of virus-host cell interactions. In this systematic review, the Pubmed, EMBASE, Scopus, Lilacs, Scielo, and EBSCO databases were searched for research articles published until October 22nd, 2020 that focused on describing the role, function, and/or association of miRNAs in SARS-CoV-2 human infection and COVID-19. Following the PRISMA 2009 protocol, 29 original research articles were selected. Most of the studies reported miRNA data based on the genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 isolates and computational prediction analysis. The latter predicted, by at least one independent study, 1266 host miRNAs to target the viral genome. Thirteen miRNAs were identified by four independent studies to target SARS-CoV-2 specific genes, suggested to act by interfering with their cleavage and/or translation process. The studies selected also reported on viral and host miRNAs that targeted host genes, on the expression levels of miRNAs in biological specimens of COVID-19 patients, and on the impact of viral genome mutations on miRNA function. Also, miRNAs that regulate the expression levels of the ACE2 and TMPRSS2 proteins, which are critical for the virus entrance in the host cells, were reported. In conclusion, despite the limited number of studies identified, based on the search terms and eligibility criteria applied, this systematic review provides evidence on the impact of miRNAs on SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. Although most of the reported viral/host miRNAs interactions were based on in silico prediction analysis, they demonstrate the relevance of the viral/host miRNA interaction for viral activity and host responses. In addition, the identified studies highlight the potential use of miRNAs as therapeutic targets against COVID-19, and other viral human diseases (This review was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) database (#CRD42020199290).},
}
@article {pmid33811957,
year = {2021},
author = {Huang, K and Zhang, P and Zhang, Z and Youn, JY and Zhang, H and Cai, HL},
title = {Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in the treatment of viral infections: Efficacies and mechanisms.},
journal = {Pharmacology &amp; therapeutics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {107843},
pmid = {33811957},
issn = {1879-016X},
abstract = {COVID-19 has remained an uncontained, worldwide pandemic. While battling for the disease in China, six Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) recipes have been shown to be remarkably effective for treating patients with COVID-19. The present review discusses principles of TCM in curing infectious disease, and clinical evidence and mechanisms of the 6 most effective TCM recipes used in treating COVID-19 in 92% of all of the confirmed cases in China. Applications of TCM and specific recipes in the treatment of other viral infections, such as those caused by SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, influenza A virus (including H1N1 and H7N9), influenza B, dengue virus as well as Ebola virus, are also discussed. Among the 6 TCM recipes, Jinhua Qinggan (JHQG) granules and Lianhua Qingwen (LHQW) capsules are recommended during medical observation; Lung Cleansing and Detoxifying Decoction (LCDD) is recommended for the treatment of both severe and non-severe patients; Xuanfeibaidu (XFBD) granules are recommended for treating moderate cases; while Huashibaidu (HSBD) and Xuebijing (XBJ) have been used in managing severe cases effectively. The common components and the active ingredients of the six TCM recipes have been summarized to reveal most promising drug candidates. The potential molecular mechanisms of the active ingredients in the six TCM recipes that target ACE2, 3CLpro and IL-6, revealed by molecular biological studies and/or network pharmacology prediction/molecular docking analysis/visualization analysis, are fully discussed. Therefore, further investigation of these TCM recipes may be of high translational value in revealing novel targeted therapies for COVID-19, potentially via purification and characterization of the active ingredients in the effective TCM recipes.},
}
@article {pmid33811912,
year = {2021},
author = {Lam, PY and Chuen, CS and Lai, JSM and Choy, BNK},
title = {A Review on the use of Telemedicine in Glaucoma and Possible Roles in COVID-19 Outbreak.},
journal = {Survey of ophthalmology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33811912},
issn = {1879-3304},
abstract = {We review the use of telemedicine in glaucoma and its possible roles in the COVID-19 outbreak. We performed literature search of published articles of teleglaucoma on May 12, 2020, using search terms including &quot;telemedicine&quot; and &quot;glaucoma&quot;, limited to human studies, English language and published over the prior 10 years. This search strategy yielded a total of 14 relevant articles after manual curation. Of the 14 articles, 4 were from the same randomized control trial, 7 were prospective studies, 2 were retrospective studies,1 was descriptive analysis, and 1 was cost-effective analysis. Seven discussed the common ophthalmologic measurements used in teleglaucoma. Four demonstrated the cost effectiveness of the use of teleglaucoma and three articles investigated patient satisfaction with the use of teleglaucoma. Three articles investigated the correlation between teleglaucoma and face-to-face clinics. Five articles discussed the current use and opportunities of teleglaucoma. When compared to in-person care, teleglaucoma is more time- cost-effective, shows high patient satisfaction and fair to good agreement with in-person care; however, there is great variation in the reported sensitivity of glaucoma screening, warranting further studies to establish its efficacy. For glaucoma management, both the sensitivity and specificity must be further improved before it could be put into extensive use. Nevertheless, it is worthwhile for us to explore the possible extensive application of teleglaucoma in monitoring 'glaucoma suspects' and maintaining glaucoma follow-up during a pandemic outbreak to reduce the possible risk of transmission of infection.},
}
@article {pmid33811910,
year = {2021},
author = {Santhosh, L and Block, B and Kim, SY and Raju, S and Shah, RJ and Thakur, N and Brigham, EP and Parker, AM},
title = {&quot;How I Do It: Rapid Design &amp; Implementation of Post-COVID Clinics&quot;.},
journal = {Chest},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.chest.2021.03.044},
pmid = {33811910},
issn = {1931-3543},
abstract = {Survivors of COVID-19 are a vulnerable population, with complex needs owing to lingering symptoms and complications across multiple organ systems. Those who required hospitalization or intensive care are also at risk for post-hospital syndrome and post-ICU syndromes, with attendant cognitive, psychological, and physical impairments, and high levels of healthcare utilization. Effective ambulatory care for COVID-19 survivors requires coordination across multiple subspecialties, which can be burdensome if not well-coordinated. With growing recognition of these needs, post-COVID-19 clinics are being created across the country. We describe the design and implementation of multidisciplinary post-COVID-19 clinics at two academic health systems, Johns Hopkins and the University of California-San Francisco. We highlight components of the model which should be replicated across sites, while acknowledging opportunities to tailor offerings to the local institutional context. Our goal is to provide a replicable framework for others to create these much-needed care delivery models for survivors of COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33811810,
year = {2021},
author = {Schneider, JL and Rowe, JH and Garcia-de-Alba, C and Kim, CF and Sharpe, AH and Haigis, MC},
title = {The aging lung: Physiology, disease, and immunity.},
journal = {Cell},
volume = {184},
number = {8},
pages = {1990-2019},
doi = {10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.005},
pmid = {33811810},
issn = {1097-4172},
support = {R01 CA213062/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; R35 HL150876/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {The population is aging at a rate never seen before in human history. As the number of elderly adults grows, it is imperative we expand our understanding of the underpinnings of aging biology. Human lungs are composed of a unique panoply of cell types that face ongoing chemical, mechanical, biological, immunological, and xenobiotic stress over a lifetime. Yet, we do not fully appreciate the mechanistic drivers of lung aging and why age increases the risk of parenchymal lung disease, fatal respiratory infection, and primary lung cancer. Here, we review the molecular and cellular aspects of lung aging, local stress response pathways, and how the aging process predisposes to the pathogenesis of pulmonary disease. We place these insights into context of the COVID-19 pandemic and discuss how innate and adaptive immunity within the lung is altered with age.},
}
@article {pmid33811541,
year = {2021},
author = {Li, Q and Chen, Z},
title = {An update: the emerging evidence of complement involvement in COVID-19.},
journal = {Medical microbiology and immunology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33811541},
issn = {1432-1831},
support = {82000038//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; },
abstract = {The current outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected people around the world. Typically, COVID-19 originates in the lung, but lately it can extend to other organs and lead to tissue injury and multiorgan failure in severe patients, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), kidney failure and sepsis or systemic inflammation. Given that COVID-19 has been detected in a range of other organs, the COVID-19-associated disease is an alert of aberrant activation of host immune response which drives un-controlled inflammation that affects multiple organs. Complement is a vital component of innate immunity where it forms the first line of defense against potentially harmful microbes, but its role in COVID-19 is still not clear. Notably, the abnormal activation and continuous deposits of complement components were identified in the pre-clinical samples from COVID-19 patients, which have been confirmed in animal models. Recent evidence has revealed that the administration of complement inhibitors leads to relieve inflammatory response in ARDS. Hence, we speculate that the targeting complement system could be a potential treatment option for organ damage in COVID-19 patients.},
}
@article {pmid33811364,
year = {2021},
author = {Sampath, V and Rabinowitz, G and Shah, M and Jain, S and Diamant, Z and Jesenak, M and Rabin, R and Vieths, S and Agache, I and Akdis, M and Barber, D and Breiteneder, H and Chinthrajah, S and Chivato, T and Collins, W and Eiwegger, T and Fast, K and Fokkens, W and O'Hehir, RE and Ollert, M and O'Mahony, L and Palomares, O and Pfaar, O and Riggioni, C and Shamji, MH and Sokolowska, M and Torres, MJ and Traidl-Hoffmann, C and van Zelm, M and Wang, Y and Zhang, L and Akdis, C and Nadeau, KC},
title = {Vaccines and Allergic reactions: the past, the current COVID-19 pandemic, and future perspectives.},
journal = {Allergy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/all.14840},
pmid = {33811364},
issn = {1398-9995},
abstract = {Vaccines are essential public health tools with a favorable safety profile and prophylactic effectiveness that have historically played significant roles in reducing infectious disease burden in populations, when the majority of individuals are vaccinated. The COVID-19 vaccines are expected to have similar positive impacts on health across the globe. While serious allergic reactions to vaccines are rare, their underlying mechanisms and implications for clinical management should be considered to provide individuals with the safest care possible. In this review, we provide an overview of different types of allergic adverse reactions that can potentially occur aftervaccination and individual vaccine components capable of causing the allergic adverse reactions. We present the incidence of allergic adverse reactions during clinical studies and through post-authorization and post-marketing surveillance and provide plausible causes of these reactions based on potential allergenic components present in several common vaccines. Additionally, we review implications for individual diagnosis and management and vaccine manufacturing overall. Finally, we suggest areas for future research.},
}
@article {pmid33811315,
year = {2021},
author = {Gisondi, P and Di Leo, S and Bellinato, F and Cazzaniga, S and Piaserico, S and Naldi, L},
title = {Time of Onset of Selected Skin Lesions Associated with COVID-19: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Dermatology and therapy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33811315},
issn = {2193-8210},
support = {ID 1833073 rif. 2020-1363//Fondazione Cariplo/ ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Distinct skin lesions associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been described, but data regarding their time of onset during the COVID-19 course are scant. Our objective was to systematically review the studies reporting the time of onset of selected skin lesions with respect to the reported onset of the COVID-19 core symptoms.<br><br>METHODS: A comprehensive search of studies published before 21 January 2021 was performed on MEDLINE via PubMed database using a predefined strategy to identify relevant articles.<br><br>RESULTS: Out of 354 references, 87 were selected, reporting a total of 895 patients with skin lesions associated with COVID-19. The most frequent pattern was exanthema (n = 430, 48%), followed by vascular (n = 299, 33%), urticarial (n = 105, 12%) and others (n = 66, 7%). Skin lesions occurred more frequently in the first 4 weeks from the COVID-19 onset (n = 831, 92%), whereas prodromal or late lesions were rarer (n = 69, 8%). The urticarial and exanthema patterns were more frequent in the first 2 weeks. About the vascular pattern some differences were noted among its subtypes. Livedoid lesions occurred mainly in the first 2 weeks, while chilblain-like lesions between weeks 2 and 4. Purpuric/petechial lesions were equally distributed during the first 4 weeks. Several skin manifestations did not fall into the pattern classification, including erythema multiforme, generalized pruritus, Kawasaki disease and others.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The diversity in the time of onset of skin lesions as well as their polymorphic nature likely reflects the diversity of the pathogenetic underlying mechanisms.<br><br>CRD42021236331.},
}
@article {pmid33811309,
year = {2021},
author = {Galassi, G and Marchioni, A},
title = {Myasthenia gravis at the crossroad of COVID-19: focus on immunological and respiratory interplay.},
journal = {Acta neurologica Belgica},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33811309},
issn = {2240-2993},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a disease caused by the novel betacoronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global pandemic threat. COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is reported to originate in December 2019 in Wuhan, China and spreading rapidly around world. SARS-CoV-2 is structurally similar to the other coronaviruses, causing the severe respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) and the middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), both binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor to enter human cells. ACE 2 is widely expressed in several cells including, neural tissue. COVID-19 presents with fever and respiratory symptoms, possibly leading to acute respiratory distress (ARDS) but there are several published reports of acute cerebrovascular diseases, seizures, olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions, isolated involvement of cranial nerves, myositis/rabdhomyolisis as well myasthenic crisis (MC) and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). The ARDS described during COVID-19 pandemic, coupled with respiratory muscle failure occurring in myasthenia gravis (MG), may result in a life-threatening condition, challenging for intensivists, pulmonologists and neurologists. Infections are recognized trigger of exacerbations and crisis in MG and patients with MG probably exhibit a mortality higher than the general population during this COVID-19 pandemic. We review the current state of knowledge on MG during the COVID-19 pandemic to focus the immunological and respiratory interplay between these two conditions.},
}
@article {pmid33810902,
year = {2021},
author = {Bannister, S and Sudbury, E and Villanueva, P and Perrett, K and Curtis, N},
title = {The safety of BCG revaccination: A systematic review.},
journal = {Vaccine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.08.016},
pmid = {33810902},
issn = {1873-2518},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Revaccination with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is not generally recommended due to a lack of proven efficacy of repeat doses for protection against tuberculosis. However, there is a growing interest in the use of BCG vaccine for its 'off-target' effects which might involve revaccination. We did a systematic review of the safety of BCG revaccination.<br><br>METHODS: MEDLINE (1946 to March 2020) and the BCG World Atlas (updated 2017) were searched, limiting to studies of BCG administration by the intradermal or percutaneous route. Adverse events as well as patient and vaccine characteristics were reviewed.<br><br>RESULTS: The search identified 388 articles, of which 24 met the inclusion criteria. These reported 22 studies comprising eight randomised trials, four case-control studies, four observational studies and six case series or reports. Overall, there was evidence for a small increase in the rate of mild local and systemic reactions. No serious adverse events were reported in immunocompetent individuals.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Evidence to date suggests that revaccination with BCG vaccine carries minimal risk. Future studies of BCG vaccine for novel applications should report adverse event data stratified by prior BCG vaccination status.},
}
@article {pmid33810456,
year = {2021},
author = {White, HN},
title = {B-Cell Memory Responses to Variant Viral Antigens.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/v13040565},
pmid = {33810456},
issn = {1999-4915},
mesh = {Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/*immunology ; Antigens, Viral/genetics/*immunology ; B-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Humans ; Immunologic Memory ; Virus Diseases/*immunology/virology ; Viruses/genetics/*immunology ; },
abstract = {A central feature of vertebrate immune systems is the ability to form antigen-specific immune memory in response to microbial challenge and so provide protection against future infection. In conflict with this process is the ability that many viruses have to mutate their antigens to escape infection- or vaccine-induced antibody memory responses. Mutable viruses such as dengue virus, influenza virus and of course coronavirus have a major global health impact, exacerbated by this ability to evade immune responses through mutation. There have been several outstanding recent studies on B-cell memory that also shed light on the potential and limitations of antibody memory to protect against viral antigen variation, and so promise to inform new strategies for vaccine design. For the purposes of this review, the current understanding of the different memory B-cell (MBC) populations, and their potential to recognize mutant antigens, will be described prior to some examples from antibody responses against the highly mutable RNA based flaviviruses, influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2.},
}
@article {pmid33810416,
year = {2021},
author = {Vicidomini, C and Roviello, V and Roviello, GN},
title = {Molecular Basis of the Therapeutical Potential of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) and Clues to Its Anti-COVID-19 Utility.},
journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {26},
number = {7},
pages = {},
pmid = {33810416},
issn = {1420-3049},
mesh = {Adjuvants, Immunologic/chemistry/pharmacology ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Antiviral Agents/chemistry/*pharmacology ; *COVID-19/drug therapy/prevention &amp; control ; Fibrinolytic Agents/*pharmacology ; Herbal Medicine/methods ; Humans ; Phytochemicals/chemistry/pharmacology ; Plants, Medicinal/chemistry ; Syzygium/*chemistry ; },
abstract = {The current COronaVIrus Disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection is enormously affecting the worldwide health and economy. In the wait for an effective global immunization, the development of a specific therapeutic protocol to treat COVID-19 patients is clearly necessary as a short-term solution of the problem. Drug repurposing and herbal medicine represent two of the most explored strategies for an anti-COVID-19 drug discovery. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) is a well-known culinary spice that has been used for centuries in folk medicine in many disorders. Interestingly, traditional medicines have used clove since ancient times to treat respiratory ailments, whilst clove ingredients show antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. Other interesting features are the clove antithrombotic, immunostimulatory, and antibacterial effects. Thus, in this review, we discuss the potential role of clove in the frame of anti-COVID-19 therapy, focusing on the antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antithrombotic effects of clove and its molecular constituents described in the scientific literature.},
}
@article {pmid33810391,
year = {2021},
author = {Zhang, Y and Gargan, S and Lu, Y and Stevenson, NJ},
title = {An Overview of Current Knowledge of Deadly CoVs and Their Interface with Innate Immunity.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/v13040560},
pmid = {33810391},
issn = {1999-4915},
mesh = {Animals ; COVID-19/epidemiology/*immunology/mortality/virology ; Humans ; *Immunity, Innate ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics/*immunology ; },
abstract = {Coronaviruses are a large family of zoonotic RNA viruses, whose infection can lead to mild or lethal respiratory tract disease. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1) first emerged in Guangdong, China in 2002 and spread to 29 countries, infecting 8089 individuals and causing 774 deaths. In 2012, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in Saudi Arabia and has spread to 27 countries, with a mortality rate of ~34%. In 2019, SARS-CoV-2 emerged and has spread to 220 countries, infecting over 100,000,000 people and causing more than 2,000,000 deaths to date. These three human coronaviruses cause diseases of varying severity. Most people develop mild, common cold-like symptoms, while some develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The success of all viruses, including coronaviruses, relies on their evolved abilities to evade and modulate the host anti-viral and pro-inflammatory immune responses. However, we still do not fully understand the transmission, phylogeny, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-1 and -2. Despite the rapid application of a range of therapies for SARS-CoV-2, such as convalescent plasma, remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine and type I interferon, no fully effective treatment has been determined. Remarkably, COVID-19 vaccine research and development have produced several offerings that are now been administered worldwide. Here, we summarise an up-to-date understanding of epidemiology, immunomodulation and ongoing anti-viral and immunosuppressive treatment strategies. Indeed, understanding the interplay between coronaviruses and the anti-viral immune response is crucial to identifying novel targets for therapeutic intervention, which may even prove invaluable for the control of future emerging coronavirus.},
}
@article {pmid33810287,
year = {2021},
author = {Villena, J and Li, C and Vizoso-Pinto, MG and Sacur, J and Ren, L and Kitazawa, H},
title = {Lactiplantibacillus plantarum as a Potential Adjuvant and Delivery System for the Development of SARS-CoV-2 Oral Vaccines.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {9},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms9040683},
pmid = {33810287},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {2017YFD0501002//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 2020RW002//Changchun Science and Technology Bureau emergency project/ ; 19H00965//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; },
abstract = {The most important characteristics regarding the mucosal infection and immune responses against the Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as well as the current vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in development or use are revised to emphasize the opportunity for lactic acid bacteria (LAB)-based vaccines to offer a valid alternative in the fight against this disease. In addition, this article revises the knowledge on: (a) the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the improvement of mucosal antiviral defenses by beneficial Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains, (b) the systems for the expression of heterologous proteins in L. plantarum and (c) the successful expressions of viral antigens in L. plantarum that were capable of inducing protective immune responses in the gut and the respiratory tract after their oral administration. The ability of L. plantarum to express viral antigens, including the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and its capacity to differentially modulate the innate and adaptive immune responses in both the intestinal and respiratory mucosa after its oral administration, indicates the potential of this LAB to be used in the development of a mucosal COVID-19 vaccine.},
}
@article {pmid33810225,
year = {2021},
author = {Meherali, S and Punjani, N and Louie-Poon, S and Abdul Rahim, K and Das, JK and Salam, RA and Lassi, ZS},
title = {Mental Health of Children and Adolescents Amidst COVID-19 and Past Pandemics: A Rapid Systematic Review.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {18},
number = {7},
pages = {},
pmid = {33810225},
issn = {1660-4601},
support = {RES0051095//CIHR/Canada ; },
mesh = {Adolescent ; Anxiety ; *COVID-19 ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Mental Health ; *Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Background: The COVID‑19 pandemic and associated public health measures have disrupted the lives of people around the world. It is already evident that the direct and indirect psychological and social effects of the COVID‑19 pandemic are insidious and affect the mental health of young children and adolescents now and will in the future. The aim and objectives of this knowledge-synthesis study were to identify the impact of the pandemic on children's and adolescent's mental health and to evaluate the effectiveness of different interventions employed during previous and the current pandemic to promote children's and adolescents' mental health. Methodology: We conducted the systematic review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and included experimental randomized and nonrandomized controlled trials, observational studies, and qualitative studies. Results: Of the 5828 articles that we retrieved, 18 articles met the inclusion criteria. We thematically analyzed them and put the major findings under the thematic areas of impact of the pandemic on children's and adolescents' mental health. These studies reported that pandemics cause stress, worry, helplessness, and social and risky behavioral problems among children and adolescents (e.g., substance abuse, suicide, relationship problems, academic issues, and absenteeism from work). Interventions such as art-based programs, support services, and clinician-led mental health and psychosocial services effectively decrease mental health issues among children and adolescents. Conclusion: Children and adolescents are more likely to experience high rates of depression and anxiety during and after a pandemic. It is critical that future researchers explore effective mental health strategies that are tailored to the needs of children and adolescents. Explorations of effective channels regarding the development and delivery of evidenced-based, age-appropriate services are vital to lessen the effects and improve long-term capacities for mental health services for children and adolescents. Key Practitioner Message: The COVID-19 pandemic's physical restrictions and social distancing measures have affected each and every domain of life. Although the number of children and adolescents affected by the disease is small, the disease and the containment measures such as social distancing, school closure, and isolation have negatively impacted the mental health and well-being of children and adolescents. The impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of children and adolescents is of great concern. Anxiety, depression, disturbances in sleep and appetite, as well as impairment in social interactions are the most common presentations. It has been indicated that compared to adults, this pandemic may continue to have increased long term adverse consequences on children's and adolescents' mental health. As the pandemic continues, it is important to monitor the impact on children's and adolescents' mental health status and how to help them to improve their mental health outcomes in the time of the current or future pandemics.},
}
@article {pmid33810129,
year = {2021},
author = {Mazur-Marzec, H and Cegłowska, M and Konkel, R and Pyrć, K},
title = {Antiviral Cyanometabolites-A Review.},
journal = {Biomolecules},
volume = {11},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33810129},
issn = {2218-273X},
support = {NCN2019/33/B/NZ9/02018//National Science Centre in Poland/ ; II.3//Statutory Programme of the Institute of Oceanology, PAS/ ; },
abstract = {Global processes, such as climate change, frequent and distant travelling and population growth, increase the risk of viral infection spread. Unfortunately, the number of effective and accessible medicines for the prevention and treatment of these infections is limited. Therefore, in recent years, efforts have been intensified to develop new antiviral medicines or vaccines. In this review article, the structure and activity of the most promising antiviral cyanobacterial products are presented. The antiviral cyanometabolites are mainly active against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other enveloped viruses such as herpes simplex virus (HSV), Ebola or the influenza viruses. The majority of the metabolites are classified as lectins, monomeric or dimeric proteins with unique amino acid sequences. They all show activity at the nanomolar range but differ in carbohydrate specificity and recognize a different epitope on high mannose oligosaccharides. The cyanobacterial lectins include cyanovirin-N (CV-N), scytovirin (SVN), microvirin (MVN), Microcystisviridis lectin (MVL), and Oscillatoria agardhii agglutinin (OAA). Cyanobacterial polysaccharides, peptides, and other metabolites also have potential to be used as antiviral drugs. The sulfated polysaccharide, calcium spirulan (CA-SP), inhibited infection by enveloped viruses, stimulated the immune system's response, and showed antitumor activity. Microginins, the linear peptides, inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), therefore, their use in the treatment of COVID-19 patients with injury of the ACE2 expressing organs is considered. In addition, many cyanobacterial extracts were revealed to have antiviral activities, but the active agents have not been identified. This fact provides a good basis for further studies on the therapeutic potential of these microorganisms.},
}
@article {pmid33810086,
year = {2021},
author = {Perpetuini, D and Filippini, C and Cardone, D and Merla, A},
title = {An Overview of Thermal Infrared Imaging-Based Screenings during Pandemic Emergencies.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {18},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {33810086},
issn = {1660-4601},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Emergencies ; Fever ; Humans ; *Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Infrared thermal imaging (IRI) is a contact-less technology able to monitor human skin temperature for biomedical applications and in real-life contexts. Its capacity to detect fever was exploited for mass screening during past epidemic emergencies as well as for the current COVID-19 pandemic. However, the only assessment of fever may not be selective for the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Hence, novel approaches for IRI data analysis have been investigated. The present review aims to describe how IRI have been employed during the last epidemics, highlighting the potentialities and the limitations of this technology to contain the contagions. Specifically, the methods employed for automatic face recognition and fever assessment and IRI's performances in mass screening at airports and hospitals are reviewed. Moreover, an overview of novel machine learning methods for IRI data analysis, aimed to identify respiratory diseases, is provided. In addition, IRI-based smart technologies developed to support the healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic are described. Finally, relevant guidelines to fully exploit IRI for COVID-19 identification are defined, to improve the effectiveness of IRI in the detection of the SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
}
@article {pmid33809963,
year = {2021},
author = {Anand, AV and Balamuralikrishnan, B and Kaviya, M and Bharathi, K and Parithathvi, A and Arun, M and Senthilkumar, N and Velayuthaprabhu, S and Saradhadevi, M and Al-Dhabi, NA and Arasu, MV and Yatoo, MI and Tiwari, R and Dhama, K},
title = {Medicinal Plants, Phytochemicals, and Herbs to Combat Viral Pathogens Including SARS-CoV-2.},
journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {26},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {33809963},
issn = {1420-3049},
mesh = {Antiviral Agents/chemistry/*pharmacology ; COVID-19/drug therapy ; Humans ; India ; Phytochemicals/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; Plants, Medicinal/*chemistry ; SARS-CoV-2/chemistry/*pathogenicity ; },
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is the most important health issue, internationally. With no specific and effective antiviral therapy for COVID-19, new or repurposed antiviral are urgently needed. Phytochemicals pose a ray of hope for human health during this pandemic, and a great deal of research is concentrated on it. Phytochemicals have been used as antiviral agents against several viruses since they could inhibit several viruses via different mechanisms of direct inhibition either at the viral entry point or the replication stages and via immunomodulation potentials. Recent evidence also suggests that some plants and its components have shown promising antiviral properties against SARS-CoV-2. This review summarizes certain phytochemical agents along with their mode of actions and potential antiviral activities against important viral pathogens. A special focus has been given on medicinal plants and their extracts as well as herbs which have shown promising results to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection and can be useful in treating patients with COVID-19 as alternatives for treatment under phytotherapy approaches during this devastating pandemic situation.},
}
@article {pmid33809957,
year = {2021},
author = {Kopańska, M and Banaś-Ząbczyk, A and Łagowska, A and Kuduk, B and Szczygielski, J},
title = {Changes in EEG Recordings in COVID-19 Patients as a Basis for More Accurate QEEG Diagnostics and EEG Neurofeedback Therapy: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {10},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {33809957},
issn = {2077-0383},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE: The SARS-CoV-2 virus is able to cause abnormalities in the functioning of the nervous system and induce neurological symptoms with the features of encephalopathy, disturbances of consciousness and concentration and a reduced ability to sense taste and smell as well as headaches. One of the methods of detecting these types of changes in COVID-19 patients is an electroencephalogram (EEG) test, which allows information to be obtained about the functioning of the brain as well as diagnosing diseases and predicting their consequences. The aim of the study was to review the latest research on changes in EEG in patients with COVID-19 as a basis for further quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG) diagnostics and EEG neurofeedback training. Description of the state of knowledge: Based on the available scientific literature using the PubMed database from 2020 and early 2021 regarding changes in the EEG records in patients with COVID-19, 17 publications were included in the analysis. In patients who underwent an EEG test, changes in the frontal area were observed. A few patients were not found to be responsive to external stimuli. Additionally, a previously non-emerging, uncommon pattern in the form of continuous, slightly asymmetric, monomorphic, biphasic and slow delta waves occurred.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The results of this analysis clearly indicate that the SARS-CoV-2 virus causes changes in the nervous system that can be manifested and detected in the EEG record. The small number of available articles, the small number of research groups and the lack of control groups suggest the need for further research regarding the short and long term neurological effects of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the need for unquestionable confirmation that observed changes were caused by the virus per se and did not occur before. The presented studies described non-specific patterns appearing in encephalograms in patients with COVID-19. These observations are the basis for more accurate QEEG diagnostics and EEG neurofeedback training.},
}
@article {pmid33809918,
year = {2021},
author = {Galanis, KA and Nastou, KC and Papandreou, NC and Petichakis, GN and Pigis, DG and Iconomidou, VA},
title = {Linear B-Cell Epitope Prediction for In Silico Vaccine Design: A Performance Review of Methods Available via Command-Line Interface.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {22},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {33809918},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {Computational Biology/*methods ; Computer Simulation ; Drug Design ; Epitope Mapping/*methods ; Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/*chemistry/metabolism ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/chemistry/metabolism ; Vaccines/*chemistry/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Linear B-cell epitope prediction research has received a steadily growing interest ever since the first method was developed in 1981. B-cell epitope identification with the help of an accurate prediction method can lead to an overall faster and cheaper vaccine design process, a crucial necessity in the COVID-19 era. Consequently, several B-cell epitope prediction methods have been developed over the past few decades, but without significant success. In this study, we review the current performance and methodology of some of the most widely used linear B-cell epitope predictors which are available via a command-line interface, namely, BcePred, BepiPred, ABCpred, COBEpro, SVMTriP, LBtope, and LBEEP. Additionally, we attempted to remedy performance issues of the individual methods by developing a consensus classifier, which combines the separate predictions of these methods into a single output, accelerating the epitope-based vaccine design. While the method comparison was performed with some necessary caveats and individual methods might perform much better for specialized datasets, we hope that this update in performance can aid researchers towards the choice of a predictor, for the development of biomedical applications such as designed vaccines, diagnostic kits, immunotherapeutics, immunodiagnostic tests, antibody production, and disease diagnosis and therapy.},
}
@article {pmid33809851,
year = {2021},
author = {Kaseb, AO and Mohamed, YI and Malek, AE and Raad, II and Altameemi, L and Li, D and Kaseb, OA and Kaseb, SA and Selim, A and Ma, Q},
title = {The Impact of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) Expression on the Incidence and Severity of COVID-19 Infection.},
journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {10},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33809851},
issn = {2076-0817},
abstract = {The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to an unprecedented threat to the international community and raised major concerns in terms of public health safety. Although our current understanding of the complexity of COVID-19 pathogenesis remains limited, the infection is largely mediated by the interaction of viral spike protein and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The functional importance of ACE2 in different demographic and comorbid conditions may explain the significant variation in incidence and mortality of COVID-19 in vulnerable groups, and highlights its candidacy as a potential therapeutic target. We provide evidence supporting the idea that differences in incidence and severity of COVID-19 infection may be related to ACE2. Emerging data based on the prevalence and severity of COVID-19 among those with established high levels of ACE2 expression strongly support our hypothesis. Considering the burden of COVID-19 infection in these vulnerable groups and the impact of the potential therapeutic and preventive measures that would result from adopting ACE2-driven anti-viral strategies, our hypothesis may expedite global efforts to control the current COVID-19 pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid33809662,
year = {2021},
author = {Kchaou, M and Alquraish, M and Abuhasel, K and Abdullah, A and Ali, AA},
title = {Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds: Review of Current Progress in the Properties and Manufacturing Process, and Possible Applications for COVID-19.},
journal = {Polymers},
volume = {13},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {33809662},
issn = {2073-4360},
support = {UB - COVID - 09 - 1441//Deanship of Science Research at University of Bisha, Saudi Arabia/ ; },
abstract = {Over the last twenty years, researchers have focused on the potential applications of electrospinning, especially its scalability and versatility. Specifically, electrospun nanofiber scaffolds are considered an emergent technology and a promising approach that can be applied to biosensing, drug delivery, soft and hard tissue repair and regeneration, and wound healing. Several parameters control the functional scaffolds, such as fiber geometrical characteristics and alignment, architecture, etc. As it is based on nanotechnology, the concept of this approach has shown a strong evolution in terms of the forms of the materials used (aerogels, microspheres, etc.), the incorporated microorganisms used to treat diseases (cells, proteins, nuclei acids, etc.), and the manufacturing process in relation to the control of adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of the mimetic nanofibers. However, several difficulties are still considered as huge challenges for scientists to overcome in relation to scaffolds design and properties (hydrophilicity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility) but also in relation to transferring biological nanofibers products into practical industrial use by way of a highly efficient bio-solution. In this article, the authors review current progress in the materials and processes used by the electrospinning technique to develop novel fibrous scaffolds with suitable design and that more closely mimic structure. A specific interest will be given to the use of this approach as an emergent technology for the treatment of bacteria and viruses such as COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33809620,
year = {2021},
author = {Bernatova, I and Liskova, S},
title = {Mechanisms Modified by (-)-Epicatechin and Taxifolin Relevant for the Treatment of Hypertension and Viral Infection: Knowledge from Preclinical Studies.},
journal = {Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {10},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33809620},
issn = {2076-3921},
support = {APVV-16-0263//Agentúra na Podporu Výskumu a Vývoja/ ; PP-COVID-20-0043//Agentúra na Podporu Výskumu a Vývoja/ ; 2/0160/17//Vedecká Grantová Agentúra MŠVVaŠ SR a SAV/ ; 2/0157/21//Vedecká Grantová Agentúra MŠVVaŠ SR a SAV/ ; },
abstract = {Various studies have shown that certain flavonoids, flavonoid-containing plant extracts, and foods can improve human health. Experimental studies showed that flavonoids have the capacity to alter physiological processes as well as cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with their antioxidant properties. An important function of flavonoids was determined in the cardiovascular system, namely their capacity to lower blood pressure and to improve endothelial function. (-)-Epicatechin and taxifolin are two flavonoids with notable antihypertensive effects and multiple beneficial actions in the cardiovascular system, but they also possess antiviral effects, which may be of particular importance in the ongoing pandemic situation. Thus, this review is focused on the current knowledge of (-)-epicatechin as well as (+)-taxifolin and/or (-)-taxifolin-modified biological action and underlining molecular mechanisms determined in preclinical studies, which are relevant not only to the treatment of hypertension per se but may provide additional antiviral benefits that could be relevant to the treatment of hypertensive subjects with SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
}
@article {pmid33809421,
year = {2021},
author = {Kazemian, N and Kao, D and Pakpour, S},
title = {Fecal Microbiota Transplantation during and Post-COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {22},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {33809421},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {COVID-19/*epidemiology ; Clostridium Infections/therapy ; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation/adverse effects/*methods ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Humans ; Lung/physiopathology ; *Pandemics ; Treatment Outcome ; },
abstract = {COVID-19 is a major pandemic facing the world today, which has implications on current microbiome-based treatments such as fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) used for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infections. The bidirectional relationship between the inhabitants of our gut, the gut microbiota, and COVID-19 pathogenesis, as well as the underlying mechanism involved, must be elucidated in order to increase FMT safety and efficacy. In this perspective, we discuss the crucial cross-talk between the gut microbiota and the lungs, known as the gut-lung axis, during COVID-19 infection, as well as the putative effect of these microorganisms and their functional activity (i.e., short chain fatty acids and bile acids) on FMT treatment. In addition, we highlight the urgent need to investigate the possible impact of COVID-19 on FMT safety and efficacy, as well as instilling stringent screening protocols of donors and recipients during COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 pandemic to produce a cohesive and optimized FMT treatment plan across all centers and in all countries across the globe.},
}
@article {pmid33809265,
year = {2021},
author = {Hancock, JT and Rouse, RC and Stone, E and Greenhough, A},
title = {Interacting Proteins, Polymorphisms and the Susceptibility of Animals to SARS-CoV-2.},
journal = {Animals : an open access journal from MDPI},
volume = {11},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33809265},
issn = {2076-2615},
abstract = {COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a world-wide problem for the human population. It is known that some animal species, such as mink, can become infected and transmit the virus. However, the susceptibility of most animals is not known. Here, we review the use of sequence analysis of the proteins which are known to interact with SARS-CoV-2 as a way to estimate an animal's susceptibility. Although most such work concentrates on the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2), here TMPRSS2 (Transmembrane Serine Protease 2), neuropilin-1 and furin are also considered. Polymorphisms, especially ones which are known to alter viral/host interactions are also discussed. Analysis of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 protein sequences across species suggests this approach may be of some utility in predicting susceptibility; however, this analysis fails to highlight some susceptible animals such as mink. However, combined with observational data which emerges over time about which animals actually become infected, this may, in the future, be a useful tool to assist the management of risks associated with human/animal contact and support conservation and animal welfare measures.},
}
@article {pmid33808998,
year = {2021},
author = {Wang, W and Thomas, R and Oh, J and Su, DM},
title = {Thymic Aging May Be Associated with COVID-19 Pathophysiology in the Elderly.},
journal = {Cells},
volume = {10},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33808998},
issn = {2073-4409},
support = {R01 AI121147/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; T32 AG020494/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; R01AI121147/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; T32 AG020494/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and particularly exhibits severe symptoms and mortality in elderly individuals. Mounting evidence shows that the characteristics of the age-related clinical severity of COVID-19 are attributed to insufficient antiviral immune function and excessive self-damaging immune reaction, involving T cell immunity and associated with pre-existing basal inflammation in the elderly. Age-related changes to T cell immunosenescence is characterized by not only restricted T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire diversity, accumulation of exhausted and/or senescent memory T cells, but also by increased self-reactive T cell- and innate immune cell-induced chronic inflammation, and accumulated and functionally enhanced polyclonal regulatory T (Treg) cells. Many of these changes can be traced back to age-related thymic involution/degeneration. How these changes contribute to differences in COVID-19 disease severity between young and aged patients is an urgent area of investigation. Therefore, we attempt to connect various clues in this field by reviewing and discussing recent research on the role of the thymus and T cells in COVID-19 immunity during aging (a synergistic effect of diminished responses to pathogens and enhanced responses to self) impacting age-related clinical severity of COVID-19. We also address potential combinational strategies to rejuvenate multiple aging-impacted immune system checkpoints by revival of aged thymic function, boosting peripheral T cell responses, and alleviating chronic, basal inflammation to improve the efficiency of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity and vaccination in the elderly.},
}
@article {pmid33808934,
year = {2021},
author = {Mosselhy, DA and Virtanen, J and Kant, R and He, W and Elbahri, M and Sironen, T},
title = {COVID-19 Pandemic: What about the Safety of Anti-Coronavirus Nanoparticles?.},
journal = {Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {11},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33808934},
issn = {2079-4991},
abstract = {Every day, new information is presented with respect to how to best combat the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This manuscript sheds light on such recent findings, including new co-factors (i.e., neuropilin-1) and routes (i.e., olfactory transmucosal) allowing cell entry of SARS-CoV-2 and induction of neurological symptoms, as well as the new SARS-CoV-2 variants. We highlight the SARS-CoV-2 human-animal interfaces and elaborate containment strategies using the same vaccination (i.e., nanoparticle &quot;NP&quot; formulations of the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines) for humans, minks, raccoon dogs, cats, and zoo animals. We investigate the toxicity issues of anti-CoV NPs (i.e., plasmonic NPs and quantum dots) on different levels. Namely, nano-bio interfaces (i.e., protein corona), in vitro (i.e., lung cells) and in vivo (i.e., zebrafish embryos) assessments, and impacts on humans are discussed in a narrative supported by original figures. Ultimately, we express our skeptical opinion on the comprehensive administration of such antiviral nanotheranostics, even when integrated into facemasks, because of their reported toxicities and the different NP parameters (e.g., size, shape, surface charge, and purity and chemical composition of NPs) that govern their end toxicity. We believe that more toxicity studies should be performed and be presented, clarifying the odds of the safe administration of nanotoxocological solutions and the relief of a worried public.},
}
@article {pmid33808905,
year = {2021},
author = {Kyriakidis, I and Vasileiou, E and Pana, ZD and Tragiannidis, A},
title = {Acinetobacter baumannii Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms.},
journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {10},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33808905},
issn = {2076-0817},
abstract = {Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative ESKAPE microorganism that poses a threat to public health by causing severe and invasive (mostly nosocomial) infections linked with high mortality rates. During the last years, this pathogen displayed multidrug resistance (MDR), mainly due to extensive antibiotic abuse and poor stewardship. MDR isolates are associated with medical history of long hospitalization stays, presence of catheters, and mechanical ventilation, while immunocompromised and severely ill hosts predispose to invasive infections. Next-generation sequencing techniques have revolutionized diagnosis of severe A. baumannii infections, contributing to timely diagnosis and personalized therapeutic regimens according to the identification of the respective resistance genes. The aim of this review is to describe in detail all current knowledge on the genetic background of A. baumannii resistance mechanisms in humans as regards beta-lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams, and beta-lactamase inhibitors), aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin antibiotics, polymyxins, and others (amphenicols, oxazolidinones, rifamycins, fosfomycin, diaminopyrimidines, sulfonamides, glycopeptide, and lipopeptide antibiotics). Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance refer mainly to regulation of antibiotic transportation through bacterial membranes, alteration of the antibiotic target site, and enzymatic modifications resulting in antibiotic neutralization. Virulence factors that may affect antibiotic susceptibility profiles and confer drug resistance are also being discussed. Reports from cases of A. baumannii coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of resistance profiles and MDR genes have been investigated.},
}
@article {pmid33808754,
year = {2021},
author = {Abuga, K and Nyamweya, N},
title = {Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers in COVID-19 Prevention: A Multidimensional Perspective.},
journal = {Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {33808754},
issn = {2226-4787},
abstract = {The global use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS) as an important means of controlling the transmission of infectious disease has increased significantly as governments and public health agencies across the world advocated hand hygiene as a preventative measure during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the performance of these products is most commonly defined as a function of their alcohol concentration, they are multifaceted products in which an interplay of several factors is important in determining efficacy. This paper discusses the interplay between ABHS input (formulation) factors and output (product performance) factors in the context of a multidimensional perspective using a novel representative paradigm. In the model, represented in the form of a three-dimensional tetrahedron, each of the faces represents inputs in the manufacturing of the ABHS product, which are the type and amount of alcohol, the inactive ingredients, the formulation and the manufacturing practices. The four corners of the tetrahedron represent the product performance factors which include product efficacy, sensory characteristics, usage and compliance and product safety. The multidimensional approach to the formulation and evaluation of ABHS shows that several factors contribute to the effectiveness and utility of these products. The paradigm provides a useful framework for manufacturers of ABHS and related healthcare products.},
}
@article {pmid33808708,
year = {2021},
author = {Prescott, MJ and Clark, C and Dowling, WE and Shurtleff, AC},
title = {Opportunities for Refinement of Non-Human Primate Vaccine Studies.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {9},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33808708},
issn = {2076-393X},
abstract = {Non-human primates (NHPs) are used extensively in the development of vaccines and therapeutics for human disease. High standards in the design, conduct, and reporting of NHP vaccine studies are crucial for maximizing their scientific value and translation, and for making efficient use of precious resources. A key aspect is consideration of the 3Rs principles of replacement, reduction, and refinement. Funders of NHP research are placing increasing emphasis on the 3Rs, helping to ensure such studies are legitimate, ethical, and high-quality. The UK's National Centre for the 3Rs (NC3Rs) and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) have collaborated on a range of initiatives to support vaccine developers to implement the 3Rs, including hosting an international workshop in 2019. The workshop identified opportunities to refine NHP vaccine studies to minimize harm and improve welfare, which can yield better quality, more reproducible data. Careful animal selection, social housing, extensive environmental enrichment, training for cooperation with husbandry and procedures, provision of supportive care, and implementation of early humane endpoints are features of contemporary good practice that should and can be adopted more widely. The requirement for high-level biocontainment for some pathogens imposes challenges to implementing refinement but these are not insurmountable.},
}
@article {pmid33808658,
year = {2021},
author = {Kloc, M and Uosef, A and Kubiak, JZ and Ghobrial, RM},
