@article {pmid33639276, year = {2021}, author = {Vlachogiannis, NI and Verrou, KM and Stellos, K and Sfikakis, PP and Paraskevis, D}, title = {The role of A-to-I RNA editing in infections by RNA viruses: Possible implications for SARS-CoV-2 infection.}, journal = {Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108699}, doi = {10.1016/j.clim.2021.108699}, pmid = {33639276}, issn = {1521-7035}, abstract = {RNA editing is a fundamental biological process with 2 major forms, namely adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I, recognized as A-to-G) and cytosine-to-uracil (C-to-U) deamination, mediated by ADAR and APOBEC enzyme families, respectively. A-to-I RNA editing has been shown to directly affect the genome/transcriptome of RNA viruses with significant repercussions for viral protein synthesis, proliferation and infectivity, while it also affects recognition of double-stranded RNAs by cytosolic receptors controlling the host innate immune response. Recent evidence suggests that RNA editing may be present in SARS-CoV-2 genome/transcriptome. The majority of mapped mutations in SARS-CoV-2 genome are A-to-G/U-to-C(opposite strand) and C-to-U/G-to-A(opposite strand) substitutions comprising potential ADAR-/APOBEC-mediated deamination events. A single nucleotide substitution can have dramatic effects on SARS-CoV-2 infectivity as shown by the D614G(A-to-G) substitution in the spike protein. Future studies utilizing serial sampling from patients with COVID-19 are warranted to delineate whether RNA editing affects viral replication and/or the host immune response to SARS-CoV-2.}, }
@article {pmid33639198, year = {2021}, author = {Hachem, M}, title = {SARS-CoV-2 journey to the brain with a focus on potential role of docosahexaenoic acid bioactive lipid mediators.}, journal = {Biochimie}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.biochi.2021.02.012}, pmid = {33639198}, issn = {1638-6183}, abstract = {Coronavirus Disease 2019 or COVID-19 have infected till day 82,579,768 confirmed cases including 1,818,849 deaths, reported by World Health Organization WHO. COVID-19, originated by Severe Acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), contributes to respiratory distress in addition to neurological symptoms in some patients. In the current review, we focused on the neurological complications associated with COVID-19. We discussed different pathways followed by RNA-virus, especially Flaviviridae family in the brain and passage through the Blood-Brain-Barrier BBB. Then, we explored SARS-CoV-2 mechanisms responsible of neuroinvasion and BBB disruption as well as the immunopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in the central nervous system CNS. Since SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped virus, enclosed in a lipid bilayer and that lipids are essential cell components playing numerous biological roles in viral infection and replication, we investigated the lipid metabolism remodeling upon coronavirus replication. We also highlighted the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective potential of an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid DHA, as well as several bioactive lipid mediators. Altogether, our data allow better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion and could assist in drug targeting to decline the burden of short-term and long-term neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2.}, }
@article {pmid33639193, year = {2021}, author = {De, P and Chakraborty, I and Karna, B and Mazumder, N}, title = {Brief review on repurposed drugs and vaccines for possible treatment of COVID-19.}, journal = {European journal of pharmacology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {173977}, doi = {10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173977}, pmid = {33639193}, issn = {1879-0712}, abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has claimed more than a million lives. Various in silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies are being conducted to understand the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the cellular metabolism of humans and the various drugs and drug-targets that may be used. In this review, we discuss protein-protein interactions (PPIs) between viral and human proteins as well as viral targets like proteases. We try to understand the molecular mechanism of various repurposed antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2, their combination therapies, drug dosage regimens, and their adverse effects along with possible alternatives like non-toxic antiviral phytochemicals. Ultimately, randomized controlled trials are needed to identify which of these compounds has the required balance of efficacy and safety.}, }
@article {pmid33639109, year = {2021}, author = {Kola, L and Kohrt, BA and Hanlon, C and Naslund, JA and Sikander, S and Balaji, M and Benjet, C and Cheung, EYL and Eaton, J and Gonsalves, P and Hailemariam, M and Luitel, NP and Machado, DB and Misganaw, E and Omigbodun, O and Roberts, T and Salisbury, TT and Shidhaye, R and Sunkel, C and Ugo, V and van Rensburg, AJ and Gureje, O and Pathare, S and Saxena, S and Thornicroft, G and Patel, V}, title = {COVID-19 mental health impact and responses in low-income and middle-income countries: reimagining global mental health.}, journal = {The lancet. Psychiatry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00025-0}, pmid = {33639109}, issn = {2215-0374}, abstract = {Most of the global population live in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), which have historically received a small fraction of global resources for mental health. The COVID-19 pandemic has spread rapidly in many of these countries. This Review examines the mental health implications of the COVID-19 pandemic in LMICs in four parts. First, we review the emerging literature on the impact of the pandemic on mental health, which shows high rates of psychological distress and early warning signs of an increase in mental health disorders. Second, we assess the responses in different countries, noting the swift and diverse responses to address mental health in some countries, particularly through the development of national COVID-19 response plans for mental health services, implementation of WHO guidance, and deployment of digital platforms, signifying a welcome recognition of the salience of mental health. Third, we consider the opportunity that the pandemic presents to reimagine global mental health, especially through shifting the balance of power from high-income countries to LMICs and from narrow biomedical approaches to community-oriented psychosocial perspectives, in setting priorities for interventions and research. Finally, we present a vision for the concept of building back better the mental health systems in LMICs with a focus on key strategies; notably, fully integrating mental health in plans for universal health coverage, enhancing access to psychosocial interventions through task sharing, leveraging digital technologies for various mental health tasks, eliminating coercion in mental health care, and addressing the needs of neglected populations, such as children and people with substance use disorders. Our recommendations are relevant for the mental health of populations and functioning of health systems in not only LMICs but also high-income countries impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, with wide disparities in quality of and access to mental health care.}, }
@article {pmid33638671, year = {2021}, author = {Beig Parikhani, A and Bazaz, M and Bamehr, H and Fereshteh, S and Amiri, S and Salehi-Vaziri, M and Arashkia, A and Azadmanesh, K}, title = {The Inclusive Review on SARS-CoV-2 Biology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Potential Management Options.}, journal = {Current microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33638671}, issn = {1432-0991}, abstract = {A novel coronavirus member was reported in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, at the end of the year 2019. Initially, the infection spread locally, affecting the Wuhan people, and then expanded rapidly throughout the world. On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) proclaimed it a global pandemic. The virus is a new strain most closely related to a bat coronavirus (RaTG13) which was not previously discovered in humans and is now formally known as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the disease syndrome that the SARS-CoV-2 virus triggers. It is suggested that SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted through aerosols, direct/indirect contact, and also during medical procedures and specimen handling. The infection is characterized by isolated flu-like symptoms, but there may be specific signs of fever, fatigue, cough, and shortness of breath, as well as the loss of smell and breathing difficulty. Within this report, we tried to review the most current scientific literature published by January 2021 on various aspects of the outbreak, including virus structure, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, epidemiology, diagnostic approaches, potential therapeutics and vaccines, and prospects. We hope this article makes a beneficial impact on public education to better deal with the SARS-CoV-2 crisis and push a step forward in the near term towards its prevention and control.}, }
@article {pmid33638618, year = {2021}, author = {Pilaquinga, F and Morey, J and Torres, M and Seqqat, R and Piña, MLN}, title = {Silver nanoparticles as a potential treatment against SARS-CoV-2: A review.}, journal = {Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e1707}, doi = {10.1002/wnan.1707}, pmid = {33638618}, issn = {1939-0041}, abstract = {Several human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are distinguished by the ability to generate epidemics or pandemics, with their corresponding diseases characterized by severe respiratory illness, such as that which occurs in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), and, today, in SARS-CoV-2, an outbreak that has struck explosively and uncontrollably beginning in December 2019 and has claimed the lives of more than 1.9 M people worldwide as of January 2021. The development of vaccines has taken one year, which is why it is necessary to investigate whether some already-existing alternatives that have been successfully developed in recent years can mitigate the pandemic's advance. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have proved effective in antiviral action. Thus, in this review, several in vitro and in vivo studies of the effect of AgNPs on viruses that cause respiratory diseases are analyzed and discussed to promote an understanding of the possible interaction of AgNPs with SARS-CoV-2. The study focuses on several in vivo toxicological studies of AgNPs and a dose extrapolation to humans to determine the chief avenue of exposure. It can be concluded that the use of AgNPs as a possible treatment for SARS-CoV-2 could be viable, based on comparing the virus' behavior to that of similar viruses in in vivo studies, and that the suggested route of administration in terms of least degree of adverse effects is inhalation. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Respiratory Disease Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials.}, }
@article {pmid33638460, year = {2021}, author = {Abbasi, AZ and Kiyani, DA and Hamid, SM and Saalim, M and Fahim, A and Jalal, N}, title = {Spiking dependence of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity on TMPRSS2.}, journal = {Journal of medical virology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/jmv.26911}, pmid = {33638460}, issn = {1096-9071}, abstract = {Epidemiological data shows discrepancy in COVID-19 susceptibility and outcomes with some regions being more heavily affected than others. However, the factors that determine host susceptibility and pathogenicity remain elusive. Increasing number of publications highlight the role of Transmembrane Serine Protease 2 (TMPRSS2) in the susceptibility of host cell to SARS-CoV-2. Cleavage of viral spike protein via the host cell's TMPRSS2 enzyme activity mediates viral entry into the host cell. The enzyme synthesis is regulated by TMPRSS2 gene, which has also been implicated in the entry mechanisms of previously reported Coronavirus infections. In this review we have investigated the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 and disease susceptibility dependence on TMPRSS2 gene as expressed in various population groups. We further discuss how the differential expression of this gene in various ethnic groups can affect the SARS-CoV-2 infection and Coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 outcomes. Moreover, promising new TMPRSS2 protease blockers and inhibitors are discussed for COVID-19 treatment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid33638064, year = {2021}, author = {Price, S and Targoński, R and Sadowski, J and Targoński, R}, title = {To Curb the Progression of Fatal COVID-19 Course-Dream or Reality.}, journal = {Current hypertension reports}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {12}, pmid = {33638064}, issn = {1534-3111}, abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To analyze the impact of sodium retention states on the course of COVID-19 and propose possible interventions to curb disease progression.<br><br>RECENT FINDINGS: Numerous data confirm a positive association of non-communicable diseases, aging, and other sodium-retaining states, including iatrogenic ones, with more severe sometimes fatal clinical course of COVID-19. Reasons for this effect could include increased angiotensin signaling via the AT1R receptor. The endothelial glycocalyx also plays an important role in infection, leading to a vicious cycle of inflammation and tissue sodium retention when damaged. RAS inhibitors may help restore glycocalyx function and prevent severe organ damage. Anticoagulants, especially heparin, may also have therapeutic applications due to antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, glycocalyx-repairing, and antialdosteronic properties. The ambiguous influence of some diuretics on sodium balance was also discussed. Abnormal sodium storage and increased angiotensin-converting enzyme activity are related to the severity of COVID-19. Inducing sodium removal and reducing intake might improve outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid33638018, year = {2021}, author = {Aggeli, C and Polytarchou, K and Dimitroglou, Y and Patsourakos, D and Delicou, S and Vassilopoulou, S and Tsiamis, E and Tsioufis, K}, title = {Stroke and presence of patent foramen ovale in sickle cell disease.}, journal = {Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33638018}, issn = {1573-742X}, abstract = {Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited monogenic hemoglobinopathy characterized by formation of sickle erythrocytes under conditions of deoxygenation. Sickle erythrocytes can lead to thrombus formation and vaso-occlusive episodes that may result in hemolytic anemia, pain crisis and multiple organ damage. Moreover, SCD is characterized by endothelial damage, increased inflammatory response, platelet activation and aggravation, and activation of both the intrinsic and the extrinsic coagulation pathways. Cerebrovascular events constitute an important clinical complication of SCD. Children with SCD have a 300-fold higher risk of acute stroke and by the age of 45 about 25% of patients have suffered an overt stoke. Management and prevention of stroke in patients with SCD is not well defined. Moreover, the presence of patent foramen ovale (PFO) increases the risk of the occurrence of an embolic cerebrovascular event. The role of PFO closure and antiplatelet or anticoagulation therapy has not been well investigated. Moreover, during COVID-19 pandemic and taking into account the increased rates of thrombotic events and the difficulties in blood transfusion, management of SCD patients is even more challenging and difficult, since data are scarce regarding stroke occurrence and management in this specific population in the COVID-19 era. This review focuses on pathophysiology of stroke in patients with SCD and possible treatment strategies in the presence of PFO.}, }