title = {Exaptation of Retroviral Syncytin for Development of Syncytialized Placenta, Its Limited Homology to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Arguments against Disturbing Narrative in the Context of COVID-19 Vaccination.},
journal = {Biology},
volume = {10},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33808658},
issn = {2079-7737},
abstract = {Human placenta formation relies on the interaction between fused trophoblast cells of the embryo with uterine endometrium. The fusion between trophoblast cells, first into cytotrophoblast and then into syncytiotrophoblast, is facilitated by the fusogenic protein syncytin. Syncytin derives from an envelope glycoprotein (ENV) of retroviral origin. In exogenous retroviruses, the envelope glycoproteins coded by env genes allow fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane and entry of the virus into a host cell. During mammalian evolution, the env genes have been repeatedly, and independently, captured by various mammalian species to facilitate the formation of the placenta. Such a shift in the function of a gene, or a trait, for a different purpose during evolution is called an exaptation (co-option). We discuss the structure and origin of the placenta, the fusogenic and non-fusogenic functions of syncytin, and the mechanism of cell fusion. We also comment on an alleged danger of the COVID-19 vaccine based on the presupposed similarity between syncytin and the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.},
}
@article {pmid33808640,
year = {2021},
author = {Ulanowska, M and Olas, B},
title = {Modulation of Hemostasis in COVID-19; Blood Platelets May Be Important Pieces in the COVID-19 Puzzle.},
journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {10},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33808640},
issn = {2076-0817},
abstract = {Although the precise pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) currently remains unknown, its complex nature is gradually being revealed. COVID-19 is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and leads to respiratory dysfunction. Studies on hemostatic parameters have showed that COVID-19 significantly affects the disruption of the coagulation system and may contribute to coagulation and thrombotic events. A relevant cause of hemostasis disorders is inflammation and cytokine storms, which cause, for example, endothelial dysfunction in blood vessels. In order to prevent and treat states of hypercoagulability and thrombosis, the administration of anticoagulants, e.g., heparin, is recommended. The present mini-review describes the relationship between hemostasis and COVID-19, and discusses whether this relationship may cast light on the nature of COVID-19. The present short manuscript also examines the relationship between blood platelets and COVID-19. In addition, the paper explores the potential use of antiplatelet drugs in COVID-19 cases. The studies were identified by searching electronic databases, including PubMed and SCOPUS.},
}
@article {pmid33808574,
year = {2021},
author = {Ricordi, C and Pacifici, F and Lanzoni, G and Palamara, AT and Garaci, E and Della-Morte, D},
title = {Dietary and Protective Factors to Halt or Mitigate Progression of Autoimmunity, COVID-19 and Its Associated Metabolic Diseases.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {22},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {33808574},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {Autoimmune Diseases/complications/*diet therapy ; COVID-19/complications/*diet therapy ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/diet therapy/etiology ; *Diet ; Disease Progression ; Humans ; Metabolic Diseases/complications/*diet therapy ; Thrombophilia/diet therapy/etiology ; },
abstract = {COVID-19 is without any doubt the worst pandemic we have faced since the H1N1 virus outbreak. Even if vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection is becoming increasingly available, a more feasible approach for COVID-19 prevention and therapy is still needed. Evidence of a pathological link between metabolic diseases and severe forms of COVID-19 has stimulated critical reflection and new considerations. In particular, an abnormal immune response observed in certain patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection suggested possible common predisposing risk factors with autoimmune diseases such as Type 1 Diabetes (T1D). Correct supplementation with dietary factors may be key to preventing and counteracting both the underlying metabolic impairment and the complications of COVID-19. A set of agents may inhibit the cytokine storm and hypercoagulability that characterize severe COVID-19 infection: vitamin D3, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols like pterostilbene, polydatin and honokiol, which can activate anti-inflammatory and antioxidant sirtuins pathways, quercetin, vitamin C, zinc, melatonin, lactoferrin and glutathione. These agents could be highly beneficial for subjects who have altered immune responses. In this review, we discuss the antiviral and metabolic effects of these dietary factors and propose their combination for potential applications in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Rigorous studies will be fundamental for validating preventive and therapeutic protocols that could be of assistance to mitigate disease progression following SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
}
@article {pmid33808490,
year = {2021},
author = {Valentini, P and Sodero, G and Buonsenso, D},
title = {The Relationship between COVID-19 and Innate Immunity in Children: A Review.},
journal = {Children (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {8},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/children8040266},
pmid = {33808490},
issn = {2227-9067},
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus responsible for the pandemic viral pneumonia that was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and has since rapidly spread around the world. The number of COVID-19 cases recorded in pediatric age is around 1% of the total. The immunological mechanisms that lead to a lower susceptibility or severity of pediatric patients are not entirely clear. At the same time, the immune dysregulation found in those children who developed the multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIC-S) is not yet fully understood. The aim of this review is to analyze the possible influence of children's innate immune systems, considering the risk of contracting the virus, spreading it, and developing symptomatic disease or complications related to infection.},
}
@article {pmid33808457,
year = {2021},
author = {Isabet, B and Pino, M and Lewis, M and Benveniste, S and Rigaud, AS},
title = {Social Telepresence Robots: A Narrative Review of Experiments Involving Older Adults before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {18},
number = {7},
pages = {},
pmid = {33808457},
issn = {1660-4601},
mesh = {Aged ; *COVID-19 ; Humans ; Loneliness ; Pandemics ; *Robotics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Social Isolation ; },
abstract = {Social isolation is a common phenomenon among the elderly. Retirement, widowhood, and increased prevalence of chronic diseases in this age group lead to a decline in social relationships, which in turn has adverse consequences on health and well-being. The coronavirus COVID-19 crisis worsened this situation, raising interest for mobile telepresence robots (MTR) that would help create, maintain, and strengthen social relationships. MTR are tools equipped with a camera, monitor, microphone, and speaker, with a body on wheels that allows for remote-controlled and sometimes autonomous movement aiming to provide easy access to assistance and networking services. We conducted a narrative review of literature describing experimental studies of MTR involving elderly people over the last 20 years, including during the COVID-19 period. The aim of this review was to examine whether MTR use was beneficial for reducing loneliness and social isolation among older adults at home and in health and care institutions and to examine the current benefits and barriers to their use and implementation. We screened 1754 references and included 24 research papers focusing on the usability, acceptability, and effectiveness of MTR. News reports on MTR use during the COVID-19 period were also examined. A qualitative, multidimensional analysis methodology inspired by a health technology assessment model was used to identify facilitating and limiting factors and investigate if and how MTR could reduce social isolation in elderly people. Reviewed studies provide encouraging evidence that MTR have potential in this regard, as experiments report positive feedback on MTR design and core functionalities. However, our analysis also points to specific technical, ergonomic, and ethical challenges that remain to be solved, highlighting the need for further multidimensional research on the design and impact of MTR interventions for older adults and building on new insights gained during the COVID-19 pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid33808455,
year = {2021},
author = {Kamiya, K and Komine, M and Ohtsuki, M},
title = {Biologics for Psoriasis during the COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {10},
number = {7},
pages = {},
pmid = {33808455},
issn = {2077-0383},
abstract = {Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory disease that predominantly affects the skin and joints. The recent therapeutic development for psoriasis has been remarkable and biologics have dramatically changed the treatment of psoriasis. In moderate-to-severe cases, systemic therapies are required to control their symptoms and biologics can provide greater efficacy when compared with other types of therapies. The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has had a great impact on the lives of many people and has worsened substantially worldwide. During the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, it still remains unclear whether biologics suppress the immune system and increase the risk of COVID-19. In this review, we have summarized the experience with biologics used for treating psoriasis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Biologics seem to be beneficial to COVID-19 infection. Shared decision-making that is based on updated information is highlighted in the time of COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33808380,
year = {2021},
author = {Essa, WK and Yasin, SA and Saeed, IA and Ali, GAM},
title = {Nanofiber-Based Face Masks and Respirators as COVID-19 Protection: A Review.},
journal = {Membranes},
volume = {11},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/membranes11040250},
pmid = {33808380},
issn = {2077-0375},
support = {PEER/Iraq project/cycle 6//USAID Partnerships for Enhanced Engagement in Research (PEER) Program/ ; },
abstract = {Wearing face masks, use of respirators, social distancing, and practicing personal hygiene are all measures to prevent the spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). This pandemic has revealed the deficiency of face masks and respirators across the world. Therefore, significant efforts are needed to develop air filtration and purification technologies, as well as innovative, alternative antibacterial and antiviral treatment methods. It has become urgent-in order for humankind to have a sustainable future-to provide a feasible solution to air pollution, particularly to capture fine inhalable particulate matter in the air. In this review, we present, concisely, the air pollutants and adverse health effects correlated with long- and short-term exposure to humans; we provide information about certified face masks and respirators, their compositions, filtration mechanisms, and the variations between surgical masks and N95 respirators, in order to alleviate confusion and misinformation. Then, we summarize the electrospun nanofiber-based filters and their unique properties to improve the filtration efficiency of face masks and respirators.},
}
@article {pmid33808361,
year = {2021},
author = {Ceresa, C and Fracchia, L and Fedeli, E and Porta, C and Banat, IM},
title = {Recent Advances in Biomedical, Therapeutic and Pharmaceutical Applications of Microbial Surfactants.},
journal = {Pharmaceutics},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/pharmaceutics13040466},
pmid = {33808361},
issn = {1999-4923},
support = {FAR project 2019//Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale &quot;A. Avogadro&quot;/ ; },
abstract = {The spread of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens typically existing in biofilm formation and the recent COVID-19 pandemic, although unrelated phenomena, have demonstrated the urgent need for methods to combat such increasing threats. New avenues of research for natural molecules with desirable properties to alleviate this situation have, therefore, been expanding. Biosurfactants comprise a group of unique and varied amphiphilic molecules of microbial origin capable of interacting with lipidic membranes/components of microorganisms and altering their physicochemical properties. These features have encouraged closer investigations of these microbial metabolites as new pharmaceutics with potential applications in clinical, hygiene and therapeutic fields. Mounting evidence has indicated that biosurfactants have antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antiviral, immunomodulatory and antiproliferative activities that are exploitable in new anticancer treatments and wound healing applications. Some biosurfactants have already been approved for use in clinical, food and environmental fields, while others are currently under investigation and development as antimicrobials or adjuvants to antibiotics for microbial suppression and biofilm eradication strategies. Moreover, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, biosurfactants are now being explored as an alternative to current products or procedures for effective cleaning and handwash formulations, antiviral plastic and fabric surface coating agents for shields and masks. In addition, biosurfactants have shown promise as drug delivery systems and in the medicinal relief of symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2 acute respiratory distress syndrome.},
}
@article {pmid33808216,
year = {2021},
author = {Snowden, LR and Snowden, JM},
title = {Coronavirus Trauma and African Americans' Mental Health: Seizing Opportunities for Transformational Change.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {18},
number = {7},
pages = {},
pmid = {33808216},
issn = {1660-4601},
mesh = {African Americans ; *COVID-19 ; *Coronavirus ; Humans ; Mental Health ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; United States/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic is a natural disaster of historic proportions with widespread and profound psychological sequelae. African Americans fall ill and die more than whites from COVID and more survivors and loved ones face psychological risk. African Americans also experience greater personal, social, and financial stress even when not personally touched by COVID illness, and they are again vulnerable as COVID diminishes African American community's capacity for mutual support. Enactment of the American Rescue Act of 2021 can moderate if not eliminate African Americans' greater adversity and greater psychological challenge; other provisions can move the mental health treatment system beyond its previous failure to reach African Americans as it constructively responds to the crisis that COVID presents. From outreach through trusted community actors and institutions for meeting African Americans' needs of varying intensity and duration, and by providing a spectrum of evidence supported interventions-culturally adapted as needed-newfound success can mark a turning point toward new approaches and lasting success.},
}
@article {pmid33808197,
year = {2021},
author = {Menzella, F and Ghidoni, G and Galeone, C and Capobelli, S and Scelfo, C and Facciolongo, NC},
title = {Immunological Aspects Related to Viral Infections in Severe Asthma and the Role of Omalizumab.},
journal = {Biomedicines},
volume = {9},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/biomedicines9040348},
pmid = {33808197},
issn = {2227-9059},
abstract = {Viral respiratory infections are recognized risk factors for the loss of control of allergic asthma and the induction of exacerbations, both in adults and children. Severe asthma is more susceptible to virus-induced asthma exacerbations, especially in the presence of high IgE levels. In the course of immune responses to viruses, an initial activation of innate immunity typically occurs and the production of type I and III interferons is essential in the control of viral spread. However, the Th2 inflammatory environment still appears to be protective against viral infections in general and in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections as well. As for now, literature data, although extremely limited and preliminary, show that severe asthma patients treated with biologics don't have an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection or progression to severe forms compared to the non-asthmatic population. Omalizumab, an anti-IgE monoclonal antibody, exerts a profound cellular effect, which can stabilize the effector cells, and is becoming much more efficient from the point of view of innate immunity in contrasting respiratory viral infections. In addition to the antiviral effect, clinical efficacy and safety of this biological allow a great improvement in the management of asthma.},
}
@article {pmid33808104,
year = {2021},
author = {Costa, J and Ferreira, EC and Santos, C},
title = {COVID-19, Chikungunya, Dengue and Zika Diseases: An Analytical Platform Based on MALDI-TOF MS, IR Spectroscopy and RT-qPCR for Accurate Diagnosis and Accelerate Epidemics Control.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {9},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms9040708},
pmid = {33808104},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {Ph.D. grant no 21181445//Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica/ ; },
abstract = {COVID-19 and arboviruses (ARBOD) epidemics co-occurrence is a great concern. In tropical and subtropical regions, ARBOD diseases such as chikungunya, dengue, and Zika are frequent. In both COVID-19 and ARBOD cases, an accurate diagnosis of infected patients is crucial to promote adequate treatment and isolation measures in COVID-19 cases. Overlap of clinical symptoms and laboratory parameters between COVID-19 and ARBOD present themselves as an extra challenge during diagnosis. COVID-19 diagnosis is mainly performed by quantitative reverse polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), while ARBOD diagnosis is performed by serology, detection of antigen or antibody, and molecular diagnosis. In this review, the epidemiologic profile of arboviruses and SARS-CoV-2 is analyzed, and potential risks of symptom overlap is addressed. The implementation of an analytical platform based on infrared (IR) spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and RT-qPCR is discussed as an efficient strategy for a fast, robust, reliable, and cost-effective diagnosis system even during the co-occurrence of virus outbreaks. The spectral data of IR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF MS obtained from COVID-19 infected and recovered patients can be used to build up an integrated spectral database. This approach can enable us to determine quickly the groups that have been exposed and have recovered from COVID-19 or ARBOD, avoiding misdiagnoses.},
}
@article {pmid33807988,
year = {2021},
author = {Taroncher-Oldenburg, G and Müller, C and Obermann, W and Ziebuhr, J and Hartmann, RK and Grünweller, A},
title = {Targeting the DEAD-Box RNA Helicase eIF4A with Rocaglates-A Pan-Antiviral Strategy for Minimizing the Impact of Future RNA Virus Pandemics.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {9},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33807988},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {HELIATAR//Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung/ ; LOEWE center DRUID Project A2//Hessisches Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kunst/ ; },
abstract = {The increase in pandemics caused by RNA viruses of zoonotic origin highlights the urgent need for broad-spectrum antivirals against novel and re-emerging RNA viruses. Broad-spectrum antivirals could be deployed as first-line interventions during an outbreak while virus-specific drugs and vaccines are developed and rolled out. Viruses depend on the host's protein synthesis machinery for replication. Several natural compounds that target the cellular DEAD-box RNA helicase eIF4A, a key component of the eukaryotic translation initiation complex eIF4F, have emerged as potential broad-spectrum antivirals. Rocaglates, a group of flavaglines of plant origin that clamp mRNAs with highly structured 5' untranslated regions (5'UTRs) onto the surface of eIF4A through specific stacking interactions, exhibit the largest selectivity and potential therapeutic indices among all known eIF4A inhibitors. Their unique mechanism of action limits the inhibitory effect of rocaglates to the translation of eIF4A-dependent viral mRNAs and a minor fraction of host mRNAs exhibiting stable RNA secondary structures and/or polypurine sequence stretches in their 5'UTRs, resulting in minimal potential toxic side effects. Maintaining a favorable safety profile while inducing efficient inhibition of a broad spectrum of RNA viruses makes rocaglates into primary candidates for further development as pan-antiviral therapeutics.},
}
@article {pmid33807915,
year = {2021},
author = {Pojero, F and Candore, G and Caruso, C and Di Bona, D and Groneberg, DA and Ligotti, ME and Accardi, G and Aiello, A},
title = {The Role of Immunogenetics in COVID-19.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {22},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {33807915},
issn = {1422-0067},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is induced by SARS-CoV-2 and may arise as a variety of clinical manifestations, ranging from an asymptomatic condition to a life-threatening disease associated with cytokine storm, multiorgan and respiratory failure. The molecular mechanism behind such variability is still under investigation. Several pieces of experimental evidence suggest that genetic variants influencing the onset, maintenance and resolution of the immune response may be fundamental in predicting the evolution of the disease. The identification of genetic variants behind immune system reactivity and function in COVID-19 may help in the elaboration of personalized therapeutic strategies. In the frenetic look for universally shared treatment plans, those genetic variants that are common to other diseases/models may also help in addressing future research in terms of drug repurposing. In this paper, we discuss the most recent updates about the role of immunogenetics in determining the susceptibility to and the history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We propose a narrative review of available data, speculating about lessons that we have learnt from other viral infections and immunosenescence, and discussing what kind of aspects of research should be deepened in order to improve our knowledge of how host genetic variability impacts the outcome for COVID-19 patients.},
}
@article {pmid33807839,
year = {2021},
author = {Funk, CD and Laferrière, C and Ardakani, A},
title = {Target Product Profile Analysis of COVID-19 Vaccines in Phase III Clinical Trials and Beyond: An Early 2021 Perspective.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {13},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33807839},
issn = {1999-4915},
abstract = {The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has infected more than 100 million people globally and caused over 2.5 million deaths in just over one year since its discovery in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The pandemic has evoked widespread collateral damage to societies and economies, and has destabilized mental health and well-being. Early in 2020, unprecedented efforts went into the development of vaccines that generate effective antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Teams developing twelve candidate vaccines, based on four platforms (messenger RNA, non-replicating viral vector, protein/virus-like particle, and inactivated virus) had initiated or announced the Phase III clinical trial stage by early November 2020, with several having received emergency use authorization in less than a year. Vaccine rollout has proceeded around the globe. Previously, we and others had proposed a target product profile (TPP) for ideal/optimal and acceptable/minimal COVID-19 vaccines. How well do these candidate vaccines stack up to a harmonized TPP? Here, we perform a comparative analysis in several categories of these candidate vaccines based on the latest available trial data and highlight the early successes as well as the hurdles and barriers yet to be overcome for ending the global COVID-19 pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid33807818,
year = {2021},
author = {Rogliani, P and Chetta, A and Cazzola, M and Calzetta, L},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies: A Network Meta-Analysis across Vaccines.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {9},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33807818},
issn = {2076-393X},
abstract = {Background: There are no studies providing head-to-head comparison across SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Therefore, we compared the efficacy of candidate vaccines in inducing neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Methods: A network meta-analysis was performed to compare the peak levels of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies across candidate vaccines. Data were reported as standardized mean difference (SMD) since the outcome was assessed via different metrics and methods across the studies. Results: Data obtained from 836 healthy adult vaccine recipients were extracted from 11 studies. BBIBP-CorV, AZD1222, BNT162b2, New Crown COVID-19, and Sputnik V induced a very large effect on the level of neutralizing antibodies (SMD > 1.3); CoVLP, CoronaVac, NVX-CoV2373, and Ad5-nCoV induced a large effect (SMD > 0.8 to ≤1.3); and Ad26.COV2.S induced a medium effect (SMD > 0.5 to ≤0.8). BBIBP-CorV and AZD122 were more effective (p < 0.05) than Ad26.COV2.S, Ad5-nCoV, mRNA-1237, CoronaVac, NVX-CoV2373, CoVLP, and New Crown COVID-19; New Crown COVID-19 was more effective (p < 0.05) than Ad26.COV2.S, Ad5-nCoV, and mRNA-1237; CoronaVac was more effective (p < 0.05) than Ad26.COV2.S and Ad5-nCoV; and Sputnik V and BNT162b2 were more effective (p < 0.05) than Ad26.COV2.S. In recipients aged ≤60 years, AZD1222, BBIBP-CorV, and mRNA-1237 were the most effective candidate vaccines. Conclusion: All the candidate vaccines induced significant levels of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies, but only AZD1222 and mRNA-1237 were certainly tested in patients aged ≥70 years. Compared with AZD1222, BNT162b and mRNA-1237 have the advantage that they can be quickly re-engineered to mimic new mutations of SARS-CoV-2.},
}
@article {pmid33807743,
year = {2021},
author = {Patocka, J and Kuca, K and Oleksak, P and Nepovimova, E and Valis, M and Novotny, M and Klimova, B},
title = {Rapamycin: Drug Repurposing in SARS-CoV-2 Infection.},
journal = {Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33807743},
issn = {1424-8247},
support = {VT2019-2021//UHK/ ; FN HK 00179906//Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic/ ; PROGRES Q40//Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic/ ; },
abstract = {Since December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has been a worldwide pandemic with enormous consequences for human health and the world economy. Remdesivir is the only drug in the world that has been approved for the treating of COVID-19. This drug, as well as vaccination, still has uncertain effectiveness. Drug repurposing could be a promising strategy how to find an appropriate molecule: rapamycin could be one of them. The authors performed a systematic literature review of available studies on the research describing rapamycin in association with COVID-19 infection. Only peer-reviewed English-written articles from the world's acknowledged databases Web of Science, PubMed, Springer and Scopus were involved. Five articles were eventually included in the final analysis. The findings indicate that rapamycin seems to be a suitable candidate for drug repurposing. In addition, it may represent a better candidate for COVID-19 therapy than commonly tested antivirals. It is also likely that its efficiency will not be reduced by the high rate of viral RNA mutation.},
}
@article {pmid33807592,
year = {2021},
author = {Fricke-Galindo, I and Falfán-Valencia, R},
title = {Pharmacogenetics Approach for the Improvement of COVID-19 Treatment.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {13},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33807592},
issn = {1999-4915},
abstract = {The treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a challenge. The efficacy of several drugs has been evaluated and variability in drug response has been observed. Pharmacogenetics could explain this variation and improve patients' outcomes with this complex disease; nevertheless, several disease-related issues must be carefully reviewed in the pharmacogenetic study of COVID-19 treatment. We aimed to describe the pharmacogenetic variants reported for drugs used for COVID-19 treatment (remdesivir, oseltamivir, lopinavir, ritonavir, azithromycin, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, ivermectin, and dexamethasone). In addition, other factors relevant to the design of pharmacogenetic studies were mentioned. Variants in CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2C8, CY2D6, ABCB1, ABCC2, and SLCO1B1, among other variants, could be included in pharmacogenetic studies of COVID-19 treatment. Besides, nongenetic factors such as drug-drug interactions and inflammation should be considered in the search for personalized therapy of COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33807579,
year = {2021},
author = {Kounis, NG and Koniari, I and de Gregorio, C and Velissaris, D and Petalas, K and Brinia, A and Assimakopoulos, SF and Gogos, C and Kouni, SN and Kounis, GN and Calogiuri, G and Hung, MY},
title = {Allergic Reactions to Current Available COVID-19 Vaccinations: Pathophysiology, Causality, and Therapeutic Considerations.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {9},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33807579},
issn = {2076-393X},
abstract = {Vaccines constitute the most effective medications in public health as they control and prevent the spread of infectious diseases and reduce mortality. Similar to other medications, allergic reactions can occur during vaccination. While most reactions are neither frequent nor serious, anaphylactic reactions are potentially life-threatening allergic reactions that are encountered rarely, but can cause serious complications. The allergic responses caused by vaccines can stem from activation of mast cells via Fcε receptor-1 type I reaction, mediated by the interaction between immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies against a particular vaccine, and occur within minutes or up to four hours. The type IV allergic reactions initiate 48 h after vaccination and demonstrate their peak between 72 and 96 h. Non-IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation via activation of the complement system and via activation of the Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 can also induce allergic reactions. Reactions are more often caused by inert substances, called excipients, which are added to vaccines to improve stability and absorption, increase solubility, influence palatability, or create a distinctive appearance, and not by the active vaccine itself. Polyethylene glycol, also known as macrogol, in the currently available Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, and polysorbate 80, also known as Tween 80, in AstraZeneca and Johnson &amp; Johnson COVID-19 vaccines, are excipients mostly incriminated for allergic reactions. This review will summarize the current state of knowledge of immediate and delayed allergic reactions in the currently available vaccines against COVID-19, together with the general and specific therapeutic considerations. These considerations include: The incidence of allergic reactions and deaths under investigation with the available vaccines, application of vaccination in patients with mast cell disease, patients who developed an allergy during the first dose, vasovagal symptoms masquerading as allergic reactions, the COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy, deaths associated with COVID-19 vaccination, and questions arising in managing of this current ordeal. Careful vaccine-safety surveillance over time, in conjunction with the elucidation of mechanisms of adverse events across different COVID-19 vaccine platforms, will contribute to the development of a safe vaccine strategy. Allergists' expertise in proper diagnosis and treatment of allergic reactions is vital for the screening of high-risk individuals.},
}
@article {pmid33807522,
year = {2021},
author = {Kaneto, H and Kimura, T and Obata, A and Shimoda, M and Kaku, K},
title = {Multifaceted Mechanisms of Action of Metformin Which Have Been Unraveled One after Another in the Long History.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {22},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {33807522},
issn = {1422-0067},
abstract = {While there are various kinds of drugs for type 2 diabetes mellitus at present, in this review article, we focus on metformin which is an insulin sensitizer and is often used as a first-choice drug worldwide. Metformin mainly activates adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the liver which leads to suppression of fatty acid synthesis and gluconeogenesis. Metformin activates AMPK in skeletal muscle as well, which increases translocation of glucose transporter 4 to the cell membrane and thereby increases glucose uptake. Further, metformin suppresses glucagon signaling in the liver by suppressing adenylate cyclase which leads to suppression of gluconeogenesis. In addition, metformin reduces autophagy failure observed in pancreatic β-cells under diabetic conditions. Furthermore, it is known that metformin alters the gut microbiome and facilitates the transport of glucose from the circulation into excrement. It is also known that metformin reduces food intake and lowers body weight by increasing circulating levels of the peptide hormone growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). Furthermore, much attention has been drawn to the fact that the frequency of various cancers is lower in subjects taking metformin. Metformin suppresses the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) by activating AMPK in pre-neoplastic cells, which leads to suppression of cell growth and an increase in apoptosis in pre-neoplastic cells. It has been shown recently that metformin consumption potentially influences the mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19). Taken together, metformin is an old drug, but multifaceted mechanisms of action of metformin have been unraveled one after another in its long history.},
}
@article {pmid33807516,
year = {2021},
author = {Queiroz, AMV and Oliveira, JWF and Moreno, CJ and Guérin, DMA and Silva, MS},
title = {VLP-Based Vaccines as a Suitable Technology to Target Trypanosomatid Diseases.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {9},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33807516},
issn = {2076-393X},
abstract = {Research on vaccines against trypanosomatids, a family of protozoa that cause neglected tropical diseases, such as Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, and sleeping sickness, is a current need. Today, according to modern vaccinology, virus-like particle (VLP) technology is involved in many vaccines, including those undergoing studies related to COVID-19. The potential use of VLPs as vaccine adjuvants opens an opportunity for the use of protozoan antigens for the development of vaccines against diseases caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania spp., and Trypanosoma brucei. In this context, it is important to consider the evasion mechanisms of these protozoa in the host and the antigens involved in the mechanisms of the parasite-host interaction. Thus, the immunostimulatory properties of VLPs can be part of an important strategy for the development and evaluation of new vaccines. This work aims to highlight the potential of VLPs as vaccine adjuvants for the development of immunity in complex diseases, specifically in the context of tropical diseases caused by trypanosomatids.},
}
@article {pmid33807474,
year = {2021},
author = {Atkinson, EL and Iegre, J and Brear, PD and Zhabina, EA and Hyvönen, M and Spring, DR},
title = {Downfalls of Chemical Probes Acting at the Kinase ATP-Site: CK2 as a Case Study.},
journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {26},
number = {7},
pages = {},
pmid = {33807474},
issn = {1420-3049},
mesh = {Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; COVID-19 ; Casein Kinase II/chemistry/*metabolism ; Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole/chemistry/pharmacology ; Humans ; Molecular Probes/*chemistry/metabolism ; Naphthyridines/chemistry/pharmacology ; Phenazines/chemistry/pharmacology ; Polyphenols/chemistry/pharmacology ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/*chemistry/pharmacology ; Protein Kinases/*chemistry/*metabolism ; },
abstract = {Protein kinases are a large class of enzymes with numerous biological roles and many have been implicated in a vast array of diseases, including cancer and the novel coronavirus infection COVID-19. Thus, the development of chemical probes to selectively target each kinase is of great interest. Inhibition of protein kinases with ATP-competitive inhibitors has historically been the most widely used method. However, due to the highly conserved structures of ATP-sites, the identification of truly selective chemical probes is challenging. In this review, we use the Ser/Thr kinase CK2 as an example to highlight the historical challenges in effective and selective chemical probe development, alongside recent advances in the field and alternative strategies aiming to overcome these problems. The methods utilised for CK2 can be applied to an array of protein kinases to aid in the discovery of chemical probes to further understand each kinase's biology, with wide-reaching implications for drug development.},
}
@article {pmid33807029,
year = {2021},
author = {Janda, K and Gutowska, I and Geszke-Moritz, M and Jakubczyk, K},
title = {The Common Cichory (Cichorium intybus L.) as a Source of Extracts with Health-Promoting Properties-A Review.},
journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {26},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {33807029},
issn = {1420-3049},
mesh = {Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry/pharmacology ; Antifungal Agents/chemistry/pharmacology ; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry/pharmacology ; Antiparasitic Agents/chemistry/pharmacology ; Antiviral Agents/chemistry/pharmacology ; COVID-19/drug therapy ; Chicory/*chemistry/physiology ; Cooking ; Food Hypersensitivity/etiology ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry/pharmacology ; Plant Extracts/*chemistry/*pharmacology ; Plants, Medicinal/chemistry ; },
abstract = {Natural products are gaining more interest recently, much of which focuses on those derived from medicinal plants. The common chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), of the Astraceae family, is a prime example of this trend. It has been proven to be a feasible source of biologically relevant elements (K, Fe, Ca), vitamins (A, B1, B2, C) as well as bioactive compounds (inulin, sesquiterpene lactones, coumarin derivatives, cichoric acid, phenolic acids), which exert potent pro-health effects on the human organism. It displays choleretic and digestion-promoting, as well as appetite-increasing, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial action, all owing to its varied phytochemical composition. Hence, chicory is used most often to treat gastrointestinal disorders. Chicory was among the plants with potential against SARS-CoV-2, too. To this and other ends, roots, herb, flowers and leaves are used. Apart from its phytochemical applications, chicory is also used in gastronomy as a coffee substitute, food or drink additive. The aim of this paper is to present, in the light of the recent literature, the chemical composition and properties of chicory.},
}
@article {pmid33806810,
year = {2021},
author = {Feng, E and Balint, E and Poznanski, SM and Ashkar, AA and Loeb, M},
title = {Aging and Interferons: Impacts on Inflammation and Viral Disease Outcomes.},
journal = {Cells},
volume = {10},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33806810},
issn = {2073-4409},
support = {2018//CIHR/Canada ; },
abstract = {As highlighted by the COVID-19 global pandemic, elderly individuals comprise the majority of cases of severe viral infection outcomes and death. A combined inability to control viral replication and exacerbated inflammatory immune activation in elderly patients causes irreparable immune-mediated tissue pathology in response to infection. Key to these responses are type I, II, and III interferons (IFNs), which are involved in inducing an antiviral response, as well as controlling and suppressing inflammation and immunopathology. IFNs support monocyte/macrophage-stimulated immune responses that clear infection and promote their immunosuppressive functions that prevent excess inflammation and immune-mediated pathology. The timing and magnitude of IFN responses to infection are critical towards their immunoregulatory functions and ability to prevent immunopathology. Aging is associated with multiple defects in the ability of macrophages and dendritic cells to produce IFNs in response to viral infection, leading to a dysregulation of inflammatory immune responses. Understanding the implications of aging on IFN-regulated inflammation will give critical insights on how to treat and prevent severe infection in vulnerable individuals. In this review, we describe the causes of impaired IFN production in aging, and the evidence to suggest that these impairments impact the regulation of the innate and adaptive immune response to infection, thereby causing disease pathology.},
}
@article {pmid33806704,
year = {2021},
author = {Zhang, W and He, H and Zhu, L and Liu, G and Wu, L},
title = {Food Safety in Post-COVID-19 Pandemic: Challenges and Countermeasures.},
journal = {Biosensors},
volume = {11},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33806704},
issn = {2079-6374},
support = {31801638//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31660495//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 201910FE016//fund of Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education)/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; COVID-19/*prevention &amp; control/virology ; Food/*virology ; Food Safety ; Humans ; Pandemics/*prevention &amp; control ; SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity ; },
abstract = {Understanding food safety hazard risks is essential to avoid potential negative heath impacts in the food supply chain in a post-COVID-19 pandemic era. Development of strategies for virus direction in foods plays an important role in food safety and verification. Early warning, tracing, and detection should be implemented as an integrated system in order to mitigate thecoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, in which the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical as it not only concerns screening of populations but also monitoring of possible contaminated sources such as the food supply chain. In this review, we point out the consequences in different aspects of our daily life in the post-COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of the food supply chain and the food industry. We summarize the possible transmission routes of COVID-19 in the food supply chain before exploring the development of corresponding detection tools of SARS-CoV-2. Accordingly, we compare different detection methods for the virus in foods, including different pretreatments of food matrices in the virus detection. Finally, the future perspectives are proposed.},
}
@article {pmid33806624,
year = {2021},
author = {Inchingolo, AD and Inchingolo, AM and Bordea, IR and Malcangi, G and Xhajanka, E and Scarano, A and Lorusso, F and Farronato, M and Tartaglia, GM and Isacco, CG and Marinelli, G and D'Oria, MT and Hazballa, D and Santacroce, L and Ballini, A and Contaldo, M and Inchingolo, F and Dipalma, G},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 Disease Adjuvant Therapies and Supplements Breakthrough for the Infection Prevention.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {9},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33806624},
issn = {2076-2607},
abstract = {The SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) is a high-risk viral agent involved in the recent pandemic stated worldwide by the World Health Organization. The infection is correlated to a severe systemic and respiratory disease in many cases, which is clinically treated with a multi-drug pharmacological approach. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate through a literature overview the effect of adjuvant therapies and supplements for the SARS-CoV-2 infection. The research has analyzed the advantage of the EK1C4, by also assessing the studies on the resveratrol, vitamin D, and melatonin as adjuvant supplements for long hauler patients' prognosis. The evaluated substances reported important benefits for the improvement of the immune system and as a potential inhibitor molecules against SARS-CoV-2, highlighting the use of sartans as therapy. The adjuvant supplements seem to create an advantage for the healing of the long hauler patients affected by chronic symptoms of constant chest and heart pain, intestinal disorders, headache, difficulty concentrating, memory loss, and tachycardia.},
}
@article {pmid33806595,
year = {2021},
author = {von Hundelshausen, P and Siess, W},
title = {Bleeding by Bruton Tyrosine Kinase-Inhibitors: Dependency on Drug Type and Disease.},
journal = {Cancers},
volume = {13},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {33806595},
issn = {2072-6694},
support = {SFB1123 A2//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft/ ; },
abstract = {Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk) is expressed in B-lymphocytes, myeloid cells and platelets, and Btk-inhibitors (BTKi) are used to treat patients with B-cell malignancies, developed against autoimmune diseases, have been proposed as novel antithrombotic drugs, and been tested in patients with severe COVID-19. However, mild bleeding is frequent in patients with B-cell malignancies treated with the irreversible BTKi ibrutinib and the recently approved 2nd generation BTKi acalabrutinib, zanubrutinib and tirabrutinib, and also in volunteers receiving in a phase-1 study the novel irreversible BTKi BI-705564. In contrast, no bleeding has been reported in clinical trials of other BTKi. These include the brain-penetrant irreversible tolebrutinib and evobrutinib (against multiple sclerosis), the irreversible branebrutinib, the reversible BMS-986142 and fenebrutinib (targeting rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematodes), and the reversible covalent rilzabrutinib (against pemphigus and immune thrombocytopenia). Remibrutinib, a novel highly selective covalent BTKi, is currently in clinical studies of autoimmune dermatological disorders. This review describes twelve BTKi approved or in clinical trials. By focusing on their pharmacological properties, targeted disease, bleeding side effects and actions on platelets it attempts to clarify the mechanisms underlying bleeding. Specific platelet function tests in blood might help to estimate the probability of bleeding of newly developed BTKi.},
}
@article {pmid33806540,
year = {2021},
author = {Akhter, MS and Hamali, HA and Mobarki, AA and Rashid, H and Oldenburg, J and Biswas, A},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Modulator of Pulmonary Embolism Paradigm.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {10},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {33806540},
issn = {2077-0383},
abstract = {Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a life-threatening complication arising from venous thromboembolism with a difficult diagnosis and treatment and is often associated with increased mortality and morbidity. PE had a significantly low incidence prior to the COVID-19 epidemic. This condition saw a sharp surge during the COVID-19 pandemic, indicating an evident viral influence on PE's pathophysiology in COVID-19 patients. The hypercoagulable state induced by the viral load seems to be the major contributor, and the classical causative factors seem to play a lesser role. PE in COVID-19 infection has become a mammoth challenge since the diagnosis is quite challenging due to overlapping symptoms, lack of prior-known predisposing risk factors, limited resources, and viral transmittance risk. Numerous factors arising out of the viral load or treatment lead to an increased risk for PE in COVID-19 patients, besides the fact that certain unknown risk factors may also contribute to the incidence of PE in COVID-19 patients. The management of PE in COVID-19 infection mainly comprises thromboprophylaxis and anticoagulant therapy with mechanical ventilation, depending on the risk stratification of the patient, with a post-COVID-19 management that prevents recurrent PE and complications. This review aims to discuss various aspects of COVID-19-infection-associated PE and major differential aspects from non-COVID-19 PE.},
}
@article {pmid33806507,
year = {2021},
author = {Lameiras-Fernández, M and Martínez-Román, R and Carrera-Fernández, MV and Rodríguez-Castro, Y},
title = {Sex Education in the Spotlight: What Is Working? Systematic Review.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {18},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {33806507},
issn = {1660-4601},
mesh = {Adolescent ; *COVID-19 ; Female ; Humans ; Learning ; Pandemics ; Pregnancy ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Sex Education ; },
abstract = {Adolescence, a period of physical, social, cognitive and emotional development, represents a target population for sexual health promotion and education when it comes to achieving the 2030 Agenda goals for sustainable and equitable societies. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of what is known about the dissemination and effectiveness of sex education programs and thereby to inform better public policy making in this area. Methodology: We carried out a systematic review based on international scientific literature, in which only peer-reviewed papers were included. To identify reviews, we carried out an electronic search of the Cochrane Database Reviews, ERIC, Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, Scopus and PsycINFO. This paper provides a narrative review of reviews of the literature from 2015 to 2020. Results: 20 reviews met the inclusion criteria (10 in school settings, 9 using digital platforms and 1 blended learning program): they focused mainly on reducing risk behaviors (e.g., VIH/STIs and unwanted pregnancies), whilst obviating themes such as desire and pleasure, which were not included in outcome evaluations. The reviews with the lowest risk of bias are those carried out in school settings and are the ones that most question the effectiveness of sex education programs. Whilst the reviews of digital platforms and blended learning show greater effectiveness in terms of promoting sexual and reproductive health in adolescents (ASRH), they nevertheless also include greater risks of bias. Conclusion: A more rigorous assessment of the effectiveness of sexual education programs is necessary, especially regarding the opportunities offered by new technologies, which may lead to more cost-effective interventions than with in-person programs. Moreover, blended learning programs offer a promising way forward, as they combine the best of face-to-face and digital interventions, and may provide an excellent tool in the new context of the COVID-19 pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid33806423,
year = {2021},
author = {Brogna, B and Bignardi, E and Brogna, C and Volpe, M and Lombardi, G and Rosa, A and Gagliardi, G and Capasso, PFM and Gravino, E and Maio, F and Pane, F and Picariello, V and Buono, M and Colucci, L and Musto, LA},
title = {A Pictorial Review of the Role of Imaging in the Detection, Management, Histopathological Correlations, and Complications of COVID-19 Pneumonia.},
journal = {Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {11},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33806423},
issn = {2075-4418},
abstract = {Imaging plays an important role in the detection of coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia in both managing the disease and evaluating the complications. Imaging with chest computed tomography (CT) can also have a potential predictive and prognostic role in COVID-19 patient outcomes. The aim of this pictorial review is to describe the role of imaging with chest X-ray (CXR), lung ultrasound (LUS), and CT in the diagnosis and management of COVID-19 pneumonia, the current indications, the scores proposed for each modality, the advantages/limitations of each modality and their role in detecting complications, and the histopathological correlations.},
}
@article {pmid33806395,
year = {2021},
author = {Ruaro, B and Salton, F and Braga, L and Wade, B and Confalonieri, P and Volpe, MC and Baratella, E and Maiocchi, S and Confalonieri, M},
title = {The History and Mystery of Alveolar Epithelial Type II Cells: Focus on Their Physiologic and Pathologic Role in Lung.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {22},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {33806395},
issn = {1422-0067},
abstract = {Alveolar type II (ATII) cells are a key structure of the distal lung epithelium, where they exert their innate immune response and serve as progenitors of alveolar type I (ATI) cells, contributing to alveolar epithelial repair and regeneration. In the healthy lung, ATII cells coordinate the host defense mechanisms, not only generating a restrictive alveolar epithelial barrier, but also orchestrating host defense mechanisms and secreting surfactant proteins, which are important in lung protection against pathogen exposure. Moreover, surfactant proteins help to maintain homeostasis in the distal lung and reduce surface tension at the pulmonary air-liquid interface, thereby preventing atelectasis and reducing the work of breathing. ATII cells may also contribute to the fibroproliferative reaction by secreting growth factors and proinflammatory molecules after damage. Indeed, various acute and chronic diseases are associated with intensive inflammation. These include oedema, acute respiratory distress syndrome, fibrosis and numerous interstitial lung diseases, and are characterized by hyperplastic ATII cells which are considered an essential part of the epithelialization process and, consequently, wound healing. The aim of this review is that of revising the physiologic and pathologic role ATII cells play in pulmonary diseases, as, despite what has been learnt in the last few decades of research, the origin, phenotypic regulation and crosstalk of these cells still remain, in part, a mystery.},
}
@article {pmid33806292,
year = {2021},
author = {Hirano, SI and Ichikawa, Y and Sato, B and Yamamoto, H and Takefuji, Y and Satoh, F},
title = {Potential Therapeutic Applications of Hydrogen in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Possible Inhibiting Role on Mitochondrial Stress.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {22},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {33806292},
issn = {1422-0067},
abstract = {Mitochondria are the largest source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and are intracellular organelles that produce large amounts of the most potent hydroxyl radical (·OH). Molecular hydrogen (H2) can selectively eliminate ·OH generated inside of the mitochondria. Inflammation is induced by the release of proinflammatory cytokines produced by macrophages and neutrophils. However, an uncontrolled or exaggerated response often occurs, resulting in severe inflammation that can lead to acute or chronic inflammatory diseases. Recent studies have reported that ROS activate NLRP3 inflammasomes, and that this stimulation triggers the production of proinflammatory cytokines. It has been shown in literature that H2 can be based on the mechanisms that inhibit mitochondrial ROS. However, the ability for H2 to inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation via mitochondrial oxidation is poorly understood. In this review, we hypothesize a possible mechanism by which H2 inhibits mitochondrial oxidation. Medical applications of H2 may solve the problem of many chronic inflammation-based diseases, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).},
}
@article {pmid33805760,
year = {2021},
author = {Heyman, SN and Walther, T and Abassi, Z},
title = {Angiotensin-(1-7)-A Potential Remedy for AKI: Insights Derived from the COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {10},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {33805760},
issn = {2077-0383},
abstract = {Membrane-bound angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 2 serves as a receptor for the Sars-CoV-2 spike protein, permitting viral attachment to target host cells. The COVID-19 pandemic brought into light ACE2, its principal product angiotensin (Ang) 1-7, and the G protein-coupled receptor for the heptapeptide (MasR), which together form a still under-recognized arm of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). This axis counteracts vasoconstriction, inflammation and fibrosis, generated by the more familiar deleterious arm of RAS, including ACE, Ang II and the ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R). The COVID-19 disease is characterized by the depletion of ACE2 and Ang-(1-7), conceivably playing a central role in the devastating cytokine storm that characterizes this disorder. ACE2 repletion and the administration of Ang-(1-7) constitute the therapeutic options currently tested in the management of severe COVID-19 disease cases. Based on their beneficial effects, both ACE2 and Ang-(1-7) have also been suggested to slow the progression of experimental diabetic and hypertensive chronic kidney disease (CKD). Herein, we report a further step undertaken recently, utilizing this type of intervention in the management of evolving acute kidney injury (AKI), with the expectation of renal vasodilation and the attenuation of oxidative stress, inflammation, renal parenchymal damage and subsequent fibrosis. Most outcomes indicate that triggering the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis may be renoprotective in the setup of AKI. Yet, there is contradicting evidence that under certain conditions it may accelerate renal damage in CKD and AKI. The nature of these conflicting outcomes requires further elucidation.},
}
@article {pmid33805739,
year = {2021},
author = {Narang, K and Cheek, EH and Enninga, EAL and Theiler, RN},
title = {Placental Immune Responses to Viruses: Molecular and Histo-Pathologic Perspectives.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {22},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {33805739},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {K12 HD065987/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; K12 HD65987 (EALE)//NIH Clinical Center/ ; },
mesh = {Female ; Fetus/immunology/virology ; Humans ; *Immunity ; Placenta/*immunology/pathology/*virology ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/*immunology/*virology ; Trophoblasts/immunology/virology ; Virus Diseases/*immunology ; Viruses/*immunology ; },
abstract = {As most recently demonstrated by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, congenital and perinatal infections are of significant concern to the pregnant population as compared to the general population. These outcomes can range from no apparent impact all the way to spontaneous abortion or fetal infection with long term developmental consequences. While some pathogens have developed mechanisms to cross the placenta and directly infect the fetus, other pathogens lead to an upregulation in maternal or placental inflammation that can indirectly cause harm. The placenta is a temporary, yet critical organ that serves multiple important functions during gestation including facilitation of fetal nutrition, oxygenation, and prevention of fetal infection in utero. Here, we review trophoblast cell immunology and the molecular mechanisms utilized to protect the fetus from infection. Lastly, we discuss consequences in the placenta when these protections fail and the histopathologic result following infection.},
}
@article {pmid33805624,
year = {2021},
author = {Gabutti, G and d'Anchera, E and De Motoli, F and Savio, M and Stefanati, A},
title = {The Epidemiological Characteristics of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Europe: Focus on Italy.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {18},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {33805624},
issn = {1660-4601},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Europe/epidemiology ; Humans ; Italy/epidemiology ; *Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Starting from December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has forcefully entered our lives and profoundly changed all the habits of the world population. The COVID-19 pandemic has violently impacted the European continent, first involving only some European countries, Italy in particular, and then spreading to all member states, albeit in different ways and times. The ways SARS-CoV-2 spreads are still partly unknown; to quantify and adequately respond to the pandemic, various parameters and reporting systems have been introduced at national and European levels to promptly recognize the most alarming epidemiological situations and therefore limit the impact of the virus on the health of the population. The relevant key points to implement adequate measures to face the epidemic include identifying the population groups most involved in terms of morbidity and mortality, identifying the events mostly related to the spreading of the virus and recognizing the various viral mutations. The main objective of this work is to summarize the epidemiological situation of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe and Italy almost a year after the first reported case in our continent. The secondary objectives include the definition of the epidemiological parameters used to monitor the epidemic, the explanation of superspreading events and the description of how the epidemic has impacted on health and social structures, with a particular focus on Italy.},
}
@article {pmid33805458,
year = {2021},
author = {Glanz, A and Chakravarty, S and Varghese, M and Kottapalli, A and Fan, S and Chakravarti, R and Chattopadhyay, S},
title = {Transcriptional and Non-Transcriptional Activation, Posttranslational Modifications, and Antiviral Functions of Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 and Viral Antagonism by the SARS-Coronavirus.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/v13040575},
pmid = {33805458},
issn = {1999-4915},
support = {R01 AI155545/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R21 AA026017/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AA027456/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI153496/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; AA026017, AI155545/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; COVID-19/*genetics/*immunology/virology ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Interferon Regulatory Factor-3/genetics/*immunology ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics/*physiology ; },
abstract = {The immune system defends against invading pathogens through the rapid activation of innate immune signaling pathways. Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is a key transcription factor activated in response to virus infection and is largely responsible for establishing an antiviral state in the infected host. Studies in Irf3-/- mice have demonstrated the absence of IRF3 imparts a high degree of susceptibility to a wide range of viral infections. Virus infection causes the activation of IRF3 to transcribe type-I interferon (e.g., IFNβ), which is responsible for inducing the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), which act at specific stages to limit virus replication. In addition to its transcriptional function, IRF3 is also activated to trigger apoptosis of virus-infected cells, as a mechanism to restrict virus spread within the host, in a pathway called RIG-I-like receptor-induced IRF3 mediated pathway of apoptosis (RIPA). These dual functions of IRF3 work in concert to mediate protective immunity against virus infection. These two pathways are activated differentially by the posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of IRF3. Moreover, PTMs regulate not only IRF3 activation and function, but also protein stability. Consequently, many viruses utilize viral proteins or hijack cellular enzymes to inhibit IRF3 functions. This review will describe the PTMs that regulate IRF3's RIPA and transcriptional activities and use coronavirus as a model virus capable of antagonizing IRF3-mediated innate immune responses. A thorough understanding of the cellular control of IRF3 and the mechanisms that viruses use to subvert this system is critical for developing novel therapies for virus-induced pathologies.},
}
@article {pmid33805218,
year = {2021},
author = {Alsunaidi, SJ and Almuhaideb, AM and Ibrahim, NM and Shaikh, FS and Alqudaihi, KS and Alhaidari, FA and Khan, IU and Aslam, N and Alshahrani, MS},
title = {Applications of Big Data Analytics to Control COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {21},
number = {7},
pages = {},
pmid = {33805218},
issn = {1424-8220},
support = {5-20-01-070-0017//King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology/ ; },
mesh = {*Big Data ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention &amp; control ; *Data Science ; Humans ; *Pandemics/prevention &amp; control ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 epidemic has caused a large number of human losses and havoc in the economic, social, societal, and health systems around the world. Controlling such epidemic requires understanding its characteristics and behavior, which can be identified by collecting and analyzing the related big data. Big data analytics tools play a vital role in building knowledge required in making decisions and precautionary measures. However, due to the vast amount of data available on COVID-19 from various sources, there is a need to review the roles of big data analysis in controlling the spread of COVID-19, presenting the main challenges and directions of COVID-19 data analysis, as well as providing a framework on the related existing applications and studies to facilitate future research on COVID-19 analysis. Therefore, in this paper, we conduct a literature review to highlight the contributions of several studies in the domain of COVID-19-based big data analysis. The study presents as a taxonomy several applications used to manage and control the pandemic. Moreover, this study discusses several challenges encountered when analyzing COVID-19 data. The findings of this paper suggest valuable future directions to be considered for further research and applications.},
}
@article {pmid33804991,
year = {2021},
author = {Kitagaki, H},
title = {Medical Application of Substances Derived from Non-Pathogenic Fungi Aspergillus oryzae and A. luchuensis-Containing Koji.},
journal = {Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {7},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/jof7040243},
pmid = {33804991},
issn = {2309-608X},
support = {20K05809//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; },
abstract = {Although most fungi cause pathogenicity toward human beings, dynasties of the East Asian region have domesticated and utilized specific fungi for medical applications. The Japanese dynasty and nation have domesticated and utilized koji fermented with non-pathogenic fungus Aspergillus oryzae for more than 1300 years. Recent research has elucidated that koji contains medicinal substances such as Taka-diastase, acid protease, koji glycosylceramide, kojic acid, oligosaccharides, ethyl-α-d-glucoside, ferulic acid, ergothioneine, pyroglutamyl leucine, pyranonigrin A, resistant proteins, deferriferrichrysin, polyamines, Bifidobacterium-stimulating peptides, angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor peptides, 14-dehydroergosterol, beta-glucan, biotin, and citric acid. This review introduces potential medical applications of such medicinal substances to hyperlipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular and cognitive diseases, chronic inflammation, epidermal permeability barrier disruption, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and anti-cancer therapy.},
}
@article {pmid33804957,
year = {2021},
author = {Chang, LJ and Chen, TH},
title = {NSP16 2'-O-MTase in Coronavirus Pathogenesis: Possible Prevention and Treatments Strategies.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/v13040538},
pmid = {33804957},
issn = {1999-4915},
mesh = {Animals ; COVID-19/virology ; Coronavirus/enzymology/genetics/*metabolism ; Coronavirus Infections/*virology ; Humans ; Methyltransferases/genetics/*metabolism ; SARS-CoV-2/enzymology/genetics/metabolism ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; },
abstract = {Several life-threatening viruses have recently appeared, including the coronavirus, infecting a variety of human and animal hosts and causing a range of diseases like human upper respiratory tract infections. They not only cause serious human and animal deaths, but also cause serious public health problems worldwide. Currently, seven species are known to infect humans, namely SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-HKU1. The coronavirus nonstructural protein 16 (NSP16) structure is similar to the 5'-end capping system of mRNA used by eukaryotic hosts and plays a vital role in evading host immunity response and protects the nascent viral mRNA from degradation. NSP16 is also well-conserved among related coronaviruses and requires its binding partner NSP10 to activate its enzymatic activity. With the continued threat of viral emergence highlighted by human coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2, mutant strains continue to appear, affecting the highly conserved NSP16: this provides a possible therapeutic approach applicable to any novel coronavirus. To this end, current information on the 2'-O-MTase activity mechanism, the differences between NSP16 and NSP10 in human coronaviruses, and the current potential prevention and treatment strategies related to NSP16 are summarized in this review.},
}
@article {pmid33804917,
year = {2021},
author = {Villa, C and Russo, E},
title = {Hydrogels in Hand Sanitizers.},
journal = {Materials (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {7},
pages = {},
pmid = {33804917},
issn = {1996-1944},
abstract = {Hand hygiene can be considered a strategic key useful in the containment of infections such as COVID-19 both at home and in communities because it can dramatically reduce the widespread outbreak of infections. In case of the unavailability of soap and water, &quot;instant&quot; hand sanitizers are recommended because their application can be considered easy, versatile, quick and often less aggressive for the skin. For these reasons, alcoholic and alcohol-free hand rub gels can be considered the best performing formulations on the market. Together with disinfectants and antiseptic agents, hydrogels play a fundamental role in obtaining stable formulations and are easy to disperse, with a pleasant skin feel and an overall good performance. Several compounds commonly used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industry are available for this purpose, in particular, cellulose derivatives and synthetic polymers derivatives. Each of them is available in several grades, presenting different thickening behavior, rheological properties and compatibility with other ingredients, alcohols in particular. For all these reasons, it is important to explore hydrogel properties and behaviors in different contexts (i.e., hydroalcoholic and aqueous media) in order to develop new and performing hand rub gels, always taking into account the different international legal frameworks regarding disinfectant and sanitizing formulations.},
}
@article {pmid33804914,
year = {2021},
author = {Doroftei, B and Ciobica, A and Ilie, OD and Maftei, R and Ilea, C},
title = {Mini-Review Discussing the Reliability and Efficiency of COVID-19 Vaccines.},
journal = {Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {11},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/diagnostics11040579},
pmid = {33804914},
issn = {2075-4418},
abstract = {Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 is a novel strain of human beta-coronavirus that has produced over two million deaths and affected one hundred million individuals worldwide. As all the proposed drugs proved to be unstable, inducing side effects, the need to develop a vaccine crystallized in a short time. As a result, we searched the databases for articles in which the authors reported the efficacy and safety of the use of several vaccines vaccines by sex, age group, and frequency of adverse reactions. We identified a total of 19 relevant articles that were discussed throughout this manuscript. We concluded that from all eleven vaccines, three had an efficacy >90% (Pfizer-BioNTech (~95%), Moderna (~94%), and Sputnik V (~92%)) except for Oxford-AstraZeneca (~81%). However, Moderna, Sputnik V, and Oxford-AstraZeneca also alleviate severe adverse reactions, whereas in Pfizer-BioNTech this was not revealed. The remaining five (Convidicea (AD5-nCOV); Johnson &amp; Johnson (Ad26.COV2.S); Sinopharm (BBIBP-CorV); Covaxin (BBV152), and Sinovac (CoronaVac)) were discussed based on their immunogenicity, and safety reported by the recipients since only phases 1 and 2 were conducted without clear evidence published regarding their efficacy. CoviVac and EpiVacCorona have just been approved, which is why no published article could be found. All adverse events reported following the administration of one of the four vaccines ranged from mild to moderate; limited exceptions in which the patients either developed severe forms or died, because most effects were dose-dependent. It can be concluded that aforementioned vaccines are efficient and safe, regardless of age and sex, being well-tolerated by the recipients.},
}
@article {pmid33804814,
year = {2021},
author = {Tarka, P and Nitsch-Osuch, A},
title = {Evaluating the Virucidal Activity of Disinfectants According to European Union Standards.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/v13040534},
pmid = {33804814},
issn = {1999-4915},
mesh = {Antiviral Agents/*pharmacology/standards ; COVID-19/prevention &amp; control/virology ; Disinfectants/*pharmacology/standards ; Europe ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/*drug effects/growth &amp; development ; },
abstract = {The disinfection of surfaces in medical facilities is an important element of infection control, including the control of viral infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Preparations used for surface disinfection are typically characterized via their activity against test organisms (i.e., viruses, bacteria and fungi) in the laboratory. Typically, these methods use a suspension of the test organism to assess the bactericidal, fungicidal or virucidal activity of a given preparation. However, such suspension methods do not fully imitate real-life conditions. To address this issue, carrier methods have been developed, in which microorganisms are applied to the surface of a carrier (e.g., stainless steel, glass and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)) and then dried. Such methods more accurately reflect the applications in real-life clinical practice. This article summarizes the available methods for assessing the virucidal activity of chemical disinfectants for use in medical facilities based on the current European standards, including the activity against coronaviruses.},
}
@article {pmid33804765,
year = {2021},
author = {Guglielmi, V and Colangeli, L and D'Adamo, M and Sbraccia, P},
title = {Susceptibility and Severity of Viral Infections in Obesity: Lessons from Influenza to COVID-19. Does Leptin Play a Role?.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {22},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {33804765},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {Animals ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; COVID-19/complications/drug therapy/immunology/metabolism ; Energy Metabolism/immunology ; Humans ; Immune System/metabolism/virology ; Leptin/*immunology/*metabolism ; Obesity/*complications/immunology/metabolism/*virology ; Viral Vaccines/therapeutic use ; Virus Diseases/*complications/drug therapy/immunology/metabolism ; },
abstract = {The recent pandemic Sars-CoV2 infection and studies on previous influenza epidemic have drawn attention to the association between the obesity and infectious diseases susceptibility and worse outcome. Metabolic complications, nutritional aspects, physical inactivity, and a chronic unbalance in the hormonal and adipocytokine microenvironment are major determinants in the severity of viral infections in obesity. By these pleiotropic mechanisms obesity impairs immune surveillance and the higher leptin concentrations produced by adipose tissue and that characterize obesity substantially contribute to such immune response dysregulation. Indeed, leptin not only controls energy balance and body weight, but also plays a regulatory role in the interplay between energy metabolism and immune system. Since leptin receptor is expressed throughout the immune system, leptin may exert effects on cells of both innate and adaptive immune system. Chronic inflammatory states due to metabolic (i.e., obesity) as well as infectious diseases increase leptin concentrations and consequently lead to leptin resistance further fueling inflammation. Multiple factors, including inflammation and ER stress, contribute to leptin resistance. Thus, if leptin is recognized as one of the adipokines responsible for the low grade inflammation found in obesity, on the other hand, impairments of leptin signaling due to leptin resistance appear to blunt the immunologic effects of leptin and possibly contribute to impaired vaccine-induced immune responses. However, many aspects concerning leptin interactions with inflammation and immune system as well as the therapeutical approaches to overcome leptin resistance and reduced vaccine effectiveness in obesity remain a challenge for future research.},
}
@article {pmid33804603,
year = {2021},
author = {Gangitano, E and Tozzi, R and Gandini, O and Watanabe, M and Basciani, S and Mariani, S and Lenzi, A and Gnessi, L and Lubrano, C},
title = {Ketogenic Diet as a Preventive and Supportive Care for COVID-19 Patients.},
journal = {Nutrients},
volume = {13},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33804603},
issn = {2072-6643},
mesh = {COVID-19/*diet therapy/etiology/prevention &amp; control ; Diet, Ketogenic/*methods ; Humans ; Inflammation/prevention &amp; control ; Obesity/complications ; Respiratory System/physiopathology/virology ; },
abstract = {Severe obesity is associated with an increased risk of admission to intensive care units and need for invasive mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19. The association of obesity and COVID-19 prognosis may be related to many different factors, such as chronic systemic inflammation, the predisposition to severe respiratory conditions and viral infections. The ketogenic diet is an approach that can be extremely effective in reducing body weight and visceral fat in the short term, preserving the lean mass and reducing systemic inflammation. Therefore, it is a precious preventive measure for severely obese people and may be considered as an adjuvant therapy for patients with respiratory compromise.},
}
@article {pmid33804578,
year = {2021},
author = {Seib, FP},
title = {Emerging Silk Material Trends: Repurposing, Phase Separation and Solution-Based Designs.},
journal = {Materials (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {33804578},
issn = {1996-1944},
abstract = {Silk continues to amaze. This review unravels the most recent progress in silk science, spanning from fundamental insights to medical silks. Key advances in silk flow are examined, with specific reference to the role of metal ions in switching silk from a storage to a spinning state. Orthogonal thermoplastic silk molding is described, as is the transfer of silk flow principles for the triggering of flow-induced crystallization in other non-silk polymers. Other exciting new developments include silk-inspired liquid-liquid phase separation for non-canonical fiber formation and the creation of &quot;silk organelles&quot; in live cells. This review closes by examining the role of silk fabrics in fashioning facemasks in response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid33804408,
year = {2021},
author = {Xie, Y and Meng, Z and Gao, J and Liu, C and Wang, J and Guo, R and Zhao, J and Lopez, B and Christopher, T and Lee, D and Ma, X and Wang, Y},
title = {C1q Complement/Tumor Necrosis Factor-Associated Proteins in Cardiovascular Disease and COVID-19.},
journal = {Proteomes},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {33804408},
issn = {2227-7382},
abstract = {With continually improving treatment strategies and patient care, the overall mortality of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been significantly reduced. However, this success is a double-edged sword, as many patients who survive cardiovascular complications will progress towards a chronic disorder over time. A family of adiponectin paralogs designated as C1q complement/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-associated proteins (CTRPs) has been found to play a role in the development of CVD. CTRPs, which are comprised of 15 members, CTRP1 to CTRP15, are secreted from different organs/tissues and exhibit diverse functions, have attracted increasing attention because of their roles in maintaining inner homeostasis by regulating metabolism, inflammation, and immune surveillance. In particular, studies indicate that CTRPs participate in the progression of CVD, influencing its prognosis. This review aims to improve understanding of the role of CTRPs in the cardiovascular system by analyzing current knowledge. In particular, we examine the association of CTRPs with endothelial cell dysfunction, inflammation, and diabetes, which are the basis for development of CVD. Additionally, the recently emerged novel coronavirus (COVID-19), officially known as severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been found to trigger severe cardiovascular injury in some patients, and evidence indicates that the mortality of COVID-19 is much higher in patients with CVD than without CVD. Understanding the relationship of CTRPs and the SARS-CoV-2-related damage to the cardiovascular system, as well as the potential mechanisms, will achieve a profound insight into a therapeutic strategy to effectively control CVD and reduce the mortality rate.},
}
@article {pmid33804162,
year = {2021},
author = {Loo, KY and Letchumanan, V and Ser, HL and Teoh, SL and Law, JW and Tan, LT and Ab Mutalib, NS and Chan, KG and Lee, LH},
title = {COVID-19: Insights into Potential Vaccines.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {9},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33804162},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {PVC-ECR-2016//PVC Award Grant/ ; Biotek Abadi - Vote No. GBA-808138 and GBA-808813//External Industry Grant/ ; MBRS/JCSMHS/02/2020//SEED Funding from Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength (MBRS), Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences (JCSMHS)/ ; FRGS grant to KGC grant no: FP022-2018A//University of Malaya Research Grant/ ; },
abstract = {People around the world ushered in the new year 2021 with a fear of COVID-19, as family members have lost their loved ones to the disease. Millions of people have been infected, and the livelihood of many has been jeopardized due to the pandemic. Pharmaceutical companies are racing against time to develop an effective vaccine to protect against COVID-19. Researchers have developed various types of candidate vaccines with the release of the genetic sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in January. These include inactivated viral vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, mRNA vaccines, and recombinant viral vector vaccines. To date, several vaccines have been authorized for emergency use and they have been administered in countries across the globe. Meanwhile, there are also vaccine candidates in Phase III clinical trials awaiting results and approval from authorities. These candidates have shown positive results in the previous stages of the trials, whereby they could induce an immune response with minimal side effects in the participants. This review aims to discuss the different vaccine platforms and the clinical trials of the candidate vaccines.},
}
@article {pmid33804076,
year = {2021},
author = {Iwasaki-Hozumi, H and Chagan-Yasutan, H and Ashino, Y and Hattori, T},
title = {Blood Levels of Galectin-9, an Immuno-Regulating Molecule, Reflect the Severity for the Acute and Chronic Infectious Diseases.},
journal = {Biomolecules},
volume = {11},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33804076},
issn = {2218-273X},
support = {JP18fk0108042h0002//Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development/ ; JP17H01690//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; },
abstract = {Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a β-galactoside-binding lectin capable of promoting or suppressing the progression of infectious diseases. This protein is susceptible to cleavage of its linker-peptides by several proteases, and the resulting cleaved forms, N-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) and C-terminal CRD, bind to various glycans. It has been suggested that full-length (FL)-Gal-9 and the truncated (Tr)-Gal-9s could exert different functions from one another via their different glycan-binding activities. We propose that FL-Gal-9 regulates the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, HIV co-infected with opportunistic infection (HIV/OI), dengue, malaria, leptospirosis, and tuberculosis (TB). We also suggest that the blood levels of FL-Gal-9 reflect the severity of dengue, malaria, and HIV/OI, and those of Tr-Gal-9 markedly reflect the severity of HIV/OI. Recently, matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9) was suggested to be an indicator of respiratory failure from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as well as useful for differentiating pulmonary from extrapulmonary TB. The protease cleavage of FL-Gal-9 may lead to uncontrolled hyper-immune activation, including a cytokine storm. In summary, Gal-9 has potential to reflect the disease severity for the acute and chronic infectious diseases.},
}
@article {pmid33804075,
year = {2021},
author = {Armaly, Z and Kinaneh, S and Skorecki, K},
title = {Renal Manifestations of Covid-19: Physiology and Pathophysiology.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {10},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {33804075},
issn = {2077-0383},
abstract = {Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) imposes a serious public health pandemic affecting the whole world, as it is spreading exponentially. Besides its high infectivity, SARS-CoV-2 causes multiple serious derangements, where the most prominent is severe acute respiratory syndrome as well as multiple organ dysfunction including heart and kidney injury. While the deleterious impact of SARS-CoV-2 on pulmonary and cardiac systems have attracted remarkable attention, the adverse effects of this virus on the renal system is still underestimated. Kidney susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection is determined by the presence of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor which is used as port of the viral entry into targeted cells, tissue tropism, pathogenicity and subsequent viral replication. The SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry receptor, ACE2, is widely expressed in proximal epithelial cells, vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells and podocytes, where it supports kidney integrity and function via the enzymatic production of Angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7), which exerts vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic and diuretic/natriuretic actions via activation of the Mas receptor axis. Loss of this activity constitutes the potential basis for the renal damage that occurs in COVID-19 patients. Indeed, several studies in a small sample of COVID-19 patients revealed relatively high incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) among them. Although SARS-CoV-1 -induced AKI was attributed to multiorgan failure and cytokine release syndrome, as the virus was not detectable in the renal tissue of infected patients, SARS-CoV-2 antigens were detected in kidney tubules, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 infects the human kidney directly, and eventually induces AKI characterized with high morbidity and mortality. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are largely unknown. However, the fact that ACE2 plays a crucial role against renal injury, the deprivation of the kidney of this advantageous enzyme, along with local viral replication, probably plays a central role. The current review focuses on the critical role of ACE2 in renal physiology, its involvement in the development of kidney injury during SARS-CoV-2 infection, renal manifestations and therapeutic options. The latter includes exogenous administration of Ang (1-7) as an appealing option, given the high incidence of AKI in this ACE2-depleted disorder, and the benefits of ACE2/Ang1-7 including vasodilation, diuresis, natriuresis, attenuation of inflammation, oxidative stress, cell proliferation, apoptosis and coagulation.},
}
@article {pmid33804069,
year = {2021},
author = {Saravi, B and Li, Z and Lang, CN and Schmid, B and Lang, FK and Grad, S and Alini, M and Richards, RG and Schmal, H and Südkamp, N and Lang, GM},
title = {The Tissue Renin-Angiotensin System and Its Role in the Pathogenesis of Major Human Diseases: Quo Vadis?.},
journal = {Cells},
volume = {10},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33804069},
issn = {2073-4409},
abstract = {Evidence has arisen in recent years suggesting that a tissue renin-angiotensin system (tRAS) is involved in the progression of various human diseases. This system contains two regulatory pathways: a pathological pro-inflammatory pathway containing the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)/Angiotensin II (AngII)/Angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AGTR1) axis and a protective anti-inflammatory pathway involving the Angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AGTR2)/ACE2/Ang1-7/MasReceptor axis. Numerous studies reported the positive effects of pathologic tRAS pathway inhibition and protective tRAS pathway stimulation on the treatment of cardiovascular, inflammatory, and autoimmune disease and the progression of neuropathic pain. Cell senescence and aging are known to be related to RAS pathways. Further, this system directly interacts with SARS-CoV 2 and seems to be an important target of interest in the COVID-19 pandemic. This review focuses on the involvement of tRAS in the progression of the mentioned diseases from an interdisciplinary clinical perspective and highlights therapeutic strategies that might be of major clinical importance in the future.},
}
@article {pmid33803997,
year = {2021},
author = {Chu, R and van Eeden, C and Suresh, S and Sligl, WI and Osman, M and Cohen Tervaert, JW},
title = {Do COVID-19 Infections Result in a Different Form of Secondary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {22},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {33803997},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {Antigens, CD/metabolism ; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism ; COVID-19/*complications/*diagnosis ; Humans ; Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism ; Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic/*diagnosis/*etiology ; Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism ; Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism ; Sepsis/etiology ; },
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in significant morbidity and mortality across the world, with no current effective treatments available. Recent studies suggest the possibility of a cytokine storm associated with severe COVID-19, similar to the biochemical profile seen in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), raising the question of possible benefits that could be derived from targeted immunosuppression in severe COVID-19 patients. We reviewed the literature regarding the diagnosis and features of HLH, particularly secondary HLH, and aimed to identify gaps in the literature to truly clarify the existence of a COVID-19 associated HLH. Diagnostic criteria such as HScore or HLH-2004 may have suboptimal performance in identifying COVID-19 HLH-like presentations, and criteria such as soluble CD163, NK cell activity, or other novel biomarkers may be more useful in identifying this entity.},
}
@article {pmid33803853,
year = {2021},
author = {Rutkowski, S},
title = {Management Challenges in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Telehealth and Virtual Reality.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {10},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {33803853},
issn = {2077-0383},
abstract = {For the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), early diagnosis and unconditionally correct management at the initial stage of the disease are very important when the symptoms are not yet too worrying. In this way, the progress of the disease can be slowed down, as can the occurrence of late, life-threatening symptoms. Pulmonary rehabilitation is an essential component of the management of COPD. The selection of appropriate exercises, which are determined during the classification of patients into a suitable improvement program, is of key importance in the process of rehabilitation. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in major limitations to public health care. Health systems were largely unprepared for an outbreak of this magnitude. Searching for new, attractive technologies that help patients with chronic diseases seems to be justified. This may be driven by telehealth platforms, likewise with the use of virtual reality (VR). Analysis of the available literature indicates promising effectiveness, high patient acceptance, and high motivations to undertake physical activity with the use of such a solution. Thus, the management of patients with COPD during the COVID-19 pandemic should include options for remote delivery of pulmonary rehabilitation, including home-based, telerehabilitation, and computer-based virtual programs.},
}
@article {pmid33803475,
year = {2021},
author = {Al-Ramadan, A and Rabab'h, O and Shah, J and Gharaibeh, A},
title = {Acute and Post-Acute Neurological Complications of COVID-19.},
journal = {Neurology international},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {102-119},
pmid = {33803475},
issn = {2035-8385},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging global health emergency caused by the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The global outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 infection has been declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). The clinical presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection depends on the severity of the disease and may range from an asymptomatic infection to a severe and lethal illness. Fever, cough, and shortness of breath are among the most common symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Accumulating evidence indicates that COVID-19 patients commonly develop neurological symptoms, such as headache, altered mental status, anosmia, and myalgia. In this comprehensive literature review, we have summarized the most common neurological complications and reported neurological case studies associated with COVID-19, and neurological side effects associated with COVID-19 treatments. Additionally, the post-acute COVID-19 syndrome and long-term neurological complications were discussed. We also explained the proposed mechanisms that are involved in the pathogenesis of these neurological complications.},
}
@article {pmid33803352,
year = {2021},
author = {Leone, M and Ciccacci, F and Orlando, S and Petrolati, S and Guidotti, G and Majid, NA and Tolno, VT and Sagno, J and Thole, D and Corsi, FM and Bartolo, M and Marazzi, MC},
title = {Pandemics and Burden of Stroke and Epilepsy in Sub-Saharan Africa: Experience from a Longstanding Health Programme.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {18},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {33803352},
issn = {1660-4601},
mesh = {Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology ; *COVID-19 ; *Epilepsy/epidemiology ; *HIV Infections/epidemiology ; Humans ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Stroke/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {Eighty percent of people with stroke live in low- to middle-income nations, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where stroke has increased by more than 100% in the last decades. More than one-third of all epilepsy-related deaths occur in SSA. HIV infection is a risk factor for neurological disorders, including stroke and epilepsy. The vast majority of the 38 million people living with HIV/AIDS are in SSA, and the burden of neurological disorders in SSA parallels that of HIV/AIDS. Local healthcare systems are weak. Many standalone HIV health centres have become a platform with combined treatment for both HIV and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), as advised by the United Nations. The COVID-19 pandemic is overwhelming the fragile health systems in SSA, and it is feared it will provoke an upsurge of excess deaths due to the disruption of care for chronic diseases such as HIV, TB, hypertension, diabetes, and cerebrovascular disorders. Disease Relief through Excellent and Advanced Means (DREAM) is a health programme active since 2002 to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS and related disorders in 10 SSA countries. DREAM is scaling up management of NCDs, including neurologic disorders such as stroke and epilepsy. We described challenges and solutions to address disruption and excess deaths from these diseases during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid33803339,
year = {2021},
author = {Ali, AM and Kunugi, H},
title = {Approaches to Nutritional Screening in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {18},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {33803339},
issn = {1660-4601},
support = {18dm0107100h0003//Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development/ ; },
mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; *COVID-19 ; Geriatric Assessment ; Humans ; Male ; *Malnutrition/diagnosis/epidemiology ; Nutrition Assessment ; Nutritional Status ; Risk Assessment ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Malnutrition is common among severe patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), mainly elderly adults and patients with comorbidities. It is also associated with atypical presentation of the disease. Despite the possible contribution of malnutrition to the acquisition and severity of COVID-19, it is not clear which nutritional screening measures may best diagnose malnutrition in these patients at early stages. This is of crucial importance given the urgency and rapid progression of the disease in vulnerable groups. Accordingly, this review examines the available literature for different nutritional screening approaches implemented among COVID-19 patients, with a special focus on elderly adults. After a literature search, we selected and scrutinized 14 studies assessing malnutrition among COVID-19 patients. The Nutrition Risk Screening 2002 (NRS-2002) has demonstrated superior sensitivity to other traditional screening measures. The controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score, which comprises serum albumin level, cholesterol level, and lymphocytes count, as well as a combined CONUT-lactate dehydrogenase-C-reactive protein score expressed a predictive capacity even superior to that of NRS-2002 (0.81% and 0.92% vs. 0.79%) in midlife and elder COVID-19 patients. Therefore, simple measures based on routinely conducted laboratory investigations such as the CONUT score may be timely, cheap, and valuable alternatives for identifying COVID-19 patients with high nutritional risk. Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) was the only measure used to detect residual malnutrition and high malnutrition risk in remitting patients-MNA scores correlated with hypoalbuminemia, hypercytokinemia, and weight loss. Older males with severe inflammation, gastrointestinal symptoms, and pre-existing comorbidities (diabetes, obesity, or hypertension) are more prone to malnutrition and subsequently poor COVID-19 prognosis both during the acute phase and during convalescence. Thus, they are in need of frequent nutritional monitoring and support while detecting and treating malnutrition in the general public might be necessary to increase resilience against COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33803295,
year = {2021},
author = {Doulberis, M and Papaefthymiou, A and Kotronis, G and Gialamprinou, D and Soteriades, ES and Kyriakopoulos, A and Chatzimichael, E and Kafafyllidou, K and Liatsos, C and Chatzistefanou, I and Anagnostis, P and Semenin, V and Ntona, S and Gkolia, I and Papazoglou, DD and Tsinonis, N and Papamichos, S and Kirbas, H and Zikos, P and Niafas, D and Kountouras, J},
title = {Does COVID-19 Vaccination Warrant the Classical Principle &quot;ofelein i mi vlaptin&quot;?.},
journal = {Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)},
volume = {57},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33803295},
issn = {1648-9144},
mesh = {Adjuvants, Immunologic/adverse effects ; Autoimmune Diseases/chemically induced ; COVID-19/*prevention &amp; control ; COVID-19 Vaccines/*therapeutic use ; Drug Approval ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Hippocratic Oath ; Humans ; Long Term Adverse Effects/chemically induced ; Models, Animal ; Risk Assessment ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccines, Inactivated/therapeutic use ; Vaccines, Synthetic/therapeutic use ; },
abstract = {The current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic warrants an imperative necessity for effective and safe vaccination, to restrain Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) including transmissibility, morbidity, and mortality. In this regard, intensive medical and biological research leading to the development of an arsenal of vaccines, albeit incomplete preconditioned evaluation, due to emergency. The subsequent scientific gap raises some concerns in the medical community and the general public. More specifically, the accelerated vaccine development downgraded the value of necessary pre-clinical studies to elicit medium- and long-term beneficial or harmful consequences. Previous experience and pathophysiological background of coronaviruses' infections and vaccine technologies, combined with the global vaccines' application, underlined the obligation of a cautious and qualitative approach, to illuminate potential vaccination-related adverse events. Moreover, the high SARS-CoV-2 mutation potential and the already aggregated genetical alterations provoke a rational vagueness and uncertainty concerning vaccines' efficacy against dominant strains and the respective clinical immunity. This review critically summarizes existing evidence and queries regarding SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, to motivate scientists' and clinicians' interest for an optimal, individualized, and holistic management of this unprecedented pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid33803235,
year = {2021},
author = {Miszta, A and Huskens, D and Donkervoort, D and Roberts, MJM and Wolberg, AS and de Laat, B},
title = {Assessing Plasmin Generation in Health and Disease.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {22},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {33803235},
issn = {1422-0067},
abstract = {Fibrinolysis is an important process in hemostasis responsible for dissolving the clot during wound healing. Plasmin is a central enzyme in this process via its capacity to cleave fibrin. The kinetics of plasmin generation (PG) and inhibition during fibrinolysis have been poorly understood until the recent development of assays to quantify these metrics. The assessment of plasmin kinetics allows for the identification of fibrinolytic dysfunction and better understanding of the relationships between abnormal fibrin dissolution and disease pathogenesis. Additionally, direct measurement of the inhibition of PG by antifibrinolytic medications, such as tranexamic acid, can be a useful tool to assess the risks and effectiveness of antifibrinolytic therapy in hemorrhagic diseases. This review provides an overview of available PG assays to directly measure the kinetics of plasmin formation and inhibition in human and mouse plasmas and focuses on their applications in defining the role of plasmin in diseases, including angioedema, hemophilia, rare bleeding disorders, COVID-19, or diet-induced obesity. Moreover, this review introduces the PG assay as a promising clinical and research method to monitor antifibrinolytic medications and screen for genetic or acquired fibrinolytic disorders.},
}
@article {pmid33803083,
year = {2021},
author = {Martino, F and Amici, G and Grandesso, S and Ferraro Mortellaro, R and Lo Cicero, A and Novara, G},
title = {Analysis of the Clinical and Epidemiological Meaning of Screening Test for SARS-CoV-2: Considerations in the Chronic Kidney Disease Patients during the COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {10},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {33803083},
issn = {2077-0383},
abstract = {The COronaVIrus Disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic is an emerging reality in nephrology. In a continuously changing scenario, we need to assess our patients' additional risk in terms of attending hemodialysis treatments, follow-up peritoneal dialysis, and kidney transplant visits. The prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-20 infection in the general population plays a pivotal role in estimating the additional COVID-19 risk in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Unfortunately, local prevalence is often obscure, and when we have an estimation, we neglect the number of asymptomatic subjects in the same area and, consequently, the risk of infection in CKD patients. Furthermore, we still have the problem of managing COVID-19 diagnosis and the test's accuracy. Currently, the gold standard for SARS-CoV-2 detection is a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) on respiratory tract samples. rRT-PCR presents some vulnerability related to pre-analytic and analytic problems and could impact strongly on its diagnostic accuracy. Specifically, the operative proceedings to obtain the samples and the different types of diagnostic assay could affect the results of the test. In this scenario, knowing the local prevalence and the local screening test accuracy helps the clinician to perform preventive measures to limit the diffusion of COVID-19 in the CKD population.},
}
@article {pmid33803015,
year = {2021},
author = {Moscatelli, F and Sessa, F and Valenzano, A and Polito, R and Monda, V and Cibelli, G and Villano, I and Pisanelli, D and Perrella, M and Daniele, A and Monda, M and Messina, G and Messina, A},
title = {COVID-19: Role of Nutrition and Supplementation.},
journal = {Nutrients},
volume = {13},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33803015},
issn = {2072-6643},
mesh = {COVID-19/*prevention &amp; control ; Diet ; *Dietary Supplements ; Humans ; *Nutritional Status ; },
abstract = {At the end of 2019, a new coronavirus (COVID-19) appeared on the world scene, which mainly affects the respiratory system, causing pneumonia and multi-organ failure, and, although it starts with common symptoms such as shortness of breath and fever, in about 2-3% of cases it leads to death. Unfortunately, to date, no specific treatments have been found for the cure of this virus and, therefore, it is advisable to implement all possible strategies in order to prevent infection. In this context, it is important to better define the role of all behaviors, in particular nutrition, in order to establish whether these can both prevent infection and improve the outcome of the disease in patients with COVID-19. In the literature, it is widely shown that states of malnutrition, overweight, and obesity negatively affect the immune system, leading to viral infections, and several studies have shown that nutritional interventions can act as immunostimulators, helping to prevent viral infections. Even if several measures, such as the assumption of a specific diet regimen, the use of dietary supplements, and other similar interventions, are promising for the prevention, management, and recovery of COVID-19 patients, it is important to highlight that strong data from randomized clinical trials are needed to support any such assumption. Considering this particular scenario, we present a literature review addressing several important aspects related to diet and SARS-CoV-2 infection, in order to highlight the importance of diet and supplementation in prevention and management of, as well as recovery from COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33802995,
year = {2021},
author = {Mussa, BM and Srivastava, A and Verberne, AJM},
title = {COVID-19 and Neurological Impairment: Hypothalamic Circuits and Beyond.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {13},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33802995},
issn = {1999-4915},
abstract = {In December 2019, a novel coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei, China. The virus infection, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), represents a global concern, as almost all countries around the world are affected. Clinical reports have confirmed several neurological manifestations in COVID-19 patients such as headaches, vomiting, and nausea, indicating the involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). Neuroinvasion of coronaviruses is not a new phenomenon, as it has been demonstrated by previous autopsies of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) patients who experienced similar neurologic symptoms. The hypothalamus is a complex structure that is composed of many nuclei and diverse neuronal cell groups. It is characterized by intricate intrahypothalamic circuits that orchestrate a finely tuned communication within the CNS and with the PNS. Hypothalamic circuits are critical for maintaining homeostatic challenges including immune responses to viral infections. The present article reviews the possible routes and mechanisms of neuroinvasion of SARS-CoV-2, with a specific focus on the role of the hypothalamic circuits in mediating the neurological symptoms noted during COVID-19 infection.},
}
@article {pmid33802857,
year = {2021},
author = {Prince, T and Smith, SL and Radford, AD and Solomon, T and Hughes, GL and Patterson, EI},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Animals: Reservoirs for Reverse Zoonosis and Models for Study.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {13},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33802857},
issn = {1999-4915},
abstract = {The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has brought many questions over the origin of the virus, the threat it poses to animals both in the wild and captivity, and the risks of a permanent viral reservoir developing in animals. Animal experiments have shown that a variety of animals can become infected with the virus. While coronaviruses have been known to infect animals for decades, the true intermediate host of the virus has not been identified, with no cases of SARS-CoV-2 in wild animals. The screening of wild, farmed, and domesticated animals is necessary to help us understand the virus and its origins and prevent future outbreaks of both COVID-19 and other diseases. There is intriguing evidence that farmed mink infections (acquired from humans) have led to infection of other farm workers in turn, with a recent outbreak of a mink variant in humans in Denmark. A thorough examination of the current knowledge and evidence of the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect different animal species is therefore vital to evaluate the threat of animal to human transmission and reverse zoonosis.},
}
@article {pmid33802821,
year = {2021},
author = {Shcherbakov, AB and Reukov, VV and Yakimansky, AV and Krasnopeeva, EL and Ivanova, OS and Popov, AL and Ivanov, VK},
title = {CeO2 Nanoparticle-Containing Polymers for Biomedical Applications: A Review.},
journal = {Polymers},
volume = {13},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {33802821},
issn = {2073-4360},
support = {19-13-00416//Russian Science Foundation/ ; },
abstract = {The development of advanced composite biomaterials combining the versatility and biodegradability of polymers and the unique characteristics of metal oxide nanoparticles unveils new horizons in emerging biomedical applications, including tissue regeneration, drug delivery and gene therapy, theranostics and medical imaging. Nanocrystalline cerium(IV) oxide, or nanoceria, stands out from a crowd of other metal oxides as being a truly unique material, showing great potential in biomedicine due to its low systemic toxicity and numerous beneficial effects on living systems. The combination of nanoceria with new generations of biomedical polymers, such as PolyHEMA (poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-based hydrogels, electrospun nanofibrous polycaprolactone or natural-based chitosan or cellulose, helps to expand the prospective area of applications by facilitating their bioavailability and averting potential negative effects. This review describes recent advances in biomedical polymeric material practices, highlights up-to-the-minute cerium oxide nanoparticle applications, as well as polymer-nanoceria composites, and aims to address the question: how can nanoceria enhance the biomedical potential of modern polymeric materials?},
}
@article {pmid33802761,
year = {2021},
author = {Pelaia, C and Calabrese, C and Garofalo, E and Bruni, A and Vatrella, A and Pelaia, G},
title = {Therapeutic Role of Tocilizumab in SARS-CoV-2-Induced Cytokine Storm: Rationale and Current Evidence.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {22},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {33802761},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/chemistry/*pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; COVID-19/complications/*drug therapy/immunology/physiopathology ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/*drug therapy/etiology/immunology/physiopathology ; Humans ; Interleukin-6/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/physiology ; SARS-CoV-2/*immunology ; },
abstract = {Among patients suffering from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) syndrome, one of the worst possible scenarios is represented by the critical lung damage caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced cytokine storm, responsible for a potentially very dangerous hyperinflammatory condition. Within such a context, interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a key pathogenic role, thus being a suitable therapeutic target. Indeed, the IL-6-receptor antagonist tocilizumab, already approved for treatment of refractory rheumatoid arthritis, is often used to treat patients with severe COVID-19 symptoms and lung involvement. Therefore, the aim of this review article is to focus on the rationale of tocilizumab utilization in the SARS-CoV-2-triggered cytokine storm, as well as to discuss current evidence and future perspectives, especially with regard to ongoing trials referring to the evaluation of tocilizumab's therapeutic effects in patients with life-threatening SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
}
@article {pmid33802729,
year = {2021},
author = {Huang, SW and Wang, SF},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 Entry Related Viral and Host Genetic Variations: Implications on COVID-19 Severity, Immune Escape, and Infectivity.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {22},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {33802729},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {MOST 108-2320-B-037-035-MY3//Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan/ ; },
mesh = {Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/chemistry/genetics ; COVID-19/epidemiology/*genetics/transmission/*virology ; *Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Immune Evasion ; SARS-CoV-2/*genetics/immunology/*metabolism/pathogenicity ; Severity of Illness Index ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry/genetics/immunology/metabolism ; Virus Internalization ; },