@article {pmid33637951, year = {2021}, author = {Aghili, SMM and Ebrahimpur, M and Arjmand, B and Shadman, Z and Pejman Sani, M and Qorbani, M and Larijani, B and Payab, M}, title = {Obesity in COVID-19 era, implications for mechanisms, comorbidities, and prognosis: a review and meta-analysis.}, journal = {International journal of obesity (2005)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33637951}, issn = {1476-5497}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that obesity is associated with the severity of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). We reviewed clinical studies to clarify the obesity relationship with COVID-19 severity, comorbidities, and discussing possible mechanisms.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: The electronic databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, were searched and all studies conducted on COVID-19 and obesity were reviewed. All studies were independently screened by reviewers based on their titles and abstracts.<br><br>RESULTS: Forty relevant articles were selected, and their full texts were reviewed. Obesity affects the respiratory and immune systems through various mechanisms. Cytokine and adipokine secretion from adipose tissue leads to a pro-inflammatory state in obese patients, predisposing them to thrombosis, incoordination of innate and adaptive immune responses, inadequate antibody response, and cytokine storm. Obese patients had a longer virus shedding. Obesity is associated with other comorbidities such as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and vitamin D deficiency. Hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, mechanical ventilation, and even mortality in obese patients were higher than normal-weight patients. Obesity could alter the direction of severe COVID-19 symptoms to younger individuals. Reduced physical activity, unhealthy eating habits and, more stress and fear experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic may result in more weight gain and obesity.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Obesity should be considered as an independent risk factor for the severity of COVID-19. Paying more attention to preventing weight gain in obese patients with COVID-19 infection in early levels of disease is crucial during this pandemic.}, }
@article {pmid33637833, year = {2021}, author = {Gunasekeran, DV and Tseng, RMWW and Tham, YC and Wong, TY}, title = {Applications of digital health for public health responses to COVID-19: a systematic scoping review of artificial intelligence, telehealth and related technologies.}, journal = {NPJ digital medicine}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {40}, pmid = {33637833}, issn = {2398-6352}, abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has overwhelmed healthcare services, faced with the twin challenges in acutely meeting the medical needs of patients with COVID-19 while continuing essential services for non-COVID-19 illnesses. The need to re-invent, re-organize and transform healthcare and co-ordinate clinical services at a population level is urgent as countries that controlled initial outbreaks start to experience resurgences. A wide range of digital health solutions have been proposed, although the extent of successful real-world applications of these technologies is unclear. This study aims to review applications of artificial intelligence (AI), telehealth, and other relevant digital health solutions for public health responses in the healthcare operating environment amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. A systematic scoping review was performed to identify potentially relevant reports. Key findings include a large body of evidence for various clinical and operational applications of telehealth (40.1%, n = 99/247). Although a large quantity of reports investigated applications of artificial intelligence (AI) (44.9%, n = 111/247) and big data analytics (36.0%, n = 89/247), weaknesses in study design limit generalizability and translation, highlighting the need for more pragmatic real-world investigations. There were also few descriptions of applications for the internet of things (IoT) (2.0%, n = 5/247), digital platforms for communication (DC) (10.9%, 27/247), digital solutions for data management (DM) (1.6%, n = 4/247), and digital structural screening (DS) (8.9%, n = 22/247); representing gaps and opportunities for digital public health. Finally, the performance of digital health technology for operational applications related to population surveillance and points of entry have not been adequately evaluated.}, }
@article {pmid33637516, year = {2021}, author = {Palevsky, PM}, title = {COVID-19 and AKI: Where Do We Stand?.}, journal = {Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1681/ASN.2020121768}, pmid = {33637516}, issn = {1533-3450}, }
@article {pmid33636688, year = {2021}, author = {Zaçe, D and Hoxhaj, I and Orfino, A and Viteritti, AM and Janiri, L and Di Pietro, ML}, title = {Interventions to address mental health issues in healthcare workers during infectious disease outbreaks: A systematic review.}, journal = {Journal of psychiatric research}, volume = {136}, number = {}, pages = {319-333}, doi = {10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.02.019}, pmid = {33636688}, issn = {1879-1379}, abstract = {Considering the importance of evidence on interventions to tackle mental health problems in healthcare workers (HCWs) during pandemics, we conducted a systematic review, aiming to identify and summarize the implemented interventions to deal with mental health issues of HCWs during infectious disease outbreaks and report their effectiveness. Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, CINAHL and PsycInfo electronic databases were searched until October 2nd, 2020. Primary-data articles, describing any implemented interventions and their effectiveness were considered pertinent. Studies were screened according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria and subsequently data extraction was performed. Twenty-four articles, referring to SARS, Ebola, Influenza AH1N1 and COVID-19 were included. Interventions addressing mental health issues in HCWs during pandemics/epidemics were grouped into four categories: 1) informational support (training, guidelines, prevention programs), 2) instrumental support (personal protective equipment, protection protocols); 3) organizational support (manpower allocation, working hours, re-organization of facilities/structures, provision of rest areas); 4) emotional and psychological support (psychoeducation and training, mental health support team, peer-support and counselling, therapy, digital platforms and tele-support). These results might be helpful for researchers, stakeholders, and policymakers to develop evidence-based sustainable interventions and guidelines, aiming to prevent or reduce the immediate and long-term effect of pandemics on mental health status of HCWs.}, }
@article {pmid33636368, year = {2021}, author = {Roncati, L and Lusenti, B and Pellati, F and Corsi, L}, title = {Micronized / ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) as natural neuroprotector against COVID-19 inflammation.}, journal = {Prostaglandins &amp; other lipid mediators}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {106540}, doi = {10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2021.106540}, pmid = {33636368}, issn = {1098-8823}, abstract = {Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is upsetting the world and innovative therapeutic solutions are needed in an attempt to counter this new pandemic. Great hope lies in vaccines, but drugs to cure the infected patient are just as necessary. In the most severe forms of the disease, a cytokine storm with neuroinflammation occurs, putting the patient's life at serious risk, with sometimes long-lasting sequelae. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is known to possess anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, which make it an ideal candidate to be assumed in the earliest stage of the disease. Here, we provide a mini-review on the topic, pointing out phospholipids consumption in COVID-19, the possible development of an antiphospholipid syndrome secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and reporting our preliminary single-case experience concerning to a 45-year-old COVID-19 female patient recently treated with success by micronized / ultramicronized PEA.}, }
@article {pmid33636175, year = {2021}, author = {Chiappalupi, S and Salvadori, L and Vukasinovic, A and Donato, R and Sorci, G and Riuzzi, F}, title = {Targeting RAGE to prevent SARS-CoV-2-mediated multiple organ failure: Hypotheses and perspectives.}, journal = {Life sciences}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {119251}, doi = {10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119251}, pmid = {33636175}, issn = {1879-0631}, abstract = {A novel infectious disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was detected in December 2019 and declared as a global pandemic by the World Health. Approximately 15% of patients with COVID-19 progress to severe pneumonia and eventually develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), septic shock and/or multiple organ failure with high morbidity and mortality. Evidence points towards a determinant pathogenic role of members of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in mediating the susceptibility, infection, inflammatory response and parenchymal injury in lungs and other organs of COVID-19 patients. The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, has important roles in pulmonary pathological states, including fibrosis, pneumonia and ARDS. RAGE overexpression/hyperactivation is essential to the deleterious effects of RAS in several pathological processes, including hypertension, chronic kidney and cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes, all of which are major comorbidities of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We propose RAGE as an additional molecular target in COVID-19 patients for ameliorating the multi-organ pathology induced by the virus and improving survival, also in the perspective of future infections by other coronaviruses.}, }
@article {pmid33636148, year = {2021}, author = {Peeling, RW and Olliaro, PL and Boeras, DI and Fongwen, N}, title = {Scaling up COVID-19 rapid antigen tests: promises and challenges.}, journal = {The Lancet. Infectious diseases}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00048-7}, pmid = {33636148}, issn = {1474-4457}, abstract = {WHO recommends a minimum of 80% sensitivity and 97% specificity for antigen-detection rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDTs), which can be used for patients with symptoms consistent with COVID-19. However, after the acute phase when viral load decreases, use of Ag-RDTs might lead to high rates of false negatives, suggesting that the tests should be replaced by a combination of molecular and serological tests. When the likelihood of having COVID-19 is low, such as for asymptomatic individuals in low prevalence settings, for travel, return to schools, workplaces, and mass gatherings, Ag-RDTs with high negative predictive values can be used with confidence to rule out infection. For those who test positive in low prevalence settings, the high false positive rate means that mitigation strategies, such as molecular testing to confirm positive results, are needed. Ag-RDTs, when used appropriately, are promising tools for scaling up testing and ensuring that patient management and public health measures can be implemented without delay.}, }
@article {pmid33636019, year = {2021}, author = {Raevens, S and Boret, M and De Pauw, M and Fallon, MB and Van Vlierberghe, H}, title = {Pulmonary abnormalities in liver disease: relevance to transplantation and outcome.}, journal = {Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/hep.31770}, pmid = {33636019}, issn = {1527-3350}, abstract = {Pulmonary disease in liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension constitutes a challenging clinical scenario and may have important implications with regard to prognosis, liver transplantation (LT) candidacy and post-LT outcome. Pre-LT evaluation should include adequate screening for pulmonary diseases that may occur concomitantly with liver disease as well as for those that may arise as a complication of end-stage liver disease and portal hypertension, as either may jeopardize safe LT and successful outcome. It is key to discriminate those patients who would benefit from LT, especially pulmonary disorders that have been reported to resolve post-LT and are considered 'pulmonary indications' for transplant, from those who are at increased mortality risk and in whom LT is contraindicated. In conclusion, in this manuscript, we review the impact of several pulmonary disorders, including cystic fibrosis, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, sarcoidosis, COVID-19, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary nodules, interstitial lung disease, hepatic hydrothorax, hepatopulmonary syndrome and portopulmonary hypertension, on post-LT survival, as well as the reciprocal impact of LT on the evolution of lung function.}, }