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has evolved to display particular patterns of genetic diversity in the genome across geographical regions. These variations in the virus and genetic variation in human populations can determine virus transmissibility and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity. Genetic variations and immune differences in human populations could be the driving forces in viral evolution. Recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants show several mutations at the receptor binding domain in the spike (S) glycoprotein and contribute to immune escape and enhanced binding with angiotensin 1-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Since ACE2 and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) play important roles in SARS-CoV-2 entry into the cell, genetic variation in these host entry-related proteins may be a driving force for positive selection in the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein. Dendritic or liver/lymph cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-3-grabbing non-integrin is also known to play vital roles in several pathogens. Genetic variations of these host proteins may affect the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. This review summarizes the latest research to describe the impacts of genetic variation in the viral S glycoprotein and critical host proteins and aims to provide better insights for understanding transmission and pathogenesis and more broadly for developing vaccine/antiviral drugs and precision medicine strategies, especially for high risk populations with genetic risk variants.},
}
@article {pmid33802722,
year = {2021},
author = {Collins, S and James, T and Carter, H and Symons, C and Southworth, F and Foxall, K and Marczylo, T and Amlôt, R},
title = {Mass Casualty Decontamination for Chemical Incidents: Research Outcomes and Future Priorities.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {18},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {33802722},
issn = {1660-4601},
support = {PR-ST-1015-10016//National Institute for Health Research/ ; },
mesh = {*Chemical Hazard Release ; Decontamination ; *Disaster Planning ; Emergencies ; Hazardous Substances ; Humans ; *Mass Casualty Incidents ; },
abstract = {Planning for major incidents involving the release of hazardous chemicals has been informed by a multi-disciplinary research agenda which has sought to inform all aspects of emergency response, but with a focus in recent years on mass casualty decontamination. In vitro and human volunteer studies have established the relative effectiveness of different decontamination protocols for a range of chemical agents. In parallel, a programme of research has focused on communicating with and managing large numbers of contaminated casualties at the scene of an incident. We present an accessible overview of the evidence underpinning current casualty decontamination strategies. We highlight where research outcomes can directly inform response planning, including the critical importance of beginning the decontamination process as soon as possible, the benefits of early removal of contaminated clothing, the evidence under-pinning dry and wet decontamination and how effective communication is essential to any decontamination response. We identify a range of priority areas for future research including establishing the significance of the 'wash-in' effect and developing effective strategies for the decontamination of hair. We also highlight several areas of future methodological development, such as the need for novel chemical simulants. Whilst considerable progress has been made towards incorporating research outcomes into operational policy and practice, we outline how this developing evidence-base might be used to inform future iterations of mass casualty decontamination guidance.},
}
@article {pmid33802718,
year = {2021},
author = {Sukhavasi, SB and Sukhavasi, SB and Elleithy, K and Abuzneid, S and Elleithy, A},
title = {Human Body-Related Disease Diagnosis Systems Using CMOS Image Sensors: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {21},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {33802718},
issn = {1424-8220},
mesh = {Diagnostic Imaging/*instrumentation ; Human Body ; Humans ; *Semiconductors ; },
abstract = {According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the average human life expectancy is 78.8 years. Specifically, 3.2 million deaths are reported yearly due to heart disease, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, and COVID-19. Diagnosing the disease is mandatory in the current way of living to avoid unfortunate deaths and maintain average life expectancy. CMOS image sensor (CIS) became a prominent technology in assisting the monitoring and clinical diagnosis devices to treat diseases in the medical domain. To address the significance of CMOS image 'sensors' usage in disease diagnosis systems, this paper focuses on the CIS incorporated disease diagnosis systems related to vital organs of the human body like the heart, lungs, brain, eyes, intestines, bones, skin, blood, and bacteria cells causing diseases. This literature survey's main objective is to evaluate the 'systems' capabilities and highlight the most potent ones with advantages, disadvantages, and accuracy, that are used in disease diagnosis. This systematic review used PRISMA workflow for study selection methodology, and the parameter-based evaluation is performed on disease diagnosis systems related to the human body's organs. The corresponding CIS models used in systems are mapped organ-wise, and the data collected over the last decade are tabulated.},
}
@article {pmid33802650,
year = {2021},
author = {Qi, T and Cao, Y},
title = {In Translation: FcRn across the Therapeutic Spectrum.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {22},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {33802650},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {GM119661/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism/pharmacokinetics ; COVID-19/drug therapy ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/*chemistry/immunology/*metabolism ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G/immunology/metabolism ; Receptors, Fc/*chemistry/immunology/*metabolism ; Tissue Distribution/immunology ; },
abstract = {As an essential modulator of IgG disposition, the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) governs the pharmacokinetics and functions many therapeutic modalities. In this review, we thoroughly reexamine the hitherto elucidated biological and thermodynamic properties of FcRn to provide context for our assessment of more recent advances, which covers antigen-binding fragment (Fab) determinants of FcRn affinity, transgenic preclinical models, and FcRn targeting as an immune-complex (IC)-clearing strategy. We further comment on therapeutic antibodies authorized for treating SARS-CoV-2 (bamlanivimab, casirivimab, and imdevimab) and evaluate their potential to saturate FcRn-mediated recycling. Finally, we discuss modeling and simulation studies that probe the quantitative relationship between in vivo IgG persistence and in vitro FcRn binding, emphasizing the importance of endosomal transit parameters.},
}
@article {pmid33802567,
year = {2021},
author = {Tzeng, YL and Stephens, DS},
title = {A Narrative Review of the W, X, Y, E, and NG of Meningococcal Disease: Emerging Capsular Groups, Pathotypes, and Global Control.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {9},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33802567},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {R01AI127863//National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/ ; R21AI128313//National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/ ; },
abstract = {Neisseria meningitidis, carried in the human nasopharynx asymptomatically by ~10% of the population, remains a leading cause of meningitis and rapidly fatal sepsis, usually in otherwise healthy individuals. The epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) varies substantially by geography and over time and is now influenced by meningococcal vaccines and in 2020-2021 by COVID-19 pandemic containment measures. While 12 capsular groups, defined by capsular polysaccharide structures, can be expressed by N. meningitidis, groups A, B, and C historically caused most IMD. However, the use of mono-, bi-, and quadrivalent-polysaccharide-conjugate vaccines, the introduction of protein-based vaccines for group B, natural disease fluctuations, new drugs (e.g., eculizumab) that increase meningococcal susceptibility, changing transmission dynamics and meningococcal evolution are impacting the incidence of the capsular groups causing IMD. While the ability to spread and cause illness vary considerably, capsular groups W, X, and Y now cause significant IMD. In addition, group E and nongroupable meningococci have appeared as a cause of invasive disease, and a nongroupable N. meningitidis pathotype of the hypervirulent clonal complex 11 is causing sexually transmitted urethritis cases and outbreaks. Carriage and IMD of the previously &quot;minor&quot; N. meningitidis are reviewed and the need for polyvalent meningococcal vaccines emphasized.},
}
@article {pmid33802468,
year = {2021},
author = {Bartáková, A and Nováková, M},
title = {Secondary Metabolites of Plants as Modulators of Endothelium Functions.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {22},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {33802468},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {MUNI/A/1307/2019; MUNI/A/1246/2020//Lékařská fakulta, Masarykova univerzita/ ; },
abstract = {According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death worldwide. They may be caused by various factors or combinations of factors. Frequently, endothelial dysfunction is involved in either development of the disorder or results from it. On the other hand, the endothelium may be disordered for other reasons, e.g., due to infection, such as COVID-19. The understanding of the role and significance of the endothelium in the body has changed significantly over time-from a simple physical barrier to a complex system encompassing local and systemic regulation of numerous processes in the body. Endothelium disorders may arise from impairment of one or more signaling pathways affecting dilator or constrictor activity, including nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate activation, prostacyclin-cyclic adenosine monophosphate activation, phosphodiesterase inhibition, and potassium channel activation or intracellular calcium level inhibition. In this review, plants are summarized as sources of biologically active substances affecting the endothelium. This paper compares individual substances and mechanisms that are known to affect the endothelium, and which subsequently may cause the development of cardiovascular disorders.},
}
@article {pmid33802310,
year = {2021},
author = {Malkova, A and Kudlay, D and Kudryavtsev, I and Starshinova, A and Yablonskiy, P and Shoenfeld, Y},
title = {Immunogenetic Predictors of Severe COVID-19.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {9},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33802310},
issn = {2076-393X},
support = {14.W03.31.0009//the Government of the Russian Federation for the state support of scientific research carried out under the supervision of leading scientists/ ; },
abstract = {According to an analysis of published data, only 20% of patients with the new coronavirus infection develop severe life-threatening complications. Currently, there are no known biomarkers, the determination of which before the onset of the disease would allow assessing the likelihood of its severe course. The purpose of this literature review was to analyze possible genetic factors characterizing the immune response to the new coronavirus infection that could be associated with the expression of angiotension-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) and related proteins as predictors of severe Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We analyzed original articles published in Medline, PubMed and Scopus databases from December 2019 to November 2020. For searching articles, we used the following keywords: New coronavirus infection, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), COVID-19, severe course, complications, thrombosis, cytokine storm, ACE-2, biomarkers. In total, 3714 publications were selected using the keywords, of which 8 were in congruence with all the criteria. The literature analysis of the association of immunogenic characteristics and the expression of ACE-2 and related proteins with the development of severe COVID-19 revealed following genetic factors: HLA-B*46:01 genotype, CXCR6 gene hypoexpression, CCR9 gene expression, TLR7, rs150892504 mutations in the ERAP2 gene, overexpression of wild-type ACE-2, TMPRSS2 and its different polymorphisms. Genes, associated with the severe course, are more common among men. According to the analysis data, it can be assumed that there are population differences. However, the diagnostic significance of the markers described must be confirmed with additional clinical studies.},
}
@article {pmid33802278,
year = {2021},
author = {Jones, EAK and Mitra, AK and Bhuiyan, AR},
title = {Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health in Adolescents: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {18},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {33802278},
issn = {1660-4601},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Anxiety ; *COVID-19 ; Child ; Depression ; Humans ; Mental Health ; *Pandemics ; Quarantine ; SARS-CoV-2 ; United States ; },
abstract = {Due to lack of sufficient data on the psychological toll of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescent mental health, this systematic analysis aims to evaluate the impact of the pandemic on adolescent mental health. This study follows the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews of 16 quantitative studies conducted in 2019-2021 with 40,076 participants. Globally, adolescents of varying backgrounds experience higher rates of anxiety, depression, and stress due to the pandemic. Secondly, adolescents also have a higher frequency of using alcohol and cannabis during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, social support, positive coping skills, home quarantining, and parent-child discussions seem to positively impact adolescent mental health during this period of crisis. Whether in the United States or abroad, the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted adolescent mental health. Therefore, it is important to seek and to use all of the available resources and therapies to help adolescents mediate the adjustments caused by the pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid33802155,
year = {2021},
author = {Osman, M and Klopfenstein, T and Belfeki, N and Gendrin, V and Zayet, S},
title = {A Comparative Systematic Review of COVID-19 and Influenza.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {13},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33802155},
issn = {1999-4915},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Both SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus share similarities such as clinical features and outcome, laboratory, and radiological findings.<br><br>METHODS: Literature search was done using PubMed to find MEDLINE indexed articles relevant to this study. As of 25 November 2020, the search has been conducted by combining the MeSH words &quot;COVID-19&quot; and &quot;Influenza&quot;.<br><br>RESULTS: Eighteen articles were finally selected in adult patients. Comorbidities such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and obesity were significantly higher in COVID-19 patients, while pulmonary diseases and immunocompromised conditions were significantly more common in influenza patients. The incidence rates of fever, vomiting, ocular and otorhinolaryngological symptoms were found to be significantly higher in influenza patients when compared with COVID-19 patients. However, neurologic symptoms and diarrhea were statistically more frequent in COVID-19 patients. The level of white cell count and procalcitonin was significantly higher in influenza patients, whereas thrombopenia and elevated transaminases were significantly more common in COVID-19 patients. Ground-grass opacities, interlobular septal thickening, and a peripheral distribution were more common in COVID-19 patients than in influenza patients where consolidations and linear opacities were described instead. COVID-19 patients were significantly more often transferred to intensive care unit with a higher rate of mortality.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This study estimated differences of COVID-19 and influenza patients which can help clinicians during the co-circulation of the two viruses.},
}
@article {pmid33802043,
year = {2021},
author = {Shirazi, S and Stanford, CM and Cooper, LF},
title = {Characteristics and Detection Rate of SARS-CoV-2 in Alternative Sites and Specimens Pertaining to Dental Practice: An Evidence Summary.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {10},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {33802043},
issn = {2077-0383},
abstract = {Knowledge about the detection potential and detection rates of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in various body fluids and sites is important for dentists since they, directly or indirectly, deal with many of these fluids/sites in their daily practices. In this study, we attempt to review the latest evidence and meta-analysis studies regarding the detection rate of SARS-CoV-2 in different body specimens and sites as well as the characteristics of these sample. The presence/detection of SARS-CoV-2 viral biomolecules (nucleic acid, antigens, antibody) in different clinical specimens depends greatly on the specimen type and timing of collection. These specimens/sites include nasopharynx, oropharynx, nose, saliva, sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage, stool, urine, ocular fluid, serum, plasma and whole blood. The relative detection rate of SARS-CoV-2 viral biomolecules in each of these specimens/sites is reviewed in detail within the text. The infectious potential of these specimens depends mainly on the time of specimen collection and the presence of live replicating viral particles.},
}
@article {pmid33802042,
year = {2021},
author = {Shuid, AN and Jayusman, PA and Shuid, N and Ismail, J and Kamal Nor, N and Mohamed, IN},
title = {Association between Viral Infections and Risk of Autistic Disorder: An Overview.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {18},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {33802042},
issn = {1660-4601},
mesh = {*Autism Spectrum Disorder/epidemiology/etiology ; *Autistic Disorder/epidemiology/etiology ; *COVID-19 ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Pregnancy ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Virus Diseases/epidemiology ; *Zika Virus ; *Zika Virus Infection ; },
abstract = {Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition of the central nervous system (CNS) that presents with severe communication problems, impairment of social interactions, and stereotypic behaviours. Emerging studies indicate possible associations between viral infections and neurodegenerative and neurobehavioural conditions including autism. Viral infection during critical periods of early in utero neurodevelopment may lead to increased risk of autism in the offspring. This review is aimed at highlighting the association between viral infections, including viruses similar to COVID-19, and the aetiology of autism. A literature search was conducted using Pubmed, Ovid/Medline, and Google Scholar database. Relevant search terms included &quot;rubella and autism&quot;, &quot;cytomegalovirus and autism&quot;, &quot;influenza virus and autism&quot;, &quot;Zika virus and autism&quot;, &quot;COVID-19 and autism&quot;. Based on the search terms, a total of 141 articles were obtained and studies on infants or children with congenital or perinatal viral infection and autistic behaviour were evaluated. The possible mechanisms by which viral infections could lead to autism include direct teratogenic effects and indirect effects of inflammation or maternal immune activation on the developing brain. Brain imaging studies have shown that the ensuing immune response from these viral infections could lead to disruption of the development of brain regions and structures. Hence, long-term follow up is necessary for infants whose mothers report an inflammatory event due to viral infection at any time during pregnancy to monitor for signs of autism. Research into the role of viral infection in the development of ASD may be one avenue of improving ASD outcomes in the future. Early screening and diagnosis to detect, and maybe even prevent ASD are essential to reduce the burden of this condition.},
}
@article {pmid33801921,
year = {2021},
author = {Matsuishi, Y and Mathis, BJ and Shimojo, N and Subrina, J and Okubo, N and Inoue, Y},
title = {Severe COVID-19 Infection Associated with Endothelial Dysfunction Induces Multiple Organ Dysfunction: A Review of Therapeutic Interventions.},
journal = {Biomedicines},
volume = {9},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33801921},
issn = {2227-9059},
abstract = {Since December 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has transfixed the medical world. COVID-19 symptoms vary from mild to severe and underlying chronic conditions such as pulmonary/cardiovascular disease and diabetes induce excessive inflammatory responses to COVID-19 and these underlying chronic diseases are mediated by endothelial dysfunction. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the most common cause of death in COVID-19 patients, but coagulation induced by excessive inflammation, thrombosis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) also induce death by multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome. These associations imply that maintaining endothelial integrity is crucial for favorable prognoses with COVID-19 and therapeutic intervention to support this may be beneficial. Here, we summarize the extent of heart injuries, ischemic stroke and hemorrhage, acute kidney injury, and liver injury caused by immune-mediated endothelial dysfunction that result in the phenomenon of multi-organ dysfunction seen in COVID-19 patients. Moreover, the potential therapeutic effect of angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors that improve endothelial dysfunction as well as the bradykinin storm are discussed.},
}
@article {pmid33801831,
year = {2021},
author = {Koch, T and Mellinghoff, SC and Shamsrizi, P and Addo, MM and Dahlke, C},
title = {Correlates of Vaccine-Induced Protection against SARS-CoV-2.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {9},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33801831},
issn = {2076-393X},
abstract = {We are in the midst of a pandemic caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 has caused more than two million deaths after one year of the pandemic. The world is experiencing a deep economic recession. Safe and effective vaccines are needed to prevent further morbidity and mortality. Vaccine candidates against COVID-19 have been developed at an unprecedented speed, with more than 200 vaccine candidates currently under investigation. Among those, 20 candidates have entered the clinical Phase 3 to evaluate efficacy, and three have been approved by the European Medicines Agency. The aim of immunization is to act against infection, disease and/or transmission. However, the measurement of vaccine efficacy is challenging, as efficacy trials need to include large cohorts with verum and placebo cohorts. In the future, this will be even more challenging as further vaccine candidates will receive approval, an increasing number of humans will receive vaccinations and incidence might decrease. To evaluate novel and second-generation vaccine candidates, randomized placebo-controlled trials might not be appropriate anymore. Correlates of protection (CoP) could be an important tool to evaluate novel vaccine candidates, but vaccine-induced CoP have not been clearly defined for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. In this review, we report on immunogenicity against natural SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccine-induced immune responses and discuss immunological markers that can be linked to protection. By discussing the immunogenicity and efficacy of forerunner vaccines, we aim to give a comprehensive overview of possible efficacy measures and CoP.},
}
@article {pmid33801799,
year = {2021},
author = {Rusic, D and Vilovic, M and Bukic, J and Leskur, D and Seselja Perisin, A and Kumric, M and Martinovic, D and Petric, A and Modun, D and Bozic, J},
title = {Implications of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Emergence of Antimicrobial Resistance: Adjusting the Response to Future Outbreaks.},
journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {11},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33801799},
issn = {2075-1729},
abstract = {The net effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the response to it on the emergence of antimicrobial resistance is yet unknown. Positive impacts on the spread of multiresistant pathogens and infections in general may be observed with the implementation of general preventative measures for the spread of infectious disease such as social distancing, reduced travel and increased personal hygiene. This pandemic has accelerated the development of novel technologies, such as mRNA vaccines, that may be used to fight other diseases. These should be capitalized upon to manage the ongoing antimicrobial resistance pandemic in the background. However, it is likely that the COVID-19 pandemic is fueling the emergence of antimicrobial resistance due to high rates of inappropriate antimicrobial prescribing, the high use of biocides and the interruption of treatment for other conditions. Clinical uncertainty driven by the lack of effective diagnostics and practice of telemedicine may have driven the inappropriate use of antimicrobials. As pathogens know no borders, increased focus is needed for infectious diseases still threatening low- and middle-income countries such as tuberculosis. Stewardship measures for future outbreaks should stress the importance of social distancing and hand washing but discourage the overuse of disinfectants and antimicrobials that are not proven effective.},
}
@article {pmid33801704,
year = {2021},
author = {Nazir, R and Ali, J and Rasul, I and Widemann, E and Shafiq, S},
title = {Eco-Environmental Aspects of COVID-19 Pandemic and Potential Control Strategies.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {18},
number = {7},
pages = {},
pmid = {33801704},
issn = {1660-4601},
mesh = {Animals ; *COVID-19 ; Communicable Disease Control ; *Coronavirus Infections ; Humans ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {A new coronavirus-strain from a zoonotic reservoir (probably bat)-termed as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-has recently claimed more than two million deaths worldwide. Consequently, a burst of scientific reports on epidemiology, symptoms, and diagnosis came out. However, a comprehensive understanding of eco-environmental aspects that may contribute to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spread is still missing, and we therefore aim to focus here on these aspects. In addition to human-human direct SARS-CoV-2 transmission, eco-environmental sources, such as air aerosols, different public use objects, hospital wastes, livestock/pet animals, municipal wastes, ventilation facilities, soil and groundwater potentially contribute to SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Further, high temperature and humidity were found to limit the spread of COVID-19. Although the COVID-19 pandemic led to decrease air and noise pollution during the period of lockdown, increased use of masks and gloves is threatening the environment by water and soil pollutions. COVID-19 badly impacted all the socio-economic groups in different capacities, where women, slum dwellers, and the people lacking social protections are the most vulnerable. Finally, sustainable strategies, waste management, biodiversity reclaim, eco-friendly lifestyle, improved health infrastructure and public awareness, were proposed to minimize the COVID-19 impact on our society and environment. These strategies will seemingly be equally effective against any future outbreak.},
}
@article {pmid33801651,
year = {2021},
author = {Jain, V and Schwarz, L and Lorgelly, P},
title = {A Rapid Review of COVID-19 Vaccine Prioritization in the U.S.: Alignment between Federal Guidance and State Practice.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {18},
number = {7},
pages = {},
pmid = {33801651},
issn = {1660-4601},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; United States ; Vaccination ; *Vaccines ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Population groups to be prioritized for COVID-19 vaccinations in the U.S. have been determined at the Federal level, but there is variation in how States have implemented guidance. This review examines how the position of population groups in vaccine priority lists varies between Federal guidance and State practice.<br><br>METHODS: An online search of State vaccination prioritization plans was conducted. Data were extracted on each population group included and their relative position. A standardized ranking method was applied to provide a directional measure of variability in prioritization between State and Federal guidance, for each population group.<br><br>RESULTS: Healthcare workers and those in long-term care facilities were largely prioritized in line with Federal guidance. Aside from early education staff, essential workers were often excluded at State level. Almost all States included the 65-74 year age group and most assigned them to a higher position than recommended in Federal guidance. Those with underlying medical conditions were similarly highly prioritized, although there was more variability across States. Some socially vulnerable groups (not included in Federal guidance) were highly prioritized by many States.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The prioritization of groups for COVID-19 vaccination has been highly variable despite clear Federal guidance. Future guidance must be relevant to local needs, values, and constraints, to minimize any unwarranted heterogeneity in vaccine access across populations.},
}
@article {pmid33801645,
year = {2021},
author = {Mentella, MC and Scaldaferri, F and Gasbarrini, A and Miggiano, GAD},
title = {The Role of Nutrition in the COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Nutrients},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/nu13041093},
pmid = {33801645},
issn = {2072-6643},
mesh = {COVID-19/epidemiology/*prevention &amp; control ; Humans ; Malnutrition/complications ; *Nutritional Status ; Obesity/complications ; },
abstract = {SARS-CoV-2, the cause of the COVID-19 disease, is posing unprecedent challenges. In the literature, increasing evidence highlights how malnutrition negatively affects the immune system functionality, impairing protection from infections. The current review aims to summarize the complex relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and nutritional status and the effects of malnutrition in terms of disease severity, patients' recovery time, incidence of complications and mortality rate. Current studies evaluating the possibility of modulating nutrition and supplementation in combination with pharmacological treatments in the clinical setting to prevent, support, and overcome infection are also described. The discussion of the most recent pertinent literature aims to lay the foundations for making reasonable assumptions and evaluations for a nutritional &quot;best practice&quot; against COVID-19 pandemic and for the definition of sound cost-effective strategies to assist healthcare systems in managing patients and individuals in their recovery from COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33801527,
year = {2021},
author = {Suardi, C and Cazzaniga, E and Graci, S and Dongo, D and Palestini, P},
title = {Link between Viral Infections, Immune System, Inflammation and Diet.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {18},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {33801527},
issn = {1660-4601},
mesh = {Aged ; *COVID-19 ; Diet ; *Diet, Mediterranean ; Humans ; Immune System ; Inflammation ; Olive Oil ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Virus Diseases ; },
abstract = {The strong spread of COVID-19 and the significant number of deaths associated with it could be related to improper lifestyles, which lead to a low-grade inflammation (LGI) that not only increases the risk of chronic diseases, but also the risk of facing complications relating to infections and a greater susceptibility to infections themselves. Recently, scientific research has widely demonstrated that the microbiota plays a fundamental role in modulating metabolic responses in the immune system. There is, in fact, a two-way interaction between lifestyle, infection, and immunity. The immune response is compromised if nutrition is unbalanced or insufficient, because diet affects the intestinal flora predisposing people to infections and, at the same time, the nutritional state can be aggravated by the immune response itself to the infection. We evaluate the link between balanced diet, the efficiency of the immune system, and microbiota with the aim of providing some practical advice for individuals, with special attention to the elderly. A correct lifestyle that follows the Mediterranean model, which is especially rich in plant-based foods along with the use of extra-virgin olive oil, are the basis of preventing LGI and other chronic pathologies, directly influencing the intestinal microbiota and consequently the immune response.},
}
@article {pmid33801517,
year = {2021},
author = {Franklin, P and Gkiouleka, A},
title = {A Scoping Review of Psychosocial Risks to Health Workers during the Covid-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {18},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {33801517},
issn = {1660-4601},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Female ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; *Pandemics ; Personal Protective Equipment ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {The Covid-19 pandemic has exposed health workers to a diverse set of hazards impacting their physical, psychological and social wellbeing. This review aims to provide an overview of the categories of the psychosocial risk factors and hazards affecting HCWs during the Covid-19 pandemic and the recommendations for prevention. We used the scoping review methodology to collate categories of psychosocial risks, the related health outcomes, interventions, and data gaps. The review was conducted on global peer-reviewed academic and authoritative grey literature, published between 1. January-26. October 2020; in total, 220 articles were included into the review and the subsequent analysis. Analysis of the extracted data found PSRs related to four sources: personal protective equipment (PPE), job content, work organisation, and social context. is. Women health workers and nurses reported worst health outcomes. Majority of the research to date concerns health workers in secondary care, while data on psychosocial risks at primary and community-based settings are scarce. However, the emerging research implies that the pandemic creates psychosocial risks also to non-clinical health workers. The intervention and mitigation measures address individual and organisational levels. Preventative and mitigating measures for social and societal risks-such as staff shortages, intersecting inequalities, and financial stressors require further research.},
}
@article {pmid33801468,
year = {2021},
author = {Abramczyk, U and Kuzan, A},
title = {What Every Diabetologist Should Know about SARS-CoV-2: State of Knowledge at the Beginning of 2021.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {10},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {33801468},
issn = {2077-0383},
abstract = {For almost a year, the major medical problem has been the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. People with diabetes who contract COVID-19 are likely to experience more serious symptoms than patients without diabetes. This article presents new research about the epidemiology of COVID-19 in a group of patients with diabetes. It details the mortality and prognosis in such patients, as well as the relationship between COVID-19 and the diseases most often coexisting with diabetes: obesity, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and increased risk for infection. It also details how the virus infects and affects patients with hyperglycemia. The context of glycation and receptors for advanced glycation products (RAGE) seems to be of particular importance here. We also present a hypothesis related to the cause-and-effect axis-it turns out that diabetes can be both the cause of the more difficult course of COVID-19 and the result of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The last part of this article discusses the impact of antihyperglycemic drugs on the development of COVID-19 and other pharmacological implications, including which non-classical antihyperglycemic drugs seem to be effective in both the treatment of coronavirus infection and glucose homeostasis, and what strategies related to RAGE and glycation should be considered.},
}
@article {pmid33801385,
year = {2021},
author = {Cherri, S and Noventa, S and Fanelli, M and Calandra, G and Prochilo, T and Bnà, C and Savelli, G and Zaniboni, A},
title = {Drug-Related Pneumonitis in Cancer Treatment during the COVID-19 Era.},
journal = {Cancers},
volume = {13},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {33801385},
issn = {2072-6694},
abstract = {Interstitial lung disease is recognized as a group of diseases with a different etiopathogenesis characterized by chronic lung inflammation with the accumulation of inflammatory cells, lymphocytes and macrophages, and the consequent release of proinflammatory cytokines. Various degrees of pulmonary fibrosis can be associated with this inflammatory condition. Interstitial lung disease related to oncological drugs is a relevant problem in clinical practice. The etiopathogenetic mechanisms underlying this adverse event are not completely known but can be partly explained by the mechanism of action of the drug involved. Therefore, knowledge of the relevance of this potentially fatal adverse event supported by the reported safety data of pivotal studies becomes fundamental in the management of patients. The prompt diagnosis of drug-related pneumonia and the consequent differential diagnosis with other forms of pneumonia allow a rapid suspension of treatment and the establishment of an immunosuppressive treatment if necessary. In the context of the health emergency related to SARS CoV2 infection and COVID-19-related interstitial lung disease, such knowledge holds decisive relevance in the conscious choice of cancer treatments. Our intent was to describe the oncological drugs most correlated with this adverse event by reporting, where possible, the percentages of insurgency in pivotal studies to provide an overview and therefore promote greater awareness of this important toxicity related to oncological treatment.},
}
@article {pmid33801368,
year = {2021},
author = {Tonelli, R and Marchioni, A and Tabbì, L and Fantini, R and Busani, S and Castaniere, I and Andrisani, D and Gozzi, F and Bruzzi, G and Manicardi, L and Demurtas, J and Andreani, A and Cappiello, GF and Samarelli, AV and Clini, E},
title = {Spontaneous Breathing and Evolving Phenotypes of Lung Damage in Patients with COVID-19: Review of Current Evidence and Forecast of a New Scenario.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {10},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {33801368},
issn = {2077-0383},
abstract = {The mechanisms of acute respiratory failure other than inflammation and complicating the SARS-CoV-2 infection are still far from being fully understood, thus challenging the management of COVID-19 patients in the critical care setting. In this unforeseen scenario, the role of an individual's excessive spontaneous breathing may acquire critical importance, being one potential and important driver of lung injury and disease progression. The consequences of this acute lung damage may impair lung structure, forecasting the model of a fragile respiratory system. This perspective article aims to analyze the progression of injured lung phenotypes across the SARS-CoV-2 induced respiratory failure, pointing out the role of spontaneous breathing and also tackling the specific respiratory/ventilatory strategy required by the fragile lung type.},
}
@article {pmid33801080,
year = {2021},
author = {Calabrese, M and Garofano, M and Palumbo, R and Di Pietro, P and Izzo, C and Damato, A and Venturini, E and Iesu, S and Virtuoso, N and Strianese, A and Ciccarelli, M and Galasso, G and Vecchione, C},
title = {Exercise Training and Cardiac Rehabilitation in COVID-19 Patients with Cardiovascular Complications: State of Art.},
journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {11},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33801080},
issn = {2075-1729},
abstract = {Recent scientific literature has investigated the cardiovascular implications of COVID-19. The mechanisms of cardiovascular damage seem to involve the protein angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), to which severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus-2 (CoV-2) binds to penetrate cells and other mechanisms, most of which are still under study. Cardiovascular sequelae of COVID-19 include heart failure, cardiomyopathy, acute coronary syndrome, arrhythmias, and venous thromboembolism. This article aims to collect scientific evidence by exploiting PubMed, Scopus, and Pedro databases to highlight the cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 and to define the physiotherapy treatment recommended for these patients. Exercise training (ET), an important part of cardiac rehabilitation, is a powerful tool in physiotherapy, capable of inducing significant changes in the cardiovascular system and functional in the recovery of endothelial dysfunction and for the containment of thromboembolic complications. In conclusion, due to the wide variety of possible exercise programs that can be obtained by combining intensity, duration, and speed in various ways, and by adjusting the program based on continuous patient monitoring, exercise training is well suited to the treatment of post-COVID patients with an impaired cardiovascular system of various degrees.},
}
@article {pmid33800977,
year = {2021},
author = {Hafez Ghoran, S and El-Shazly, M and Sekeroglu, N and Kijjoa, A},
title = {Natural Products from Medicinal Plants with Anti-Human Coronavirus Activities.},
journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {26},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {33800977},
issn = {1420-3049},
support = {UIDB/04423/2020//Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/ ; UIDP/04423/2020//Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia/ ; },
abstract = {Since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) first reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019, COVID-19 has spread to all the continents at an unprecedented pace. This pandemic has caused not only hundreds of thousands of mortalities but also a huge economic setback throughout the world. Therefore, the scientific communities around the world have focused on finding antiviral therapeutic agents to either fight or halt the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Since certain medicinal plants and herbal formulae have proved to be effective in treatment of similar viral infections such as those caused by SARS and Ebola, scientists have paid more attention to natural products for effective treatment of this devastating pandemic. This review summarizes studies and ethnobotanical information on plants and their constituents used for treatment of infections caused by viruses related to the coronavirus family. Herein, we provide a critical analysis of previous reports and how to exploit published data for the discovery of novel therapeutic leads to fight against COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33800954,
year = {2021},
author = {Erickson, MA and Rhea, EM and Knopp, RC and Banks, WA},
title = {Interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with the Blood-Brain Barrier.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {22},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {33800954},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {1RF1AG059088-01/AG/NIA NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Emerging data indicate that neurological complications occur as a consequence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical interface that regulates entry of circulating molecules into the CNS, and is regulated by signals that arise from the brain and blood compartments. In this review, we discuss mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 interactions with the BBB may contribute to neurological dysfunction associated with coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by SARS-CoV-2. We consider aspects of peripheral disease, such as hypoxia and systemic inflammatory response syndrome/cytokine storm, as well as CNS infection and mechanisms of viral entry into the brain. We also discuss the contribution of risk factors for developing severe COVID-19 to BBB dysfunction that could increase viral entry or otherwise damage the brain.},
}
@article {pmid33800659,
year = {2021},
author = {Duy Nguyen, BT and Nguyen Thi, HY and Nguyen Thi, BP and Kang, DK and Kim, JF},
title = {The Roles of Membrane Technology in Artificial Organs: Current Challenges and Perspectives.},
journal = {Membranes},
volume = {11},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/membranes11040239},
pmid = {33800659},
issn = {2077-0375},
support = {Research Assistance Program 2020//Incheon National University/ ; },
abstract = {The recent outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 reasserted the necessity of artificial lung membrane technology to treat patients with acute lung failure. In addition, the aging world population inevitably leads to higher demand for better artificial organ (AO) devices. Membrane technology is the central component in many of the AO devices including lung, kidney, liver and pancreas. Although AO technology has improved significantly in the past few decades, the quality of life of organ failure patients is still poor and the technology must be improved further. Most of the current AO literature focuses on the treatment and the clinical use of AO, while the research on the membrane development aspect of AO is relatively scarce. One of the speculated reasons is the wide interdisciplinary spectrum of AO technology, ranging from biotechnology to polymer chemistry and process engineering. In this review, in order to facilitate the membrane aspects of the AO research, the roles of membrane technology in the AO devices, along with the current challenges, are summarized. This review shows that there is a clear need for better membranes in terms of biocompatibility, permselectivity, module design, and process configuration.},
}
@article {pmid33800549,
year = {2021},
author = {Pappalardo, M and Fanelli, U and Chiné, V and Neglia, C and Gramegna, A and Argentiero, A and Esposito, S},
title = {Telemedicine in Pediatric Infectious Diseases.},
journal = {Children (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {8},
number = {4},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/children8040260},
pmid = {33800549},
issn = {2227-9067},
abstract = {Telemedicine is the remote practice of medicine through the use of information and communication technologies for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and management of diseases. In this narrative review, we illustrate how telemedicine technologies are increasingly integrated into pediatric infectious disease programs with the aim of facilitating access to specialist care and reducing costs. There is widespread use of telemedicine for the management of acute and chronic infectious diseases, particularly in countries in which the majority of the population lives in rural areas, far from third-level hospital centers located in large urban centers. Obviously, telemedicine is also used in developed countries, and its importance has been further increased recently given the COVID-19 pandemic. It has many advantages for patients, such as saving time, money and working hours, and reducing cancelled appointments and delays, while there are also many advantages for doctors, allowing collaborations with specialists and continuous updating. Among the disadvantages are the limitation in carrying out an objective examination, which is particularly important for children under 2 years of age, and the need for cutting-edge technology and reliable connectivity. Telemedicine increasingly represents the future and the beginning of a new healthcare system that also will redefine medical care for the treatment of infectious diseases, both acute and chronic. However, the majority of the experience has involved adults, and its validation in pediatric care, as well as its application in real-life practices, are urgently needed.},
}
@article {pmid33800390,
year = {2021},
author = {Harnish, JM and Link, N and Yamamoto, S},
title = {Drosophila as a Model for Infectious Diseases.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {22},
number = {5},
pages = {},
pmid = {33800390},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {R01DC014932/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R24OD022005/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; U01HG007530/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; U54OD030165/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; U54NS093793/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; N/A//Caroline Wiess Law Fund for Research in Molecular Medicine/ ; N/A//Naman Family Fund for Basic Research/ ; N/A//Nancy Chang, Ph.D. Award for Research Excellence/ ; },
abstract = {The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has been used to understand fundamental principles of genetics and biology for over a century. Drosophila is now also considered an essential tool to study mechanisms underlying numerous human genetic diseases. In this review, we will discuss how flies can be used to deepen our knowledge of infectious disease mechanisms in vivo. Flies make effective and applicable models for studying host-pathogen interactions thanks to their highly conserved innate immune systems and cellular processes commonly hijacked by pathogens. Drosophila researchers also possess the most powerful, rapid, and versatile tools for genetic manipulation in multicellular organisms. This allows for robust experiments in which specific pathogenic proteins can be expressed either one at a time or in conjunction with each other to dissect the molecular functions of each virulent factor in a cell-type-specific manner. Well documented phenotypes allow large genetic and pharmacological screens to be performed with relative ease using huge collections of mutant and transgenic strains that are publicly available. These factors combine to make Drosophila a powerful tool for dissecting out host-pathogen interactions as well as a tool to better understand how we can treat infectious diseases that pose risks to public health, including COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2.},
}
@article {pmid33800099,
year = {2021},
author = {Choi, HK and Lee, SH},
title = {Trends and Effectiveness of ICT Interventions for the Elderly to Reduce Loneliness: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {9},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33800099},
issn = {2227-9032},
support = {GCU-202002510001//Gachon University/ ; },
abstract = {Elderly people are sensitive to loneliness, which may contribute to mental and physical health, serious illness, and increased mortality. This study investigates the development trend of information communication technology (ICT) interventions designed for the elderly to reduce loneliness and synthesize its effect. We searched relevant articles on 23 May 2020 using three databases: Ovid-Medline, Ovid-EMBASE, and the Cochrane library. Data extraction and quality assessment were independently performed by two authors. The development is changing from animal robots to online social platforms and from simple emotional support to a multifaceted system that promotes social participation, cognition, physical activity, and nutrition. Our systematic review reported that ICT interventions are being developed to alleviate loneliness and increase social participation. Our study revealed an increase in the use of ICT interventions among the elderly and a positive change in their attitude toward ICT interventions. ICT interventions in the field of nursing should continue to be developed in the future to meet social, health, and safety needs. In the context of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), ICT interventions are needed to respond effectively to the needs of the elderly. This study is expected to provide basic knowledge for the development of ICT interventions for the elderly.},
}
@article {pmid33799966,
year = {2021},
author = {Raghav, A and Khan, ZA and Upadhayay, VK and Tripathi, P and Gautam, KA and Mishra, BK and Ahmad, J and Jeong, GB},
title = {Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Exhibit Promising Potential for Treating SARS-CoV-2-Infected Patients.},
journal = {Cells},
volume = {10},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33799966},
issn = {2073-4409},
abstract = {The novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for COVID-19 infection. The COVID-19 pandemic represents one of the worst global threats in the 21st century since World War II. This pandemic has led to a worldwide economic recession and crisis due to lockdown. Biomedical researchers, pharmaceutical companies, and premier institutes throughout the world are claiming that new clinical trials are in progress. During the severe phase of this disease, mechanical ventilators are used to assist in the management of outcomes; however, their use can lead to the development of pneumonia. In this context, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes can serve as an immunomodulation treatment for COVID-19 patients. Exosomes possess anti-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic, and immunomodulatory properties that can be explored in an effort to improve the outcomes of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. Currently, only one ongoing clinical trial (NCT04276987) is specifically exploring the use of MSC-derived exosomes as a therapy to treat SARS-CoV-2-associated pneumonia. The purpose of this review is to provide insights of using exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells in management of the co-morbidities associated with SARS-CoV-2-infected persons in direction of improving their health outcome. There is limited knowledge of using exosomes in SARS-CoV-2; the clinicians and researchers should exploit exosomes as therapeutic regime.},
}
@article {pmid33799956,
year = {2021},
author = {Kumano, O and Akatsuchi, K and Amiral, J},
title = {Updates on Anticoagulation and Laboratory Tools for Therapy Monitoring of Heparin, Vitamin K Antagonists and Direct Oral Anticoagulants.},
journal = {Biomedicines},
volume = {9},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33799956},
issn = {2227-9059},
abstract = {Anticoagulant drugs have been used to prevent and treat thrombosis. However, they are associated with risk of hemorrhage. Therefore, prior to their clinical use, it is important to assess the risk of bleeding and thrombosis. In case of older anticoagulant drugs like heparin and warfarin, dose adjustment is required owing to narrow therapeutic ranges. The established monitoring methods for heparin and warfarin are activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)/anti-Xa assay and prothrombin time - international normalized ratio (PT-INR), respectively. Since 2008, new generation anticoagulant drugs, called direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), have been widely prescribed to prevent and treat several thromboembolic diseases. Although the use of DOACs without routine monitoring and frequent dose adjustment has been shown to be safe and effective, there may be clinical circumstances in specific patients when measurement of the anticoagulant effects of DOACs is required. Recently, anticoagulation therapy has received attention when treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of anticoagulant drugs-heparin, warfarin, and DOACs and describe the methods used for the measurement of their effects. In addition, we discuss the latest findings on thrombosis mechanism in patients with COVID-19 with respect to biological chemistry.},
}
@article {pmid33799854,
year = {2021},
author = {de Oliveira, P and Cunha, K and Neves, P and Muniz, M and Gatto, G and Salgado Filho, N and Guedes, F and Silva, G},
title = {Renal Morphology in Coronavirus Disease: A Literature Review.},
journal = {Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)},
volume = {57},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33799854},
issn = {1648-9144},
mesh = {Acute Kidney Injury/blood/immunology/*pathology ; Adaptive Immunity/immunology ; Arteriosclerosis/immunology/pathology ; COVID-19/blood/immunology/*pathology ; Cytokines/immunology ; Glomerulonephritis/immunology/*pathology ; Glomerulonephritis, IGA/immunology/pathology ; Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/immunology/pathology ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate/immunology ; Infarction/immunology/pathology ; Kidney/blood supply/immunology/*pathology ; Kidney Cortex Necrosis/immunology/pathology ; Nephritis, Interstitial/immunology/pathology ; Nephrosis, Lipoid/immunology/pathology ; Rhabdomyolysis ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Thrombophilia/blood ; Thrombotic Microangiopathies/immunology/*pathology ; },
abstract = {Renal biopsy is useful to better understand the histological pattern of a lesion (glomerular, tubulointerstitial, and vascular) and the pathogenesis that leads to kidney failure. The potential impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on the kidneys is still undetermined, and a variety of lesions are seen in the kidney tissue of coronavirus disease patients. This review is based on the morphological findings of patients described in case reports and a series of published cases. A search was conducted on MEDLINE and PubMed of case reports and case series of lesions in the presence of non-critical infection by SARS-CoV-2 published until 15/09/2020. We highlight the potential of the virus directly influencing the damage or the innate and adaptive immune response activating cytokine and procoagulant cascades, in addition to the genetic component triggering glomerular diseases, mainly collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial, and even vascular diseases. Kidney lesions caused by SARS-CoV-2 are frequent and have an impact on morbidity and mortality; thus, studies are needed to assess the morphological kidney changes and their mechanisms and may help define their spectrum and immediate or long-term impact.},
}
@article {pmid33799853,
year = {2021},
author = {Elesela, S and Lukacs, NW},
title = {Role of Mitochondria in Viral Infections.},
journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {11},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33799853},
issn = {2075-1729},
support = {AI138348/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Viral diseases account for an increasing proportion of deaths worldwide. Viruses maneuver host cell machinery in an attempt to subvert the intracellular environment favorable for their replication. The mitochondrial network is highly susceptible to physiological and environmental insults, including viral infections. Viruses affect mitochondrial functions and impact mitochondrial metabolism, and innate immune signaling. Resurgence of host-virus interactions in recent literature emphasizes the key role of mitochondria and host metabolism on viral life processes. Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to damage of mitochondria that generate toxic compounds, importantly mitochondrial DNA, inducing systemic toxicity, leading to damage of multiple organs in the body. Mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy are essential for the maintenance of mitochondrial quality control and homeostasis. Therefore, metabolic antagonists may be essential to gain a better understanding of viral diseases and develop effective antiviral therapeutics. This review briefly discusses how viruses exploit mitochondrial dynamics for virus proliferation and induce associated diseases.},
}
@article {pmid33799583,
year = {2021},
author = {Tsuchiya, H},
title = {Oral Symptoms Associated with COVID-19 and Their Pathogenic Mechanisms: A Literature Review.},
journal = {Dentistry journal},
volume = {9},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33799583},
issn = {2304-6767},
support = {20K10152//Japan Society for the Promotion of Science/ ; },
abstract = {Since the worldwide spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been challenging for healthcare providers. The oral cavity is referred to as a target of SARS-CoV-2. The aim of this study was to review oral symptoms specific to COVID-19 patients from the point of view of symptom prevalence and pathogenesis and to speculate the pathogenic mechanisms underlying them. Scientific articles were retrieved by searching PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, medRxiv, and bioRxiv from 3 February 2020 to 31 December 2020, and they were reviewed by title, abstract, and text for relevance. The literature search indicated that COVID-19 patients frequently present with gustatory dysfunction, xerostomia, and oral mucosal lesions, while their prevalence is likely to vary by country, age, gender, and disease severity. Gustatory dysfunction and xerostomia appear at an early stage of SARS-CoV-2 infection and last relatively long. One of possible pathogenic mechanisms of both symptoms is attributed to the expression of viral cellular entry-relevant receptors in taste cells and salivary glands. Dental professionals who can first become aware of oral symptoms associated with COVID-19 will play a more active role in and make a greater contribution to diagnosis and prevention of COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33799505,
year = {2021},
author = {Gómez, CE and Perdiguero, B and Esteban, M},
title = {Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Impact in Global Vaccination Programs against SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {9},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33799505},
issn = {2076-393X},
support = {CF01-00008//&quot;la Caixa&quot; Foundation/ ; },
abstract = {The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants in different continents is causing a major concern in human global health. These variants have in common a higher transmissibility, becoming dominant within populations in a short time, and an accumulation of a high number of mutations in the spike (S) protein, especially within the amino terminal domain (NTD) and the receptor binding domain (RBD). These mutations have direct implications on virus infection rates through higher affinity of S RBD for the cellular angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor. There are also signs of enhanced virulence, re-infection frequency, and increased resistance to the action of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies from convalescence sera and in vaccinated individuals in regions where the variants spread dominantly. In this review, we describe the different SARS-CoV-2 variants that have thus far been identified in various parts of the world with mutational changes and biological properties as well as their impact in medical countermeasures and human health.},
}
@article {pmid33799384,
year = {2021},
author = {Pacheco, F and Sobral, M and Guiomar, R and de la Torre-Luque, A and Caparros-Gonzalez, RA and Ganho-Ávila, A},
title = {Breastfeeding during COVID-19: A Narrative Review of the Psychological Impact on Mothers.},
journal = {Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {11},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33799384},
issn = {2076-328X},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has altered the normal course of life, with measures to reduce the virus spread impacting motherhood expectations and, in particular, breastfeeding practices. This study aimed to review evidence regarding the impact of COVID-19 on breastfeeding plans and how these relate to women's psychological outcomes. Searches were conducted on PubMed and Web of Science for studies in English, Spanish, and Portuguese between January 2020 and January 2021. All study designs and pre-prints were considered. Twelve studies were included. Reports suggest that COVID-19 impacts differently on breastfeeding plans, which in turn leads to distinctive mental health outcomes. Positive breastfeeding experiences have been observed when mothers perceive that they have more time for motherhood, which may be associated with better mental health outcomes. Negative breastfeeding experiences have been observed when mothers are separated from their newborns, when mothers struggle with breastfeeding, or when mothers perceive decreased family and professional support, which seems to be associated with worse mental health outcomes. These preliminary results highlight the need for further research into the association between COVID-19, breastfeeding expectations, and maternal mental health. Filling this gap will foster the development of guidelines and interventions to better support mothers experiencing the obstacles of COVID-19 pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid33798720,
year = {2021},
author = {Wang, Z and Wang, Y and Yang, Z and Wu, H and Liang, J and Liang, H and Lin, H and Chen, R and Ou, Y and Wang, F and Wang, Y and Wang, Y and Luo, W and Li, N and Li, Z and Xie, J and Jiang, M and Li, S},
title = {The use of non-invasive ventilation in COVID-19: a systematic review.},
journal = {International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijid.2021.03.078},
pmid = {33798720},
issn = {1878-3511},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Guidelines from different areas on the use of non-invasive ventilation in COVID-19 have generally been inconsistent. The goals were to appraise the quality and availability of guidelines stated and whether non-invasive ventilation in the early stage of the pandemic is of importance.<br><br>DESIGN AND METHOD: Databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and websites of international organizations and gray databases were searched up to June 23, 2020. We also hand-searched the reference lists of eligible papers.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 26 guidelines met the inclusion criteria. Regarding the appraisal by the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II instrument, the guidelines' methodological quality was low. Among six domains, Rigour. of Developmentand Editorial Independencewere of the lowest quality. Given the lack of evidence from randomized clinical trials and the great differences between different regions, non-invasive ventilation's recommendations generated a considerable debate at the early stage of COVID-19.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Improving the methodological quality of the guidelines should be a goal in future pandemics. Additionally, more well-designed randomized clinical trials are needed to solve the controversy on the impact of non-invasive ventilation.},
}
@article {pmid33798507,
year = {2021},
author = {Das, A and Pandita, D and Jain, GK and Agarwal, P and Grewal, AS and Khar, RK and Lather, V},
title = {Role of phytoconstituents in the management of COVID-19.},
journal = {Chemico-biological interactions},
volume = {341},
number = {},
pages = {109449},
doi = {10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109449},
pmid = {33798507},
issn = {1872-7786},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: COVID-19, a severe global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged as one of the most threatening transmissible disease. As a great threat to global public health, the development of treatment options has become vital, and a rush to find a cure has mobilized researchers globally from all areas.<br><br>SCOPE AND APPROACH: This review focuses on deciphering the potential of different secondary metabolites from medicinal plants as therapeutic options either as inhibitors of therapeutic targets of SARS-CoV-2 or as blockers of viral particles entry through host cell receptors. The use of medicinal plants containing specific phytomoieties could be seen in providing a safer and long-term solution for the population with lesser side effects. Key Findings and Conclusions: Considering the high cost and time-consuming drug discovery process, therapeutic repositioning of existing drugs was explored as treatment option in COVID-19, however several molecules have been retracted as therapeutics either due to no positive outcomes or the severe side effects. These effects call for exploring the alternate treatment options which are therapeutically effective as well as safe. Keeping this in mind, phytopharmaceuticals derived from medicinal plants could be explored as important resources in the development of COVID-19 treatment, as their role in the past for treatment of viral diseases like HIV, MERS-CoV, and influenza has been well reported. Considering this fact, different phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and glycosides etc. Possessing antiviral properties against coronaviruses and possessing potential against SARS-CoV-2 have been reviewed in the present work.},
}
@article {pmid33798102,
year = {2021},
author = {Betlehem, J and Bánfai-Csonka, H and Musch, J and Deutsch, K and Sánta, E and Bánfai, B},
title = {Changes of first-aid attitude during the COVID–19 pandemic.},
journal = {Orvosi hetilap},
volume = {162},
number = {15},
pages = {571-578},
doi = {10.1556/650.2021.32167},
pmid = {33798102},
issn = {1788-6120},
mesh = {*Attitude ; *COVID-19 ; *First Aid ; Humans ; },
abstract = {Összefoglaló. Az új típusú koronavírus (SARS-CoV-2) okozta járvány hirtelen megnövekedett betegszámai és halálozásai komoly kihívás elé állították az egészségügyi ellátás minden színterét. A magas időfaktorú kórképek ellátásában a laikusok által végzett elsősegélynyújtás alapvető fontosságú a beteg túlélése és maradandó egészségkárosodásának elkerülése szempontjából. Az áttekintés célja rávilágítani arra, hogy a SARS-CoV-2 okozta járvány idején az első észlelők által megkezdett azonnali beavatkozások késlekedése mögött az elsősegélynyújtói attitűd változása feltételezhető. A társadalmilag fontos elsősegélynyújtás fenntartása érdekében az Európai Újraélesztési Tanács is módosította az elsősegélyre, az alapvető, eszköz nélküli újraélesztésre vonatkozó irányelveit, továbbá ajánlásokat fogalmazott meg a járvány idején a biztonságos elsősegélynyújtás oktatásával kapcsolatban. A hazai adaptáció érdekében a jelen áttekintés összefoglalja a legfontosabb eljárásrendi szempontokat, kiegészítéseket, és kitér azok gyakorlati alkalmazhatóságára is. Az eljárásrendek változásának legfőbb célja, hogy a segítségnyújtói szándékot a koronavírus-járvány előtti motiváltsági szintre lehessen visszahozni és azt tovább fokozni szakszerű oktatási anyagok és korszerű módszerek révén. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(15): 571-578. Summary. The sudden increase in the number of patients and deaths from this novel type of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic poses a serious challenge to all arenas of health care delivery system. The care of high-time dependent-factor illnesses is essential for the survival of a patient and the need for avoiding impairment of health. The purpose of the review is to highlight that a change in first-aid attitudes can be assumed behind the delay in immediate interventions initiated by first responders during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. To maintain socially important first aid, the European Resuscitation Council amended its guidelines on first aid, basic life support and made further recommendations at the time of pandemic on first-aid education, too. For effective domestic adaptation, the present overview summarises the most important aspects of guidelines and their supplements and also covers their practical implementations. The main purpose of the change in guidelines is to bring the willingness of the first responders back to the level before the coronavirus pandemic, and to further enhance it with professional educational materials and modern methods. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(15): 571-578.},
}
@article {pmid33797815,
year = {2021},
author = {Cocoros, NM and Fuller, CC and Adimadhyam, S and Ball, R and Brown, JS and Dal Pan, G and Kluberg, SA and Lo Re, V and Maro, J and Nguyen, M and Orr, R and Paraoan, D and Perlin, J and Poland, RE and Driscoll, MR and Sands, K and Toh, S and Yih, WK and Platt, R and , },
title = {A COVID-19-ready public health surveillance system: The FDA's Sentinel System.},
journal = {Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/pds.5240},
pmid = {33797815},
issn = {1099-1557},
abstract = {The US Food and Drug Administration's Sentinel System was established in 2009 to use routinely collected electronic health data for improving the national capability to assess post-market medical product safety. Over more than a decade, Sentinel has become an integral part of FDA's surveillance capabilities and has been used to conduct analyses that have contributed to regulatory decisions. FDA's role in the COVID-19 pandemic response has necessitated an expansion and enhancement of Sentinel. Here we describe how the Sentinel System has supported FDA's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. We highlight new capabilities developed, key data generated to date, and lessons learned, particularly with respect to working with inpatient electronic health record data. Early in the pandemic, Sentinel developed a multi-pronged approach to support FDA's anticipated data and analytic needs. It incorporated new data sources, created a rapidly refreshed database, developed protocols to assess the natural history of COVID-19, validated a diagnosis-code based algorithm for identifying patients with COVID-19 in administrative claims data, and coordinated with other national and international initiatives. Sentinel is poised to answer important questions about the natural history of COVID-19 and is positioned to use this information to study the use, safety, and potentially the effectiveness of medical products used for COVID-19 prevention and treatment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.},
}
@article {pmid33797621,
year = {2021},
author = {Zhang, L and Hou, J and Ma, FZ and Li, J and Xue, S and Xu, ZG},
title = {The common risk factors for progression and mortality in COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis.},
journal = {Archives of virology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33797621},
issn = {1432-8798},
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), has affected more than 50 million patients worldwide and caused a global public health emergency. Therefore, there is a recognized need to identify risk factors for COVID-19 severity and mortality. A systematic search of electronic databases (PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library) for studies published before September 29, 2020, was performed. Studies that investigated risk factors for progression and mortality in COVID-19 patients were included. A total 344,431 participants from 34 studies were included in this meta-analysis. Regarding comorbidities, cerebrovascular disease (CVD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), coronary heart disease (CHD), and malignancy were associated with an increased risk of progression and mortality in COVID-19 patients. Regarding clinical manifestations, sputum production was associated with a dramatically increased risk of progression and mortality. Hemoptysis was a risk factor for death in COVID-19 patients. In laboratory examinations, increased neutrophil count, decreased lymphocyte count, decreased platelet count, increased C-reactive protein (CRP), coinfection with bacteria or fungi, increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatine kinase (CK), increased N-terminal pronatriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and bilateral pneumonia in CT/X-ray were significantly more frequent in the severe group compared with the non-severe group. Moreover, the proportion of patients with increased CRP and total bilirubin (TBIL) was also significantly higher in the deceased group than in the survival group. CVD, CKD, sputum production, increased neutrophil count, decreased lymphocyte count, decreased platelet count, increased CRP, coinfection with bacteria or fungi, increased ALT and CK, increased NT-proBNP, and bilateral pneumonia in CT/X-ray were associated with an increased risk of progression in COVID-19 patients. Moreover, the proportion of patients with increased sputum production, hemoptysis, CRP and TBIL was also significantly higher in the deceased group.},
}
@article {pmid33797605,
year = {2021},
author = {Mirbeyk, M and Saghazadeh, A and Rezaei, N},
title = {A systematic review of pregnant women with COVID-19 and their neonates.},
journal = {Archives of gynecology and obstetrics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33797605},
issn = {1432-0711},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: In December 2019, a novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan, China, with an incredible contagion rate. However, the vertical transmission of COVID-19 is uncertain.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: This is a systematic review of published studies concerning pregnant women with confirmed COVID-19 and their neonates.<br><br>SEARCH STRATEGY: We carried out a systematic search in multiple databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, and WHO COVID-19 database using the following keywords: (Coronavirus) OR (novel coronavirus) OR (COVID-19) OR (COVID19) OR (COVID 19) OR (SARS-CoV2) OR (2019-nCoV)) and ((pregnancy) OR (pregnant) OR (vertical transmission) OR (neonate) OR (newborn) OR (placenta) OR (fetus) OR (Fetal)). The search took place in April 2020.<br><br>SELECTION CRITERIA: Original articles published in English were eligible if they included pregnant patients infected with COVID-19 and their newborns.<br><br>DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSES: The outcomes of interest consisted of clinical manifestations of COVID-19 in pregnant patients with COVID-19 and also the effect of COVID-19 on neonatal and pregnancy outcomes.<br><br>MAIN RESULTS: 37 articles involving 364 pregnant women with COVID-19 and 302 neonates were included. The vast majority of pregnant patients were in their third trimester of pregnancy, and only 45 cases were in the first or second trimester (12.4%). Most mothers described mild to moderate manifestations of COVID-19. Of 364 pregnant women, 25 were asymptomatic at the time of admission. The most common symptoms were fever (62.4%) and cough (45.3%). Two maternal deaths occurred. Some pregnant patients (12.1%) had a negative SARS-CoV-2 test but displayed clinical manifestations and abnormalities in computed tomography (CT) scan related to COVID-19. Twenty-two (6.0%) pregnant patients developed severe pneumonia. Two maternal deaths occurred from severe pneumonia and multiple organ dysfunction. Studies included a total of 302 neonates from mothers with COVID-19. Of the studies that provided data on the timing of birth, there were 65 (23.6%) preterm neonates. One baby was born dead from a mother who also died from COVID-19. Of the babies born alive from mothers with COVID-19, five newborns faced critical conditions, and two later died. A total of 219 neonates underwent nasopharyngeal specimen collection for SARS-CoV-2, of which 11 tested positive (5%). Seventeen studies examined samples of the placenta, breast milk, umbilical cord, and amniotic fluid, and all tested negative except one amniotic fluid sample.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: A systematic review of published studies confirm that the course of COVID-19 in pregnant women resembles that of other populations. However, there is not sufficient evidence to establish an idea that COVID-19 would not complicate pregnancy.},
}
@article {pmid33797123,
year = {2021},
author = {Amparo, TR and Seibert, JB and Almeida, TC and Costa, FSF and Silveira, BM and da Silva, GN and Dos Santos, ODH and de Souza, GHB},
title = {In silico approach of secondary metabolites from Brazilian herbal medicines to search for potential drugs against SARS-CoV-2.},
journal = {Phytotherapy research : PTR},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/ptr.7097},
pmid = {33797123},
issn = {1099-1573},
support = {//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; //Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior/ ; //Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais/ ; //Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto/ ; },
abstract = {The new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) recently emerged as a worrying pandemic, with many confirmed cases and deaths globally. Therefore, there is a clear need for identifying effective therapeutic options and a review of secondary metabolites related to Brazilian herbal medicines was performed as a strategy for the discovery of new antiviral agents. To confirm this potential, an in silico screening of the identified compounds identified was also evaluated. The review was performed by the PubMed database and the selected natural compounds were subjected to in silico analysis such as QSAR, molecular docking and ADMET. 497 secondary metabolites were identified from 23 species. The in silico assays indicated 19 potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 compounds, being triterpenes and phenolic compounds. The indicated compounds showed a high affinity with proteins considered as the main molecular targets against SARS-CoV-2 and parameters indicated low toxicity. In addition to Brazilian medicinal plants, these compounds can be found in other species and they can be a base for the synthesis of other anti-COVID-19 drugs. Therefore, this review is important to conduct researches that address the emerging need for drugs in COVID-19 treatment.},
}
@article {pmid33796545,
year = {2021},
author = {Burchill, E and Lymberopoulos, E and Menozzi, E and Budhdeo, S and McIlroy, JR and Macnaughtan, J and Sharma, N},
title = {The Unique Impact of COVID-19 on Human Gut Microbiome Research.},
journal = {Frontiers in medicine},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {652464},
pmid = {33796545},
issn = {2296-858X},
abstract = {The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has disrupted clinical trials globally, with unique implications for research into the human gut microbiome. In this mini-review, we explore the direct and indirect influences of the pandemic on the gut microbiome and how these can affect research and clinical trials. We explore the direct bidirectional relationships between the COVID-19 virus and the gut and lung microbiomes. We then consider the significant indirect effects of the pandemic, such as repeated lockdowns, increased hand hygiene, and changes to mood and diet, that could all lead to longstanding changes to the gut microbiome at an individual and a population level. Together, these changes may affect long term microbiome research, both in observational as well as in population studies, requiring urgent attention. Finally, we explore the unique implications for clinical trials using faecal microbiota transplants (FMT), which are increasingly investigated as potential treatments for a range of diseases. The pandemic introduces new barriers to participation in trials, while the direct and indirect effects laid out above can present a confounding factor. This affects recruitment and sample size, as well as study design and statistical analyses. Therefore, the potential impact of the pandemic on gut microbiome research is significant and needs to be specifically addressed by the research community and funders.},
}
@article {pmid33796289,
year = {2021},
author = {Kwok, CS and Dashti, M and Tafuro, J and Nasiri, M and Muntean, EA and Wong, N and Kemp, T and Hills, G and Mallen, CD},
title = {Methods to disinfect and decontaminate SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review of in vitro studies.},
journal = {Therapeutic advances in infectious disease},
volume = {8},
number = {},
pages = {2049936121998548},
pmid = {33796289},
issn = {2049-9361},
abstract = {Background: Cleaning is a major control component for outbreaks of infection. However, for the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, there is limited specific guidance regarding the proper disinfection methods that should be used.<br><br>Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the literature on cleaning, disinfection or decontamination methods in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2.<br><br>Results: A total of 27 studies were included, reporting a variety of methods with which the effectiveness of interventions were assessed. Virus was inoculated onto different types of material including masks, nasopharyngeal swabs, serum, laboratory plates and simulated saliva, tears or nasal fluid and then interventions were applied in an attempt to eliminate the virus including chemical, ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation, and heat and humidity. At body temperature (37°C) there is evidence that the virus will not be detectable after 2 days but this can be reduced to non-detection at 30 min at 56°C, 15 min at 65°C and 2 min at 98°C. Different experimental methods testing UV light have shown that it can inactivate the virus. Light of 254-365 nm has been used, including simulated sunlight. Many chemical agents including bleach, hand sanitiser, hand wash, soap, ethanol, isopropanol, guandinium thiocynate/t-octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol, formaldehyde, povidone-iodine, 0.05% chlorhexidine, 0.1% benzalkonium chloride, acidic electrolysed water, Clyraguard copper iodine complex and hydrogen peroxide vapour have been shown to disinfect SARS-CoV-2.<br><br>Conclusions: Heating, UV light irradiation and chemicals can be used to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 but there is insufficient evidence to support one measure over others in clinical practice.},
}
@article {pmid33796285,
year = {2021},
author = {Cohen, JB and South, AM and Shaltout, HA and Sinclair, MR and Sparks, MA},
title = {Renin-angiotensin system blockade in the COVID-19 pandemic.},
journal = {Clinical kidney journal},
volume = {14},
number = {Suppl 1},
pages = {i48-i59},
doi = {10.1093/ckj/sfab026},
pmid = {33796285},
issn = {2048-8505},
abstract = {In the early months of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a hypothesis emerged suggesting that pharmacologic inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may increase COVID-19 severity. This hypothesis was based on the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a counterregulatory component of the RAS, as the binding site for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), allowing viral entry into host cells. Extrapolations from prior evidence led to speculation that upregulation of ACE2 by RAS blockade may increase the risk of adverse outcomes from COVID-19. However, counterarguments pointed to evidence of potential protective effects of ACE2 and RAS blockade with regard to acute lung injury, as well as substantial risks from discontinuing these commonly used and important medications. Here we provide an overview of classic RAS physiology and the crucial role of ACE2 in systemic pathways affected by COVID-19. Additionally, we critically review the physiologic and epidemiologic evidence surrounding the interactions between RAS blockade and COVID-19. We review recently published trial evidence and propose important future directions to improve upon our understanding of these relationships.},
}
@article {pmid33796284,
year = {2021},
author = {Sharma, P and Ng, JH and Bijol, V and Jhaveri, KD and Wanchoo, R},
title = {Pathology of COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury.},
journal = {Clinical kidney journal},
volume = {14},
number = {Suppl 1},
pages = {i30-i39},
doi = {10.1093/ckj/sfab003},
pmid = {33796284},
issn = {2048-8505},
abstract = {Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common among hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with the occurrence of AKI ranging from 0.5% to 80%. An improved knowledge of the pathology of AKI in COVID-19 is crucial to mitigate and manage AKI and to improve the survival of patients who develop AKI during COVID-19. In this review, we summarize the published cases and case series of various kidney pathologies seen with COVID-19. Both live kidney biopsies and autopsy series suggest acute tubular injury as the most commonly encountered pathology. Collapsing glomerulopathy and thrombotic microangiopathy are other encountered pathologies noted in both live and autopsy tissues. Other rare findings such as anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody vasculitis, anti-glomerular basement membrane disease and podocytopathies have been reported. Although direct viral infection of the kidney is possible, it is certainly not a common or even widespread finding reported at the time of this writing (November 2020).},
}
@article {pmid33796283,
year = {2021},
author = {Noordzij, M and Vart, P and Duivenvoorden, R and Franssen, CFM and Hemmelder, MH and Jager, KJ and Hilbrands, LB and Gansevoort, RT},
title = {Pitfalls when comparing COVID-19-related outcomes across studies-lessons learnt from the ERACODA collaboration.},
journal = {Clinical kidney journal},
volume = {14},
number = {Suppl 1},
pages = {i14-i20},
doi = {10.1093/ckj/sfab027},
pmid = {33796283},
issn = {2048-8505},
abstract = {Reported outcomes, such as incidence rates of mortality and intensive care unit admission, vary widely across epidemiological coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) studies, including in the nephrology field. This variation can in part be explained by differences in patient characteristics, but also methodological aspects must be considered. In this review, we reflect on the methodological factors that contribute to the observed variation in COVID-19-related outcomes and their risk factors that are identified in the various studies. We focus on issues that arose during the design and analysis phase of the European Renal Association COVID-19 Database (ERACODA), and use examples from recently published reports on COVID-19 to illustrate these issues.},
}
@article {pmid33796282,
year = {2021},
author = {Cozzolino, M and Conte, F and Zappulo, F and Ciceri, P and Galassi, A and Capelli, I and Magnoni, G and La Manna, G},
title = {COVID-19 pandemic era: is it time to promote home dialysis and peritoneal dialysis?.},
journal = {Clinical kidney journal},
volume = {14},
number = {Suppl 1},
pages = {i6-i13},
doi = {10.1093/ckj/sfab023},
pmid = {33796282},
issn = {2048-8505},
abstract = {The novel coronavirus, called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared a pandemic in March 2020 by the World Health Organization. Older individuals and patients with comorbid conditions such as hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, lung disease, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and immunologic diseases are at higher risk of contracting this severe infection. In particular, patients with advanced CKD constitute a vulnerable population and a challenge in the prevention and control of the disease. Home-based renal replacement therapies offer an opportunity to manage patients remotely, thus reducing the likelihood of infection due to direct human interaction. Patients are seen less frequently, limiting the close interaction between patients and healthcare workers who may contract and spread the disease. However, while home dialysis is a reasonable choice at this time due to the advantage of isolation of patients, measures must be assured to implement the program. Despite its logistical benefits, outpatient haemodialysis also presents certain challenges during times of crises such as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and potentially future ones.},
}
@article {pmid33796241,
year = {2021},
author = {Wildwing, T and Holt, N},
title = {The neurological symptoms of COVID-19: a systematic overview of systematic reviews, comparison with other neurological conditions and implications for healthcare services.},
journal = {Therapeutic advances in chronic disease},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {2040622320976979},
pmid = {33796241},
issn = {2040-6223},
abstract = {Aims: In response to the rapid spread of COVID-19, this paper provides health professionals with better accessibility to available evidence, summarising findings from a systematic overview of systematic reviews of the neurological symptoms seen in patients with COVID-19. Implications of so-called 'Long Covid' on neurological services and primary care and similarities with other neurological disorders are discussed.<br><br>Methods: Firstly, a systematic overview of current reviews of neurological symptoms of COVID-19 was conducted. Secondly, the implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the potential effect on neurological services and the similarities in the experience of patients with COVID-19 and those with other neurological disorders. A total of 45 systematic reviews were identified within seven databases, published between 11 April 2020 and 15 October 2020, following a search in June 2020, updated on 20 October 2020.<br><br>Results: The results indicated that COVID-19 exhibits two types of neurological symptoms; life-threatening symptoms such as Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) and encephalitis, and less devastating symptoms such as fatigue and myalgia. Many of these so-called lesser symptoms appear to be emerging as longer-term for some sufferers and have been recently labelled Long Covid. When compared, these less devastating symptoms are very similar to other neurological conditions such as chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and functional neurological disorder (FND).<br><br>Conclusion: Implications for neurological healthcare services in the United Kingdom (UK) may include longer waiting times and a need for more resources (including more qualified health professionals). There is also a possible change-effect on health professionals' perceptions of other neurological conditions such as CFS and FND. Future research is recommended to explore changes in health professionals' perceptions of neurological symptoms because of COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33796166,
year = {2020},
author = {Tcheutchoua, DN and Tankeu, AT and Angong, DLW and Agoons, BB and Nguemnang, NYY and Djeunga, HCN and Kamgno, J},
title = {Unexpected low burden of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in sub-Saharan Africa region despite disastrous predictions: reasons and perspectives.},
journal = {The Pan African medical journal},
volume = {37},
number = {},
pages = {352},
pmid = {33796166},
issn = {1937-8688},
mesh = {Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology ; COVID-19/*epidemiology/mortality ; *Cost of Illness ; *Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; Vulnerable Populations ; },
abstract = {The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the development of a highly contagious disease called coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Ten months after the onset of the pandemic, America and Europe remain the most affected regions. Initially, experts predicted that Africa, the poorest continent with the most vulnerable population and health system, would be greatly affected by the ongoing outbreak. However, 240days after the first confirmed case, Africa is among the least affected region, with lower than expected incident cases and mortality. In this review, we discuss possible explanations and reasons for this unexpected low burden of COVID-19 in Africa. We focus on the characteristics of the virus, specificities of the sub-Saharan African population and local environment.},
}
@article {pmid33796068,
year = {2021},
author = {Younis, JS and Skorecki, K and Abassi, Z},
title = {The Double Edge Sword of Testosterone's Role in the COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Frontiers in endocrinology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {607179},
pmid = {33796068},
issn = {1664-2392},
abstract = {COVID-19 is a complex disease with a multifaceted set of disturbances involving several mechanisms of health and disease in the human body. Sex hormones, estrogen, and testosterone, seem to play a major role in its pathogenesis, development, spread, severity, and mortalities. Examination of factors such as age, gender, ethnic background, genetic prevalence, and existing co-morbidities, may disclose the mechanisms underlying SARS-CoV-2 infection, morbidity, and mortality, paving the way for COVID-19 amelioration and substantial flattening of the infection curve. In this mini-review, we focus on the role of testosterone through a discussion of the intricate mechanisms of disease development and deterioration. Accumulated evidence suggests that there are links between high level (normal male level) as well as low level (age-related hypogonadism) testosterone in disease progression and expansion, supporting its role as a double-edged sword. Unresolved questions point to the essential need for further targeted studies to substantiate these contrasting mechanisms.},
}
@article {pmid33796057,
year = {2021},
author = {Yong, JC and Choy, BKC},
title = {Noncompliance With Safety Guidelines as a Free-Riding Strategy: An Evolutionary Game-Theoretic Approach to Cooperation During the COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Frontiers in psychology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {646892},
pmid = {33796057},
issn = {1664-1078},
abstract = {Evolutionary game theory and public goods games offer an important framework to understand cooperation during pandemics. From this perspective, the COVID-19 situation can be conceptualized as a dilemma where people who neglect safety precautions act as free riders, because they get to enjoy the benefits of decreased health risk from others' compliance with policies despite not contributing to or even undermining public safety themselves. At the same time, humans appear to carry a suite of evolved psychological mechanisms aimed at curbing free riding in order to ensure the continued provision of public goods, which can be leveraged to develop more effective measures to promote compliance with regulations. We also highlight factors beyond free riding that reduce compliance rates, such as the emergence of conspiratorial thinking, which seriously undermine the effectiveness of measures to suppress free riding. Together, the current paper outlines the social dynamics that occur in public goods dilemmas involving the spread of infectious disease, highlights the utility and limits of evolutionary game-theoretic approaches for COVID-19 management, and suggests novel directions based on emerging challenges to cooperation.},
}
@article {pmid33796031,
year = {2021},
author = {Awan, HA and Aamir, A and Diwan, MN and Ullah, I and Pereira-Sanchez, V and Ramalho, R and Orsolini, L and de Filippis, R and Ojeahere, MI and Ransing, R and Vadsaria, AK and Virani, S},
title = {Internet and Pornography Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Presumed Impact and What Can Be Done.},
journal = {Frontiers in psychiatry},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {623508},
pmid = {33796031},
issn = {1664-0640},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic continues to cause an immense psychosocial strain worldwide. Excessive use of the internet during these psychologically trying times, fueled by physical isolation as a result of lockdowns, has translated into dysfunctional behaviors. A growing body of evidence suggests an unprecedented increase in internet use and consumption of online pornography during the pandemic, and possibly even directly caused by it. In this review, the authors report data from relevant sources to show the rise in pornography use during lockdowns in different countries worldwide. In addition to a brief overview of the neurobiology of internet addiction broadly and problematic online pornography use specifically, similarities with substance use disorders are explained. Further, the current status of the debate about defining diagnostic criteria is discussed. Finally, the review sheds light on the potential detrimental outcomes during the future post-pandemic &quot;re-adaptation,&quot; while simultaneously offering preventative and management strategies for harm reduction. The authors conclude that foresightedness with utilizing existing tools and therapies and exercising appropriate amounts of caution could go a long way in addressing the challenges that lie ahead in the post-pandemic era.},
}
@article {pmid33796026,
year = {2021},
author = {Tian, Z and Liang, G and Cui, K and Liang, Y and Wang, Q and Lv, S and Cheng, X and Zhang, L},
title = {Insight Into the Prospects for RNAi Therapy of Cancer.},
journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {644718},
pmid = {33796026},
issn = {1663-9812},
abstract = {RNA interference (RNAi), also known as gene silencing, is a biological process that prevents gene expression in certain diseases such as cancer. It can be used to improve the accuracy, efficiency, and stability of treatments, particularly genetic therapies. However, challenges such as delivery of oligonucleotide drug to less accessible parts of the body and the high incidence of toxic side effects are encountered. It is therefore imperative to improve their delivery to target sites and reduce their harmful effects on noncancerous cells to harness their full potential. In this study, the role of RNAi in the treatment of COVID-19, the novel coronavirus disease plaguing many countries, has been discussed. This review aims to ascertain the mechanism and application of RNAi and explore the current challenges of RNAi therapy by identifying some of the cancer delivery systems and providing drug information for their improvement. It is worth mentioning that delivery systems such as lipid-based delivery systems and exosomes have revolutionized RNAi therapy by reducing their immunogenicity and improving their cellular affinity. A deeper understanding of the mechanism and challenges associated with RNAi in cancer therapy can provide new insights into RNAi drug development.},
}
@article {pmid33795993,
year = {2021},
author = {Nguemeni Tiako, MJ and Stokes, DC},
title = {Who is Biking for? Urban Bikeshare Networks' Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic, Disparities in Bikeshare Access, and a Way Forward.},
journal = {The Yale journal of biology and medicine},
volume = {94},
number = {1},
pages = {159-164},
pmid = {33795993},
issn = {1551-4056},
abstract = {Black, Latinx, and Indigenous people have contracted the SARS-CoV-2 virus and died of COVID-19 at higher rates than White people. Individuals rated public transit, taxis, and ride-hailing as the modes of transportation putting them at greatest risk of COVID-19 infection. Cycling may thus be an attractive alternative for commuting. Amid the increase in bikeshare usage during the early months of the pandemic, bikeshare companies made changes to membership requirements to increase accessibility, targeting especially essential workers. Essential workers in the United States are disproportionately Black and Latinx, underpaid, and reliant on public transit to commute to work. We document changes made by bikeshare companies, including benefits to various groups of essential workers, and we discuss such changes in the context of longstanding racial disparities in bikeshare access. While well intended, the arbitrary delineation in eligibility for such benefits by class of essential workers unwittingly curtailed access for many who may have benefited most. Given that equity in bikeshare is an important tool to improve access to safe transportation, critical changes in the distribution, accessibility, and usability of bikeshare networks is essential. Bikeshare companies, city planners, and policy makers should collaborate with community-based bike advocates to implement changes, as vocalized by those most in need of alternative forms of transportation.},
}
@article {pmid33795938,
year = {2021},
author = {Chathappady House, NN and Palissery, S and Sebastian, H},
title = {Corona Viruses: A Review on SARS, MERS and COVID-19.},
journal = {Microbiology insights},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {11786361211002481},
pmid = {33795938},
issn = {1178-6361},
abstract = {After the outbreak of SARS and MERS, the world is now in the grip of another viral disease named COVID-19 caused by a beta Coronavirus - SARS COV-2 which appears to be the only one with a pandemic potential. The case of COVID-19 was reported in the Hubei province of Wuhan city in Central China at the end of December 2019 and it is suspected that the sea food market played a role in this outbreak which was closed abruptly. Subsequently, a Public Health Emergency of International Concern was declared on 30 January 2020 by the World Health Organization. Both SARS and MERS corona viruses had its reservoir in bats and were transferred to humans from palm civets and camels respectively. This virus can be transmitted through airborne droplets. Natural reservoir and intermediate host of COVID-19 is yet to be identified. This paper reviews the occurrences of viral diseases in the recent times including SARS and MERS. As an addition to this, the paper will contain a detailed examination of the COVID-19 Pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid33795937,
year = {2021},
author = {Sbaoui, Y and Bennis, F and Chegdani, F},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 as Enteric Virus in Wastewater: Which Risk on the Environment and Human Behavior?.},
journal = {Microbiology insights},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {1178636121999673},
pmid = {33795937},
issn = {1178-6361},
abstract = {Microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, and protozoa are the cause of many waterborne human infections. These microbes are either naturally present in aquatic environments or transferred within them by fecal sources. They remain in these environments for varying lengths of time before contaminating a new host. With the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, some studies have reported the presence of viral nucleic acids in stool samples from COVID-19 patients, suggesting the possibility of fecal-oral transmission. The SARS-CoV-2 RNA was thereby detected in the wastewater of symptomatic and asymptomatic people with a risk to human and environmental health. In this work, we try to discuss the different potential sources of this contamination, the forms of persistence in the environment, the techniques of partial elimination, and the possibility of creating new reservoirs.},
}
@article {pmid33795932,
year = {2021},
author = {Chukwudozie, OS and Duru, VC and Ndiribe, CC and Aborode, AT and Oyebanji, VO and Emikpe, BO},
title = {The Relevance of Bioinformatics Applications in the Discovery of Vaccine Candidates and Potential Drugs for COVID-19 Treatment.},
journal = {Bioinformatics and biology insights},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {11779322211002168},
pmid = {33795932},
issn = {1177-9322},
abstract = {The application of bioinformatics to vaccine research and drug discovery has never been so essential in the fight against infectious diseases. The greatest combat of the 21st century against a debilitating disease agent SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) virus discovered in Wuhan, China, December 2019, has piqued an unprecedented usage of bioinformatics tools in deciphering the molecular characterizations of infectious pathogens. With the viral genome data of SARS-COV-2 been made available barely weeks after the reported outbreak, bioinformatics platforms have become an all-time critical tool to gain time in the fight against the disease pandemic. Before the outbreak, different platforms have been developed to explore antigenic epitopes, predict peptide-protein docking and antibody structures, and simulate antigen-antibody reactions and lots more. However, the advent of the pandemic witnessed an upsurge in the application of these pipelines with the development of newer ones such as the Coronavirus Explorer in the development of efficacious vaccines, drug repurposing, and/or discovery. In this review, we have explored the various pipelines available for use, their relevance, and limitations in the timely development of useful therapeutic candidates from genomic data knowledge to clinical therapy.},
}
@article {pmid33795856,
year = {2021},
author = {Cobey, S and Larremore, DB and Grad, YH and Lipsitch, M},
title = {Concerns about SARS-CoV-2 evolution should not hold back efforts to expand vaccination.},
journal = {Nature reviews. Immunology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33795856},
issn = {1474-1741},
abstract = {When vaccines are in limited supply, expanding the number of people who receive some vaccine, such as by halving doses or increasing the interval between doses, can reduce disease and mortality compared with concentrating available vaccine doses in a subset of the population. A corollary of such dose-sparing strategies is that the vaccinated individuals may have less protective immunity. Concerns have been raised that expanding the fraction of the population with partial immunity to SARS-CoV-2 could increase selection for vaccine-escape variants, ultimately undermining vaccine effectiveness. We argue that, although this is possible, preliminary evidence instead suggests such strategies should slow the rate of viral escape from vaccine or naturally induced immunity. As long as vaccination provides some protection against escape variants, the corresponding reduction in prevalence and incidence should reduce the rate at which new variants are generated and the speed of adaptation. Because there is little evidence of efficient immune selection of SARS-CoV-2 during typical infections, these population-level effects are likely to dominate vaccine-induced evolution.},
}
@article {pmid33795490,
year = {2021},
author = {Alharbi, AS and Alzahrani, M and Alodayani, AN and Alhindi, MY and Alharbi, S and Alnemri, A},
title = {Saudi experts' recommendation for RSV prophylaxis in the era of COVID-19: Consensus from the Saudi Pediatric Pulmonology Association.},
journal = {Saudi medical journal},
volume = {42},
number = {4},
pages = {355-362},
doi = {10.15537/smj.2021.42.4.20200769},
pmid = {33795490},
issn = {0379-5284},
mesh = {Advisory Committees ; Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use ; Bronchiolitis, Viral/*prevention &amp; control ; COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention &amp; control ; Delivery of Health Care/*methods ; Home Care Services ; Humans ; Immunization Programs/*methods ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Injections ; Palivizumab/*therapeutic use ; Pulmonary Medicine ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/*prevention &amp; control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Saudi Arabia ; Societies, Medical ; },
abstract = {Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and viral pneumonia in pediatrics worldwide. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), the prevalence of RSV is 23.5% in pediatric patients with acute lower respiratory tract illness. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) poses critical public health and socioeconomic challenges in KSA. The Saudi Pediatric Pulmonology Association (SPPA), a subsidiary of the Saudi Thoracic Society (STS), developed a task force to determine the potential challenges and barriers to the RSV immunoprophylaxis program during the era of COVID-19 and to compose a practical, nationwide, and multidisciplinary approach to address these challenges. Some of the recommendations to manage these challenges include increasing the number of RSV immunoprophylaxis clinics, drive-thru visits, home-care services, and swift referrals to the RSV immunoprophylaxis program specialists. Additional training is required for healthcare personnel to add RSV immunoprophylaxis to the regular immunization schedule.},
}
@article {pmid33795310,
year = {2021},
author = {Grant, R and Dub, T and Andrianou, X and Nohynek, H and Wilder-Smith, A and Pezzotti, P and Fontanet, A},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 population-based seroprevalence studies in Europe: a scoping review.},
journal = {BMJ open},
volume = {11},
number = {4},
pages = {e045425},
doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045425},
pmid = {33795310},
issn = {2044-6055},
mesh = {Antibodies, Viral/*blood ; COVID-19/blood/*diagnosis ; Europe/epidemiology ; Germany ; Greece ; Humans ; Italy ; Pandemics ; *Seroepidemiologic Studies ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: We aimed to review SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence studies conducted in Europe to understand how they may be used to inform ongoing control strategies for COVID-19.<br><br>DESIGN: Scoping review of peer-reviewed publications and manuscripts on preprint servers from January 2020 to 15 September 2020.<br><br>PRIMARY MEASURE: Seroprevalence estimate (and lower and upper CIs). For studies conducted across a country or territory, we used the seroprevalence estimate and the upper and lower CIs and compared them to the total number of reported infections to calculate the ratio of reported to expected infections.<br><br>RESULTS: We identified 23 population-based seroprevalence studies conducted in Europe. Among 12 general population studies, seroprevalence ranged from 0.42% among residual clinical samples in Greece to 13.6% in an area of high transmission in Gangelt, Germany. Of the eight studies in blood donors, seroprevalence ranged from 0.91% in North-Western Germany to 23.3% in a high-transmission area in Lombardy region, Italy. In three studies which recruited individuals through employment, seroprevalence ranged from 0.5% among factory workers in Frankfurt, Germany, to 10.2% among university employees in Milan, Italy. In comparison to nationally reported cases, the extent of infection, as derived from these seroprevalence estimates, is manyfold higher and largely heterogeneous.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Exposure to the virus in Europe has not reached a level of infection that would prevent further circulation of the virus. Effective vaccine candidates are urgently required to deliver the level of immunity in the population.},
}
@article {pmid33795055,
year = {2021},
author = {Kirshenbaum, E and Rhee, EY and Gettman, M and Spitz, A},
title = {Telemedicine in Urology: The Socioeconomic Impact.},
journal = {The Urologic clinics of North America},
volume = {48},
number = {2},
pages = {215-222},
doi = {10.1016/j.ucl.2021.01.006},
pmid = {33795055},
issn = {1558-318X},
mesh = {COVID-19/*epidemiology ; Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S. ; Diffusion of Innovation ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Socioeconomic Factors ; *Telemedicine ; United States ; *Urology ; },
abstract = {The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent public health emergency (PHE) have propelled telemedicine several years into the future. With the rapid adoption of this technology came socioeconomic inequities as minority communities disproportionately have yet to adopt telemedicine. Telemedicine offers solutions to patient access issues that have plagued urology, helping address physician shortages in rural areas and expanding the reach of urologists. The Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services have adopted changes to expand coverage for telemedicine services. The expectation is that telemedicine will continue to be a mainstay in the health care system with gradual expansion in utilization.},
}
@article {pmid33795050,
year = {2021},
author = {Nauheim, J and North, AC},
title = {An Updated Review on Physician Burnout in Urology.},
journal = {The Urologic clinics of North America},
volume = {48},
number = {2},
pages = {173-178},
doi = {10.1016/j.ucl.2021.01.003},
pmid = {33795050},
issn = {1558-318X},
mesh = {Burnout, Professional/*psychology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pandemics ; Quality of Life ; Risk Factors ; SARS-CoV-2 ; United States ; Urologists/*psychology ; *Urology ; Work-Life Balance ; },
abstract = {Physician burnout is an issue having an impact on all of medicine but having a significant impact on the field of urology. Burnout begins in medical school and worsens in residency. Increased workload leads to increased burnout both in residency and in practice. Issues with work-life balance, electronic medical record usage, decreasing reimbursements, and increased Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services burden all have an impact on physician satisfaction with their practices. Burnout should be acknowledged, and measures for prevention should be taken by hospitals and residency programs to decrease and prevent physician burnout.},
}
@article {pmid33795049,
year = {2021},
author = {Dornbier, R and Gonzalez, CM},
title = {Workforce Issues in Urology.},
journal = {The Urologic clinics of North America},
volume = {48},
number = {2},
pages = {161-171},
doi = {10.1016/j.ucl.2021.01.001},
pmid = {33795049},
issn = {1558-318X},
mesh = {Burnout, Professional/epidemiology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; United States/epidemiology ; Urologists/*supply &amp; distribution ; *Urology ; },