@article {pmid33635546, year = {2021}, author = {Naveed, H and Elshafeey, A and Al-Ali, D and Janjua, E and Nauman, A and Kawas, H and Kaul, R and Aldien, AS and Elshazly, MB and Zakaria, D}, title = {The Interplay between the Immune System, the Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS) and RAAS Inhibitors May Modulate the Outcome of COVID-19: A Systematic Review.}, journal = {Journal of clinical pharmacology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/jcph.1852}, pmid = {33635546}, issn = {1552-4604}, abstract = {Since the discovery of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronarvirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) numerous research was undertaken to delineate the various effects of the virus which manifests in many ways all over the body. The association between the SARS-CoV-2 invasion mechanism and the RAAS receptors, created many debates about the possible consequences of using RAAS modulating drugs including the ACE inhibitors (ACEi) and the Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) during the pandemic. Many clinical studies were conducted to assess the outcomes of COVID-19 in patients who use ACEi/ARBs following the arguments claiming to discontinue these drugs as a precautionary measure. While several studies mainly analyzed the outcomes of the disease, this review aimed at comparing specific blood markers in both groups of COVID-19 patients in order to gain a better insight into the interaction of ACEi/ARBs with the different body functions during the infection. Several databases were searched using a combination of keywords followed by screening and data extraction. Only 28 studies met our inclusion criteria, the majority of which showed no significant difference between the inflammation markers of COVID-19 patients who used or did not use ACEi/ARBs. Interestingly, six studies reported lower inflammatory markers in COVID-19 patients who used ACEi/ARBs and ten studies reported better outcomes among the same group. We therefore conclude that the use of ACEi/ARBs may not lead to worse prognosis of COVID-19 and may even play a protective role against the hyperinflammatory response associated with COVID-19. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid33635533, year = {2021}, author = {Shukla, AK and Banerjee, M}, title = {Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme 2 and Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors in COVID-19: An Update.}, journal = {High blood pressure &amp; cardiovascular prevention : the official journal of the Italian Society of Hypertension}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33635533}, issn = {1179-1985}, abstract = {Ever since its outbreak, Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has affected more than 26 million individuals in more than 200 countries. Although the mortality rate of COVID-19 is low, but several clinical studies showed, patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) or other major complication at high risk of COVID-19 and reported more severe disease and increased fatality. The angiotensin-converting-enzyme 2 (ACE2), a component of renin-angiotensin-system (RAS); acts on ACE/Ang-II/AT1recptor axis, and regulates pathological processes like hypertension, cardiac dysfunction, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) etc. The progression of T2DM and hypertension show decreased expression and activity of ACE2. There are several treatment strategies for controlling diabetes, hypertension, etc; like ACE2 gene therapies, endogenous ACE2 activators, human recombinant ACE2 (hrACE2), Angiotensin-II receptor blockers (ARBs) and ACE inhibitors (ACEi) medications. ACE2, the receptors for SARS-CoV2, facilitates virus entry inside host cell. Clinicians are using two classes of medications for the treatment of COVID-19; one targets the SARS-CoV-2-ACE2 interaction, while other targets human immune system. The aim of this review is to discuss the role of ACE2 in diabetes and in COVID-19 and to provide an analysis of data proposing harm and benefit of RAS inhibitor treatment in COVID-19 infection as well as showing no association whatsoever. This review also highlights some candidate vaccines which are undergoing clinical trials.}, }
@article {pmid33635399, year = {2021}, author = {Petersen, W and Karpinski, K and Backhaus, L and Bierke, S and Häner, M}, title = {A systematic review about telemedicine in orthopedics.}, journal = {Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33635399}, issn = {1434-3916}, abstract = {PURPOSE: Until now, the use of telemedical applications in orthopedics was limited to sparsely populated countries. However, due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, interest in orthopedics in these procedures has increased significantly. The aim of this systematic review was to find out to what extent there is scientific evidence for the use of telemedicine in the orthopedic field.<br><br>METHODS: A systematic literature search was carried out in various databases on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on telemedical applications in orthopedics.<br><br>RESULTS: Altogether, 14 articles were identified that reported about a total of eight RCTs of telemedical applications in orthopedics. Two RCTs were about a patient-to-doctor video consultation and six RCTs were about telerehabilitation after knee and hip arthroplasty (4 × knee arthroplasty, one hip and knee arthroplasty, one hip arthroplasty). For the majority of outcome parameters evaluated, there were no significant differences between the study groups. The cost effectiveness of videoconsultations depended on the workload (number of patient consultations) as well as the effectiveness of telerehabilitation on the distance of the patient's home to the health care center (30 km round-trip).<br><br>CONCLUSION: There is sufficient evidence to recommend the use of telemedical methods in orthopedics. However, more research is necessary to further expand the possibilities of telemedical methods with regard to physical examination.}, }
@article {pmid33635372, year = {2021}, author = {Scharf, C and Zoller, M and Liebchen, U}, title = {[What is new … in the treatment of invasive mycosis: COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis].}, journal = {Der Anaesthesist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33635372}, issn = {1432-055X}, }
@article {pmid33635218, year = {2021}, author = {Dolci, G and Cassone, G and Venturelli, F and Besutti, G and Revelli, M and Corsini, R and Sampaolesi, F and Pavone, P and Contardi, G and Riva, N and Marini, G and Lazzaretti, C and Mezzadri, S and Milic, J and Massari, M and Costantini, M and Salvarani, C}, title = {High-dose glucocorticoids pulse-therapy for beta-coronaviridae pneumonia: a systematic literature review and case-series of Coronavirus disease-2019.}, journal = {Clinical and experimental rheumatology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33635218}, issn = {0392-856X}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The results of the RECOVERY trial identified dexamethasone as the first pharmacological therapy that reduces mortality in patients with COVID-19. The aim of this paper is to conduct a systematic literature review on safety and efficacy of pulse glucocorticoid therapy for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoronaVirus (CoV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 infections and describe a case-series of COVID-19 patients treated with off-label pulse doses of methylprednisolone.<br><br>METHODS: We performed a systematic literature review on safety and efficacy of pulse therapy for betacoronaviridae infections as described in the protocol registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020190183). All consecutive patients admitted to Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova di Reggio Emilia or Guastalla Hospital with COVID-19 between March 1st and April 30th, 2020 and treated with methylprednisolone 1 gram/day for at least three days were included in the case series. A retrospective review of available computed tomography (CT) scan and chest x-ray was performed independently by two radiologists blinded to clinical data, and discordances were resolved by consensus.<br><br>RESULTS: Twenty papers were included for SARS, but only two were comparative and were included in the primary endpoint analysis. Likewise, eleven papers were included for COVID-19, four of which were comparative and were considered for the primary outcome analysis. Included studies for both SARS and COVID-19 are mostly retrospective and highly heterogeneous, with lethality ranging from 0% to 100% and ICU admission rate ranging from 9% to 100%. Fourteen patients were included in our case series, 7 males and 7 females.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: No randomised controlled trial is available yet for corticosteroids pulse-therapy defined as at least ≥500mg/day methylprednisolone in patients with emerging coronavirus pneumonia. Lethality among our cohort is high (4/14), but this finding should be interpreted with caution due to the fact that in our setting pulse-steroids were used in patients not eligible for other treatments because of comorbidities or as rescue therapy. The incidence of steroid-related adverse events seems low in our cohort. The quality of the evidence on glucocorticoid pulse-therapy in SARS, MERS and COVID-19 is poor. Randomised controlled trials are greatly needed.}, }
@article {pmid33634654, year = {2021}, author = {Stephenson, T and Leaman, J and O'Moore, É and Tran, A and Plugge, E}, title = {Time out of cell and time in purposeful activity and adverse mental health outcomes amongst people in prison: a literature review.}, journal = {International journal of prisoner health}, volume = {17}, number = {1}, pages = {54-68}, doi = {10.1108/IJPH-06-2020-0037}, pmid = {33634654}, issn = {1744-9219}, abstract = {PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to synthesise the available peer-reviewed literature on the impact of time out of cell (TOOC) and time in purposeful activity (TIPA) on adverse mental outcomes amongst people in prison.<br><br>DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The outcomes of interest of this literature review were mental health, suicide, deliberate self-harm (DSH) and violence. Exposures of interest were TOOC, TIPA or a partial or indirect measure of either. In total, 14 studies were included. An abbreviated review methodology was used because of time constraints.<br><br>FINDINGS: There was consistent evidence of an association between lower TOOC and TIPA and worse mental health and higher suicide risk. Limited evidence suggests a link between TOOC and DSH. No evidence was identified regarding the relationship between TOOC/TIPA and violence.<br><br>A lack of longitudinal studies prevents conclusions regarding causality. Significant heterogeneity of mental health outcomes limits the comparability of studies.<br><br>PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: These findings highlight the importance of considering the impact of TOOC and TIPA on adverse mental outcomes for prisoners when designing prison regimes, including during urgent adaptation of such regimes in response to Covid-19. They are likely to be of interest to practitioners and policymakers concerned with prison regime design.<br><br>ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This paper is the first to synthesise the existing literature on the impact of TOOC and TIPA on mental health outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid33634548, year = {2021}, author = {Ashley, J and Abra, G and Schiller, B and Bennett, PN and Mehr, AP and Bargman, JM and Chan, CT}, title = {The Use of Virtual Physician Mentoring to Enhance Home Dialysis Knowledge and Uptake.}, journal = {Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/nep.13867}, pmid = {33634548}, issn = {1440-1797}, abstract = {Home dialysis therapies are flexible kidney replacement strategies with documented clinical benefits. While the incidence of end-stage kidney disease continues to increase globally, the use of home dialysis remains low in most developed countries. Multiple barriers to providing home dialysis have been noted in the published literature. Amongst known challenges, gaps in clinician knowledge are potentially addressable with a focused education strategy. Recent national surveys in the United States and Australia have highlighted the need for enhanced home dialysis knowledge especially among nephrologists who have recently completed training. Traditional in-person continuing professional educational programs have had modest success in promoting home dialysis and are limited by scale and the present global COVID-19 pandemic. We hypothesize that the use of a &quot;Hub and Spoke&quot; model of virtual home dialysis mentorship for nephrologists based on project ECHO would support home dialysis growth. We review the home dialysis literature, known educational gaps and plausible educational interventions to address current limitations in physician education. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid33634345, year = {2021}, author = {Accorsi, EK and Qiu, X and Rumpler, E and Kennedy-Shaffer, L and Kahn, R and Joshi, K and Goldstein, E and Stensrud, MJ and Niehus, R and Cevik, M and Lipsitch, M}, title = {How to detect and reduce potential sources of biases in studies of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19.}, journal = {European journal of epidemiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33634345}, issn = {1573-7284}, support = {T32AI007535//National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/ ; U54GM088558//National Institute of General Medical Sciences (US)/ ; U54GM088558//National Institute of General Medical Sciences (US)/ ; U54GM088558//National Institute of General Medical Sciences (US)/ ; U01 CA261277/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {In response to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, public health scientists have produced a large and rapidly expanding body of literature that aims to answer critical questions, such as the proportion of the population in a geographic area that has been infected; the transmissibility of the virus and factors associated with high infectiousness or susceptibility to infection; which groups are the most at risk of infection, morbidity and mortality; and the degree to which antibodies confer protection to re-infection. Observational studies are subject to a number of different biases, including confounding, selection bias, and measurement error, that may threaten their validity or influence the interpretation of their results. To assist in the critical evaluation of a vast body of literature and contribute to future study design, we outline and propose solutions to biases that can occur across different categories of observational studies of COVID-19. We consider potential biases that could occur in five categories of studies: (1) cross-sectional seroprevalence, (2) longitudinal seroprotection, (3) risk factor studies to inform interventions, (4) studies to estimate the secondary attack rate, and (5) studies that use secondary attack rates to make inferences about infectiousness and susceptibility.}, }