abstract = {The future supply of urologists is not on pace to account for future demands of urologic care. This impending urologic shortage sits on a backdrop of multiple other workforce issues. In this review, we take an in-depth look at several pressing issues facing the urologic workforce, including the impending urology shortage, gender and diversity concerns, growing levels of burnout, and the effects of the coronavirus pandemic. In doing so, we highlight specific areas of clinical practice that may need to be addressed from a health care policy standpoint.},
}
@article {pmid33794307,
year = {2021},
author = {Domingo, JL and Marquès, M},
title = {The effects of some essential and toxic metals/metalloids in COVID-19: A review.},
journal = {Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association},
volume = {152},
number = {},
pages = {112161},
doi = {10.1016/j.fct.2021.112161},
pmid = {33794307},
issn = {1873-6351},
abstract = {Thousands of studies have been conducted in order to understand in depth the characteristics of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, its infectivity and ways of transmission, and very especially everything related to the clinical and severity of the COVID-19, as well as the potential treatments. In this sense, the role that essential and toxic metals/metalloids have in the development and course of this disease is being studied. Metals/metalloids such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury or vanadium, are elements with known toxic effects in mammals, while trace elements such as cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, selenium and zinc are considered essential. Given the importance of metals/metalloids in nutrition and human health, the present review was aimed at assessing the relationship between various essential and toxic metals/metalloids and the health outcomes related with the COVID-19. We are in the position to conclude that particular attention must be paid to the load/levels of essential trace elements in COVID-19 patients, mainly zinc and selenium. On the other hand, the exposure to air pollutants in general, and toxic metal/metalloids in particular, should be avoided as much as possible to reduce the possibilities of viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2.},
}
@article {pmid33794238,
year = {2021},
author = {Sen, IK and Chakraborty, I and Mandal, AK and Bhanja, SK and Patra, S and Maity, P},
title = {A review on antiviral and immunomodulatory polysaccharides from Indian medicinal plants, which may be beneficial to COVID-19 infected patients.},
journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules},
volume = {181},
number = {},
pages = {462-470},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.162},
pmid = {33794238},
issn = {1879-0003},
abstract = {The emergence of the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 has pushed forward the world to experience the first pandemic of this century. Any specific drug against this RNA virus is yet to be discovered and presently, the COVID-19 infected patients are being treated symptomatically. During the last few decades, a number of polysaccharides with potential biological activities have been invented from Indian medicinal plants. Many polysaccharides, such as sulfated xylomannan, xylan, pectins, fucoidans, glucans, glucoarabinan, and arabinoxylan from Indian medicinal plants, have been shown to exhibit antiviral and immunomodulating activities. Plant polysaccharides exhibit antiviral activities through interference with the viral life cycle and inhibition of attachment of virus to host cell. Intake of certain immune stimulating plant polysaccharides may also protect from the virus to a certain extent. In process of continuous search for most potent drug, Indian plant polysaccharides may emerge as significant biomaterial to combat COVID-19. This review explores a number of polysaccharides from Indian medicinal plants which showed antiviral and immunomodulating activities. It is aimed to provide an overview about the composition, molecular mass, branching configuration and related bioactivities of polysaccharides which is crucial for their classification as possible drug to induce immune response in viral diseases.},
}
@article {pmid33793885,
year = {2021},
author = {Ripari, N and Sartori, AA and da Silva Honorio, M and Conte, FL and Tasca, KI and Santiago, KB and Sforcin, JM},
title = {Propolis antiviral and immunomodulatory activity: a review and perspectives for COVID-19 treatment.},
journal = {The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology},
volume = {73},
number = {3},
pages = {281-299},
pmid = {33793885},
issn = {2042-7158},
mesh = {Animals ; Antiviral Agents/*immunology/*therapeutic use ; COVID-19/*drug therapy/*immunology ; Humans ; Immunologic Factors/immunology/*therapeutic use ; Propolis/*immunology/*therapeutic use ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/immunology ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Viral outbreaks are a frequent concern for humans. A great variety of drugs has been used to treat viral diseases, which are not always safe and effective and may induce adverse effects, indicating the need for new antiviral drugs extracted from natural sources. Propolis is a bee-made product exhibiting many biological properties. An overview of viruses, antiviral immunity, propolis safety and its immunomodulatory and antiviral action is reported, as well as perspectives for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment. PubMed platform was used for data collection, searching for the keywords &quot;propolis&quot;, &quot;virus&quot;, &quot;antiviral&quot;, &quot;antimicrobial&quot; and &quot;coronavirus&quot;.<br><br>KEY FINDINGS: Propolis is safe and exerts antiviral and immunomodulatory activity; however, clinical trials should investigate its effects on individuals with viral diseases, in combination or not with antiviral drugs or vaccines.<br><br>SUMMARY: Regarding COVID-19, the effects of propolis should be investigated directly on the virus in vitro or on infected individuals alone or in combination with antiviral drugs, due to its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory action. Propolis administration simultaneously with vaccines should be analyzed, due to its adjuvant properties, to enhance the individuals' immune response. The search for therapeutic targets may be useful to find out how propolis can help to control COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33793331,
year = {2021},
author = {Savoia, C and Volpe, M and Kreutz, R},
title = {Hypertension, a Moving Target in COVID-19: Current Views and Perspectives.},
journal = {Circulation research},
volume = {128},
number = {7},
pages = {1062-1079},
pmid = {33793331},
issn = {1524-4571},
mesh = {Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists/metabolism/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/metabolism ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/metabolism/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Antihypertensive Agents/metabolism/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; COVID-19/*drug therapy/*epidemiology/metabolism ; Humans ; Hypertension/*drug therapy/*epidemiology/metabolism ; Renin-Angiotensin System/drug effects/physiology ; Risk Factors ; },
abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) associates with a considerable high rate of mortality and represents currently the most important concern in global health. The risk of more severe clinical manifestation of COVID-19 is higher in males and steeply raised with age but also increased by the presence of chronic comorbidities. Among the latter, early reports suggested that arterial hypertension associates with higher susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, more severe course and increased COVID-19-related deaths. Furthermore, experimental studies suggested that key pathophysiological hypertension mechanisms, such as activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), may play a role in COVID-19. In fact, ACE2 (angiotensin-converting-enzyme 2) is the pivotal receptor for SARS-CoV-2 to enter host cells and provides thus a link between COVID-19 and RAS. It was thus anticipated that drugs modulating the RAS including an upregulation of ACE2 may increase the risk for infection with SARS-CoV-2 and poorer outcomes in COVID-19. Since the use of RAS-blockers, ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, represents the backbone of recommended antihypertensive therapy and intense debate about their use in the COVID-19 pandemic has developed. Currently, a direct role of hypertension, independent of age and other comorbidities, as a risk factor for the SARS-COV-2 infection and COVID-19 outcome, particularly death, has not been established. Similarly, both current experimental and clinical studies do not support an unfavorable effect of RAS-blockers or other classes of first line blood pressure lowering drugs in COVID-19. Here, we review available data on the role of hypertension and its management on COVID-19. Conversely, some aspects as to how the COVID-19 affects hypertension management and impacts on future developments are also briefly discussed. COVID-19 has and continues to proof the critical importance of hypertension research to address questions that are important for global health.},
}
@article {pmid33793009,
year = {2021},
author = {Mukherjee, S and Chouhan, KBS and Tandey, R and Yadav, N and Dhobi, M and Mandal, V},
title = {A status report with critical analysis of research trends in exploring medicinal plants as antiviral: Let us dig into the history to predict the future.},
journal = {Phytotherapy research : PTR},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/ptr.7093},
pmid = {33793009},
issn = {1099-1573},
abstract = {The review article serves as a mini directory of medicinal plants (662 medicinal plants have been identified) that have been investigated for antiviral property between 2015 and 2019. Data have been extracted from Scopus using specific keywords followed by manual sorting to avoid any duplication. Critical analyses of handpicked data have been presented. Mapping of medicinal plants, followed by critical analysis on the families and plant parts investigated in the said tenure, and its correlation with the participating countries and virus types have been critically analyzed. Interceptive role of phytochemicals in impeding viral replication has also been taken note of. Emphasis on India's exploration of various medicinal plants has also been given. Also presents a tutelage, which is likely to revive the interest in natural products for search of potential antivirals. This review is expected to serve as a rich data bank and as a guiding principle for researchers who are planning to explore medicinal plants in search for potential antiviral. It is time that researchers need to revisit their countries' own history of traditional medicine to predict something worthful in future.},
}
@article {pmid33792920,
year = {2021},
author = {Alemayehu, D and Hemmings, R and Natarajan, K and Roychoudhury, S},
title = {Perspectives on Virtual (Remote) Clinical Trials as the 'New Normal' to Accelerate Drug Development.},
journal = {Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/cpt.2248},
pmid = {33792920},
issn = {1532-6535},
abstract = {While the digital revolution has transformed many areas of human endeavor, pharmaceutical drug development has been relatively slow to embrace the emerging technologies to enhance efficiency and optimize value in clinical trials. The topic has garnered even greater attention in the face of the COVID-19 outbreak, which has caused unprecedented disruption in the conduct of clinical trials and presented considerable challenges and opportunities for clinical trialists and data analysts. In this paper, we highlight the potential opportunity with virtual or digital clinical trials as viable options to enhance efficiency in drug development and, more importantly, in offering diverse patients easier and attractive means to participate in clinical trials. Special reference is made to the implication of artificial intelligence and machine learning tools in trial execution and data acquisition, processing, and analysis in a virtual trial setting. Issues of patient safety, measurement validity and data integrity are reviewed, and considerations are put forth with reference to the mitigation of underlying regulatory and operational barriers.},
}
@article {pmid33792762,
year = {2021},
author = {Nogueira, CW and Barbosa, NV and Rocha, JBT},
title = {Toxicology and pharmacology of synthetic organoselenium compounds: an update.},
journal = {Archives of toxicology},
volume = {95},
number = {4},
pages = {1179-1226},
pmid = {33792762},
issn = {1432-0738},
support = {CAPES PROEX//23038.005450/2020-19/ ; },
mesh = {Amino Acids/chemistry ; Animals ; Azoles ; Humans ; Molecular Structure ; Organoselenium Compounds/*pharmacology/*toxicity ; Selenium/chemistry/physiology ; Selenoproteins/chemistry ; Sulfhydryl Compounds/chemistry ; },
abstract = {Here, we addressed the pharmacology and toxicology of synthetic organoselenium compounds and some naturally occurring organoselenium amino acids. The use of selenium as a tool in organic synthesis and as a pharmacological agent goes back to the middle of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. The rediscovery of ebselen and its investigation in clinical trials have motivated the search for new organoselenium molecules with pharmacological properties. Although ebselen and diselenides have some overlapping pharmacological properties, their molecular targets are not identical. However, they have similar anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, possibly, via activation of transcription factors, regulating the expression of antioxidant genes. In short, our knowledge about the pharmacological properties of simple organoselenium compounds is still elusive. However, contrary to our early expectations that they could imitate selenoproteins, organoselenium compounds seem to have non-specific modulatory activation of antioxidant pathways and specific inhibitory effects in some thiol-containing proteins. The thiol-oxidizing properties of organoselenium compounds are considered the molecular basis of their chronic toxicity; however, the acute use of organoselenium compounds as inhibitors of specific thiol-containing enzymes can be of therapeutic significance. In summary, the outcomes of the clinical trials of ebselen as a mimetic of lithium or as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 proteases will be important to the field of organoselenium synthesis. The development of computational techniques that could predict rational modifications in the structure of organoselenium compounds to increase their specificity is required to construct a library of thiol-modifying agents with selectivity toward specific target proteins.},
}
@article {pmid33792391,
year = {2021},
author = {Quek, E and Tahir, H and Kumar, P and Hastings, R and Jha, R},
title = {Treatment of COVID-19: a review of current and prospective pharmacotherapies.},
journal = {British journal of hospital medicine (London, England : 2005)},
volume = {82},
number = {3},
pages = {1-9},
doi = {10.12968/hmed.2021.0112},
pmid = {33792391},
issn = {1750-8460},
mesh = {Adenosine Monophosphate/analogs &amp; derivatives/therapeutic use ; Alanine/analogs &amp; derivatives/therapeutic use ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use ; Anticoagulants/*therapeutic use ; Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use ; Azetidines/therapeutic use ; COVID-19/*drug therapy/therapy ; Colchicine/therapeutic use ; Dexamethasone/therapeutic use ; Glucocorticoids/*therapeutic use ; Humans ; Immunization, Passive ; Immunologic Factors/*therapeutic use ; Ivermectin/therapeutic use ; Janus Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/*therapeutic use ; Purines/therapeutic use ; Pyrazoles/therapeutic use ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Sulfonamides/therapeutic use ; },
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to spread and have grave health and socioeconomic consequences worldwide. Researchers have raced to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 so that effective therapeutic targets can be discovered. This review summarises the key pharmacotherapies that are being investigated for treatment of COVID-19, including antiviral, immunomodulator and anticoagulation strategies.},
}
@article {pmid33792383,
year = {2021},
author = {Callan, R and Loud, E},
title = {Antibiotic stewardship in UK surgical departments: challenges and possible solutions.},
journal = {British journal of hospital medicine (London, England : 2005)},
volume = {82},
number = {3},
pages = {1-6},
doi = {10.12968/hmed.2020.0692},
pmid = {33792383},
issn = {1750-8460},
mesh = {Antibiotic Prophylaxis/*methods ; Antimicrobial Stewardship/*methods ; Appendicitis/therapy ; Cholecystitis/therapy ; Diverticulitis/therapy ; Humans ; Preoperative Care ; *Surgery Department, Hospital ; Surgical Wound Infection/drug therapy/*prevention &amp; control ; United Kingdom ; },
abstract = {Antibiotics are one of the most widely used classes of drugs within hospitals in the UK. They have a wide range of uses within all surgical specialties, both as preoperative prophylaxis and for treatment of acute surgical conditions. Antimicrobial resistance has increasingly been seen as a major issue, as the production of new antibiotics has decreased and overall use worldwide has increased. With the COVID-19 pandemic increasing concerns about antimicrobial resistance, there is an ever-increasing need for action. This article examines the particular challenges of antibiotic stewardship in surgical departments within the UK, and outlines possible solutions for improving adherence and reducing the risk of antimicrobial resistance in the future.},
}
@article {pmid33792379,
year = {2021},
author = {Mukherjee, S and Meacock, J and Kissane, E and Pal, D},
title = {Factors relating to working hours restriction that have impacted the professional identity of trainees in the last decade.},
journal = {British journal of hospital medicine (London, England : 2005)},
volume = {82},
number = {3},
pages = {1-10},
doi = {10.12968/hmed.2020.0355},
pmid = {33792379},
issn = {1750-8460},
mesh = {*Attitude of Health Personnel ; COVID-19 ; *Clinical Competence ; Continuity of Patient Care ; *Education, Medical, Graduate ; Europe ; Humans ; Internship and Residency ; Medical Staff, Hospital/*education ; *Personnel Staffing and Scheduling ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Social Identification ; State Medicine ; United Kingdom ; },
abstract = {Ever-developing changes to the working hours of junior doctors by the European Working Time Directive, the junior doctor contract of 2019 and most recently the COVID-19 pandemic have impacted the professional identity of doctors. There has been little investigation into its influence on the multifaceted aspects of postgraduate medical training, which feeds into how trainees consider themselves professionally and the concept of professional identity or 'being a doctor'. A review of the medical, socio-political and educational literature reveals that the impact on the professional identity development of trainees is influenced by several perspectives from the trainee, trainer and the public. Gross reduction in working hours has no doubt decreased the raw volume of clinical experiences. However, to counteract this, smarter learning processes have evolved, including narrative reflection, supervised learning events, and a greater awareness of coaching and training among trainers.},
}
@article {pmid33792253,
year = {2021},
author = {Dixit, S and Nandakumar, G},
title = {Promoting healthy lifestyles using information technology during the COVID-19 pandemic.},
journal = {Reviews in cardiovascular medicine},
volume = {22},
number = {1},
pages = {115-125},
doi = {10.31083/j.rcm.2021.01.187},
pmid = {33792253},
issn = {1530-6550},
abstract = {In this pandemic era there exist a relationship between a sedentary lifestyle during lockdown with periods of anxiety and stress among the population. Moreover, the population with chronic disease will be vulnerable to the ill effects of a physically inactive lifestyle. Besides, social media platforms and technological advances also appear to be another potential tool for promoting health and wellbeing, however, the capability of these interventions during the pandemic era is largely unknown. To explore the possible role of technological advances and social media platforms as an alternate tool in promoting a healthy living style during the COVID-19 era. The studies with the predefined criteria were used to synthesize information regarding the opportunities and challenges. Studies delivering lifestyle intervention using social media platforms, technologies for health promotion were considered for the review. The studies included to synthesize evidence were randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews and meta-analysis. Database like Medline, Scopus, and Science Direct were searched independently by two reviewers. A total of 17 studies were included in the review, Internet and lifestyle modification n = 2, mHealth and lifestyle modification n = 3, Social media and lifestyle modifications n = 3, technology adoption for lifestyle modification n = 4, and hazards = 5. Technology and social media-based interventions appear to be a promising technique for promoting health and wellbeing and it is the only effective method for delivering an intervention during a pandemic situation. However, there also appears a need for the development of guidelines for social media usage to prevent probable hazards.},
}
@article {pmid33792252,
year = {2021},
author = {Satici, S and Iyngkaran, P and Andrew, S and Patil, A and Bidargaddi, N and Battersby, M and De Courten, M},
title = {Rethinking heart failure care and health technologies from early COVID-19 experiences - A narrative review.},
journal = {Reviews in cardiovascular medicine},
volume = {22},
number = {1},
pages = {105-114},
doi = {10.31083/j.rcm.2021.01.272},
pmid = {33792252},
issn = {1530-6550},
abstract = {Heart Failure (HF), a common chronic disease, requires multidisciplinary care to optimise outcomes. The COVID-19 pandemic, its impact on people's movement and access to health services, introduced severe challenges to chronic disease management. The era that will evolve after this pandemic is likely to provide uncertainty and service model disruptions. HF treatment is based on guidelines derived from randomised clinical trial evidence. Translational shortfalls from trials into practice have been overcome with post-trial service improvement studies like OPTIMIZE-HF where a team using a process of care can translate evidence to the general population. However, gaps remain for vulnerable populations e.g. those with more severe HF, with multiple comorbid conditions, and certain demographic groups and/or residents in remote locations. Health technology has come with great promise, to fill some of these gaps. The COVID-19 pandemic provides an opportunity to observe, from Australian healthcare lens, HF management outside the traditional model of care. This narrative review describes relatively recent events with health technology as a solution to improve on service gaps.},
}
@article {pmid33792250,
year = {2021},
author = {Yasmin, F and Shujauddin, SM and Naeem, A and Jabeen, A and Shah, SMI and Ochani, RK and Mohiuddin, O and Khan, AA and Jalees, S and Razzack, AA and Salman, S and Khan, SAK and Mustafa, A and Lak, HM},
title = {Exploring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on provision of cardiology services: a scoping review.},
journal = {Reviews in cardiovascular medicine},
volume = {22},
number = {1},
pages = {83-95},
doi = {10.31083/j.rcm.2021.01.241},
pmid = {33792250},
issn = {1530-6550},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has forced hospitals to prioritize COVID-19 patients, restrict resources, and cancel all non-urgent elective cardiac procedures. Clinical visits have only been facilitated for emergency purposes. Fewer patients have been admitted to the hospital for both ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions (STEMI) and non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarctions (NSTEMI) and a profound decrease in heart failure services has been reported. A similar reduction in the patient presentation is seen for ischemic heart disease, decompensated heart failure, and endocarditis. Cardiovascular services, including catheterization, primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI), cardiac investigations such as electrocardiograms (ECGs), exercise tolerance test (ETT), dobutamine stress test, computed tomography (CT) angiography, transesophageal echocardiography (TOE) have been reported to have declined and performed on a priority basis. The long-term implications of this decline have been discussed with major concerns of severe cardiac complications and vulnerabilities in cardiac patients. The pandemic has also had psychological impacts on patients causing them to avoid seeking medical help. This review discusses the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the provision of various cardiology services and aims to provide strategies to restore cardiovascular services including structural changes in the hospital to make up for the reduced staff personnel, the use of personal protective equipment in healthcare workers, and provides alternatives for high-risk cardiac imaging, cardiac interventions, and procedures. Implementation of the triage system, risk assessment scores, and telemedicine services in patients and their adaptation to the cardiovascular department have been discussed.},
}
@article {pmid33792122,
year = {2021},
author = {Jacob, S and Hameed, A and Lam, V and Pang, TC},
title = {Consistency of global recommendations regarding open versus laparoscopic surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review.},
journal = {ANZ journal of surgery},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/ans.16761},
pmid = {33792122},
issn = {1445-2197},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been worldwide debate regarding whether open surgery should be performed in preference to laparoscopic surgery due to the theoretical higher risk of viral aerosolization by the release of pneumoperitoneum. We aimed to assess the consistency of national and international surgical society recommendations regarding the choice of surgical approach; assess the quality of evidence of viral emission in surgical aerosol; and assess the quality of evidence comparing aerosol generation by different surgical energy devices.<br><br>METHODS: A systematic review of PubMed, Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases was performed. Three search strategies were employed. Twenty-eight studies were included in the final analysis and quality appraised. Confidence in review findings was assessed using the GRADE-CERQual (Confidence in Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research) tool.<br><br>RESULTS: Worldwide recommendations regarding open versus laparoscopic surgery are consistent, with a majority recommending that surgical approach is decided on a case-by-case, risk minimization approach. There is limited, low-quality evidence that viral particles can be emitted in surgical aerosol. There is a paucity of literature on the quantity of aerosol produced by different surgical energy devices, and no evidence to support the use of certain surgical instruments to minimize aerosol production.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: There is considerable consistency among worldwide recommendations regarding the choice of surgical approach, although the evidence base is lacking. To inform clinical recommendations, further research examining viral emission, transmission, infectivity and amount of surgical aerosol produced is required.},
}
@article {pmid33791935,
year = {2021},
author = {Ayers, CK and Kondo, KK and Williams, BE and Kansagara, D and Advani, SM and Smith, M and Young, S and Saha, S},
title = {Disparities in H1N1 Vaccination Rates: a Systematic Review and Evidence Synthesis to Inform COVID-19 Vaccination Efforts.},
journal = {Journal of general internal medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33791935},
issn = {1525-1497},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Data suggest that there were disparities in H1N1 vaccine uptake, and these may inform COVID-19 vaccination efforts. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate disparities in H1N1 vaccine uptake, factors contributing to disparities, and interventions to reduce them.<br><br>METHODS: We searched English-language articles in MEDLINE ALL, PsycINFO, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from database inception through May 8, 2020. Observational studies examining H1N1 vaccine uptake by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, rurality, and disability status in US settings were included. Two reviewers independently assessed study eligibility. Single-reviewer data abstraction was confirmed by a second reviewer. We conducted independent dual quality assessment, and collective strength of evidence assessment.<br><br>RESULTS: We included 21 studies. African American/Black, Latino, and low-socioeconomic status participants had disproportionately lower H1N1 vaccination rates (low- to moderate-strength evidence). However, Latinos were more likely than Whites to intend to be vaccinated, and African American/Blacks and participants with lower-socioeconomic status were just as likely to intend to be vaccinated as their White and higher-socioeconomic status counterparts (low-strength evidence). Vaccine uptake for other groups has been insufficiently studied. Factors potentially contributing to disparities in vaccine uptake included barriers to vaccine access, inadequate information, and concerns about vaccine safety and efficacy. Studies were largely cross-sectional. Many of the studies are a decade old and were conducted in the context of a different pandemic. The categorization of racial and ethnic groups was not consistent across studies and not all groups were well-studied.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Efforts to avoid disparities in COVID-19 vaccination uptake should prioritize vaccine accessibility and convenience in African American/Black, Latino, and low-SES communities; engage trusted stakeholders to share vaccine information; and address concerns about vaccine safety and efficacy.<br><br>PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Health Services Research &amp; Development.<br><br>PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42020187078.},
}
@article {pmid33791293,
year = {2021},
author = {Deng, Y and Angelova, A},
title = {Coronavirus-Induced Host Cubic Membranes and Lipid-Related Antiviral Therapies: A Focus on Bioactive Plasmalogens.},
journal = {Frontiers in cell and developmental biology},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {630242},
pmid = {33791293},
issn = {2296-634X},
abstract = {Coronaviruses have lipid envelopes required for their activity. The fact that coronavirus infection provokes the formation of cubic membranes (CM) (denoted also as convoluted membranes) in host cells has not been rationalized in the development of antiviral therapies yet. In this context, the role of bioactive plasmalogens (vinyl ether glycerophospholipids) is not completely understood. These lipid species display a propensity for non-lamellar phase formation, facilitating membrane fusion, and modulate the activity of membrane-bound proteins such as enzymes and receptors. At the organism level, plasmalogen deficiency is associated with cardiometabolic disorders including obesity and type 2 diabetes in humans. A straight link is perceived with the susceptibility of such patients to SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2) infection, the severity of illness, and the related difficulty in treatment. Based on correlations between the coronavirus-induced modifications of lipid metabolism in host cells, plasmalogen deficiency in the lung surfactant of COVID-19 patients, and the alterations of lipid membrane structural organization and composition including the induction of CM, we emphasize the key role of plasmalogens in the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, or MERS-CoV) entry and replication in host cells. Considering that plasmalogen-enriched lung surfactant formulations may improve the respiratory process in severe infected individuals, plasmalogens can be suggested as an anti-viral prophylactic, a lipid biomarker in SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infections, and a potential anti-viral therapeutic component of lung surfactant development for COVID-19 patients.},
}
@article {pmid33791266,
year = {2021},
author = {Gesesew, HA and Mwanri, L and Stephens, JH and Woldemichael, K and Ward, P},
title = {COVID/HIV Co-Infection: A Syndemic Perspective on What to Ask and How to Answer.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {623468},
pmid = {33791266},
issn = {2296-2565},
abstract = {The present commentary explored the intersecting nature of the COVID-19 and HIV pandemics to identify a shared research agenda using a syndemic approach. The research agenda posits the following questions. Questions around HIV infection, transmission, and diagnosis include: (i) molecular, genetic, clinical, and environmental assessments of COVID-19 in people living with HIV, (ii) alternative options for facility-based HIV testing services such as self- and home-based HIV testing, and (iii) COVID-19 related sexual violence and mental health on HIV transmission and early diagnosis. These and related questions could be assessed using Biopsychosocial and socio-ecological models. Questions around HIV treatment include: (i) the effect of COVID-19 on HIV treatment services, (ii) alternative options for facility-based treatment provision such as community-based antiretroviral therapy groups, and (iii) equitable distribution of treatment and vaccines for COVID-19, if successful. Bickman's logic model and the social determinants of health framework could guide these issues. The impact of stigma, the role of leveraging lessons on sustained intra-behavioral change, the role of medical mistrust and conspiracy beliefs, and the role of digital health on integrated management of HIV care and spectrum of care of COVID-19 need assessment using several frameworks including Goffman's stigma framework, Luhmann's Trust theory, and Gidden's theory of structuration. In conclusion, the potential research agenda of this commentary encompasses a variety of research fields and disciplinary areas-clinicians, laboratory scientists, public health practitioners, health economists, and psychologists-, and suggests several theoretical frameworks to guide examination of complex issues comprehensively.},
}
@article {pmid33791232,
year = {2021},
author = {Guilger-Casagrande, M and de Barros, CT and Antunes, VAN and de Araujo, DR and Lima, R},
title = {Perspectives and Challenges in the Fight Against COVID-19: The Role of Genetic Variability.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {598875},
pmid = {33791232},
issn = {2235-2988},
mesh = {Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics/*metabolism ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; COVID-19/*pathology ; Cytokines/blood/immunology ; Humans ; Renin-Angiotensin System/*physiology ; Risk Factors ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics/*immunology ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics/*metabolism ; },
abstract = {In the last year, the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic brought a new consideration for the multidisciplinary sciences. The unknown mechanisms of infection used by SARS-CoV-2 and the absence of effective antiviral pharmacological therapy, diagnosis methods, and vaccines evoked scientific efforts on the COVID-19 outcome. In general, COVID-19 clinical features are a result of local and systemic inflammatory processes that are enhanced by some preexistent comorbidities, such as diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular, and pulmonary diseases, and biological factors, like gender and age. However, the discrepancies in COVID-19 clinical signs observed among those patients lead to investigations about the critical factors that deeply influence disease severity and death. Herein, we present the viral infection mechanisms and its consequences after blocking the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) axis in different tissues and the progression of inflammatory and immunological reactions, especially the influence of genetic features on those differential clinical responses. Furthermore, we discuss the role of genotype as an essential indicator of COVID-19 susceptibility, considering the expression profiles, polymorphisms, gene identification, and epigenetic modifications of viral entry factors and their recognition, as well as the infection effects on cell signaling molecule expression, which amplifies disease severity.},
}
@article {pmid33791106,
year = {2021},
author = {Sindhu, KK and Nehlsen, AD and Bakst, RL},
title = {Promoting exercise in patients with cancers of the head and neck during COVID-19 and beyond.},
journal = {BMJ open sport &amp; exercise medicine},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {e001024},
pmid = {33791106},
issn = {2055-7647},
abstract = {In recent years, the benefits of exercise in patients with cancer have increasingly been recognised. Unfortunately, patients with, and survivors of, cancers of the head and neck often face a constellation of symptomatic and nutritional obstacles that can interfere with their ability to adhere to structured exercise regimens. The spread of COVID-19 has only added to these challenges. In this Viewpoint, the authors detail the impediments faced by patients with cancers of the head and neck in obtaining sufficient exercise, review the evidence supporting the benefits of exercise in patients with cancer and discuss interventions to promote exercise in this patient population.},
}
@article {pmid33790937,
year = {2021},
author = {Naeim, M and Rezaeisharif, A and Kamran, A},
title = {COVID-19 Has Made the Elderly Lonelier.},
journal = {Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders extra},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {26-28},
pmid = {33790937},
issn = {1664-5464},
abstract = {Loneliness is a major risk factor for the elderly and can double their problems. When COVID-19 started, things became more difficult for the elderly. The news that the elderly are at a higher risk for severe COVID-19 than others made the elderly lonelier. This is a library type study that was conducted over 2 months using valid scientific sources and books. Based on the findings of this study, we believe that focusing on education and reminding people of the necessary dos and don'ts of illness, modifying their diet, emphasizing masking, and even familiarizing the elderly with social media and virtual activities will prevent them from suffering loneliness.},
}
@article {pmid33790874,
year = {2021},
author = {Frutos, R and Serra-Cobo, J and Pinault, L and Lopez Roig, M and Devaux, CA},
title = {Emergence of Bat-Related Betacoronaviruses: Hazard and Risks.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {591535},
pmid = {33790874},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {The current Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, with more than 111 million reported cases and 2,500,000 deaths worldwide (mortality rate currently estimated at 2.2%), is a stark reminder that coronaviruses (CoV)-induced diseases remain a major threat to humanity. COVID-19 is only the latest case of betacoronavirus (β-CoV) epidemics/pandemics. In the last 20 years, two deadly CoV epidemics, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS; fatality rate 9.6%) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS; fatality rate 34.7%), plus the emergence of HCoV-HKU1 which causes the winter common cold (fatality rate 0.5%), were already a source of public health concern. Betacoronaviruses can also be a threat for livestock, as evidenced by the Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome (SADS) epizootic in pigs. These repeated outbreaks of β-CoV-induced diseases raise the question of the dynamic of propagation of this group of viruses in wildlife and human ecosystems. SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and HCoV-HKU1 emerged in Asia, strongly suggesting the existence of a regional hot spot for emergence. However, there might be other regional hot spots, as seen with MERS-CoV, which emerged in the Arabian Peninsula. β-CoVs responsible for human respiratory infections are closely related to bat-borne viruses. Bats are present worldwide and their level of infection with CoVs is very high on all continents. However, there is as yet no evidence of direct bat-to-human coronavirus infection. Transmission of β-CoV to humans is considered to occur accidentally through contact with susceptible intermediate animal species. This zoonotic emergence is a complex process involving not only bats, wildlife and natural ecosystems, but also many anthropogenic and societal aspects. Here, we try to understand why only few hot spots of β-CoV emergence have been identified despite worldwide bats and bat-borne β-CoV distribution. In this work, we analyze and compare the natural and anthropogenic environments associated with the emergence of β-CoV and outline conserved features likely to create favorable conditions for a new epidemic. We suggest monitoring South and East Africa as well as South America as these regions bring together many of the conditions that could make them future hot spots.},
}
@article {pmid33790857,
year = {2021},
author = {Di Gioia, M and Zanoni, I},
title = {Dooming Phagocyte Responses: Inflammatory Effects of Endogenous Oxidized Phospholipids.},
journal = {Frontiers in endocrinology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {626842},
pmid = {33790857},
issn = {1664-2392},
support = {R01 AI121066/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 DK115217/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Endogenous oxidized phospholipids are produced during tissue stress and are responsible for sustaining inflammatory responses in immune as well as non-immune cells. Their local and systemic production and accumulation is associated with the etiology and progression of several inflammatory diseases, but the molecular mechanisms that underlie the biological activities of these oxidized phospholipids remain elusive. Increasing evidence highlights the ability of these stress mediators to modulate cellular metabolism and pro-inflammatory signaling in phagocytes, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, and to alter the activation and polarization of these cells. Because these immune cells serve a key role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and organ function, understanding how endogenous oxidized lipids reshape phagocyte biology and function is vital for designing clinical tools and interventions for preventing, slowing down, or resolving chronic inflammatory disorders that are driven by phagocyte dysfunction. Here, we discuss the metabolic and signaling processes elicited by endogenous oxidized lipids and outline new hypotheses and models to elucidate the impact of these lipids on phagocytes and inflammation.},
}
@article {pmid33790785,
year = {2021},
author = {Abdelrahman, Z and Liu, Q and Jiang, S and Li, M and Sun, Q and Zhang, Y and Wang, X},
title = {Evaluation of the Current Therapeutic Approaches for COVID-19: A Systematic Review and a Meta-analysis.},
journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {607408},
pmid = {33790785},
issn = {1663-9812},
abstract = {Background: Limited data on the efficacy and safety of currently applied COVID-19 therapeutics and their impact on COVID-19 outcomes have raised additional concern. Objective and Methods: To estimate the efficacy and safety of COVID-19 therapeutics, we performed meta-analyses of the studies reporting clinical features and treatments of COVID-19 published from January 21 to September 6, 2020. Results: We included 136 studies that involved 102,345 COVID-19 patients. The most prevalent treatments were antibiotics (proportion: 0.59, 95% CI: [0.51, 0.67]) and antivirals (proportion: 0.52, 95% CI: [0.44, 0.60]). The combination of lopinavir/ritonavir and Arbidol was the most effective in treating COVID-19 (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.68, 95% CI: [0.15, 1.21]). The use of corticosteroids was associated with a small clinical improvement (SMD = -0.40, 95% CI: [-0.85, -0.23]), but with a higher risk of disease progression and death (mortality: RR = 9.26, 95% CI: [4.81, 17.80]; hospitalization length: RR = 1.54, 95% CI: [1.39, 1.72]; severe adverse events: RR = 2.65, 95% CI: [2.09, 3.37]). The use of hydroxychloroquine was associated with a higher risk of death (RR = 1.68, 95% CI: [1.18, 2.38]). The combination of lopinavir/ritonavir, ribavirin, and interferon-β (RR = 0.34, 95% CI: [0.22, 0.54]); hydroxychloroquine (RR = 0.58, 95% CI: [0.39, 0.58]); and lopinavir/ritonavir (RR = 0.72, 95% CI: [0.56, 0.91]) was associated with reduced hospitalization length. Hydrocortisone (RR = 0.05, 95% CI: [0.03, 0.10]) and remdesivir (RR = 0.74, 95% CI: [0.62, 0.90]) were associated with lower incidence of severe adverse events. Dexamethasone was not significant in reducing disease progression (RR = 0.45, 95% CI: [0.16, 1.25]) and mortality (RR = 0.90, 95% CI: [0.70, 1.16]). The estimated combination of corticosteroids with antivirals was associated with a better clinical improvement than antivirals alone (SMD = -1.09, 95% CI: [-1.64, -0.53]). Conclusion: Antivirals are safe and effective in COVID-19 treatment. Remdesivir cannot significantly reduce COVID-19 mortality and hospitalization length, while it is associated with a lower incidence of severe adverse events. Corticosteroids could increase COVID-19 severity, but it could be beneficial when combined with antivirals. Our data are potentially valuable for the clinical treatment and management of COVID-19 patients.},
}
@article {pmid33790587,
year = {2021},
author = {Koneru, G and Batiha, GE and Algammal, AM and Mabrok, M and Magdy, S and Sayed, S and AbuElmagd, ME and Elnemr, R and Saad, MM and Abd Ellah, NH and Hosni, A and Muhammad, K and Hetta, HF},
title = {BCG Vaccine-Induced Trained Immunity and COVID-19: Protective or Bystander?.},
journal = {Infection and drug resistance},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {1169-1184},
pmid = {33790587},
issn = {1178-6973},
abstract = {In late 2019, a new virulent coronavirus (CoV) emerged in Wuhan, China and was named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This virus spread rapidly, causing the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a live attenuated tuberculosis (TB) vaccine, associated with induction of non-specific cross-protection against unrelated infections. This protection is a memory-like response in innate immune cells (trained immunity), which is caused by epigenetic reprogramming via histone modification in the regulatory elements of specific genes in monocytes. COVID-19 related epidemiological studies showed an inverse relationship between national BCG vaccination policies and COVID-19 incidence and death, suggesting that BCG may induce trained immunity that could confer some protection against SARS-CoV-2. As this pandemic has put most of Earth's population under quarantine, repurposing of the old, well-characterized BCG may ensure some protection against COVID-19. This review focuses on BCG-related cross-protection and acquisition of trained immunity, as well as the correlation between BCG vaccination and COVID-19 incidence and mortality.},
}
@article {pmid33790517,
year = {2021},
author = {Shah, V and Tyagi, N and Trivedi, D},
title = {Extra Precautions while Caring for a Suspected COVID-19 Patient in an ICU beyond PPE and Hand Hygiene.},
journal = {Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine},
volume = {25},
number = {3},
pages = {331-336},
pmid = {33790517},
issn = {0972-5229},
abstract = {Since the diagnosis of the first case of COVID-19 in December 2019, there have been reports of several healthcare workers infected with COVID-19. It has changed the infection control practices of most ICUs all over the world. Prevention is better than cure is definitely proven true as there is no definite cure for COVID-19 yet. Personal protective equipment and hand hygiene are a must while handling any suspected COVID-19 patient. Apart from that, there are several other things, which should be followed in ICU and specifically while caring for a patient on ventilator. There are a large number of interventions done while treating any critically ill patient in ICU, which can generate aerosols and exaggerate spread of COVID-19, which include high-flow nasal cannula, NIV, nebulization, suctioning, bag and mask ventilation, endotracheal intubation, and bronchoscopy. We will be reviewing those things beyond PPE and hand hygiene along with the rationale of each of them, which can help to minimize the risk of exposure to healthcare workers and other patients in the surrounding. It will help not only to prevent COVID-19 transmission but also to reduce overall nosocomial infection rate. As per our knowledge, this will be the first paper reviewing innovative ideas to minimize the risk of infection in a comprehensive manner. How to cite this article: Shah V, Tyagi N, Trivedi D. Extra Precautions while Caring for a Suspected COVID-19 Patient in an ICU beyond PPE and Hand Hygiene. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(3):331-336.},
}
@article {pmid33789928,
year = {2021},
author = {Clementi, N and Ghosh, S and De Santis, M and Castelli, M and Criscuolo, E and Zanoni, I and Clementi, M and Mancini, N},
title = {Viral Respiratory Pathogens and Lung Injury.},
journal = {Clinical microbiology reviews},
volume = {34},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {33789928},
issn = {1098-6618},
mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; COVID-19 ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; *DNA Viruses ; Female ; Humans ; Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Interferons/therapeutic use ; Lung/immunology/virology ; *Lung Injury/diagnosis/drug therapy/immunology/virology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pandemics ; *RNA Viruses ; *Respiratory Tract Infections ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Virus Diseases ; },
abstract = {Several viruses target the human respiratory tract, causing different clinical manifestations spanning from mild upper airway involvement to life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). As dramatically evident in the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the clinical picture is not always easily predictable due to the combined effect of direct viral and indirect patient-specific immune-mediated damage. In this review, we discuss the main RNA (orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, and coronaviruses) and DNA (adenoviruses, herpesviruses, and bocaviruses) viruses with respiratory tropism and their mechanisms of direct and indirect cell damage. We analyze the thin line existing between a protective immune response, capable of limiting viral replication, and an unbalanced, dysregulated immune activation often leading to the most severe complication. Our comprehension of the molecular mechanisms involved is increasing and this should pave the way for the development and clinical use of new tailored immune-based antiviral strategies.},
}
@article {pmid33789839,
year = {2021},
author = {Zhao, MZ and Zhao, C and Tu, SS and Wei, XX and Shang, HC},
title = {Evaluating the methodology of studies conducted during the global COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.},
journal = {Journal of integrative medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33789839},
issn = {2095-4964},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The therapeutic evidence collected from well-designed studies is needed to help manage the global pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Evaluating the quality of therapeutic data collected during this most recent pandemic is important for improving future clinical research under similar circumstances.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: To assess the methodological quality and variability in implementation of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for treating COVID-19, and to analyze the support that should be provided to improve data collected during an urgent pandemic situation.<br><br>SEARCH STRATEGY: PubMed, Excerpta Medica Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, and Chongqing VIP, and the preprint repositories including Social Science Research Network and MedRxiv were systematically searched, up to September 30, 2020, using the keywords &quot;coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19),&quot; &quot;2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV),&quot; &quot;severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2),&quot; &quot;novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP),&quot; &quot;randomized controlled trial (RCT)&quot; and &quot;random.&quot;<br><br>INCLUSION CRITERIA: RCTs studying the treatment of COVID-19 were eligible for inclusion.<br><br>DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS: Screening of published RCTs for inclusion and data extraction were each conducted by two researchers. Analysis of general information on COVID-19 RCTs was done using descriptive statistics. Methodological quality was assessed using the risk-of-bias tools in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (Version 5.1.0). Variability in implementation was assessed by comparing consistency between RCT reports and registration information.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 5886 COVID-19 RCTs were identified. Eighty-one RCTs were finally included, of which, 45 had registration information. Methodological quality of the RTCs was not optimal due to deficiencies in five main domains: allocation concealment, blinding of participants and personnel, blinding of outcome assessment, incomplete outcome data, and selective reporting. Comparisons of consistency between published protocols and registration information showed that the 45 RCTs with registration information had common deviations in seven items: inclusion and exclusion criteria, sample size, outcomes, research sites of recruitment, interventions, and blinding.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The methodological quality of COVID-19 RCTs conducted in early to mid 2020 was consistently low and variability in implementation was common. More support for implementing high-quality methodology is needed to obtain the quality of therapeutic evidence needed to provide positive guidance for clinical care. We make an urgent appeal for accelerating the construction of a collaborative sharing platform and preparing multidisciplinary talent and professional teams to conduct excellent clinical research when faced with epidemic diseases of the future. Further, variability in RCT implementation should be clearly reported and interpreted to improve the utility of data resulting from those trials.},
}
@article {pmid33789633,
year = {2021},
author = {Perin, M and De Panfilis, L},
title = {Among equity and dignity: an argument-based review of European ethical guidelines under COVID-19.},
journal = {BMC medical ethics},
volume = {22},
number = {1},
pages = {36},
pmid = {33789633},
issn = {1472-6939},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Europe ; *Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; *Moral Obligations ; Pandemics ; Resource Allocation/ethics ; *Respect ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Under COVID-19 pandemic, many organizations developed guidelines to deal with the ethical aspects of resources allocation. This study describes the results of an argument-based review of ethical guidelines developed at the European level. It aims to increase knowledge and awareness about the moral relevance of the outbreak, especially as regards the balance of equity and dignity in clinical practice and patient's care.<br><br>METHOD: According to the argument-based review framework, we started our research from the following two questions: what are the ethical principles adopted by the ethical guidelines produced at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak related to resource allocation? And what are the practical consequences in terms of 'priority' of access, access criteria, management of the decision-making process and patient care?<br><br>RESULTS: Twenty-two ethical guidelines met our inclusion criteria and the results of our analysis are organized into 4 ethical concepts and related arguments: the equity principle and emerging ethical theories; triage criteria; respecting patient's dignity, and decision making and quality of care.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Further studies can investigate the practical consequences of the application of the guidelines described, in terms of quality of care and health care professionals' moral distress.},
}
@article {pmid33789273,
year = {2021},
author = {Sheervalilou, R and Shirvaliloo, M and Sargazi, S and Bahari, S and Saravani, R and Shahraki, J and Shirvalilou, S and Shahraki, O and Nazarlou, Z and Shams, Z and Ghaznavi, H},
title = {Convalescent Blood: Current Perspective on the Efficacy of a Legacy Approach in COVID-19 Treatment.},
journal = {Blood purification},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-14},
doi = {10.1159/000513164},
pmid = {33789273},
issn = {1421-9735},
abstract = {Since early 2020, COVID-19 has wreaked havoc in many societies around the world. As of the present, the SARS-CoV-2-borne disease is propagating in almost all countries, affecting hundreds of thousands of people in an unprecedented way. As the name suggests, the novel coronavirus, widely known as SARS-CoV-2, is a new emerging human pathogen. A novel disease of relatively unknown origin, COVID-19 does not seem to be amenable to the currently available medicines since there is no specific cure for the disease. In the absence of any vaccine or effective antiviral medication, we have no tools at our disposal, but the method of quarantine, be it domestic or institutional, to hinder any further progression of this outbreak. However, there is a record of physicians in the past who practiced convalescent blood transfusion. To their awe, the method seemed to be useful. It is anticipated that these contemporary methods will outdo any other vaccination process in the time being, as blood transfusion is instead a cost-effective and time-friendly technique. Following a successful trial, this new approach of contemporary nature to a viral disease may serve as an emergency intervention to intercept infectious outbreaks and prevent an impending epidemic/pandemic. In this review, we document the most recent evidence regarding the efficiency of convalescent plasma and serum therapy on SARS, MERS, and particularly COVID-19, while discussing potential advantages and possible risks of such practice.},