@article {pmid33634079, year = {2020}, author = {Habli, Z and Saleh, S and Zaraket, H and Khraiche, ML}, title = {COVID-19 in-vitro Diagnostics: State-of-the-Art and Challenges for Rapid, Scalable, and High-Accuracy Screening.}, journal = {Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {605702}, doi = {10.3389/fbioe.2020.605702}, pmid = {33634079}, issn = {2296-4185}, abstract = {The world continues to grapple with the devastating effects of the current COVID-19 pandemic. The highly contagious nature of this respiratory disease challenges advanced viral diagnostic technologies for rapid, scalable, affordable, and high accuracy testing. Molecular assays have been the gold standard for direct detection of the presence of the viral RNA in suspected individuals, while immunoassays have been used in the surveillance of individuals by detecting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Unlike molecular testing, immunoassays are indirect testing of the viral infection. More than 140 diagnostic assays have been developed as of this date and have received the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) emergency use authorization (EUA). Given the differences in assasy format and/or design as well as the lack of rigorous verification studies, the performance and accuracy of these testing modalities remain unclear. In this review, we aim to carefully examine commercialized and FDA approved molecular-based and serology-based diagnostic assays, analyze their performance characteristics and shed the light on their utility and limitations in dealing with the COVID-19 global public health crisis.}, }
@article {pmid33634060, year = {2020}, author = {Samadder, S}, title = {Immunopathological Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Critical and Non-critical Pneumonia Patients: A Systematic Review to Determine the Cause of Co-infection.}, journal = {Frontiers in public health}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {544993}, doi = {10.3389/fpubh.2020.544993}, pmid = {33634060}, issn = {2296-2565}, abstract = {The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic originating from Wuhan, China is causing major fatalities across the world. Viral pneumonia is commonly observed in COVID-19 pandemic. The number of deaths caused by viral pneumonia is mainly due to secondary bacterial or fungal infection. The immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2 viral pneumonia is poorly understood with reference to human clinical data collected from patients infected by virus and secondary bacterial or fungal infection occurring simultaneously. The co-infection inside the lungs caused by pneumonia has direct impact on the changing lymphocyte and neutrophil counts. Understanding the attribution of these two immunological cells triggered by cytokines level change is of great importance to identify the progression of pneumonia from non-severe to severe state in hospitalized patients. This review elaborates the cytokines imbalance observed in SARS-CoV-1 (2003 epidemic), SARS-CoV-2 (2019 pandemic) viral pneumonia and community acquired pneumonia (CAP), respectively, in patients to determine the potential reason of co-infection. In this review the epidemiology, virology, clinical symptoms, and immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia are narrated. The immune activation during SARS-CoV-1 pneumonia, bacterial, and fungal pneumonia is discussed. Here it is further analyzed with the available literatures to predict the potential internal medicines, prognosis and monitoring suggesting better treatment strategy for SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia patients.}, }
@article {pmid33633859, year = {2021}, author = {Alhassan, RK and Nutor, JJ and Abuosi, AA and Afaya, A and Mohammed, SS and Dalaba, MA and Immurana, M and Manyeh, AK and Klu, D and Aberese-Ako, M and Doegah, PT and Acquah, E and Nketiah-Amponsah, E and Tampouri, J and Akoriyea, SK and Amuna, P and Ansah, EK and Gyapong, M and Owusu-Agyei, S and Gyapong, JO}, title = {Urban health nexus with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) preparedness and response in Africa: Rapid scoping review of the early evidence.}, journal = {SAGE open medicine}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {2050312121994360}, doi = {10.1177/2050312121994360}, pmid = {33633859}, issn = {2050-3121}, abstract = {Introduction: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 also called coronavirus disease 2019 was first reported in the African continent on 14 February 2020 in Egypt. As at 18 December 2020, the continent reported 2,449,754 confirmed cases, 57,817 deaths and 2,073,214 recoveries. Urban cities in Africa have particularly suffered the brunt of coronavirus disease 2019 coupled with criticisms that the response strategies have largely been a 'one-size-fits-all' approach. This article reviewed early evidence on urban health nexus with coronavirus disease 2019 preparedness and response in Africa.<br><br>Methods: A rapid scoping review of empirical and grey literature was done using data sources such as ScienceDirect, GoogleScholar, PubMed, HINARI and official websites of World Health Organization and Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. A total of 26 full articles (empirical studies, reviews and commentaries) were synthesised and analysed qualitatively based on predefined inclusion criteria on publication relevance and quality.<br><br>Results: Over 70% of the 26 articles reported on coronavirus disease 2019 response strategies across Africa; 27% of the articles reported on preparedness towards coronavirus disease 2019, while 38% reported on urbanisation nexus with coronavirus disease 2019; 40% of the publications were full-text empirical studies, while the remaining 60% were either commentaries, reviews or editorials. It was found that urban cities remain epicentres of coronavirus disease 2019 in Africa. Even though some successes have been recorded in Africa regarding coronavirus disease 2019 fight, the continent's response strategies were largely found to be a 'one-size-fits-all' approach. Consequently, adoption of 'Western elitist' mitigating measures for coronavirus disease 2019 containment resulted in excesses and spillover effects on individuals, families and economies in Africa.<br><br>Conclusion: Africa needs to increase commitment to health systems strengthening through context-specific interventions and prioritisation of pandemic preparedness over response. Likewise, improved economic resilience and proper urban planning will help African countries to respond better to future public health emergencies, as coronavirus disease 2019 cases continue to surge on the continent.}, }
@article {pmid33633588, year = {2021}, author = {Wray, S and Arrowsmith, S}, title = {The Physiological Mechanisms of the Sex-Based Difference in Outcomes of COVID19 Infection.}, journal = {Frontiers in physiology}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {627260}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2021.627260}, pmid = {33633588}, issn = {1664-042X}, abstract = {The scale of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has thrust a spotlight on the sex-based differences in response to viral diseases; morbidity and mortality are greater in men than women. We outline the mechanisms by which being female offers a degree of protection from COVID19, that persists even when confounders such as comorbidities are considered. The physiological and immunological mechanisms are fascinating and range from incomplete X chromosome inactivation of immune genes, a crucial role for angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and regulation of both immune activity and ACE2 by sex steroids. From this flows understanding of why lung and other organs are more susceptible to COVID19 damage in men, and how their distinct immunological landscapes need to be acknowledged to guide prognosis and treatment. Pregnancy, menopause, and hormone replacement therapy bring changed hormonal environments and the need for better stratification in COVID19 studies. We end by noting clinical trials based on increasing estrogens or progesterone or anti-testosterone drugs; excellent examples of translational physiology.}, }
@article {pmid33633566, year = {2020}, author = {Mannino, F and Bitto, A and Irrera, N}, title = {Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Induces Cytokine Storm and Inflammation During Coronavirus Disease 19: Perspectives and Possible Therapeutic Approaches.}, journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {592169}, doi = {10.3389/fphar.2020.592169}, pmid = {33633566}, issn = {1663-9812}, abstract = {The new coronavirus outbreak was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and has turned out to be a global health emergency, affecting millions of people worldwide. Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, can manifest with flu-like symptoms and can be complicated by severe pneumonia with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); however a large percentage of infected individuals do not have symptoms but contribute to the spread of the disease. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection has become a global public health emergency since no available treatment seems effective and it is hard to manage the several complications caused by an intense release of cytokines. This paper reviews the current options on drugs used to reduce the deadly effects of the cytokine storm.}, }
@article {pmid33632991, year = {2021}, author = {Yu, J}, title = {Organoids: A New Model for SARS-CoV-2 Translational Research.}, journal = {International journal of stem cells}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.15283/ijsc20169}, pmid = {33632991}, issn = {2005-3606}, abstract = {The 2019-novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia epidemic is a thorny public health problem faced by health officials and a major cause of concern for health professionals. However, the currently used immortalized cell lines and animal models, though easy to manipulate, can not thoroughly simulate real viral activity due to a lack of target cells, species isolation, and insufficient adequate tissues and organs for clinical research. Organoid that emerges as an effective model and time-saving approach can simulate the viral life cycle in vitro and explore a therapeutic target for antiviral drug development. The 3D tissue cultures contain patient-specific stem cells in vitro to mimic the complexity of real tissue within the 3D microstructure that has the same functionality as the tissue of interest. It avoids the problems such as the distortion of genetic markers and animal ethics of using 2D cultures for animal testing and can be employed in studies of specific-organ viral infections to fully understand the physiopathological mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection for vaccine research and development.}, }
@article {pmid33632935, year = {2021}, author = {Davis, J and Gordon, R and Hammond, A and Perkins, R and Flanagan, F and Rabinowitz, E and Simoneau, T and Sawicki, GS}, title = {Rapid Implementation of Telehealth Services in a Pediatric Pulmonary Clinic During COVID-19.}, journal = {Pediatrics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1542/peds.2020-030494}, pmid = {33632935}, issn = {1098-4275}, }
@article {pmid33632561, year = {2021}, author = {Vitiello, A and La Porta, R and D'Aiuto, V and Ferrara, F}, title = {Pharmacological approach for the reduction of inflammatory and prothrombotic hyperactive state in COVID-19 positive patients by acting on complement cascade.}, journal = {Human immunology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.humimm.2021.01.007}, pmid = {33632561}, issn = {1879-1166}, abstract = {The novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the viral pathogen responsible for the ongoing global pandemic, COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019). To date, the data recorded indicate 1.62 Mln deaths and 72.8 Mln people infected (WHO situation report Dec 2020). On December 27, the first anti-COVID-19 vaccinations started in Europe. There are no direct antivirals against SARS-CoV-2. Understanding the pathophysiological and inflammatory/immunological processes of SARS-CoV-2 infection is essential to identify new drug therapies. In the most severe COVID-19 cases, an unregulated immunological/inflammatory system results in organ injury that can be fatal to the host in some cases. Pharmacologic approaches to normalize the unregulated inflammatory/immunologic response is an important therapeutic solution. Evidence associates a non-regulation of the &quot;complement system&quot; as one of the causes of generalized inflammation causing multi-organ dysfunction. Serum levels of a complement cascade mediator, factor &quot;C5a&quot;, have been found in high concentrations in the blood of COVID-19 patients with severe disease. In this article we discuss the correlation between complement system and COVID-19 infection and pharmacological solutions directed to regulate.}, }
@article {pmid33632295, year = {2021}, author = {Chaudhari, S and Dey Pereira, S and Asare-Warehene, M and Naha, R and Kabekkodu, SP and Tsang, BK and Satyamoorthy, K}, title = {Comorbidities and inflammation associated with ovarian cancer and its influence on SARS-CoV-2 infection.}, journal = {Journal of ovarian research}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {39}, pmid = {33632295}, issn = {1757-2215}, abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) worldwide is a major public health concern. Cancer patients are considered a vulnerable population to SARS-CoV-2 infection and may develop several COVID-19 symptoms. The heightened immunocompromised state, prolonged chronic pro-inflammatory milieu coupled with comorbid conditions are shared in both disease conditions and may influence patient outcome. Although ovarian cancer (OC) and COVID-19 are diseases of entirely different primary organs, both diseases share similar molecular and cellular characteristics in their microenvironment suggesting a potential cooperativity leading to poor outcome. In COVID-19 related cases, hospitalizations and deaths worldwide are lower in women than in males; however, comorbidities associated with OC may increase the COVID-19 risk in women. The women at the age of 50-60 years are at greater risk of developing OC as well as SARS-CoV-2 infection. Increased levels of gonadotropin and androgen, dysregulated renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), hyper-coagulation and chronic inflammation are common conditions observed among OC and severe cases of COVID-19. The upregulation of common inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, interferon-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), among others in the sera of COVID-19 and OC subjects suggests potentially similar mechanism(s) involved in the hyper-inflammatory condition observed in both disease states. Thus, it is conceivable that the pathogenesis of OC may significantly contribute to the potential infection by SARS-CoV-2. Our understanding of the influence and mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection on OC is at an early stage and in this article, we review the underlying pathogenesis presented by various comorbidities of OC and correlate their influence on SARS-CoV-2 infection.}, }