}
@article {pmid33789171,
year = {2021},
author = {Arena, R and Myers, J and Kaminsky, LA and Williams, M and Sabbahi, A and Popovic, D and Axtell, R and Faghy, MA and Hills, AP and Olivares Olivares, SL and Lopez, M and Pronk, NP and Laddu, D and Babu, AS and Josephson, R and Whitsel, LP and Severin, R and Christle, JW and Dourado, VZ and Niebauer, J and Savage, P and Austford, LD and Lavie, CJ},
title = {Current Activities Centered on Healthy Living and Recommendations for the Future: A Position Statement from the HL-PIVOT Network.},
journal = {Current problems in cardiology},
volume = {46},
number = {6},
pages = {100823},
doi = {10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100823},
pmid = {33789171},
issn = {1535-6280},
abstract = {We continue to increase our cognizance and recognition of the importance of healthy living (HL) behaviors and HL medicine (HLM) to prevent and treat chronic disease. The continually unfolding events precipitated by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have further highlighted the importance of HL behaviors, as indicated by the characteristics of those who have been hospitalized and died from this viral infection. There has already been recognition that leading a healthy lifestyle, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, may have a substantial protective effect in those who become infected with the virus. Now more than ever, HL behaviors and HLM are essential and must be promoted with a renewed vigor across the globe. In response to the rapidly evolving world since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the clear need to change lifestyle behaviors to promote human resilience and quality of life, the HL for Pandemic Event Protection (HL-PIVOT) network was established. The 4 major areas of focus for the network are: (1) knowledge discovery and dissemination; (2) education; (3) policy; (4) implementation. This HL-PIVOT network position statement provides a current synopsis of the major focus areas of the network, including leading research in the field of HL behaviors and HLM, examples of best practices in education, policy, and implementation, and recommendations for the future.},
}
@article {pmid33789086,
year = {2021},
author = {Plante, JA and Mitchell, BM and Plante, KS and Debbink, K and Weaver, SC and Menachery, VD},
title = {The variant gambit: COVID-19's next move.},
journal = {Cell host &amp; microbe},
volume = {29},
number = {4},
pages = {508-515},
doi = {10.1016/j.chom.2021.02.020},
pmid = {33789086},
issn = {1934-6069},
support = {R01 AI153602/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R24 AI120942/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {More than a year after its emergence, COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, continues to plague the world and dominate our daily lives. Even with the development of effective vaccines, this coronavirus pandemic continues to cause a fervor with the identification of major new variants hailing from the United Kingdom, South Africa, Brazil, and California. Coupled with worries over a distinct mink strain that has caused human infections and potential for further mutations, SARS-CoV-2 variants bring concerns for increased spread and escape from both vaccine and natural infection immunity. Here, we outline factors driving SARS-CoV-2 variant evolution, explore the potential impact of specific mutations, examine the risk of further mutations, and consider the experimental studies needed to understand the threat these variants pose. In this review, Plante et al. examine SARS-CoV-2 variants including B.1.1.7 (UK), B.1.351 (RSA), P.1 (Brazil), and B.1.429 (California). They focus on what factors contribute to variant emergence, mutations in and outside the spike protein, and studies needed to understand the impact of variants on infection, transmission, and vaccine efficacy.},
}
@article {pmid33788848,
year = {2021},
author = {Upshaw, TL and Brown, C and Smith, R and Perri, M and Ziegler, C and Pinto, AD},
title = {Social determinants of COVID-19 incidence and outcomes: A rapid review.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {16},
number = {3},
pages = {e0248336},
pmid = {33788848},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {COVID-19/diagnosis/*epidemiology/ethnology ; Continental Population Groups/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Humans ; Incidence ; Prognosis ; Social Determinants of Health/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; },
abstract = {Early reports indicate that the social determinants of health are implicated in COVID-19 incidence and outcomes. To inform the ongoing response to the pandemic, we conducted a rapid review of peer-reviewed studies to examine the social determinants of COVID-19. We searched Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from December 1, 2019 to April 27, 2020. We also searched the bibliographies of included studies, COVID-19 evidence repositories and living evidence maps, and consulted with expert colleagues internationally. We included studies identified through these supplementary sources up to June 25, 2020. We included English-language peer-reviewed quantitative studies that used primary data to describe the social determinants of COVID-19 incidence, clinical presentation, health service use and outcomes in adults with a confirmed or presumptive diagnosis of COVID-19. Two reviewers extracted data and conducted quality assessment, confirmed by a third reviewer. Forty-two studies met inclusion criteria. The strongest evidence was from three large observational studies that found associations between race or ethnicity and socioeconomic deprivation and increased likelihood of COVID-19 incidence and subsequent hospitalization. Limited evidence was available on other key determinants, including occupation, educational attainment, housing status and food security. Assessing associations between sociodemographic factors and COVID-19 was limited by small samples, descriptive study designs, and the timeframe of our search. Systematic reviews of literature published subsequently are required to fully understand the magnitude of any effects and predictive utility of sociodemographic factors related to COVID-19 incidence and outcomes. PROSPERO: CRD4202017813.},
}
@article {pmid33788271,
year = {2021},
author = {Baumjohann, D and Fazilleau, N},
title = {Antigen-dependent multistep differentiation of T-follicular helper cells and its role in SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination.},
journal = {European journal of immunology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/eji.202049148},
pmid = {33788271},
issn = {1521-4141},
support = {5132/1-2 (252623821)//Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)/ ; #1901175//the Inspire Program from the Region Occitanie/Pyrénées-Méditerranée/ ; MP0022856//European Regional Development Fund/ ; ANR-16-CE15-0019-02//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; ANR-16-CE15-0002-02//Agence Nationale de la Recherche/ ; EXC2151 (390873048)//Germany's Excellence Strategy/ ; 01KI20343//Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)/ ; INCA-12642//Institut National du Cancer/ ; },
abstract = {T-follicular helper (Tfh) cells play an essential role in regulating the GC reaction and, consequently, the generation of high-affinity antibodies and memory B cells. Therefore, Tfh cells are critical for potent humoral immune responses against various pathogens and their dysregulation has been linked to autoimmunity and cancer. Tfh cell differentiation is a multistep process, in which cognate interactions with different APC types, costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways, as well as cytokines are involved. However, it is still not fully understood how a subset of activated CD4+ T cells begins to express the Tfh-defining chemokine receptor CXCR5 during the early stage of the immune response, how some CXCR5+ pre-Tfh cells enter the B-cell follicles and mature further into GC Tfh cells, and how Tfh cells are maintained in the memory compartment. In this review, we discuss recent advances on how cognate interactions and antigen are important for Tfh cell differentiation and long-term persistence of Tfh cell memory, and how this is relevant to the current understanding of COVID-19 pathogenesis and the development of potent SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.},
}
@article {pmid33788181,
year = {2021},
author = {Heo, YA},
title = {Voclosporin: First Approval.},
journal = {Drugs},
volume = {81},
number = {5},
pages = {605-610},
pmid = {33788181},
issn = {1179-1950},
abstract = {Voclosporin (Lupkynis™) is an oral calcineurin inhibitor immunosuppressant that is being developed by Aurinia Pharmaceuticals. In January 2021, based on positive results from the pivotal phases II and III trials, oral voclosporin received its first approval in the USA for use in combination with a background immunosuppressive therapy regimen for adults with active lupus nephritis. Voclosporin is also being explored for the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in kidney transplant recipients. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of voclosporin leading to this first approval for lupus nephritis.},
}
@article {pmid33788125,
year = {2021},
author = {Banerjee, R and Kelkar, AH and Logan, AC and Majhail, NS and Pemmaraju, N},
title = {The Democratization of Scientific Conferences: Twitter in the Era of COVID-19 and Beyond.},
journal = {Current hematologic malignancy reports},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33788125},
issn = {1558-822X},
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had profound impacts upon scientific discourse in our field, most prominently through the abrupt transition of malignant hematology conferences to all-digital formats. These virtual components will likely be incorporated into future iterations of these conferences even as in-person attendance is reincorporated. In this review, we discuss ways in which usage of the social networking platform Twitter has expanded in the past year during virtual conferences as a method to facilitate-and, in some ways, democratize-information flow and professional networking.<br><br>RECENT FINDINGS: Emerging Twitter-based tools in malignant hematology include presenter-developed #tweetorials, conference-specific &quot;poster walks,&quot; and disease-specific online journal clubs. Twitter is also increasingly being used for networking across institutional and international lines, allowing for conversations to continue year-round as a first step toward multicenter collaborations as well as in-person #tweetups at subsequent meetings. The ability of Twitter to enable uninterrupted information exchange has reinforced its central role in medical and scientific communication in a way that will certainly outlive the COVID-19 pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid33787944,
year = {2021},
author = {Grote, U and Arvand, M and Brinkwirth, S and Brunke, M and Buchholz, U and Eckmanns, T and von Kleist, M and Niebank, M and Ruehe, B and Schulze, K and Stoliaroff-Pépin, A and Thanheiser, M and Schaade, L and Said, D and Haas, W},
title = {[Measures to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: nonpharmaceutical and pharmaceutical interventions].},
journal = {Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33787944},
issn = {1437-1588},
abstract = {When the emerging novel SARS-CoV‑2 virus first appeared in December 2019, neither specific therapeutic options nor vaccinations were available. The role of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) became of central importance. At the Robert Koch Institute, a multilayer strategy consisting of population-based and individual preventive measures to control the pandemic was developed, which built upon existing influenza pandemic plans as well as generic plans. This paper explains the recommended NPIs and illustrates the pharmaceutical approaches developed in parallel.Among others, general contact bans, providing material for infection prevention and control, ban of events, closing educational institutions, and restricting travel are counted among population-based measures. Additional individual preventive measures are necessary, e.g., keeping a minimum distance, reducing contacts, and wearing a mouth-nose covering as well as quarantine and isolation. Measures within the health system are based on recommendations of the Commission on Hospital Hygiene and Infection Protection (Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention (KRINKO)) and specified and implemented by professional societies. Since November 2020, an antiviral therapy with remdesivir and treatment with the glucocorticoid dexamethasone have been available as pharmaceutical interventions. Monoclonal antibodies are at this time not approved. Therapeutic anticoagulation is recommended.Recommendations are constantly adapted to the increasing knowledge on the pathogen and its means of transmission. A challenge is to strengthen the trust of the population. Many measures have to be applied on an individual basis in order to work together.},
}
@article {pmid33787678,
year = {2021},
author = {Ferrari, F and Martins, VM and Teixeira, M and Santos, RD and Stein, R},
title = {COVID-19 and Thromboinflammation: Is There a Role for Statins?.},
journal = {Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil)},
volume = {76},
number = {},
pages = {e2518},
pmid = {33787678},
issn = {1980-5322},
mesh = {Anticoagulants/adverse effects ; *COVID-19 ; *Coronavirus ; Humans ; *Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/adverse effects ; Inflammation/drug therapy ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Thrombosis ; },
abstract = {The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) showed increased morbidity and mortality rates and worse prognosis in individuals with underlying chronic diseases, especially cardiovascular disease and its risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. There is also evidence of possible links among COVID-19, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Emerging evidence suggests a pro-inflammatory milieu and hypercoagulable state in patients with this infection. Despite anticoagulation, a large proportion of patients requiring intensive care may develop life-threatening thrombotic complications. Indeed, the levels of some markers of hemostatic activation, such as D-dimer, are commonly elevated in COVID-19, indicating potential risk of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary thromboembolism. In this review, we critically examine and discuss aspects of hypercoagulability and inflammation in COVID-19 and the possible benefits of statins in this scenario, with emphasis on their underlying molecular mechanisms. Moreover, we present recommendations on the use of antiviral drugs in combination with statins.},
}
@article {pmid33787511,
year = {2021},
author = {Mansourabadi, AH and Sadeghalvad, M and Mohammadi-Motlagh, HR and Amirzargar, A},
title = {Serological and Molecular Tests for COVID-19: a recent update.},
journal = {Iranian journal of immunology : IJI},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {13-33},
doi = {10.22034/iji.2021.88660.1894},
pmid = {33787511},
issn = {1735-367X},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic is probably the most devastating worldwide challenge in recent century. COVID-19 leads to a mild to severe respiratory disease and affects different organs and has become a global concern since December 2019. Meanwhile, molecular biology and diagnostic laboratories played an essential role in diagnosis of the disease by introducing serological and molecular tests. Molecular-based techniques are reliable detection tools for SARS-CoV-2 and used for diagnosis of patients especially in the early stage of the disease. While, serological assays are considered as additional tools to verify the asymptomatic infections, tracing previous contacts of individuals, vaccine efficacy, and study the seroprevalance. The average time of the appearance of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the patient's serum is 3-6 days after the onset of symptoms for both IgM and IgA and 10-18 days for IgG. Following the outbreak of COVID-19, FDA has approved and authorized a series of serological laboratory tests for early diagnosis. Serological assays have low-cost and provide fast results but have poor sensitivity in the early stage of the viral infection. Although the serological tests may not play an important role in the active case of COVID-19, it could be effective to determine the immunity of health care workers, and confirm late COVID-19 cases during the outbreak. In this review, we compared various laboratory diagnostic assays for COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33787510,
year = {2021},
author = {Vyas, AK and Varma, V and Garg, G and Gupta, P and Trehanpati, N},
title = {The role and delicate balance of Host Immunity in Coronavirus Disease-19.},
journal = {Iranian journal of immunology : IJI},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {1-12},
doi = {10.22034/iji.2021.88526.1874},
pmid = {33787510},
issn = {1735-367X},
abstract = {Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) associated with SARS-CoV-2, causes a severe form of the respiratory illness known as Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19). COVID-19 has emerged as a worldwide pandemic with a high number of fatalities. Approximately 112,654,202 people have been infected so far with this disease which has led to the death of more than one point seven million (2,496,749) till 24th Feb, 2021. Measures to counter this disease have led to a global economic slowdown. Multiple drug trials are ongoing and several putative candidates for vaccination against the virus have been approved and are in the pipeline. Many studies have also characterized the immunological profile of patients infected with COVID-19. Some studies suggest that the severity of the COVID-19 infection is directly associated with the cytokine storm. In this review, we aim to compile the available knowledge and describe the nature of immune responses in patients infected with COVID-19 in different age groups, comorbidity, and immune-compromised state and their association with disease severity.},
}
@article {pmid33787349,
year = {2021},
author = {Ng, SL and Khaw, KY and Ong, YS and Goh, HP and Kifli, N and Teh, SP and Ming, LC and Kotra, V and Goh, BH},
title = {Licorice: A Potential Herb in Overcoming SARS-CoV-2 Infections.},
journal = {Journal of evidence-based integrative medicine},
volume = {26},
number = {},
pages = {2515690X21996662},
pmid = {33787349},
issn = {2515-690X},
mesh = {COVID-19/*drug therapy ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; *Glycyrrhiza/chemistry ; Humans ; Phytotherapy/*methods ; SARS-CoV-2/*drug effects ; },
abstract = {The management of the global pandemic outbreak due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been challenging with no exact dedicated treatment nor established vaccines at the beginning of the pandemic. Nonetheless, the situation seems to be better controlled with the recent COVID-19 vaccines roll-out globally as active immunisation to prevent COVID-19. The extensive usage and trials done in recent outbreak in China has shown the effectiveness of traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM) in improving the wellbeing of COVID-19 patients. Therefore, COVID-19 Prevention and Treatment guidelines has listed a number of recommended concoctions meant for COVID-19 patients. Licorice, more commonly known as Gancao in Chinese Pinyin, is known as one of the most frequently used ingredients in TCM prescriptions for treatment of epidemic diseases. Interestingly, it is deemed as food ingredient as well, where it is normally used in Western cuisines' desserts and sweets. The surprising fact that licorice appeared in the top 10 main ingredients used in TCM prescriptions in COVID-19 has drawn great attention from researchers in revealing its biological potential in overcoming this disease. To date, there are no comprehensive review on licorice and its benefits when used in COVID-19. Thus, in this current review, the possible benefits, mechanism of actions, safety and limitations of licorice were explored in hope to provide a quick reference guide for its preclinical and clinical experimental set-up in this very critical moment of pandemic.},
}
@article {pmid33786876,
year = {2021},
author = {Gour, A and Manhas, D and Bag, S and Gorain, B and Nandi, U},
title = {Flavonoids as potential phytotherapeutics to combat cytokine storm in SARS-CoV-2.},
journal = {Phytotherapy research : PTR},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/ptr.7092},
pmid = {33786876},
issn = {1099-1573},
abstract = {Emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, COVID-19, has become the global panic since December 2019, which urges the global healthcare professionals to identify novel therapeutics to counteract this pandemic. So far, there is no approved treatment available to control this public health issue; however, a few antiviral agents and repurposed drugs support the patients under medical supervision by compromising their adverse effects, especially in emergency conditions. Only a few vaccines have been approved to date. In this context, several plant natural products-based research studies are evidenced to play a crucial role in immunomodulation that can prevent the chances of infection as well as combat the cytokine release storm (CRS) generated during COVID-19 infection. In this present review, we have focused on flavonoids, especially epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, hesperidin, naringenin, quercetin, rutin, luteolin, baicalin, diosmin, ge nistein, biochanin A, and silymarin, which can counteract the virus-mediated elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines leading to multiple organ failure. In addition, a comprehensive discussion on available in silico, in vitro, and in vivo findings with critical analysis has also been evaluated, which might pave the way for further development of phytotherapeutics to identify the potential lead candidatetoward effective and safe management of the SARS-CoV-2 disease.},
}
@article {pmid33786833,
year = {2021},
author = {Wang, C and Rademaker, M and Tate, B and Baker, C and Foley, P},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) vaccination in dermatology patients on immunomodulatory and biologic agents: Recommendations from the Australasian Medical Dermatology Group.},
journal = {The Australasian journal of dermatology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/ajd.13593},
pmid = {33786833},
issn = {1440-0960},
abstract = {As the phase III COVID-19 vaccine trials excluded patients on immunosuppressive treatments, or patients with significant autoimmunity, the Australasian Medical Dermatology Group make the following preliminary recommendations around COVID-19 vaccination in dermatology patients on immunomodulatory and/or biologic agents. Vaccination against COVID-19 is strongly encouraged for all patients on immunomodulatory drugs and/or biologic agents. There are currently insufficient data to recommend one COVID-19 vaccine or vaccine type (mRNA, recombinant, inactivated virus) over another. No specific additional risk in patients on immunomodulatory or biologic therapies has so far been identified. Data on vaccine efficacy in patients on immunomodulatory or biologic therapies are missing, so standard vaccination protocols are recommended until otherwise advised.},
}
@article {pmid33786415,
year = {2021},
author = {Tarim, EA and Karakuzu, B and Oksuz, C and Sarigil, O and Kizilkaya, M and Al-Ruweidi, MKAA and Yalcin, HC and Ozcivici, E and Tekin, HC},
title = {Microfluidic-based virus detection methods for respiratory diseases.},
journal = {Emergent materials},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-26},
pmid = {33786415},
issn = {2522-574X},
abstract = {With the recent SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, the importance of rapid and direct detection of respiratory disease viruses has been well recognized. The detection of these viruses with novel technologies is vital in timely prevention and treatment strategies for epidemics and pandemics. Respiratory viruses can be detected from saliva, swab samples, nasal fluid, and blood, and collected samples can be analyzed by various techniques. Conventional methods for virus detection are based on techniques relying on cell culture, antigen-antibody interactions, and nucleic acids. However, these methods require trained personnel as well as expensive equipment. Microfluidic technologies, on the other hand, are one of the most accurate and specific methods to directly detect respiratory tract viruses. During viral infections, the production of detectable amounts of relevant antibodies takes a few days to weeks, hampering the aim of prevention. Alternatively, nucleic acid-based methods can directly detect the virus-specific RNA or DNA region, even before the immune response. There are numerous methods to detect respiratory viruses, but direct detection techniques have higher specificity and sensitivity than other techniques. This review aims to summarize the methods and technologies developed for microfluidic-based direct detection of viruses that cause respiratory infection using different detection techniques. Microfluidics enables the use of minimal sample volumes and thereby leading to a time, cost, and labor effective operation. Microfluidic-based detection technologies provide affordable, portable, rapid, and sensitive analysis of intact virus or virus genetic material, which is very important in pandemic and epidemic events to control outbreaks with an effective diagnosis.},
}
@article {pmid33786376,
year = {2021},
author = {Schlich, M and Palomba, R and Costabile, G and Mizrahy, S and Pannuzzo, M and Peer, D and Decuzzi, P},
title = {Cytosolic delivery of nucleic acids: The case of ionizable lipid nanoparticles.},
journal = {Bioengineering &amp; translational medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e10213},
pmid = {33786376},
issn = {2380-6761},
abstract = {Ionizable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are the most clinically advanced nano-delivery system for therapeutic nucleic acids. The great effort put in the development of ionizable lipids with increased in vivo potency brought LNPs from the laboratory benches to the FDA approval of patisiran in 2018 and the ongoing clinical trials for mRNA-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Despite these success stories, several challenges remain in RNA delivery, including what is known as &quot;endosomal escape.&quot; Reaching the cytosol is mandatory for unleashing the therapeutic activity of RNA molecules, as their accumulation in other intracellular compartments would simply result in efficacy loss. In LNPs, the ability of ionizable lipids to form destabilizing non-bilayer structures at acidic pH is recognized as the key for endosomal escape and RNA cytosolic delivery. This is motivating a surge in studies aiming at designing novel ionizable lipids with improved biodegradation and safety profiles. In this work, we describe the journey of RNA-loaded LNPs across multiple intracellular barriers, from the extracellular space to the cytosol. In silico molecular dynamics modeling, in vitro high-resolution microscopy analyses, and in vivo imaging data are systematically reviewed to distill out the regulating mechanisms underlying the endosomal escape of RNA. Finally, a comparison with strategies employed by enveloped viruses to deliver their genetic material into cells is also presented. The combination of a multidisciplinary analytical toolkit for endosomal escape quantification and a nature-inspired design could foster the development of future LNPs with improved cytosolic delivery of nucleic acids.},
}
@article {pmid33786357,
year = {2021},
author = {Aktar, MA and Alam, MM and Al-Amin, AQ},
title = {Global economic crisis, energy use, CO2 emissions, and policy roadmap amid COVID-19.},
journal = {Sustainable production and consumption},
volume = {26},
number = {},
pages = {770-781},
pmid = {33786357},
issn = {2352-5509},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has emerged as one of the deadliest infectious diseases on the planet. Millions of people and businesses have been placed in lockdown where the main aim is to stop the spread of the virus. As an extreme phenomenon, the lockdown has triggered a global economic shock at an alarming pace, conveying sharp recessions for many countries. In the meantime, the lockdowns caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have drastically changed energy consumption patterns and reduced CO2 emissions throughout the world. Recent data released by the International Monetary Fund and International Energy Agency for 2020 further forecast that emissions will rebound in 2021. Still, the full impact of COVID-19 in terms of how long the crisis will be and how the consumption pattern of energy and the associated levels of CO2 emissions will be affected are unclear. This review aims to steer policymakers and governments of nations toward a better direction by providing a broad and convincing overview on the observed and likely impacts of the pandemic of COVID-19 on the world economy, world energy demand, and world energy-related CO2 emissions that may well emerge in the next few years. Indeed, given that immediate policy responses are required with equal urgency to address three things-pandemic, economic downturn, and climate crisis. This study outlines policy suggestions that can be used during these uncertain times as a guide.},
}
@article {pmid33786335,
year = {2021},
author = {Khaksari, K and Nguyen, T and Hill, B and Quang, T and Perreault, J and Gorti, V and Malpani, R and Blick, E and González Cano, T and Shadgan, B and Gandjbakhche, AH},
title = {Review of the efficacy of infrared thermography for screening infectious diseases with applications to COVID-19.},
journal = {Journal of medical imaging (Bellingham, Wash.)},
volume = {8},
number = {Suppl 1},
pages = {010901},
pmid = {33786335},
issn = {2329-4302},
abstract = {Purpose: The recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which spread across the globe in a very short period of time, revealed that the transmission control of disease is a crucial step to prevent an outbreak and effective screening for viral infectious diseases is necessary. Since the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003, infrared thermography (IRT) has been considered a gold standard method for screening febrile individuals at the time of pandemics. The objective of this review is to evaluate the efficacy of IRT for screening infectious diseases with specific applications to COVID-19. Approach: A literature review was performed in Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect to search for studies evaluating IRT screening from 2002 to present using relevant keywords. Additional literature searches were done to evaluate IRT in comparison to traditional core body temperature measurements and assess the benefits of measuring additional vital signs for infectious disease screening. Results: Studies have reported on the unreliability of IRT due to poor sensitivity and specificity in detecting true core body temperature and its inability to identify asymptomatic carriers. Airport mass screening using IRT was conducted during occurrences of SARS, Dengue, Swine Flu, and Ebola with reported sensitivities as low as zero. Other studies reported that screening other vital signs such as heart and respiratory rates can lead to more robust methods for early infection detection. Conclusions: Studies evaluating IRT showed varied results in its efficacy for screening infectious diseases. This suggests the need to assess additional physiological parameters to increase the sensitivity and specificity of non-invasive biosensors.},
}
@article {pmid33786199,
year = {2021},
author = {Carvalho, APA and Conte-Junior, CA},
title = {Recent Advances on Nanomaterials to COVID-19 Management: A Systematic Review on Antiviral/Virucidal Agents and Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Inhibition/Inactivation.},
journal = {Global challenges (Hoboken, NJ)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {2000115},
pmid = {33786199},
issn = {2056-6646},
abstract = {The current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is recognized as a public health emergency of worldwide concern. Nanomaterials can be effectively used to detect, capture/inactivate or inhibit coronavirus cell entry/replication in the human host cell, preventing infection. Their potential for nanovaccines, immunoengineering, diagnosis, repurposing medication, and disinfectant surfaces targeting the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is highlighted. In this systematic review the aim is to present an unbiased view of which and how nanomaterials can reduce the spread of COVID-19. Herein, the focus is on SARS-CoV-2, analyzing 46 articles retrieved before December 31, 2020. The interface between nanomaterials is described, and the main mechanisms to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and viral inactivation are also discussed. Nanocarbons, biopolymeric, copper, and silver nanoparticles are potential antiviral and virucidal agents toward self-cleaning and reusable filter media and surfaces (e.g., facial masks), drug administration, vaccines, and immunodiagnostic assays. Trends in toxicology research and safety tests can help fill the main gaps in the literature and overcome health surveillance's challenges. Phytochemicals delivery by nanocarriers also stand out as candidates to target and bio-friendly therapy. Nanocellulose might fill in the gaps. Future research using nanomaterials targeting novel therapies/prophylaxis measures to COVID-19 and future outbreaks is discussed.},
}
@article {pmid33786181,
year = {2021},
author = {Renu, N},
title = {Technological advancement in the era of COVID-19.},
journal = {SAGE open medicine},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {20503121211000912},
pmid = {33786181},
issn = {2050-3121},
abstract = {Regional and local governments worldwide are working tirelessly toward effective ways of addressing the COVID-19 crisis. During this time, the government has had to ensure that they provide full usage of technological means to confront the pandemic and discourse a wide range of COVID-19 related problems. Herein, this article will discuss the application of technical means and the advancement of technology in different sectors as a consequence of the COVID-19 crisis. Further, it highlights how government and health organizations have introduced new policies intending to try to curb the spread of the coronavirus. These new policies, such as lockdowns and social distancing measures, have resulted in technological advancement and new means of interaction with government, businesses, and citizens. Such changes include increased online shopping, as well as robotic delivery systems, the introduction of digital as well as contactless payment systems, remote working, the role of technology in distance learning, Telehealth, 3D Printing, and online entertainment. These technological advancements have been embraced all the way during this pandemic by a few countries around the world, with its limitation in some underdeveloped and developing countries.},
}
@article {pmid33786171,
year = {2021},
author = {Simonovic, SP and Kundzewicz, ZW and Wright, N},
title = {Floods and the COVID-19 pandemic-A new double hazard problem.},
journal = {WIREs. Water},
volume = {8},
number = {2},
pages = {e1509},
pmid = {33786171},
issn = {2049-1948},
abstract = {The coincidence of floods and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a genuine multihazard problem. Since the beginning of 2020, many regions around the World have been experiencing this double hazard of serious flooding and the pandemic. There have been 70 countries with flood events occurring after detection of the country's first COVID-19 case and hundreds of thousands of people have been evacuated. The main objective of this article is to assess challenges that arise from complex intersections between the threat multipliers and to provide guidance on how to address them effectively. We consider the limitations of our knowledge including &quot;unknown unknowns.&quot; During emergency evacuation, practicing social distancing can be very difficult. However, people are going to take action to respond to rising waters, even if it means breaking quarantine. This is an emergency manager's nightmare scenario: two potentially serious emergencies happening at once. During this unprecedented year (2020), we are experiencing one of the most challenging flood seasons we have seen in a while. Practical examples of issues and guides for managing floods and COVID-19 are presented. We feel that a new approach is needed in dealing with multiple hazards. Our main messages are: a resilience approach is needed whether in response to floods or a pandemic; preparation is vital, in addition to defense; the responsible actors must be prepared with actions plans and command structure, while the general population must be involved in the discussions so that they are aware of the risk and the reasons for the actions they must take. This article is categorized under:Engineering Water > Methods.},
}
@article {pmid33786001,
year = {2021},
author = {Sehli, S and Allali, I and Chahboune, R and Bakri, Y and Al Idrissi, N and Hamdi, S and Nejjari, C and Amzazi, S and Ghazal, H},
title = {Metagenomics Approaches to Investigate the Gut Microbiome of COVID-19 Patients.},
journal = {Bioinformatics and biology insights},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1177932221999428},
pmid = {33786001},
issn = {1177-9322},
abstract = {Over the last decade, it has become increasingly apparent that the microbiome is a central component in human well-being and illness. However, to establish innovative therapeutic methods, it is crucial to learn more about the microbiota. Thereby, the area of metagenomics and associated bioinformatics methods and tools has become considerable in the study of the human microbiome biodiversity. The application of these metagenomics approaches to studying the gut microbiome in COVID-19 patients could be one of the promising areas of research in the fight against the SARS-CoV-2 infection and disparity. Therefore, understanding how the gut microbiome is affected by or could affect the SARS-CoV-2 is very important. Herein, we present an overview of approaches and methods used in the current published studies on COVID-19 patients and the gut microbiome. The accuracy of these researches depends on the appropriate choice and the optimal use of the metagenomics bioinformatics platforms and tools. Interestingly, most studies reported that COVID-19 patients' microbiota are enriched with opportunistic microorganisms. The choice and use of appropriate computational tools and techniques to accurately investigate the gut microbiota is therefore critical in determining the appropriate microbiome profile for diagnosis and the most reliable antiviral or preventive microbial composition.},
}
@article {pmid33786000,
year = {2021},
author = {Borders, C and Sajjadi, SA},
title = {Diagnosis and Management of Cognitive Concerns in the Oldest-Old.},
journal = {Current treatment options in neurology},
volume = {23},
number = {3},
pages = {10},
pmid = {33786000},
issn = {1092-8480},
abstract = {Purpose of review: The fastest-growing group of elderly individuals is the &quot;oldest-old,&quot; usually defined as those age 85 years and above. These individuals account for much of the rapid increase in cases of dementing illness throughout the world but remain underrepresented in the body of literature on this topic. The aim of this review is first to outline the unique contributing factors and complications that must be considered by clinicians in evaluating an oldest-old individual with cognitive complaints. Secondly, the evidence for management of these cognitive concerns is reviewed.<br><br>Recent findings: In addition to well-established associations between impaired cognition and physical disability, falls, and frailty, there is now evidence that exercise performed decades earlier confers a cognitive benefit in the oldest-old. Moreover, though aggressive blood pressure control is critical earlier in life for prevention of strokes, renal disease, and other comorbidities, hypertension started after age 80 is in fact associated with a decreased risk of clinical dementia, carrying significant implications for the medical management of oldest-old individuals. The oldest-old are more likely to reside in care facilities, where social isolation might be exacerbated by a consistently lower rate of internet-connected device use. The COVID-19 pandemic has not only highlighted the increased mortality rate among the oldest-old but has also brought the increased social isolation in this group to the forte.<br><br>Summary: Differing from the &quot;younger-old&quot; in a number of respects, the oldest-old is a unique population not just in their vulnerability to cognitive disorders but also in the diagnostic challenges they can pose. The oldest-old are more likely to be afflicted by sensory deficits, physical disability, poor nutrition, frailty, and depression, which must be accounted for in the assessment of cognitive complaints as they may confound or complicate the presentation. Social isolation and institutionalization are also associated with impaired cognition, perhaps as sequelae, precipitants, or both. Ante-mortem diagnostic tools remain particularly limited among the oldest-old, especially given the likelihood of these individuals to have multiple co-occurring types of neuropathology, and the presence of neuropathology in those who remain cognitively intact. In addition to the symptomatic treatments indicated for patients of all ages with dementia, management of cognitive impairment in the oldest-old may be further optimized by use of assistive devices, augmentation of dietary protein, and liberalization of medication regimens for risk factors such as hypertension.},
}
@article {pmid33785720,
year = {2021},
author = {Gluzman, DF and Zavelevich, MP and Philchenkov, AA and Koval, SV and Bezhenar, TO},
title = {Immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders and lymphoid neoplasms in post-COVID-19 pandemic era.},
journal = {Experimental oncology},
volume = {43},
number = {1},
pages = {87-91},
doi = {10.32471/exp-oncology.2312-8852.vol-43-no-1.15795},
pmid = {33785720},
issn = {1812-9269},
mesh = {Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/physiology ; Antigens/physiology ; COVID-19/complications/*epidemiology ; HIV Infections ; Humans ; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/complications/epidemiology ; Immunophenotyping ; Lymphoma/complications/*epidemiology ; Lymphoproliferative Disorders/complications/*epidemiology ; Organ Transplantation/adverse effects ; Pandemics ; Transplant Recipients ; },
abstract = {The 2017 revision of WHO Classification of tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues contains separate chapters on the immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders. In this mini-review, the brief description of pathological, immunophenotypical and clinical features of lymphoid neoplasms associated with primary immune disorders, HIV infection, those arising in post-transplant setting and other lymphoproliferative disorders (excluding those induced by radiation) is given. The heterogeneous spectrum of these lymphoid malignancies is specified by the nature of those factors that are capable to induce immune suppression or chronic antigenic stimulation of immune system. Taking into account the full swing of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and our ignorance of the ability of this virus to induce the sustained stimulation of immune system, we could not exclude the high risk of autoimmune diseases and lymphoid neoplasms in the long-term post-pandemic period. In this context, the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as well as some recently reported cell receptors for SARS-CoV-2 cell entry should be considered as far as some of them (CD147, CD26) could be tumor-associated antigens.},
}
@article {pmid33785549,
year = {2021},
author = {Austin, PN and Branson, RD},
title = {Anesthesia Machine Ventilators for Use in Critical Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Respiratory care},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.4187/respcare.08799},
pmid = {33785549},
issn = {1943-3654},
abstract = {Somewhere between 30 to 89% of patients with COVID-19 admitted to a critical care unit require invasive mechanical ventilation. Concern over the lack of adequate numbers of critical care ventilators to meet this demand led the United States Food and Drug Administration to authorize the use of anesthesia machines as critical care ventilators. The use of anesthesia machines for ventilating COVID-19 patients is overseen by an anesthesia provider but respiratory therapists may encounter their use. This article provides critical care respiratory therapists with a review of the fundamental differences between anesthesia workstations and critical care ventilators. The differences between anesthesia machine ventilators and critical care ventilators are outlined. Also examined are the common problems encountered when using an anesthesia machine to ventilate a COVID-19 patient and steps to mitigate these problems.},
}
@article {pmid33785346,
year = {2021},
author = {Prasanna, P and Rathee, S and Upadhyay, A and Sulakshana, S},
title = {Nanotherapeutics in the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome.},
journal = {Life sciences},
volume = {276},
number = {},
pages = {119428},
doi = {10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119428},
pmid = {33785346},
issn = {1879-0631},
abstract = {Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a form of oxygenation failure primarily characterized by rapid inflammation resulting from a direct pulmonary or indirect systemic insult. ARDS has been a major cause of death in the recent COVID-19 outbreak wherein asymptomatic respiratory tract infection progresses to ARDS from pneumonia have emphasized the need for a reliable therapy for the disease. The disease has a high mortality rate of approximately 30-50%. Despite the high mortality rate, a dearth of effective pharmacotherapy exists that demands extensive research in this area. The complex ARDS pathophysiology which remains to be understood completely and the multifactorial etiology of the disease has led to the poor diagnosis, impeded drug-delivery to the deeper pulmonary tissues, and delayed treatment of the ARDS patients. Besides, critically ill patients are unable to tolerate the off-target side effects. The vast domain of nanobiotechnology presents several drug delivery systems offering numerous benefits such as targeted delivery, prolonged drug release, and uniform drug-distribution. The present review presents a brief insight into the ARDS pathophysiology and summarizes conventional pharmacotherapies available to date. Furthermore, the review provides an updated report of major developments in the nanomedicinal approaches for the treatment of ARDS. We also discuss different nano-formulations studied extensively in the ARDS preclinical models along with underlining the advantages as well as challenges that need to be addressed in the future.},
}
@article {pmid33785249,
year = {2021},
author = {Samuel, SM and Varghese, E and Büsselberg, D},
title = {Therapeutic Potential of Metformin in COVID-19: Reasoning for Its Protective Role.},
journal = {Trends in microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33785249},
issn = {1878-4380},
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections present with increased disease severity and poor clinical outcomes in diabetic patients compared with their nondiabetic counterparts. Diabetes/hyperglycemia-triggered endothelial dysfunction and hyperactive inflammatory and immune responses are correlated to twofold to threefold higher intensive care hospitalizations and more than twice the mortality among diabetic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. While comorbidities such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension worsen the prognosis of diabetic COVID-19 patients, COVID-19 infections are also associated with new-onset diabetes, severe metabolic complications, and increased thrombotic events in the backdrop of aberrant endothelial function. While several antidiabetic medications are used to manage blood glucose levels, we discuss the multifaceted ability of metformin to control blood glucose levels and possibly attenuate endothelial dysfunction, inhibit viral entry and infection, and modify inflammatory and immune responses during SARS-CoV-2 infections. These actions make metformin a viable candidate drug to be considered for repurposing and gaining ground against the SARS-CoV-2-induced tsunami in diabetic COVID-19 patients.},
}
@article {pmid33785208,
year = {2021},
author = {Kurian, SJ and Unnikrishnan, MK and Miraj, SS and Bagchi, D and Banerjee, M and Reddy, BS and Rodrigues, GS and Manu, MK and Saravu, K and Mukhopadhyay, C and Rao, M},
title = {Probiotics in Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19: Current Perspective and Future Prospects.},
journal = {Archives of medical research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33785208},
issn = {1873-5487},
abstract = {Saving lives and flattening the curve are the foremost priorities during the ongoing pandemic spread of SARS-CoV-2. Developing cutting-edge technology and collating available evidence would support frontline health teams. Nutritional adequacy improves general health and immunity to prevent and assuage infections. This review aims to outline the potential role of probiotics in fighting the COVID-19 by covering recent evidence on the association between microbiota, probiotics, and COVID-19, the role of probiotics as an immune-modulator and antiviral agent. The high basic reproduction number (R0) of SARS-CoV-2, absence of conclusive remedies, and the pleiotropic effect of probiotics in fighting influenza and other coronaviruses together favour probiotics supplements. However, further support from preclinical and clinical studies and reviews outlining the role of probiotics in COVID-19 are critical. Results are awaited from many ongoing clinical trials investigating the benefits of probiotics in COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33785204,
year = {2021},
author = {Yazdanpanah, F and Asmarz, HY and Shadman, S},
title = {Literature Review of COVID-19, Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Disease.},
journal = {The American journal of the medical sciences},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33785204},
issn = {1538-2990},
abstract = {In December 2019 novel coronavirus-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus2 (SARS-CoV2)-originated from Wuhan, China, and spread rapidly around the world. This literature review highlights the dynamic nature of COVID-19 transmission and presentation. Analyzing 59 relevant articles up to May 1st, 2020 reflects that the main reported clinical manifestation of COVID-19 pandemic is fever and respiratory involvement. Also, current literature demonstrates a wide spectrum of different and atypical presentation(s) of COVID-19. The definite route of SARS-CoV2 transmission is respiratory droplets, however, virus nucleic acid has been detected in the stool and urine specimens as well. The severity of symptoms and outcomes of COVID-19 vary based on the patient's medical background, age, sex, and concurrent medical conditions (e.g. pregnancy). This is the first review that classifies all essential points regarding COVID-19 manifestations at a glance to improve the outcome of the patients by a better insight into diagnosis and management.},
}
@article {pmid33784877,
year = {2021},
author = {Cañas, CA and Cañas, F and Bautista-Vargas, M and Bonilla-Abadía, F},
title = {Role of Tissue Factor in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the Possible Ways to Inhibit It.},
journal = {Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis},
volume = {27},
number = {},
pages = {10760296211003983},
pmid = {33784877},
issn = {1938-2723},
mesh = {Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism ; COVID-19/*drug therapy/epidemiology/*metabolism ; Celecoxib/*therapeutic use ; Colchicine/*therapeutic use ; Cyclosporine/*therapeutic use ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/*metabolism ; Thromboplastin/*metabolism ; },
abstract = {COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) is a highly contagious infection and associated with high mortality rates, primarily in elderly; patients with heart failure; high blood pressure; diabetes mellitus; and those who are smokers. These conditions are associated to increase in the level of the pulmonary epithelium expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2), which is a recognized receptor of the S protein of the causative agent SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2). Severe cases are manifested by parenchymal lung involvement with a significant inflammatory response and the development of microvascular thrombosis. Several factors have been involved in developing this prothrombotic state, including the inflammatory reaction itself with the participation of proinflammatory cytokines, endothelial dysfunction/endotheliitis, the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies, and possibly the tissue factor (TF) overexpression. ARS-Cov-19 ACE-2 down-regulation has been associated with an increase in angiotensin 2 (AT2). The action of proinflammatory cytokines, the increase in AT2 and the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies are known factors for TF activation and overexpression. It is very likely that the overexpression of TF in COVID-19 may be related to the pathogenesis of the disease, hence the importance of knowing the aspects related to this protein and the therapeutic strategies that can be derived. Different therapeutic strategies are being built to curb the expression of TF as a therapeutic target for various prothrombotic events; therefore, analyzing this treatment strategy for COVID-19-associated coagulopathy is rational. Medications such as celecoxib, cyclosporine or colchicine can impact on COVID-19, in addition to its anti-inflammatory effect, through inhibition of TF.},
}
@article {pmid33784693,
year = {2021},
author = {Nguyen, NP and Baumert, BG and Oboite, E and Motta, M and Appalanaido, GK and Arenas, M and Lara, PC and Bonet, M and Zamagni, A and Vuong, T and Popescu, T and Karlsson, U and Trigo, L and Sun Myint, A and Thariat, J and Vinh-Hung, V},
title = {Immunotherapy and Radiotherapy for Older Cancer Patients during the COVID-19 Era: Proposed Paradigm by the International Geriatric Radiotherapy Group.},
journal = {Gerontology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-7},
doi = {10.1159/000514451},
pmid = {33784693},
issn = {1423-0003},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Older cancer patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease may benefit from chemotherapy alone or combined with radiotherapy. However, chemotherapy is often omitted either because of physician bias or because of its underlying comorbidity, thus compromising their survival. The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic is compounding this issue because of the fear of immunosuppression induced by chemotherapy on the elderly which makes them more vulnerable to the virus.<br><br>SUMMARY: Immunotherapy has less effect on the patient bone marrow compared to chemotherapy. The potential synergy between radiotherapy and immunotherapy may improve local control and survival for older patients with selected cancer. Preliminary data are encouraging because of better survival and local control in diseases which are traditionally resistant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy such as melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. Key Message: We propose a new paradigm combining immunotherapy at a reduced dose and/or extended dosing intervals and hypofractionated radiotherapy for older patients with selected cancer which needs to be tested in future clinical trials.},
}
@article {pmid33784290,
year = {2021},
author = {Pérez-González, B and Thomas-Lora, FC and Hoyo, I and Flores-García, NC and Rodríguez-Aguilar, EF and Páez-Zayas, VM and Márquez-Guillén, E and Visag-Castillo, V and García-Juárez, I and Contreras, AG},
title = {Hepatic transplant during SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic. A literature review.},
journal = {Cirugia y cirujanos},
volume = {89},
number = {2},
pages = {269-274},
doi = {10.24875/CIRU.20000994},
pmid = {33784290},
issn = {2444-054X},
mesh = {Adenosine Monophosphate/analogs &amp; derivatives/therapeutic use ; Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use ; Alanine/analogs &amp; derivatives/therapeutic use ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; Azithromycin/therapeutic use ; Blood Component Transfusion ; COVID-19/*epidemiology/therapy/transmission ; Graft Rejection/prevention &amp; control ; Humans ; Hydroxychloroquine/therapeutic use ; Immunization, Passive ; *Immunocompromised Host ; Immunosuppressive Agents/administration &amp; dosage ; *Liver Transplantation/adverse effects/mortality ; *Pandemics ; Waiting Lists ; Withholding Treatment ; },
abstract = {ANTECEDENTES: En diciembre de 2019 se identificó en la ciudad de Wuhan, China, un nuevo beta coronavirus, el SARS-CoV-2, como agente causal de neumonía grave, conocida como COVID-19, lo cual ha provocado medidas estrictas de aislamiento, cierre de programas de trasplante hepático y la necesidad de modificar los protocolos de tratamiento.<br><br>OBJETIVO: Documentar la información publicada sobre el impacto de la COVID-19 en la población con antecedente de trasplante hepático y establecer un protocolo de tratamiento.<br><br>MÉTODO: Se buscaron en PubMed los términos MeSH &quot;SARS-CoV-2&quot;, &quot;COVID-19&quot;, &quot;trasplante hepático&quot; y &quot;tratamiento&quot;.<br><br>RESULTADOS: Hasta el momento se ha demostrado en la población con trasplante hepático una mayor facilidad para adquirir el virus, sin una diferencia en la mortalidad al compararla con la población general. La inmunosupresión debe continuar, sin suspender los inhibidores de la calcineurina. Del tratamiento específico, los esteroides son los que han demostrado el mayor beneficio clínico y una disminución de la mortalidad.<br><br>CONCLUSIÓN: El trasplante hepático no se asocia de manera independiente a una mayor mortalidad. Otros factores, además del trasplante, deben tomarse en cuenta al momento de establecer la gravedad.<br><br>BACKGROUND: In December 2019, a new beta coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, was identified in the city of Wuhan, China, as a causative agent of severe pneumonia, known as COVID-19, which has led to strict isolation measures, closure of liver transplantation programs and the need to modify treatment protocols.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: Document the information published so far on the impact of COVID-19 in the population with a history of liver transplantation and establish a treatment protocol.<br><br>METHOD: MeSH terms were searched for “SARS-CoV-2”, “COVID-19”, “liver transplantation” and “treatment”.<br><br>RESULTS: Up to now, a greater ease in acquiring the virus has been shown in the liver transplant population, without a difference in mortality when compared to the general population. Immunosuppression should continue at the minimum tolerated levels, without suspending calcineurin inhibitors. Of the specific treatment, steroids are those that have shown the greatest clinical benefit and decreased mortality.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Liver transplantation is not independently associated with higher mortality. Factors other than transplantation must be taken into account when considering the risk of severity.},
}
@article {pmid33783798,
year = {2021},
author = {Sönmez, S and Huenges, B and Vollmar, HC},
title = {[Current questions regarding Covid-19 vaccination for specific populations - an overview of the state of research].},
journal = {MMW Fortschritte der Medizin},
volume = {163},
number = {6},
pages = {48-49},
doi = {10.1007/s15006-021-9710-4},
pmid = {33783798},
issn = {1613-3560},
mesh = {*COVID-19 ; *COVID-19 Vaccines ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccination ; },
}
@article {pmid33783147,
year = {2021},
author = {Park, JK and Lee, EB and Shin, K and Sung, YK and Kim, TH and Kwon, SR and Lee, MS and Hong, SJ and Choi, BY and Lee, SS and Back, HJ and , },
title = {COVID-19 Vaccination in Patients with Autoimmune Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases: Clinical Guidance of the Korean College of Rheumatology.},
journal = {Journal of Korean medical science},
volume = {36},
number = {12},
pages = {e95},
pmid = {33783147},
issn = {1598-6357},
support = {//Korean College of Rheumatology/Korea ; },
mesh = {Antirheumatic Agents/therapeutic use ; Autoimmune Diseases/*drug therapy/immunology ; COVID-19/*prevention &amp; control ; COVID-19 Vaccines/*immunology ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use ; *Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Rheumatic Diseases/*drug therapy/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/*immunology ; *Vaccination ; },
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused more than 100 million infections and 2 million deaths worldwide. In up to 20% of cases, COVID-19 infection can take a severe, life-threatening course. Therefore, preventive measures such as mask-wearing, hand hygiene, and social distancing are important. COVID-19 vaccines that use novel vaccine technology can prevent up to 95% of infections. However, the uncertainty regarding the efficacy and safety of vaccination in patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic disease (AIIRD), who are immunocompromised due to underlying immune dysfunction and concomitant immunosuppressive treatment, warrants clear guidance. A task force of the Korean College of Rheumatology formulated a set of vaccination guidance based on the currently available data and expert consensus. The currently available COVID-19 vaccines are considered to be safe and effective. Every patient with AIIRD should receive one of the available COVID-19 vaccines unless contraindicated for medical reasons such as prior allergy/anaphylaxis to the COVID-19 vaccine or its components. Patients should continue immunosuppressive treatment for their underlying AIIRD, including biological and targeted synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (b/tsDMARDs). Corticosteroids should be reduced to the lowest dose possible without aggravating the AIIRD. To improve the vaccine response, methotrexate can be withheld for 1-2 weeks after each vaccination, and the timing of rituximab and abatacept infusion should be adjusted if clinically acceptable. Rheumatologists should play a leading role in educating and vaccinating patients with AIIRD.},
}
@article {pmid33783027,
year = {2021},
author = {De Sanctis, JB and García, AH and Moreno, D and Hajduch, M},
title = {Coronavirus infection: An immunologists' perspective.},
journal = {Scandinavian journal of immunology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e13043},
doi = {10.1111/sji.13043},
pmid = {33783027},
issn = {1365-3083},
support = {CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000868//Molecular, cellular, and clinical approach to healthy aging grant ENOCH/ ; //MTM/ ; },
abstract = {Coronavirus infections are frequent viral infections in several species. As soon as the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) appeared in the early 2000s, most of the research focused on pulmonary disease. However, disorders in immune response and organ dysfunctions have been documented. Elderly individuals with comorbidities exhibit worse outcomes in all the coronavirus that cause SARS. Disease severity in SARS-CoV-2 infection is related to severe inflammation and tissue injury, and effective immune response against the virus is still under analysis. ACE2 receptor expression and polymorphism, age, gender and immune genetics are factors that also play an essential role in patients' clinical features and immune responses and have been partially discussed. The present report aims to review the physiopathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and propose new research topics to understand the complex mechanisms of viral infection and viral clearance.},
}
@article {pmid33782861,
year = {2021},
author = {Pagliano, P and Sellitto, C and Conti, V and Ascione, T and Esposito, S},
title = {Characteristics of viral pneumonia in the COVID-19 era: an update.},
journal = {Infection},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33782861},
issn = {1439-0973},
abstract = {Influenza virus, rhinovirus, and adenovirus frequently cause viral pneumonia, an important cause of morbidity and mortality especially in the extreme ages of life. During the last two decades, three outbreaks of coronavirus-associated pneumonia, namely Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Middle-East Respiratory Syndrome, and the ongoing Coronavirus Infectious Disease-2019 (COVID-19) were reported. The rate of diagnosis of viral pneumonia is increasingly approaching 60% among children identified as having community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Clinical presentation ranges from mild to severe pneumonitis complicated by respiratory failure in severe cases. The most vulnerable patients, the elderly and those living with cancer, report a relevant mortality rate. No clinical characteristics can be useful to conclusively distinguish the different etiology of viral pneumonia. However, accessory symptoms, such as anosmia or ageusia together with respiratory symptoms suggest COVID-19. An etiologic-based treatment of viral pneumonia is possible in a small percentage of cases only. Neuraminidase inhibitors have been proven to reduce the need for ventilatory support and mortality rate while only a few data support the large-scale use of other antivirals. A low-middle dose of dexamethasone and heparin seems to be effective in COVID-19 patients, but data regarding their possible efficacy in viral pneumonia caused by other viruses are conflicting. In conclusion, viral pneumonia is a relevant cause of CAP, whose interest is increasing due to the current COVID-19 outbreak. To set up a therapeutic approach is difficult because of the low number of active molecules and the conflicting data bearing supportive treatments such as steroids.},
}
@article {pmid33782830,
year = {2021},
author = {Humeniuk, R and Mathias, A and Kirby, BJ and Lutz, JD and Cao, H and Osinusi, A and Babusis, D and Porter, D and Wei, X and Ling, J and Reddy, YS and German, P},
title = {Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic, and Drug-Interaction Profile of Remdesivir, a SARS-CoV-2 Replication Inhibitor.},
journal = {Clinical pharmacokinetics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33782830},
issn = {1179-1926},
abstract = {Remdesivir (RDV, Veklury®) is a once-daily, nucleoside ribonucleic acid polymerase inhibitor of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 replication. Remdesivir has been granted approvals in several countries for use in adults and children hospitalized with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Inside the cell, remdesivir undergoes metabolic activation to form the intracellular active triphosphate metabolite, GS-443902 (detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells), and ultimately, the renally eliminated plasma metabolite GS-441524. This review discusses the pre-clinical pharmacology of RDV, clinical pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics/concentration-QT analysis, rationale for dose selection for treatment of patients with COVID-19, and drug-drug interaction potential based on available in vitro and clinical data in healthy volunteers. Following single-dose intravenous administration over 2 h of an RDV solution formulation across the dose range of 3-225 mg in healthy participants, RDV and its metabolites (GS-704277and GS-441524) exhibit linear pharmacokinetics. Following multiple doses of RDV 150 mg once daily for 7 or 14 days, major metabolite GS-441524 accumulates approximately 1.9-fold in plasma. Based on pharmacokinetic bridging from animal data and available human data in healthy volunteers, the RDV clinical dose regimen of a 200-mg loading dose on day 1 followed by 100-mg maintenance doses for 4 or 9 days was selected for further evaluation of pharmacokinetics and safety. Results showed high intracellular concentrations of GS-443902 suggestive of efficient conversion from RDV into the triphosphate form, and further supporting this clinical dosing regimen for the treatment of COVID-19. Mathematical drug-drug interaction liability predictions, based on in vitro and phase I data, suggest RDV has low potential for drug-drug interactions, as the impact of inducers or inhibitors on RDV disposition is minimized by the parenteral route of administration and extensive extraction. Using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling, RDV is not predicted to be a clinically significant inhibitor of drug-metabolizing enzymes or transporters in patients infected with COVID-19 at therapeutic RDV doses.},
}
@article {pmid33782651,
year = {2021},
author = {Saakre, M and Mathew, D and Ravisankar, V},
title = {Perspectives on plant flavonoid quercetin-based drugs for novel SARS-CoV-2.},
journal = {Beni-Suef University journal of basic and applied sciences},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {21},
pmid = {33782651},
issn = {2314-8543},
abstract = {Background: The world pandemic COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is currently claiming thousands of lives. Flavonoids abundantly present in the fruits and vegetables, especially quercetin, are shown to have antiviral activities.<br><br>Main text: This paper reviews the capability of the plant flavonoid quercetin to fight the novel coronavirus and the possibility for drug development based on this. The mode of action explaining the known pathways through which this molecule succeeds in the antiviral activity, action of quercetin on SARS-CoV-2 main protease 3CLpro, antiviral activities of its derivatives on human viruses, effect of combination of zinc co-factor along with quercetin in the COVID-19 treatment, and the regulation of miRNA genes involved in the viral pathogenesis are discussed. Proof for this concept is provided following the virtual screening using ten key enzymes of SARS-CoV-2 and assessing their interactions. Active residues in the 3D structures have been predicted using CASTp and were docked against quercetin. Key proteins 3CLpro, spike glycoprotein/ human ACE2-BOAT1 complex, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, main peptidase, spike glycoprotein, RNA replicase, RNA binding protein, papain-like protease, SARS papain-like protease/ deubiquitinase, and complex of main peptidase with an additional Ala at the N-terminus of each protomer, have shown the binding energies ranging between - 6.71 and - 3.37 kcal/ Mol, showing that quercetin is a potential drug candidate inhibiting multiple SARS-CoV-2 enzymes.<br><br>Conclusion: The antiviral properties of flavonoid and the molecular mechanisms involved are reviewed. Further, proof for this concept is given by docking of key proteins from SARS-CoV-2 with quercetin.},
}
@article {pmid33782640,
year = {2021},
author = {Rizkita, LD and Astuti, I},
title = {The potential of miRNA-based therapeutics in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: a review.},
journal = {Journal of pharmaceutical analysis},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33782640},
issn = {2214-0883},
abstract = {Since the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19, the disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as a pandemic in March 2020, and more than 117 million people worldwide have been confirmed to have been infected. Scientists, medical professionals, and other stakeholders are racing against time to find and develop effective medicines for COVID-19. However, no drug with high efficacy to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection has been approved. With the increasing popularity of gene therapy, scientists have explored the utilization of small RNAs such as microRNAs as therapeutics. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs with high affinity for the 3'-UTRs of targeted messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Interactions between host cells and viral genomes may induce the upregulation or downregulation of various miRNAs. Therefore, understanding the expression patterns of these miRNAs and their functions will provide insights into potential miRNA-based therapies. This review systematically summarizes the potential targets of miRNA-based therapies for SARS-CoV-2 infection and examines the viability of possible transfection methods.},
}
@article {pmid33782631,
year = {2021},
author = {Sosnowski, TR},
title = {Inhaled aerosols: their role in COVID-19 transmission including biophysical interactions in the lungs.},
journal = {Current opinion in colloid &amp; interface science},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {101451},
pmid = {33782631},
issn = {1359-0294},
abstract = {The high rate of spreading of COVID-19 is attributed to airborne particles exhaled by infected but often asymptomatic individuals. In this review the role of aerosols in SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus transmission is discussed from the bio-physical perspective. The essential properties of the coronavirus virus transported inside aerosol droplets, their successive inhalation, and size-dependent deposition in the respiratory system are highlighted. The importance of face covers (respirators and masks) in the reduction of aerosol spreading is analyzed. Finally, the discussion of the physicochemical phenomena upon coronavirus enter to surface of lung liquids (bronchial mucus and pulmonary surfactant) is presented with a focus on a possible role of interfacial phenomena in pulmonary alveoli. Information given in this review should be important in understanding the essential biophysical conditions of COVID-19 infection via aerosol route as a prerequisite for effective strategies of respiratory tract protection and, possibly, indications for future treatments of the disease.},
}
@article {pmid33782145,
year = {2021},
author = {Kumar, N and Janmohamed, K and Nyhan, K and Forastiere, L and Zhang, WH and Kågesten, A and Uhlich, M and Sarpong Frimpong, A and Van de Velde, S and Francis, JM and Erausquin, JT and Larrson, E and Callander, D and Scott, J and Minichiello, V and Tucker, J},
title = {Sexual health (excluding reproductive health, intimate partner violence and gender-based violence) and COVID-19: a scoping review.},
journal = {Sexually transmitted infections},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1136/sextrans-2020-054896},
pmid = {33782145},
issn = {1472-3263},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed and exacerbated existing socioeconomic and health disparities, including disparities in sexual health and well-being. While there have been several reviews published on COVID-19 and population health disparities generally-including some with attention to HIV-none has focused on sexual health (ie, STI care, female sexual health, sexual behaviour). We have conducted a scoping review focused on sexual health (excluding reproductive health (RH), intimate partner violence (IPV) and gender-based violence (GBV)) in the COVID-19 era, examining sexual behaviours and sexual health outcomes.<br><br>METHODS: A scoping review, compiling both peer-reviewed and grey literature, focused on sexual health (excluding RH, IPV and GBV) and COVID-19 was conducted on 15 September 2020. Multiple bibliographical databases were searched. Study selection conformed to Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Reviewers' Manual 2015 Methodology for JBI Scoping Reviews. We only included English-language original studies.<br><br>RESULTS: We found that men who have sex with men may be moving back toward pre-pandemic levels of sexual activity, and that STI and HIV testing rates seem to have decreased. There was minimal focus on outcomes such as the economic impact on sexual health (excluding RH, IPV and GBV) and STI care, especially STI care of marginalised populations. In terms of population groups, there was limited focus on sex workers or on women, especially women's sexual behaviour and mental health. We noticed limited use of qualitative techniques. Very few studies were in low/middle-income countries (LMICs).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Sexual health research is critical during a global infectious disease pandemic and our review of studies suggested notable research gaps. Researchers can focus efforts on LMICs and under-researched topics within sexual health and explore the use of qualitative techniques and interventions where appropriate.},
}
@article {pmid33781873,
year = {2021},
author = {Lionetti, V and Bollini, S and Coppini, R and Gerbino, A and Ghigo, A and Iaccarino, G and Madonna, R and Mangiacapra, F and Miragoli, M and Moccia, F and Munaron, L and Pagliaro, P and Parenti, A and Pasqua, T and Penna, C and Quaini, F and Rocca, C and Samaja, M and Sartiani, L and Soda, T and Tocchetti, CG and Angelone, T},
title = {Understanding the heart-brain axis response in COVID-19 patients: A suggestive perspective for therapeutic development.},
journal = {Pharmacological research},
volume = {168},
number = {},
pages = {105581},
doi = {10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105581},
pmid = {33781873},
issn = {1096-1186},
abstract = {In-depth characterization of heart-brain communication in critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory failure is attracting significant interest in the COronaVIrus Disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic era during intensive care unit (ICU) stay and after ICU or hospital discharge. Emerging research has provided new insights into pathogenic role of the deregulation of the heart-brain axis (HBA), a bidirectional flow of information, in leading to severe multiorgan disease syndrome (MODS) in patients with confirmed infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Noteworthy, HBA dysfunction may worsen the outcome of the COVID-19 patients. In this review, we discuss the critical role HBA plays in both promoting and limiting MODS in COVID-19. We also highlight the role of HBA as new target for novel therapeutic strategies in COVID-19 in order to open new translational frontiers of care. This is a translational perspective from the Italian Society of Cardiovascular Researches.},
}
@article {pmid33781656,
year = {2021},
author = {Choudhuri, AH and Duggal, S and Ahuja, B and Biswas, PS},
title = {The efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in treatment of COVID19 -a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Indian journal of medical microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33781656},
issn = {1998-3646},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The treatment of SARS CoV2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome corona virus 2) also known as COVID-19 (corona virus disease 2019) continues to remain an enigma even after six months of the pandemic. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been one of the most widely tested drugs for SARS CoV2 on account of its antiviral properties. However the results so far have been far from categorical. The meta-analyses conducted till date are also lacking in precision and appropriateness. This systematic review and meta-analysis addresses the efficacy and safety of HCQ in SARS CoV2 by overcoming the limitations of earlier meta-analysis.<br><br>METHODS: A total of 5 prominent medical databases were searched and fourteen studies (n = 12455) were included in the systematic review and meta-analyses. The data on survival, alleviation of symptoms, conversion of RT PCR positivity to negativity, use and efficacy in presence of co-morbidities (Hypertension, diabetes and heart disease) and cardiac and gastrointestinal side effects were extracted. Meta-analysis was applied to calculate the pooled estimates. Fixed-effects model results were chosen since I2 was <25%.Meta-analysis was conducted using STATA version 13 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA).<br><br>RESULTS: The pooled estimates showed that HCQ treatment did not significantly affect survival at 14 and 28 days in COVID-19 patients with respect to the control population (RR: 1.003, 95% CI: 0.983-1.022), alleviation of symptoms at day 10 (RR: 1.044, 95% CI: 0.911 1.196), success in presence of co-morbidities (RR: 1.058, 95% CI: 1.035-1.082) and conversion from RT PCR positive to RT PCR negative on day 6 (RR:1.123, 95% CI: 1.041 1.212). There was higher risk for cardiac side effects (RR: 2.012, 95% CI: 1.428 2.833) and gastrointestinal side effects (RR: 1.318, 95% CI: 0.730 2.380) in HCQ recipients.<br><br>CONCLUSION: There is no evidence on the safety and efficacy of HCQ either alone or in combination with other drugs in SARS CoV2 infection.},
}
@article {pmid33781551,
year = {2021},
author = {Rouger-Gaudichon, J and Bertrand, Y and Boissel, N and Brethon, B and Ducassou, S and Gandemer, V and Halfon-Domenech, C and Leblanc, T and Leverger, G and Michel, G and Petit, A and Ray-Lunven, AF and Rohrlich, PS and Schneider, P and Sirvent, N and Strullu, M and Baruchel, A and , },
title = {COVID19 and acute lymphoblastic leukemias of children and adolescents: Updated recommendations (Version 2) of the Leukemia Committee of the French Society for the fight against Cancers and leukemias in children and adolescents (SFCE).},
journal = {Bulletin du cancer},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33781551},
issn = {1769-6917},
abstract = {Since the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, many recommendations have been made. However, the very specific nature of acute lymphoblastic leukemias and their treatment in children and adolescents led the Leukemia Committee of the French Society for the fight against Cancers and leukemias in children and adolescents (SFCE) to propose more specific recommendations. Here is the second version of these recommendations updated according to the evolution of knowledge on COVID19.},
}
@article {pmid33781387,
year = {2021},
author = {Cann, SAH},
title = {Fever: Could A Cardinal Sign of COVID-19 Infection Reduce Mortality?.},
journal = {The American journal of the medical sciences},
volume = {361},
number = {4},
pages = {420-426},
pmid = {33781387},
issn = {1538-2990},
mesh = {Antipyretics/therapeutic use ; COVID-19/*mortality/physiopathology/virology ; Fever/drug therapy/*physiopathology ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation &amp; purification ; },
abstract = {With mortality rising from the COVID-19 pandemic, we may be overlooking a key aspect of the immunological response. Fever is a cardinal sign of this rampant infection; however, little attention has been paid towards how a fever may work in our favor in overcoming this disease. Three key aspects of patient care - fever, fluid, and food - can be harmonized to overcome COVID-19 infection. Both animal and human studies have demonstrated that fever suppression during viral infections, either through low ambient temperatures or antipyretic use, may increase morbidity and prolong the illness. As fever rises, so do antidiuretic hormone levels, leading to solute-free water retention - making conservative fluid management essential. Finally, fever inhibits gastrointestinal function as energy is reallocated to the immunological response, underscoring the need to work in concert with these physiological changes. An opportunity awaits to investigate this natural barrier to infection, let us not pass it by.},
}
@article {pmid33781287,
year = {2021},
author = {Krumm, ZA and Lloyd, GM and Francis, CP and Nasif, LH and Mitchell, DA and Golde, TE and Giasson, BI and Xia, Y},
title = {Precision therapeutic targets for COVID-19.},
journal = {Virology journal},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {66},
pmid = {33781287},
issn = {1743-422X},
mesh = {Animals ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; COVID-19/*drug therapy/prevention &amp; control/therapy/virology ; COVID-19 Vaccines/administration &amp; dosage ; Coronavirus 3C Proteases/metabolism ; Humans ; Immunization, Passive ; RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/metabolism ; SARS-CoV-2/*drug effects ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism ; Virus Internalization/drug effects ; Virus Replication/drug effects ; },
abstract = {Beginning in late 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged as a novel pathogen that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 111 million people worldwide and caused over 2.47 million deaths. Individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 show symptoms of fever, cough, dyspnea, and fatigue with severe cases that can develop into pneumonia, myocarditis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, hypercoagulability, and even multi-organ failure. Current clinical management consists largely of supportive care as commonly administered treatments, including convalescent plasma, remdesivir, and high-dose glucocorticoids. These have demonstrated modest benefits in a small subset of hospitalized patients, with only dexamethasone showing demonstrable efficacy in reducing mortality and length of hospitalization. At this time, no SARS-CoV-2-specific antiviral drugs are available, although several vaccines have been approved for use in recent months. In this review, we will evaluate the efficacy of preclinical and clinical drugs that precisely target three different, essential steps of the SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle: the spike protein during entry, main protease (MPro) during proteolytic activation, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) during transcription. We will assess the advantages and limitations of drugs that precisely target evolutionarily well-conserved domains, which are less likely to mutate, and therefore less likely to escape the effects of these drugs. We propose that a multi-drug cocktail targeting precise proteins, critical to the viral replication cycle, such as spike protein, MPro, and RdRp, will be the most effective strategy of inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 replication and limiting its spread in the general population.},
}
@article {pmid33780993,
year = {2021},
author = {Heine, GH and Becker, SL and Scheuer, AL and Schirmer, SH},
title = {[SARS-CoV-2 vaccines - what the nephrologist should know].},
journal = {Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946)},
volume = {146},
number = {7},
pages = {466-470},
doi = {10.1055/a-1375-4471},
pmid = {33780993},
issn = {1439-4413},
mesh = {COVID-19/*complications/*prevention &amp; control ; COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects/immunology/*standards ; Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic ; Humans ; Immunosuppression ; Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use ; RNA, Messenger/immunology ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/*complications/immunology ; Uremia/complications/immunology ; Vaccines, Synthetic/adverse effects/immunology/standards ; },
abstract = {Only fifteen months after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, several vaccines are already available for clinical use. While the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 constitutes the main target of all predominant SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, they work by different mechanisms (mRNA-based vaccines vs. vector-based vaccines vs. protein-based vaccines).Though there are slight differences regarding the level of protection against mild COVID-19, all five vaccines that have been through phase 3 trials were nearly 100 % effective in preventing severe or fatal cases of COVID-19. The side effects were of short duration.Patients with chronic kidney disease (or other significant comorbidities) were largely excluded from Phase 3 trials, which makes definite recommendations concerning their vaccination difficult. The vaccine's effectiveness may be reduced in that population due to a uremic immune defect and/or immunosuppressive medication. However, these patients have an increased risk for severe or fatal COVID-19, so that they may particularly benefit from the vaccine.},
}
@article {pmid33780902,
year = {2020},
author = {De Luca, P and Scarpa, A and De Bonis, E and Cavaliere, M and Viola, P and Gioacchini, FM and Ralli, M and Ettore, C and Claudia, C},
title = {Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine ototoxicity; potential implications for SARS-CoV-2 treatment. A brief review of the literature.},
journal = {American journal of otolaryngology},
volume = {42},
number = {5},
pages = {102640},
doi = {10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102640},
pmid = {33780902},
issn = {1532-818X},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Current clinical evidences do not support any specific treatment against SARS-CoV-2. Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are typically used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and malaria; they have been considered for off-label and compassionate use in several countries against moderate to severe cases of COVID-19 and there's actually a massive demand of these two drugs. The aim of this paper is to briefly review the published literature, summarizing evidences about audiological implications after CQ and HCQ treatment.<br><br>METHODS: We conducted a review of the literature on Medline and Pubmed platforms from 27th May 2020 to 30 May 2020. We combined MeSH terms of &quot;chloroquine&quot;, &quot;hydroxychloroquine&quot;, &quot;ototoxicity&quot;, &quot;hearing loss&quot;, &quot;tinnitus&quot;, &quot;deafness&quot; and &quot;hearing&quot;. Publications with relevant data were included. Selected data (authors, country and year; sample size; study design; audiological side effects) were extracted and summarized in a table.<br><br>RESULTS: Of 45 initial studies, 14 met inclusion criteria. The authors found xix cases of HCQ ototoxicity; Tinnitus was reported in 2 cases, and it was found to be reversible or irreversible. Sensorineural hearing loss after HCQ use was reported in 7 patients; it was found to be irreversible or partially reversible after discontinuation of HCQ in 6 cases. Eight papers reporting CQ ototoxicity were; tinnitus was not reported by any authors. Sensorineural hearing loss after taking CQ was reported in 6 patients; it was found to be irreversible after discontinuation of CQ in 5 patients. One patient showed abnormal gait after a single intramuscular injection of CQ. Thirteen patients' Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) were found to be abnormal, but they resolved after CQ discontinuation.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: CQ and HCQ related ototoxicity is widely reported in the literature although the pathophysiological mechanism is not well known. Current data are not sufficient enough to support the use of CQ and HCQ as therapy for COVID-19, but considering the growing demand for these two drugs and the number of people around the world who have taken and will take CQ and HCQ, it must necessarily consider the clinical and social impact of long term audiological side effects.},
}
@article {pmid33780663,
year = {2021},
author = {, },
title = {Operation Warp Speed: implications for global vaccine security.},
journal = {The Lancet. Global health},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33780663},
issn = {2214-109X},
abstract = {Several global efforts are underway to develop COVID-19 vaccines, and interim analyses from phase 3 clinical testing have been announced by nine organisations: Pfizer, the Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moderna, AstraZeneca, Sinopharm Group, Sinovac Biotech, Johnson &amp; Johnson, Novavax, and CanSino Biologics. The US programme known as Operation Warp Speed provided US$18 billion in funding for development of vaccines that were intended for US populations. Depending on safety and efficacy, vaccines can become available through mechanisms for emergency use, expanded access with informed consent, or full licensure. An important question is: how will these Operation Warp Speed vaccines be used for COVID-19 prevention in global health settings? We address some key questions that arise in the transition from US to global vaccine prevention efforts and from ethical and logistical issues to those that are relevant to global vaccine security, justice, equity, and diplomacy.},
}
@article {pmid33780551,
year = {2021},
author = {Focosi, D and Franchini, M},
title = {Clinical Predictors Of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Titers In COVID-19 Convalescents: Implications For Convalescent Plasma Donor Recruitment.},
journal = {European journal of haematology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/ejh.13630},
pmid = {33780551},
issn = {1600-0609},
abstract = {While COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) efficacy is still under investigation in randomized controlled trials (RCT), CCP collections continue worldwide with largely variable criteria. Since it is well known that only a minority of patients develops high-titer neutralizing antibodies (nAb), as assessed by the viral neutralization tests (VNT), strategies to maximize cost-effectiveness of CCP collection are urgently needed. A growing amount of the population is having exposure to the virus and is hence becoming a candidate CCP donor. Laboratory screening with high-throughput serology has good correlations with the VNT titer, but upstream screening using clinical surrogates would be advisable. We review here the existing literature on clinical predictors of high-titer nAb. Older age, male sex and hospitalization are the main proxies of high VNT, and should drive CCP donor recruitment.},
}
@article {pmid33780426,
year = {2021},
author = {Robaina-Castellanos, GR and Riesgo-Rodríguez, SC},
title = {Congenital and Intrapartum SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Neonates: Hypotheses, Evidence and Perspectives.},
journal = {MEDICC review},
volume = {23},
number = {1},
pages = {72-83},
pmid = {33780426},
issn = {1527-3172},
mesh = {COVID-19/*congenital/*transmission ; COVID-19 Testing ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; *Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/congenital/transmission/virology ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/*virology ; Pregnancy Outcome ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Both intrauterine and intrapartum mother-to-child transmission of SARS-CoV-2 have been reported. However, there is still disagreement as to the likelihood and frequency of such vertical transmission.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: Summarize and analyze the published evidence on forms of SARS-CoV-2 vertical transmission (either intrauterine or intrapartum).<br><br>EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: We carried out a review of literature published in English and Spanish from January 1, 2020 through October 30, 2020. Search engines included PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO, LILACS, Cochrane, Google Scholar, ResearchGate and medRxiv. There were no restrictions concerning type of study. The review included 48 original research articles, 11 review articles, a meta-analysis, 2 pre-published articles, 15 systematic reviews, and 10 editorials or comments.<br><br>DEVELOPMENT: Medical thinking on congenital or intrapartum maternal-fetal/neonatal transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has evolved from preliminary evidence that was divided as to whether these forms of vertical transmission were even possible to current evidence support ing both forms of transmission and hypothesizing as to the mechanisms that guide them. The presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in maternal, placental, fetal or neonatal tissues has been demonstrated by RT-PCR, specific immunoglobulin detection tests, immunostaining and in-situ hybridization. It is estimated that infections acquired either congenitally or intrapartum occur in 1.8%-8.0% of newborns born to women who test positive for COVID-19 at the end of their pregnancies. This review found 53 neonates who were diagnosed with COVID-19 in the first 48 hours of life by either RT-PCR or specific IgM tests. According to criteria outlined in this review, the timing of infection corresponded to congenital or intrapartum transmission in 39.6% (21/53) of COVID-19-positive newborns, to postpartum transmission in 15.1% (8/53) and remains unspecified in 45.3% (24/53).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Congenital and intrapartum SARS-CoV-2 infection in the fetus/newborn is possible, but rare. International collaborative studies using common epidemiological surveillance instruments would allow for a more precise specification of the frequency of congenital and intrapartum SARS-CoV-2 infection at the population level.},
}
@article {pmid33780188,
year = {2021},
author = {Wang, YY and Zhou, N and Yue, JC and Zhang, K and Zhao, QH and Zheng, D and Hu, BJ and Cheng, JD},
title = {Review and Prospects of Pathogen Detection Related to Autopsy of Coronavirus Infectious Diseases.},
journal = {Fa yi xue za zhi},
volume = {37},
number = {1},
pages = {69-76},
doi = {10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.400328},
pmid = {33780188},
issn = {1004-5619},
mesh = {Autopsy ; *COVID-19 ; *Communicable Diseases ; *Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis ; Humans ; *Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Abstract: In the past, coronavirus caused two serious human-to-human pandemics in the world, including severe acute respiratory syndrome （SARS） and Middle East respiratory syndrome （MERS）. In late 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 （COVID-19） caused another major global public health event. Due to the strong infectivity of novel coronavirus, it is difficult to carry out the autopsy of related death cases widely. This paper reviews the previous status of the pathogen detection related to the autopsy of coronavirus infection diseases, and introduces the ongoing detection methods of novel coronavirus in clinical practice, in order to provide reference for the pathogen detection and study related to autopsy of COVID-19.},
}
@article {pmid33779985,
year = {2021},
author = {Lu, L and Xiong, W and Mu, J and Zhang, Q and Zhang, H and Zou, L and Li, W and He, L and Sander, JW and Zhou, D},
title = {The potential neurological effect of the COVID-19 vaccines: A review.},
journal = {Acta neurologica Scandinavica},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/ane.13417},
pmid = {33779985},
issn = {1600-0404},
support = {81801294//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 81871017//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 81420108014//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; ZY2017305//Sichuan University/ ; ZYGD20011//Sichuan University/ ; //UK Department of Health's Research Centres/ ; //Marvin Weil Epilepsy Research Fund/ ; //UK Epilepsy Society/ ; //Christelijke Vereniging voor de Verpleging van Lijders aan Epilepsie, Netherlands/ ; },
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a pandemic with people infected in almost all countries. The most efficient solution to end this pandemic is a safe and efficient vaccine. Classic platforms are used to develop vaccines including live-attenuated vaccine, inactivated vaccine, protein subunit vaccine, and viral vector. Nucleic acid vaccine uses next-generation platforms for their development. Vaccines are now rushing to the market. Eleven candidates are in advance development. These comprise inactivated vaccines, viral vector vaccine, nucleic acid vaccine, and the protein subunit vaccine platform, which are now quite advanced in trials in various geographic and ethnic populations. The reported severe adverse effects raised the worries about their safety. It becomes critical to know whether these vaccines will cause neurologic disorders like previously recognized vaccine-related demyelinating diseases, fever-induced seizure, and other possible deficits. We reviewed the most promising COVID-2 vaccines with a particular interest in mechanism(s) and adverse effect(s). We exemplify potential neurological problems these vaccines could cause by looking at previous studies. The current evidence indicated a minor risk of the acute neurological disorders after the application. The observation of the long-time effect is still needed.},
}
@article {pmid33779873,
year = {2021},
author = {Sari, DM and Wijaya, LCG},
title = {Cardiac rehabilitation via telerehabilitation in COVID-19 pandemic situation.},
journal = {The Egyptian heart journal : (EHJ) : official bulletin of the Egyptian Society of Cardiology},
volume = {73},
number = {1},
pages = {31},
pmid = {33779873},
issn = {2090-911X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Adherence to medication and lifestyle changes are very important in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. One of the ways is by doing a cardiac rehabilitation program. Cardiac rehabilitation program is divided into three phases. The cardiac rehabilitation program's implementation, especially the second phase, center-based cardiac rehabilitation (CBCR), has many barriers not to participate optimally. Therefore, the third phase, known as home-based cardiac rehabilitation (HBCR), can become a substitute or addition to CBCR. On the other hand, this phase is also an essential part of the patients' functional capacity. During the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic, HBCR has become the leading solution in the cardiac rehabilitation program's sustainability. Innovation is needed in its implementation, such as telerehabilitation. So, the cardiac rehabilitation program can be implemented by patients and monitored by health care providers continuously.<br><br>SHORT CONCLUSION: Physicians play an essential role in motivating patients and encouraging their family members to commit to a sustainable CR program with telerehabilitation to facilitate its implementation.},
}
@article {pmid33779831,
year = {2021},
author = {Ferrara, F and Vitiello, A},
title = {The advantages of drug treatment with statins in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
journal = {Wiener klinische Wochenschrift},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33779831},
issn = {1613-7671},
abstract = {On 11 March 2020 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a status of global pandemic caused by the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19). The pandemic is currently underway, and to date has caused approximately 2.42 million deaths worldwide. The first vaccines have recently been licensed; however, research continues to identify therapeutic agents to prevent serious complications, such as anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anticoagulant or antiviral agents authorized for other therapeutic indications. Epidemiological evidence shows that advanced age and comorbidities, such as diabetes, heart disease, and dyslipidemia may represent COVID-19 risk factors. In particular, in patients with hypercholesterolemia treated with statins, it is recommended that treatment should not be discontinued if COVID-19 infection occurs. The pleiotropic effects of statins are well known. In this brief review, we propose that the use of statins can potentially protect against SARS-CoV-2-induced tissue damage and improve lung function in COVID-19 patients through several pleiotropic effects. Pleiotropic effects of statins that may be a significant benefit in patients with hypercholesterolemia treated with statins and COVID-19 positive. Recent evidence shows promising results.},
}
@article {pmid33779825,
year = {2021},
author = {Lee, EB and Lobl, M and Ford, A and DeLeo, V and Adler, BL and Wysong, A},
title = {What Is New in Occupational Allergic Contact Dermatitis in the Year of the COVID Pandemic?.},
journal = {Current allergy and asthma reports},
volume = {21},
number = {4},
pages = {26},
pmid = {33779825},
issn = {1534-6315},
mesh = {Acrylates ; Acyclic Monoterpenes/adverse effects ; Allergens/*adverse effects ; Allergy and Immunology/trends ; COVID-19/*epidemiology ; Camphanes ; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/*diagnosis ; Dermatitis, Occupational/*diagnosis/etiology ; Dermatology/trends ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; Lavandula/adverse effects ; Limonene/adverse effects ; Pandemics ; Patch Tests/adverse effects ; Propylene Glycol ; Societies, Medical ; United States ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article aims to summarize some recent trends in occupational allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), including dermatitis related to pandemic-level personal protective equipment in healthcare workers, hazards patients may experience when working from home, and occupational perspectives on the recent American Contact Dermatitis Society (ACDS) allergens of the year and ACDS Core Allergen Series updates.<br><br>RECENT FINDINGS: Recent ACDS Allergens of the Year may be particularly relevant to healthcare workers, including isobornyl acrylate, which is present in glucose sensors and propylene glycol present in hand cleansers and disinfectants. Lavender, limonene, and linalool, all of which are new additions to the ACDS Core Allergen Series, have been reported as causes for occupational ACD in massage therapists and aromatherapists. Isothiazolinone allergy continues to rise in both consumer and occupational settings. Finally, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a wave of occupational ACD in healthcare workers to personal protective equipment, and revealed new potential allergens for individuals working from home. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis continues to exert a significant occupational disease burden. Remaining aware of the current trends in allergens may allow for earlier recognition, diagnosis, and treatment, subsequently helping our patients to work in healthier and safer environments.},
}
@article {pmid33779773,
year = {2021},
author = {Adorjan, K and Haussmann, R and Rauen, K and Pogarell, O},
title = {[Consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for people with schizophrenia, dementia and substance use disorders].},
journal = {Der Nervenarzt},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33779773},
issn = {1433-0407},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses unexpected challenges to social and healthcare systems worldwide. The direct and indirect medical consequences of infection with the novel coronavirus bring healthcare systems to their limits of their capabilities in many places. The neurotropic effects of COVID-19 can result not only in neurological but also in acute and long-term psychological sequelae. In the psychiatric context, the psychological and psychosocial consequences of contact restrictions and lockdowns as well as the effects of daily reports in the media on people with mental disorders must also be taken into consideration. In this article the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for people with mental illnesses, especially those with schizophrenia, dementia, and addictive diseases are discussed.},
}
@article {pmid33779772,
year = {2021},
author = {Lehmann, HC and Schoser, B and Wunderlich, G and Berlit, P and Fink, GR},
title = {[Neuromuscular complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection-Part 2: muscle disorders].},
journal = {Der Nervenarzt},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {33779772},
issn = {1433-0407},
abstract = {Apart from disorders and diseases of the peripheral nerves, symptoms and disorders of the musculature and the neuromuscular transmission have also been described in association with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In the second part of our review we provide an overview about frequently reported symptoms, such as myalgia as well as defined disorders, such as rhabdomyolysis, myositis, myasthenia and intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired weakness, which have been described during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections or COVID-19.Furthermore, the criteria for a causality, such as association strength, plausibility, time course, and experimental evidence for a causal association that should be applied for the COVID-19-asssociated neuromuscular conditions described in the two parts of the review are discussed. At present, in addition to anosmia, which is also known in the lay press, myalgia in particular as a nonspecific symptom are frequent sequelae of a symptomatic SARS-CoV‑2 infection. Other neuromuscular complications seem to be principally plausible (considering the pathogenesis) but apparently rare consequences of a SARS-CoV‑2 infection. Prospective or cohort studies are necessary to confirm a causality and assess the risk.},
}
@article {pmid33779588,
year = {2021},
author = {Manansala, M and Baughman, R and Novak, R and Judson, M and Sweiss, N},
title = {Management of immunosuppressants in the era of coronavirus disease-2019.},
journal = {Current opinion in pulmonary medicine},
volume = {27},
number = {3},
pages = {176-183},
pmid = {33779588},
issn = {1531-6971},
mesh = {*COVID-19/epidemiology/immunology/therapy ; Humans ; Immunocompromised Host ; Immunosuppression/methods ; *Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects/immunology/therapeutic use ; Risk Assessment ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology/isolation &amp; purification ; Transplant Recipients ; },
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Patients on chronic immunosuppressive treatments at baseline are at increased risk of opportunistic infections. These patients are at especially increased risk of morbidity and mortality during the coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. This review will focus on patients with diseases in which immunosuppression is a vital part of the treatment regimen, including those with solid organ transplants, rheumatologic disorders, sarcoidosis, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We will summarize the current knowledge of immunosuppression in these diseases and the risk of contracting COVID-19. Furthermore, we will discuss if immunosuppression increases severity of COVID-19 presentation.<br><br>RECENT FINDINGS: Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, a large number patients receiving chronic immunosuppression have been infected with SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, our understanding of the immunology of SARS-CoV-2 is advancing at a rapid pace. Currently, a number of clinical trials are underway to investigate the role of immunosuppressive treatments in the management of this disease.<br><br>SUMMARY: Currently, there is no conclusive evidence to suggest that solid organ transplant recipients on chronic immunosuppression are at increased risk of contracting COVID-19. Solid organ transplant recipients may be at increased risk for worse COVID-19 outcomes but the data are not consistent. There is evidence to suggest that patients with rheumatologic disorders or IBDs are not at increased risk of contracting COVID-19 and do not necessarily experience worse clinical outcomes. Patients with sarcoidosis are not necessarily at increased risk of COVID-19, although there is limited data available to determine if immunosuppression worsens outcomes in this population.},
}
@article {pmid33778750,
year = {2020},
author = {Boettcher, AN and Hammoud, DA and Weinberg, JB and Agarwal, P and Mendiratta-Lala, M and Luker, GD},
title = {Cancer Imaging and Patient Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Radiology. Imaging cancer},
volume = {2},
number = {6},
pages = {e200058},
pmid = {33778750},
issn = {2638-616X},
mesh = {COVID-19/*complications ; Diagnostic Imaging/*methods ; Humans ; Neoplasms/*complications/*diagnostic imaging ; Pandemics ; Patient Care/*methods ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Patients with cancer have been negatively impacted during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, as many of these individuals may be immunosuppressed and of older age. Additionally, cancer follow-up or imaging appointments have been delayed in many clinics around the world. Postponement of routine screening exams will result in delays in new cancer diagnoses. Clinics are continuing to monitor and adapt their appointment schedules based on local outbreaks of COVID-19. Studies on COVID-19 in patients with cancer are limited, but consistently indicate that this population is at risk for more severe COVID-19 illness. Data from recent studies also suggest that pediatric patients with cancer have a lower risk of severe COVID-19 illness compared to adults. Certain features of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection detected by lung, brain, and gastrointestinal imaging may confound radiologists' interpretation of cancer diagnosis, staging, and treatment response. Lastly, as clinics begin to re-open for routine appointments, protocols have been put in place to reduce SARS-CoV-2 exposure to patients during their visits. This review details different perspectives on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with cancer and on cancer imaging. Keywords: Abdomen/GI, Cardiac, Infection, Nervous-Peripheral.},
}
@article {pmid33778614,
year = {2020},
author = {Winant, AJ and Blumfield, E and Liszewski, MC and Kurian, J and Foust, AM and Lee, EY},
title = {Thoracic Imaging Findings of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Associated with COVID-19: What Radiologists Need to Know Now.},
journal = {Radiology. Cardiothoracic imaging},
volume = {2},
number = {4},
pages = {e200346},
pmid = {33778614},
issn = {2638-6135},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic is an ongoing public health emergency, with over 4 million confirmed cases worldwide. Due to the novel nature of this coronavirus and our evolving understanding of its pathophysiology, there is continued uncertainty surrounding diagnosis and management of COVID-19, especially in pediatric patients. In addition, a new febrile hyperinflammatory Kawasaki-like syndrome (also known as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, or MIS-C) has emerged in pediatric patients with temporal association to COVID-19 infection. This review article aims to provide an up-to-date review of the clinical and imaging findings of pediatric MIS-C associated with COVID-19, compared with typical acute pediatric COVID-19 infection, with an emphasis on thoracic imaging findings. Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2020.},
}
@article {pmid33778489,
year = {2021},
author = {Moseley, TW and Conners, AL and He, H and Barth, JE and Lightfoote, JB and Parikh, JR and Whitman, GJ},
title = {Mitigating the Transmission of COVID-19 with the Appropriate Usage of Personal Protective Protocols and Equipment in Breast Imaging and Intervention.},
journal = {Journal of breast imaging},
volume = {3},
number = {2},
pages = {215-220},
pmid = {33778489},
issn = {2631-6129},
abstract = {The integration of personal protective equipment (PPE) and procedures into breast imaging and intervention practices will mitigate the risk of transmission of COVID-19 during the pandemic. Although supply chain shortages have improved, understanding the proper use of PPE and protocols to mitigate overconsumption are important to ensure efficacious utilization of PPE. Protocols and best practices are reviewed, and guidelines and resource materials are referenced in order to support breast imaging healthcare professionals.},
}
@article {pmid33778183,
year = {2021},
author = {Mahat, RK and Panda, S and Rathore, V and Swain, S and Yadav, L and Sah, SP},
title = {The dynamics of inflammatory markers in coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Clinical epidemiology and global health},
volume = {11},
number = {},
pages = {100727},
pmid = {33778183},
issn = {2452-0918},
abstract = {Background: Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic and high mortality rate among severe or critical COVID-19 is linked with SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced hyperinflammation of the innate and adaptive immune systems and the resulting cytokine storm. This paper attempts to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of published articles, to evaluate the association of inflammatory parameters with the severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients.<br><br>Methods: A comprehensive systematic literature search of medical electronic databases including Pubmed/Medline, Europe PMC, and Google Scholar was performed for relevant data published from January 1, 2020 to June 26, 2020. Observational studies reporting clear extractable data on inflammatory parameters in laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients were included. Screening of articles, data extraction and quality assessment were carried out by two authors independently. Standardized mean difference (SMD)/mean difference (MD/WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random or fixed-effects models.<br><br>Results: A total of 83 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Of which, 54 studies were grouped by severity, 25 studies were grouped by mortality, and 04 studies were grouped by both severity and mortality. Random effect model results demonstrated that patients with severe COVID-19 group had significantly higher levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), procalcitonin (PCT), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-2R (IL-2R), serum amyloid A (SAA) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) compared to those in the non-severe group. Similarly, the fixed-effect model revealed significant higher ferritin level in the severe group when compared with the non-severe group. Furthermore, the random effect model results demonstrated that the non-survivor group had significantly higher levels of CRP, PCT, IL-6, ferritin, and NLR when compared with the survivo