@article {pmid33632278, year = {2021}, author = {Nooraei, S and Bahrulolum, H and Hoseini, ZS and Katalani, C and Hajizade, A and Easton, AJ and Ahmadian, G}, title = {Virus-like particles: preparation, immunogenicity and their roles as nanovaccines and drug nanocarriers.}, journal = {Journal of nanobiotechnology}, volume = {19}, number = {1}, pages = {59}, pmid = {33632278}, issn = {1477-3155}, abstract = {Virus-like particles (VLPs) are virus-derived structures made up of one or more different molecules with the ability to self-assemble, mimicking the form and size of a virus particle but lacking the genetic material so they are not capable of infecting the host cell. Expression and self-assembly of the viral structural proteins can take place in various living or cell-free expression systems after which the viral structures can be assembled and reconstructed. VLPs are gaining in popularity in the field of preventive medicine and to date, a wide range of VLP-based candidate vaccines have been developed for immunization against various infectious agents, the latest of which is the vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the efficacy of which is being evaluated. VLPs are highly immunogenic and are able to elicit both the antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses by pathways different from those elicited by conventional inactivated viral vaccines. However, there are still many challenges to this surface display system that need to be addressed in the future. VLPs that are classified as subunit vaccines are subdivided into enveloped and non- enveloped subtypes both of which are discussed in this review article. VLPs have also recently received attention for their successful applications in targeted drug delivery and for use in gene therapy. The development of more effective and targeted forms of VLP by modification of the surface of the particles in such a way that they can be introduced into specific cells or tissues or increase their half-life in the host is likely to expand their use in the future. Recent advances in the production and fabrication of VLPs including the exploration of different types of expression systems for their development, as well as their applications as vaccines in the prevention of infectious diseases and cancers resulting from their interaction with, and mechanism of activation of, the humoral and cellular immune systems are discussed in this review.}, }
@article {pmid33632261, year = {2021}, author = {Miao, L and Zhang, Y and Huang, L}, title = {mRNA vaccine for cancer immunotherapy.}, journal = {Molecular cancer}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {41}, pmid = {33632261}, issn = {1476-4598}, support = {CA198999/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {mRNA vaccines have become a promising platform for cancer immunotherapy. During vaccination, naked or vehicle loaded mRNA vaccines efficiently express tumor antigens in antigen-presenting cells (APCs), facilitate APC activation and innate/adaptive immune stimulation. mRNA cancer vaccine precedes other conventional vaccine platforms due to high potency, safe administration, rapid development potentials, and cost-effective manufacturing. However, mRNA vaccine applications have been limited by instability, innate immunogenicity, and inefficient in vivo delivery. Appropriate mRNA structure modifications (i.e., codon optimizations, nucleotide modifications, self-amplifying mRNAs, etc.) and formulation methods (i.e., lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), polymers, peptides, etc.) have been investigated to overcome these issues. Tuning the administration routes and co-delivery of multiple mRNA vaccines with other immunotherapeutic agents (e.g., checkpoint inhibitors) have further boosted the host anti-tumor immunity and increased the likelihood of tumor cell eradication. With the recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals of LNP-loaded mRNA vaccines for the prevention of COVID-19 and the promising therapeutic outcomes of mRNA cancer vaccines achieved in several clinical trials against multiple aggressive solid tumors, we envision the rapid advancing of mRNA vaccines for cancer immunotherapy in the near future. This review provides a detailed overview of the recent progress and existing challenges of mRNA cancer vaccines and future considerations of applying mRNA vaccine for cancer immunotherapies.}, }
@article {pmid33615750, year = {2021}, author = {Bai, Y and Tao, X}, title = {Comparison of COVID-19 and influenza characteristics.}, journal = {Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, pages = {87-98}, pmid = {33615750}, issn = {1862-1783}, mesh = {*COVID-19/diagnosis/prevention &amp; control/therapy ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; *Influenza, Human/diagnosis/prevention &amp; control/therapy ; Male ; *Pandemics/prevention &amp; control ; Prognosis ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) not only poses a serious threat to the health of people worldwide but also affects the global economy. The outbreak of COVID-19 began in December 2019, at the same time as the influenza season. However, as the treatments and prognoses of COVID-19 and influenza are different, it is important to accurately differentiate these two different respiratory tract infections on the basis of their respective early-stage characteristics. We reviewed official documents and news released by the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), the United States CDC, and the World Health Organization (WHO), and we also searched the PubMed, Web of Science, Excerpta Medica database (Embase), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, preprinted bioRxiv and medRxiv databases for documents and guidelines from earliest available date up until October 3rd, 2020. We obtained the latest information about COVID-19 and influenza and summarized and compared their biological characteristics, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathological mechanisms, treatments, and prognostic factors. We show that although COVID-19 and influenza are different in many ways, there are numerous similarities; thus, in addition to using nucleic acid-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and antibody-based approaches, clinicians and epidemiologists should distinguish between the two using their respective characteristics in early stages. We should utilize experiences from other epidemics to provide additional guidance for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33612766, year = {2020}, author = {Mohamed, NA and Ahmad Zainol Hady, A and Abdul Aziz, AH and Isahak, I}, title = {Could antiseptic gargling prevent COVID-19?.}, journal = {Tropical biomedicine}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, pages = {1141-1145}, doi = {10.47665/tb.37.4.1141}, pmid = {33612766}, issn = {2521-9855}, mesh = {Anti-Infective Agents, Local/administration &amp; dosage/*therapeutic use ; COVID-19/*prevention &amp; control ; Chlorhexidine/administration &amp; dosage/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Povidone-Iodine/administration &amp; dosage/therapeutic use ; }, abstract = {Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has infected more than 8 million people globally since its discovery in December 2019. For COVID-19 prevention, the World Health Organization recommended regular handwashing with soap, cough etiquette, mask wearing and social distancing. However, COVID-19 is rather difficult to contain because of its high transmissibility property. Gargling is effective for reducing infection in the respiratory tract. Most antiseptic gargles have antimicrobial properties against common respiratory pathogens. No published study on the effectiveness of antiseptic gargling among COVID-19 patients has been available to date. This article reviewed available literature on methods and solutions available for gargling and their effect on respiratory tract infections.}, }
@article {pmid33597956, year = {2021}, author = {Shabrish, S and Mittra, I}, title = {Cytokine Storm as a Cellular Response to dsDNA Breaks: A New Proposal.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {622738}, pmid = {33597956}, issn = {1664-3224}, mesh = {Apoptosis ; COVID-19/*immunology ; Cell Death ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/*immunology ; DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded ; Endotoxins/metabolism ; Free Radicals/metabolism ; Humans ; Inflammation/*immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Pathogenesis of cytokine storm is poorly understood. In this article we propose a new mechanism and suggest innovative therapeutic avenues for its prevention. We have reported that particles of cell-free chromatin (cfCh) that are released from the billions of cells that die in the body everyday can illegitimately integrate into genomes of healthy cells to trigger dsDNA breaks. The latter leads to apoptosis and/or intense activation of inflammatory cytokines in the affected cells. We hypothesise that a similar phenomenon of dsDNA breaks and inflammation is involved in cytokine storm. The abundant cfCh particles that are released from dying host cells following viral/microbial invasion initiate a cascading effect of more cell death resulting in a vicious cycle of further DNA damage, apoptosis and hyper-inflammation which culminate in cytokine storm. We propose that this unrelenting vicious cycle of cellular DNA damage and cytokine storm may be the underlying cause of high mortality from severe COVID-19. We discuss results of our preclinical studies wherein we have shown that endotoxin induced cytokine storm in mice can be reversed by three different agents that have the ability to inactivate cfCh. These agents may be worthy of investigation in clinical trials to reduce mortality from COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33587448, year = {2021}, author = {Mellor, MM and Bast, AC and Jones, NR and Roberts, NW and Ordóñez-Mena, JM and Reith, AJM and Butler, CC and Matthews, PC and Dorward, J}, title = {Risk of adverse coronavirus disease 2019 outcomes for people living with HIV.}, journal = {AIDS (London, England)}, volume = {35}, number = {4}, pages = {F1-F10}, pmid = {33587448}, issn = {1473-5571}, mesh = {CD4 Lymphocyte Count ; COVID-19/*complications ; *HIV Infections/complications/drug therapy ; Humans ; Tenofovir/*therapeutic use ; Viral Load ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess whether people living with HIV (PLWH) are at increased risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mortality or adverse outcomes, and whether antiretroviral therapy (ART) influences this risk.<br><br>DESIGN: Rapid review with meta-analysis and narrative synthesis.<br><br>METHODS: We searched databases including Embase, Medline, medRxiv and Google Scholar up to 26 August 2020 for studies describing COVID-19 outcomes in PLWH and conducted a meta-analysis of higher quality studies.<br><br>RESULTS: We identified 1908 studies and included 19 in the review. In a meta-analysis of five studies, PLWH had a higher risk of COVID-19 mortality [hazard ratio 1.95, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.62-2.34] compared with people without HIV. Risk of death remained elevated for PLWH in a subgroup analysis of hospitalized cohorts (hazard ratio 1.60, 95% CI: 1.12-2.27) and studies of PLWH across all settings (hazard ratio 2.08, 95% CI: 1.69-2.56). Eight other studies assessed the association between HIV and COVID-19 outcomes, but provided inconclusive, lower quality evidence due to potential confounding and selection bias. There were insufficient data on the effect of CD4+ T-cell count and HIV viral load on COVID-19 outcomes. Eleven studies reported COVID-19 outcomes by ART-regimen. In the two largest studies, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-based regimens were associated with a lower risk of adverse COVID-19 outcomes, although these analyses are susceptible to confounding by co-morbidities.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Emerging evidence suggests a moderately increased risk of COVID-19 mortality among PLWH. Further investigation into the relationship between COVID-19 outcomes and CD4+ T-cell count, HIV viral load, ART and the use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is warranted.}, }
@article {pmid33538586, year = {2021}, author = {Yong, SJ}, title = {Persistent Brainstem Dysfunction in Long-COVID: A Hypothesis.}, journal = {ACS chemical neuroscience}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, pages = {573-580}, doi = {10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00793}, pmid = {33538586}, issn = {1948-7193}, mesh = {Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism ; Brain Diseases/metabolism/*physiopathology/virology ; Brain Stem/blood supply/metabolism/*physiopathology/virology ; COVID-19/*complications/metabolism/physiopathology ; Humans ; Inflammation/metabolism/*physiopathology/virology ; Neuropilin-1/metabolism ; RNA, Viral/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; Receptors, Coronavirus/metabolism ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics/pathogenicity ; Thrombosis/metabolism/*physiopathology/virology ; Viral Tropism ; }, abstract = {Long-COVID is a postviral illness that can affect survivors of COVID-19, regardless of initial disease severity or age. Symptoms of long-COVID include fatigue, dyspnea, gastrointestinal and cardiac problems, cognitive impairments, myalgia, and others. While the possible causes of long-COVID include long-term tissue damage, viral persistence, and chronic inflammation, the review proposes, perhaps for the first time, that persistent brainstem dysfunction may also be involved. This hypothesis can be split into two parts. The first is the brainstem tropism and damage in COVID-19. As the brainstem has a relatively high expression of ACE2 receptor compared with other brain regions, SARS-CoV-2 may exhibit tropism therein. Evidence also exists that neuropilin-1, a co-receptor of SARS-CoV-2, may be expressed in the brainstem. Indeed, autopsy studies have found SARS-CoV-2 RNA and proteins in the brainstem. The brainstem is also highly prone to damage from pathological immune or vascular activation, which has also been observed in autopsy of COVID-19 cases. The second part concerns functions of the brainstem that overlap with symptoms of long-COVID. The brainstem contains numerous distinct nuclei and subparts that regulate the respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and neurological processes, which can be linked to long-COVID. As neurons do not readily regenerate, brainstem dysfunction may be long-lasting and, thus, is long-COVID. Indeed, brainstem dysfunction has been implicated in other similar disorders, such as chronic pain and migraine and myalgic encephalomyelitis or chronic fatigue syndrome.}, }
@article {pmid33355522, year = {2021}, author = {McDonald, LT}, title = {Healing after COVID-19: are survivors at risk for pulmonary fibrosis?.}, journal = {American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology}, volume = {320}, number = {2}, pages = {L257-L265}, doi = {10.1152/ajplung.00238.2020}, pmid = {33355522}, issn = {1522-1504}, support = {IK2 BX004072/BX/BLRD VA/United States ; BX004072//U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA)/ ; }, mesh = {Age Factors ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; COVID-19/*complications/epidemiology/virology ; Cytokines/physiology ; Host Microbial Interactions/physiology ; Humans ; Inflammation/etiology/virology ; *Pandemics ; Pulmonary Fibrosis/*etiology/virology ; Respiration, Artificial/adverse effects ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome/complications/etiology ; Risk Factors ; *SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity/physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Survivors ; }, abstract = {The novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, which is responsible for COVID-19 disease, was first reported in Wuhan, China, in December of 2019. The virus rapidly spread, and the World Health Organization declared a pandemic by March 2020. With millions of confirmed cases worldwide, there is growing concern and considerable debate regarding the potential for coronavirus infection to contribute to an appreciable burden of chronic respiratory symptoms or fibrotic disease among recovered individuals. Because the first case of COVID-19 was documented less than one year ago, data regarding long-term clinical outcomes are not yet available, and predictions for long-term outcome are speculative at best. However, due to the staggering number of cases and the severity of disease in many individuals, there is a critical need to consider the potential long-term implications of COVID-19. This review examines current basic and clinical data regarding fibrogenic mechanisms of viral injury in the context of SARS-CoV-2. Several intersecting mechanisms between coronavirus infection and fibrotic pathways are discussed to highlight factors and processes that may be targetable to improve patient outcome. Reports of post-infection sequelae from previous coronavirus outbreaks are presented toward the goal of improved recognition of potential contributing risk factors for fibrotic disease.}, }
@article {pmid33348223, year = {2021}, author = {Connealy, MB and Lew, SQ and Alsamman, M and Lange, JJ and Pourmand, A}, title = {The emergency department care for hemodialysis patient during the COVID-19 pandemic.}, journal = {The American journal of emergency medicine}, volume = {40}, number = {}, pages = {47-54}, doi = {10.1016/j.ajem.2020.12.006}, pmid = {33348223}, issn = {1532-8171}, mesh = {Algorithms ; *COVID-19 ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Humans ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/*therapy ; *Renal Dialysis ; }, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic poses significant challenges to patients with end-stage kidney disease who receive treatment in outpatient dialysis centers. These patients represent a fragile population that is at higher risk for both infection and transmission. At the start of the pandemic, many suspected COVID-19 dialysis patients were diverted to the emergency department (ED) for testing/treatment, placing a tremendous burden on the ED and inpatient dialysis units. Several recommendations and guidelines have been established to optimize patient care while also decreasing the burden on the ED and inpatient dialysis units and maximizing the ability to perform outpatient hemodialysis. As the pandemic continues, dialysis facilities will have an increasing burden to provide safe and accessible dialysis, while also being able to direct patients to the ED for either emergent dialysis or COVID-19 treatment/testing. We reviewed opinions, recommendations and guidelines developed by professional organizations and dialysis facilities for the management of &quot;patients under investigation&quot; (PUIs) and COVID-19 positive patients that depend on whether the suspicion occurs while the patient is at home vs. at the dialysis center.}, }
@article {pmid33631756, year = {2021}, author = {Langerbeins, P and Eichhorst, B}, title = {Immune Dysfunction in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Challenges during COVID-19 Pandemic.}, journal = {Acta haematologica}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-11}, doi = {10.1159/000514071}, pmid = {33631756}, issn = {1421-9662}, abstract = {The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has been first described in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has led to a worldwide pandemic ever since. Initial clinical data imply that cancer patients are particularly at risk for a severe course of SARS-CoV-2. In patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), infections are a main contributor to morbidity and mortality driven by an impaired immune system. Treatment initiation is likely to induce immune modulation that further increases the risk for severe infections. This article aims to give an overview on pathogenesis and risk of infectious complications in patients with CLL. In this context, we discuss current data of SARS-CoV-2 infections in patients with CLL and how the pandemic impacts their management.}, }
@article {pmid33631706, year = {2021}, author = {Mozzini, C and Cicco, S and Setti, A and Racanelli, V and Vacca, A and Calciano, L and Pesce, G and Girelli, D}, title = {Spotlight on Cardiovascular Scoring Systems in Covid-19: Severity Correlations in Real-world Setting.}, journal = {Current problems in cardiology}, volume = {46}, number = {5}, pages = {100819}, doi = {10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100819}, pmid = {33631706}, issn = {1535-6280}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: the current understanding of the interplay between cardiovascular (CV) risk and Covid-19 is grossly inadequate. CV risk-prediction models are used to identify and treat high risk populations and to communicate risk effectively. These tools are unexplored in Covid-19. The main objective is to evaluate the association between CV scoring systems and chest X ray (CXR) examination (in terms of severity of lung involvement) in 50 Italian Covid-19 patients. Results only the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) was applicable to all patients. The Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Score (ASCVD) was applicable to half. 62% of patients were classified as high risk according to FRS and 41% according to ASCVD. Patients who died had all a higher FRS compared to survivors. They were all hypertensive. FRS≥30 patients had a 9.7 higher probability of dying compared to patients with a lower FRS. We found a strong correlation between CXR severity and FRS and ASCVD (P < 0.001). High CV risk patients had consolidations more frequently. CXR severity was significantly associated with hypertension and diabetes. 71% of hypertensive patients' CXR and 88% of diabetic patients' CXR had consolidations. Patients with diabetes or hypertension had 8 times greater risk of having consolidations.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: High CV risk correlates with more severe CXR pattern and death. Diabetes and hypertension are associated with more severe CXR. FRS offers more predictive utility and fits best to our cohort. These findings may have implications for clinical practice and for the identification of high-risk groups to be targeted for the vaccine precedence.}, }
@article {pmid33631694, year = {2021}, author = {Sabe, M and Dorsaz, O and Huguelet, P and Kaiser, S}, title = {Toxicity of psychotropic drugs in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review.}, journal = {General hospital psychiatry}, volume = {70}, number = {}, pages = {1-9}, doi = {10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.02.006}, pmid = {33631694}, issn = {1873-7714}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Due to the global spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), guidance for the use of psychotropic drugs in this context is necessary. We aimed to review clinical evidence regarding the potential toxicity of psychiatric medications in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection.<br><br>METHODS: A systematic search for all types of empirical studies and reviews in a broad set of electronic databases and trial registries was conducted up to the 15th of August 2020.<br><br>RESULTS: We identified 3 case series and 4 single-case reports on the occurrence of toxicity induced by various psychotropic drugs (lithium, n = 2; clozapine, n = 5; risperidone n = 2; haloperidol n = 1; duloxetine, n = 1). In addition, we provide a new case report on the possible precipitation of valproic acid-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy. In most cases, SARS-CoV-2 infection may have precipitated drug toxicity/side effects. The management of toxicity did not diverge from the usually applied principles in the absence of infection.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Due to the limited available evidence and the recent genomic diversity and evolution of the SARS-CoV-2, it is currently not possible to derive evidence-based recommendations for the use of psychotropic drugs in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nevertheless, we provide some guidance based on the reviewed literature. At the current state of knowledge, there is no contraindication for any psychotropic drug. Caution is warranted regarding the dosing and, in particular, the monitoring of clozapine, lithium and valproate.}, }
@article {pmid33631340, year = {2021}, author = {Willi, S and Lüthold, R and Hunt, A and Hänggi, NV and Sejdiu, D and Scaff, C and Bender, N and Staub, K and Schlagenhauf, P}, title = {COVID-19 Sequelae in adults aged less than 50 years: A Systematic Review.}, journal = {Travel medicine and infectious disease}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {101995}, doi = {10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.101995}, pmid = {33631340}, issn = {1873-0442}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: There is emerging evidence of long-term sequelae in a considerable proportion of COVID-19 patients after recovery and the spectrum and severity of such sequelae should be systematically reviewed. This review aims to evaluate the available evidence of all intermediate and long-term COVID-19 sequelae affecting formerly healthy adults.<br><br>METHODS: A systematic literature search of Embase, WHO, Scopus, Pubmed, Litcovid, bioRxiv and medRxiv was conducted with a cutoff date of the 17th September 2020 according to PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020208725). Search terms included &quot;COVID-19&quot;, &quot;coronavirus disease 2019&quot;, &quot;SARS-CoV-2&quot;, &quot;sequelae&quot; and &quot;consequence*&quot;. Publications on adult participants, with a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were included. Elderly (>50 years old) and children (<18 years old) were excluded. Bias assessment was performed using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 31 papers were included. Study types included prospective and retrospective cohort studies, cross-sectional studies and case reports. Sequelae persistence since infection spanned 14 days to three months. Sequelae included persistent fatigue (39-73% of assessed persons), breathlessness (39-74%), decrease in quality of life (44-69%), impaired pulmonary function, abnormal CT findings including pulmonary fibrosis (39-83%), evidence of peri-/perimyo-/myocarditis (3-26%), changes in microstructural and functional brain integrity with persistent neurological symptoms (55%), increased incidence of psychiatric diagnoses (5.8% versus 2.5-3.4% in controls), incomplete recovery of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction (33-36% of evaluated persons).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: A variety of organ systems are affected by COVID-19 in the intermediate and longer-term after recovery. Main sequelae include post-infectious fatigue, persistent reduced lung function and carditis. Careful follow-up post COVID 19 is indicated to assess and mitigate possible organ damage and preserve life quality.}, }
@article {pmid33631219, year = {2021}, author = {Altable, M and de la Serna, JM}, title = {Protection against COVID-19 in African population: Immunology, genetics, and malaria clues for therapeutic targets.}, journal = {Virus research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {198347}, doi = {10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198347}, pmid = {33631219}, issn = {1872-7492}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: There is a marked discrepancy between SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and COVID-19 cases and deaths in Africa. MAIN: SARS-CoV-2 stimulates humoral and cellular immunity systems, as well as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear NF-kB signalling pathways, which regulate inflammatory gene expression and immune cell differentiation. The result is pro-inflammatory cytokines release, hyperinflammatory condition, and cytokine storm, which provoke severe lung alterations that can lead to multi-organ failure in COVID-19. Multiple genetic and immunologic factors may contribute to the severity of COVID-19 in African individuals when compared to the rest of the global population. In this article, the role of malaria, NF-kB and MAPK pathways, caspase-12 expression, high level of LAIR-1-containing antibodies, and differential glycophorins (GYPA/B) expression in COVID-19 are discussed.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Understanding pathophysiological mechanisms can help identify target points for drugs and vaccines development against COVID-19. To our knowledge, this is the first study that explores this link and proposes a biological and molecular answer to the epidemiologic discrepancy in COVID-19 in Africa.}, }
@article {pmid33631131, year = {2021}, author = {Rollins, N and Minckas, N and Jehan, F and Lodha, R and Raiten, D and Thorne, C and Van de Perre, P and Ververs, M and Walker, N and Bahl, R and Victora, CG and , }, title = {A public health approach for deciding policy on infant feeding and mother-infant contact in the context of COVID-19.}, journal = {The Lancet. Global health}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30538-6}, pmid = {33631131}, issn = {2214-109X}, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has raised concern about the possibility and effects of mother-infant transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through breastfeeding and close contact. The insufficient available evidence has resulted in differing recommendations by health professional associations and national health authorities. We present an approach for deciding public health policy on infant feeding and mother-infant contact in the context of COVID-19, or for future emerging viruses, that balances the risks that are associated with viral infection against child survival, lifelong health, and development, and also maternal health. Using the Lives Saved Tool, we used available data to show how different public health approaches might affect infant mortality. Based on existing evidence, including population and survival estimates, the number of infant deaths in low-income and middle-income countries due to COVID-19 (2020-21) might range between 1800 and 2800. By contrast, if mothers with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection are recommended to separate from their newborn babies and avoid or stop breastfeeding, additional deaths among infants would range between 188 000 and 273 000.}, }
@article {pmid33631123, year = {2021}, author = {Ramani, A and Pranty, AI and Gopalakrishnan, J}, title = {Neurotropic effects of SARS-CoV-2 modeled by the human brain organoids.}, journal = {Stem cell reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.02.007}, pmid = {33631123}, issn = {2213-6711}, abstract = {COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a socioeconomic burden, which exhibits respiratory illness along with unexpected neurological complications. Concerns have been raised about whether the observed neurological symptoms are due to direct effects on CNS or associated with the virus's systemic effect. Recent SARS-CoV-2 infection studies using human brain organoids revealed that SARS-CoV-2 targets human neurons. Human brain organoids are stem cell-derived reductionist experimental systems that have highlighted the neurotropic effects of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we summarize the neurotoxic effects of SARS-CoV-2 using brain organoids and comprehensively discuss how brain organoids could further improve our understanding when they are fine-tuned.}, }
@article {pmid33631099, year = {2021}, author = {Spinelli, MA and Glidden, DV and Gennatas, ED and Bielecki, M and Beyrer, C and Rutherford, G and Chambers, H and Goosby, E and Gandhi, M}, title = {Importance of non-pharmaceutical interventions in lowering the viral inoculum to reduce susceptibility to infection by SARS-CoV-2 and potentially disease severity.}, journal = {The Lancet. Infectious diseases}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30982-8}, pmid = {33631099}, issn = {1474-4457}, abstract = {Adherence to non-pharmaceutical interventions to prevent the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been highly variable across settings, particularly in the USA. In this Personal View, we review data supporting the importance of the viral inoculum (the dose of viral particles from an infected source over time) in increasing the probability of infection in respiratory, gastrointestinal, and sexually transmitted viral infections in humans. We also review the available evidence linking the relationship of the viral inoculum to disease severity. Non-pharmaceutical interventions might reduce the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection by reducing the viral inoculum when there is exposure to an infectious source. Data from physical sciences research suggest that masks protect the wearer by filtering virus from external sources, and others by reducing expulsion of virus by the wearer. Social distancing, handwashing, and improved ventilation also reduce the exposure amount of viral particles from an infectious source. Maintaining and increasing non-pharmaceutical interventions can help to quell SARS-CoV-2 as we enter the second year of the pandemic. Finally, we argue that even as safe and effective vaccines are being rolled out, non-pharmaceutical interventions will continue to play an essential role in suppressing SARS-CoV-2 transmission until equitable and widespread vaccine administration has been completed.}, }
@article {pmid33631060, year = {2021}, author = {Toba, N and Gupta, S and Ali, AY and ElSaban, M and Khamis, AH and Ho, SB and Popatia, R}, title = {COVID-19 under 19: A meta-analysis.}, journal = {Pediatric pulmonology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/ppul.25312}, pmid = {33631060}, issn = {1099-0496}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to cause global havoc posing uncertainty to educational institutions worldwide. Understanding the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in children is important because of the potential impact on clinical management and public health decisions.<br><br>METHODS: A meta-analysis was conducted for pediatric COVID-19 studies using PubMed and Scopus. It reviewed demographics, co-morbidities, clinical manifestations, laboratory investigations, radiological investigations, treatment, and outcomes. The 95% confidence interval (CI) was utilized.<br><br>RESULTS: Out of 3927 articles, 31 articles comprising of 1816 patients were selected from December 2019 to early October 2020 and were defined by 77 variables. Of these studies 58% originated from China and the remainder from North America, Europe and the Middle East. This meta-analysis revealed that 19.2% (CI 13.6%-26.4%) of patients were asymptomatic. Fever (57%, CI 49.7%-64%) and cough (44.1%, CI 38.3%-50.2%) were the most common symptoms. The most frequently encountered white blood count abnormalities were lymphopenia 13.5% (CI 8.2%-21.4%) and leukopenia 12.6% (CI 8.5%-18.3%). Ground glass opacities were the most common radiological finding of children with COVID-19 (35.5%, CI 28.9%-42.7%). Hospitalization rate was 96.3% (CI 92.4%-98.2%) of which 10.8% (CI 4.2%-25.3%) were ICU admissions, and 2.4% (CI 1.7%-3.4%) died.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The majority of pediatric patients with COVID-19 were asymptomatic or had mild manifestations. Among hospitalized patients there remains a significant number that require intensive care unit care. Overall across the literature, a considerable level of understanding of COVID-19 in children was reached, yet emerging data related to multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children should be explored.}, }
@article {pmid33630378, year = {2021}, author = {Abdelhafiz, AH and Emmerton, D and Sinclair, AJ}, title = {Diabetes in COVID-19 pandemic-prevalence, patient characteristics and adverse outcomes.}, journal = {International journal of clinical practice}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e14112}, doi = {10.1111/ijcp.14112}, pmid = {33630378}, issn = {1742-1241}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Current literature on COVID-19 pandemic has identified diabetes as a common comorbidity in patients affected. However, the evidence that diabetes increases the risk of infection, effect of diabetes on outcomes and characteristics of patients at risk is not clear.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: To explore the prevalence of diabetes in COVID-19 pandemic, effect of diabetes on clinical outcomes and to characterise the patients with diabetes affected by COVID-19.<br><br>METHODS: A literature review of articles published in English language and reported outcomes on prevalence and effect of diabetes on outcomes and patients' characteristics.<br><br>RESULTS: The prevalence of diabetes in COVID-19 patients appears similar to that in the general population. The evidence of diabetes increasing the risk of severe infection and adverse outcomes is substantial. The progression of the disease into acute respiratory distress syndrome, the requirement for intensive care admission or mechanical ventilation and mortality all have been increased by the presence of diabetes. Patients with diabetes at risk of COVID-19 appear to be obese, of older age, have uncontrolled glycaemia and have coexisting comorbidities especially cardiovascular disease and hypertension. Tight glycaemic control on admission to hospital using insulin infusion has shown some beneficial effects however, the role of hypoglycaemic medications in the management of these patients is not yet clear.<br><br>CONCLUSION: High risk group should be identified and prioritised in future vaccination programmes. Future research is required to optimise management of patients with diabetes and develop new ways to manage them via technological developments such as telecare.}, }
@article {pmid33630259, year = {2021}, author = {Borges, JT and Nakada, LYK and Maniero, MG and Guimarães, JR}, title = {SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review of indoor air sampling for virus detection.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33630259}, issn = {1614-7499}, abstract = {In a post-pandemic scenario, indoor air monitoring may be required seeking to safeguard public health, and therefore well-defined methods, protocols, and equipment play an important role. Considering the COVID-19 pandemic, this manuscript presents a literature review on indoor air sampling methods to detect viruses, especially SARS-CoV-2. The review was conducted using the following online databases: Web of Science, Science Direct, and PubMed, and the Boolean operators &quot;AND&quot; and &quot;OR&quot; to combine the following keywords: air sampler, coronavirus, COVID-19, indoor, and SARS-CoV-2. This review included 25 published papers reporting sampling and detection methods for SARS-CoV-2 in indoor environments. Most of the papers focused on sampling and analysis of viruses in aerosols present in contaminated areas and potential transmission to adjacent areas. Negative results were found in 10 studies, while 15 papers showed positive results in at least one sample. Overall, papers report several sampling devices and methods for SARS-CoV-2 detection, using different approaches for distance, height from the floor, flow rates, and sampled air volumes. Regarding the efficacy of each mechanism as measured by the percentage of investigations with positive samples, the literature review indicates that solid impactors are more effective than liquid impactors, or filters, and the combination of various methods may be recommended. As a final remark, determining the sampling method is not a trivial task, as the samplers and the environment influence the presence and viability of viruses in the samples, and thus a case-by-case assessment is required for the selection of sampling systems.}, }
@article {pmid33630183, year = {2021}, author = {Gewirtz, AN and Gao, V and Parauda, SC and Robbins, MS}, title = {Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome.}, journal = {Current pain and headache reports}, volume = {25}, number = {3}, pages = {19}, pmid = {33630183}, issn = {1534-3081}, abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review provides an updated discussion on the clinical presentation, diagnosis and radiographic features, mechanisms, associations and epidemiology, treatment, and prognosis of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). Headache is common in PRES, though headache associated with PRES was not identified as a separate entity in the 2018 International Classification of Headache Disorders. Here, we review the relevant literature and suggest criteria for consideration of its inclusion.<br><br>RECENT FINDINGS: COVID-19 has been identified as a potential risk factor for PRES, with a prevalence of 1-4% in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection undergoing neuroimaging, thus making a discussion of its identification and treatment particularly timely given the ongoing global pandemic at the time of this writing. PRES is a neuro-clinical syndrome with specific imaging findings. The clinical manifestations of PRES include headache, seizures, encephalopathy, visual disturbances, and focal neurologic deficits. Associations with PRES include renal failure, preeclampsia and eclampsia, autoimmune conditions, and immunosuppression. PRES is theorized to be a syndrome of disordered autoregulation and endothelial dysfunction resulting in preferential hyperperfusion of the posterior circulation. Treatment typically focuses on treating the underlying cause and removal of the offending agents.}, }
@article {pmid33630167, year = {2021}, author = {Larenas-Linnemann, D and Luna-Pech, J and Navarrete-Rodríguez, EM and Rodríguez-Pérez, N and Arias-Cruz, A and Blandón-Vijil, MV and Del Rio-Navarro, BE and Estrada-Cardona, A and Onuma-Takane, E and Pozo-Beltrán, CF and Valencia-Herrera, AM and Ortiz-Aldana, FI and Toledo-Bahena, ME}, title = {Cutaneous Manifestations Related to COVID-19 Immune Dysregulation in the Pediatric Age Group.}, journal = {Current allergy and asthma reports}, volume = {21}, number = {2}, pages = {13}, pmid = {33630167}, issn = {1534-6315}, abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: At the juncture of the COVID-19 pandemic, the world is currently in an early phase of collecting clinical data and reports of its skin manifestations, and its pathophysiology is still highly conjectural. We reviewed cutaneous manifestations associated with COVID-19 in the pediatric age group.<br><br>RECENT FINDINGS: Children infected by SARS-CoV-2 usually develop milder respiratory symptoms, but cutaneous manifestations seem a little more prevalent than in adults. These skin features of infection by the coronavirus can be similar to those produced by other common viruses, but there are also reports of cases with more heterogeneous clinical pictures, which have made their classification difficult. To date, the more frequently reported skin variants featured in pediatric cases are purpuric (pseudo-chilblain, necrotic-acral ischemia, hemorrhagic macules, and/or cutaneous necrosis), morbilliform/maculopapular, erythema multiforme, urticarial, vesicular, Kawasaki-like, and miscellaneous (highly variable in both frequency and severity). Their pathophysiological mechanism is still elusive and is likely to be the result of the complex involvement of one or more mechanisms, like direct virus-induced skin damage, vasculitis-like reactions, and/or indirect injury as a consequence of a systemic inflammatory reaction. In this review, we presented and discussed clinical cases as examples of different cutaneous responses reported in some children with SARS-CoV-2 infection, differential diagnosis considerations, and a preliminary conceptual approach to some of their probable associated pathologic mechanisms.}, }
@article {pmid33629351, year = {2021}, author = {Banimohamad-Shotorbani, B and Farajpour, H and Sefat, F and Khosroshahi, SA and Shafaei, H and Heidari Keshel, S}, title = {Efficacy of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Cellular Products in Improvement of Symptoms for Covid-19 and Similar Lung Diseases.}, journal = {Biotechnology and bioengineering}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/bit.27729}, pmid = {33629351}, issn = {1097-0290}, abstract = {At the end of 2019, respiratory coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) appeared and spread rapidly in the world. Besides several mutations, the outcome of this pandemic was the death up to 15% of hospitalized patients. Mesenchymal stromal cell therapy as a therapeutic strategy seemed successful in treatment of several diseases. Not only mesenchymal stromal cells of several tissues, but also their secreted extracellular vesicles and even secretome indicated beneficial therapeutic function. All of these three options were studied for treatment of COVID-19 as well as those respiratory diseases that have similar symptom. Fortunately, most of the outcomes were promising and optimistic. In this paper, we review in-vivo and clinical studies which have been used different sources of mesenchymal stromal cell, secreted extracellular vesicles, and secretome to improve and treat symptoms of COVID-19 and similar lung diseases. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid33629236, year = {2021}, author = {Yoshimoto, FK}, title = {A Biochemical Perspective of the Nonstructural Proteins (NSPs) and the Spike Protein of SARS CoV-2.}, journal = {The protein journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33629236}, issn = {1875-8355}, abstract = {The global pandemic that shut down the world in 2020 was caused by the virus, SARS CoV-2. The chemistry of the various nonstructural proteins (NSP3, NSP5, NSP12, NSP13, NSP14, NSP15, NSP16) of SARS CoV-2 is discussed. Secondly, a recent major focus of this pandemic is the variant strains of SARS CoV-2 that are increasingly occurring and more transmissible. One strain, called &quot;D614G&quot;, possesses a glycine (G) instead of an aspartate (D) at position 614 of the spike protein. Additionally, other emerging strains called &quot;501Y.V1&quot; and &quot;501Y.V2&quot; have several differences in the receptor binding domain of the spike protein (N501Y) as well as other locations. These structural changes may enhance the interaction between the spike protein and the ACE2 receptor of the host, increasing infectivity. The global pandemic caused by SARS CoV-2 is a rapidly evolving situation, emphasizing the importance of continuing the efforts to interrogate and understand this virus.}, }
@article {pmid33629195, year = {2021}, author = {Pearce, L and Davidson, SM and Yellon, DM}, title = {Does remote ischaemic conditioning reduce inflammation? A focus on innate immunity and cytokine response.}, journal = {Basic research in cardiology}, volume = {116}, number = {1}, pages = {12}, pmid = {33629195}, issn = {1435-1803}, support = {BRC233/CM/SD/101320//NIHR-BRC/ ; -//The Hatter Foundation/ ; }, abstract = {The benefits of remote ischaemic conditioning (RIC) have been difficult to translate to humans, when considering traditional outcome measures, such as mortality and heart failure. This paper reviews the recent literature of the anti-inflammatory effects of RIC, with a particular focus on the innate immune response and cytokine inhibition. Given the current COVID-19 pandemic, the inflammatory hypothesis of cardiac protection is an attractive target on which to re-purpose such novel therapies. A PubMed/MEDLINE™ search was performed on July 13th 2020, for the key terms RIC, cytokines, the innate immune system and inflammation. Data suggest that RIC attenuates inflammation in animals by immune conditioning, cytokine inhibition, cell survival and the release of anti-inflammatory exosomes. It is proposed that RIC inhibits cytokine release via a reduction in nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB)-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome production. In vivo, RIC attenuates pro-inflammatory cytokine release in myocardial/cerebral infarction and LPS models of endotoxaemia. In the latter group, cytokine inhibition is associated with a profound survival benefit. Further clinical trials should establish whether the benefits of RIC in inflammation can be observed in humans. Moreover, we must consider whether uncomplicated MI and elective surgery are the most suitable clinical conditions in which to test this hypothesis.}, }
@article {pmid33629040, year = {2021}, author = {Yetkin, E and Taylan, G and Yalta, K}, title = {COVID-19 pandemic: a glimpse into newly diagnosed hypertensive patients.}, journal = {Cardiovascular endocrinology &amp; metabolism}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {1-2}, doi = {10.1097/XCE.0000000000000234}, pmid = {33629040}, issn = {2574-0954}, }
@article {pmid33628859, year = {2021}, author = {Qu, J and Lv, X}, title = {The Response Measures to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak in China.}, journal = {Open forum infectious diseases}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {ofab014}, doi = {10.1093/ofid/ofab014}, pmid = {33628859}, issn = {2328-8957}, abstract = {For China, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak is a major public health emergency with the fastest spread, the most extensive infection, and the hardest to contain over the past 70 years. The different organizations and institutions in China have taken unprecedented public health responses to interrupt the virus transmission in the past several months. The outbreak in China was under control, but the number of confirmed cases abroad is still rising. Coronavirus disease 2019 has presented a global pandemic. We summarized the response measures adopted by different organizations at different levels (country, province, and hospital) in China, such as setting up an effective integrated system for disease prevention and control, effective deployment of medical staff, adjusting measures according to local conditions, establishing Fangcang hospitals, strengthening scientific research on COVID-19, epidemic prevention knowledge education, mass rapid testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and correct personal protection including high compliance of wearing masks, hoping to provide some help for disease control in some regions.}, }
@article {pmid33628764, year = {2020}, author = {Elmahallawy, EK and Mohamed, Y and Abdo, W and El-Gohary, FA and Ahmed Awad Ali, S and Yanai, T}, title = {New Insights Into Potential Benefits of Bioactive Compounds of Bee Products on COVID-19: A Review and Assessment of Recent Research.}, journal = {Frontiers in molecular biosciences}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {618318}, doi = {10.3389/fmolb.2020.618318}, pmid = {33628764}, issn = {2296-889X}, abstract = {The recent emergence of COVID-19 represents one of the biggest challenges facing the world today. Despite the recent attempts to understand the epidemiological pattern and pathogenesis of the disease, detailed data about the physiology and pathology of the disease is still out of reach. Moreover, the lack of a widespread vaccine prompts an urgent call for developing a proper intervention strategy against the virus. Importantly, identification of novel molecules that target replication of the virus represents one of the promising strategies for the control this pandemic crisis. Among others, honey bee products contain numerous bioactive compounds such as propolis and several phenolic compounds that possess a wide range of therapeutic properties for combating various pathological disorders and infectious agents. The intention of the present review is to highlight the stages of SARS-CoV-2 lifecycle, the molecular mechanisms explaining the health benefits of honey bee products on COVID-19 physiology and pathology and the possible limitations. Further future research is suggested to explore more about bee natural bioactive compounds as potential candidates against SARS-CoV-2.}, }
@article {pmid33628750, year = {2021}, author = {Uthaya Kumar, A and Kadiresen, K and Gan, WC and Ling, APK}, title = {Current updates and research on plant-based vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019.}, journal = {Clinical and experimental vaccine research}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {13-23}, doi = {10.7774/cevr.2021.10.1.13}, pmid = {33628750}, issn = {2287-3651}, abstract = {The primary outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, causing pneumonia-like symptoms in patients named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) had evolved into a global pandemic. COVID-19 has surpassed Middle East respiratory syndrome and severe acute respiratory syndrome in terms of rate and scale causing more than one million deaths. Development of an effective vaccine to fight against the spread of COVID-19 is the main goal of many countries around the world and plant-based vaccines are one of the available methods in vaccine developments. Plant-based vaccine has gained its reputation among researchers for its known effective manufacturing process and cost effectiveness. Many companies around the world are participating in the race to develop an effective vaccine by using the plant system. This review discusses different approaches used as well as highlights the challenges faced by various companies and research groups in developing the plant-based COVID-19 vaccine.}, }
@article {pmid33628749, year = {2021}, author = {Onyeaka, H and Al-Sharify, ZT and Ghadhban, MY and Al-Najjar, SZ}, title = {A review on the advancements in the development of vaccines to combat coronavirus disease 2019.}, journal = {Clinical and experimental vaccine research}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {6-12}, doi = {10.7774/cevr.2021.10.1.6}, pmid = {33628749}, issn = {2287-3651}, abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the deadly disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) is a global pandemic that has severely affected lives and economies around the globe. The spread of this virus will be very difficult to contain if no vaccine is ready for implementation. This is because of the high human-to-human transmission rate of this virus and the fact that the virus is in the community spread stage. As of 31st August 2020, 25.3 million individuals have been affected by this deadly virus resulting in about 850,673 deaths. To combat the spread of COVID-19, more than 100 applicant immunizations are being developed around the world. Among them, eight have begun or will be soon beginning preliminary clinical trials. This paper provides a review of the current developments of potential COVID-19 vaccines around the world. It specifically discusses the recombinant vaccine produced by the University of Oxford and AstraZeneca (Cambridge, UK), the use of novel self-amplifying RNA technique to create a vaccine and the progress made by UNAID (US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) and World Health Organization (WHO). Furthermore, this review demonstrates the pharmaceutical prophylaxis and treatment protocols for COVID-19 by analysing the documentation set up by the WHO for up to date data with respect to the novel coronavirus of 2019-2020.}, }
@article {pmid33628418, year = {2021}, author = {Barlow-Pay, F and Htut, TW and Khezrian, M and Myint, PK}, title = {Systematic review of immunosuppressant guidelines in the COVID-19 pandemic.}, journal = {Therapeutic advances in drug safety}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {2042098620985687}, doi = {10.1177/2042098620985687}, pmid = {33628418}, issn = {2042-0986}, abstract = {Aims: Individuals taking immunosuppressants are at increased susceptibility to viral infections in general. However, due to the novel nature of the COVID-19, there is a lack of evidence about the specific risks of the disease in this patient group. This systematic review aims to summarize the current international clinical guidelines to highlight areas where research is needed through critical appraisal of the evidence base of these guidelines.<br><br>Methods: We conducted a systematic review of clinical practice guidelines about the usage of immunosuppressants during the COVID-19 pandemic. Electronic databases including MEDLINE and the websites of relevant professional bodies were searched for English language guidelines that were published or updated between March 2020 and May 2020 in this area. We assessed the quality and consistency of guidelines. The evidence base underpinning these guidelines was critically appraised using GRADE criteria.<br><br>Results: Twenty-three guidelines were included. Most guidelines (n = 15, 65.2%) informed and updated evidence based on expert opinion. The methodological quality of the guidelines varied, ranging from 'very low' to 'moderate'. Guidelines consistently recommended that high-risk patients, including those who are taking high doses of steroids for more than a month, or a combination of two or more immunosuppressants, should be shielding during the outbreak. Most guidelines stated that steroids usage should not be stopped abruptly and advised on individualized risk-benefit analysis considering the risk of the effect of COVID-19 infection and the relapse of the autoimmune condition in patients.<br><br>Discussion: Clinical practice guidelines on taking immunosuppressants during the COVID-19 outbreak vary in quality. The level of evidence informing the available guidelines was generally low. Given the novel nature of COVID-19, the guidelines draw on existing knowledge and data, refer to the use of immunosuppressants and risks of serious infections of other aetiologies and have extrapolated these to form their evidence base.}, }
@article {pmid33628231, year = {2021}, author = {Deshpande, S and Patil, D and Dhokar, A and Bhanushali, P and Katge, F}, title = {Teledentistry: A Boon Amidst COVID-19 Lockdown-A Narrative Review.}, journal = {International journal of telemedicine and applications}, volume = {2021}, number = {}, pages = {8859746}, doi = {10.1155/2021/8859746}, pmid = {33628231}, issn = {1687-6415}, abstract = {The recent spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its associated coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has caused widespread public health concerns. Despite huge efforts to contain the disease spread, it is still on the rise because of the community spread pattern of this infection. In order to prevent the community spread, a nationwide lockdown was implemented, due to which many restrictions were imposed on movements of citizens within the country. Since the dental professionals were at the forefront of acquiring the infection, the majority of the dental clinics were shut for routine dental procedures. Only emergency treatment was provided to the patients. However, due to restrictions in movement, it was difficult for the patients to visit the clinics for routine check-ups. This was overcome by the advancements in technology which has a major impact on medicine. Due to increased usage of smartphones and related software applications, the clinical data exchange was facilitated between patients and clinicians which has been termed as &quot;teledentistry.&quot; Teledentistry is a combination of telecommunications and dentistry, involving the exchange of clinical information and images for dental consultation and treatment planning. This technology served as a boon for the dentists to manage dental emergencies during the lockdown period. This narrative review discusses teledentistry and its applications in general and specialty dental practice amidst the COVID-19 lockdown.}, }
@article {pmid33628162, year = {2021}, author = {Heimfarth, L and Dos Santos, MA and Barreto-Filho, JA and Barreto, AS and Macedo, FN and Araújo, AAS and Martins-Filho, P and Scotti, MT and Scotti, L and Quintans-Júnior, LJ}, title = {Insights into the actions of angiotensin-1 receptor (AT1R) inverse agonists: Perspectives and implications in COVID-19 treatment.}, journal = {EXCLI journal}, volume = {20}, number = {}, pages = {252-275}, doi = {10.17179/excli2021-3412}, pmid = {33628162}, issn = {1611-2156}, abstract = {New coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has caused chaos in health care systems. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19 are variable, with a complex pathophysiology and as yet no specific treatment. It has been suggested that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system has a possible role in the severity of cases and the number of deaths. Our hypothesis is that drugs with inverse agonist effects to the angiotensin-1 receptor can be promising tools in the management of patients with COVID-19, possibly avoiding complications and the poor evolution in some cases. Any risk factors first need to be identified, and the most appropriate time to administer the drugs during the course of the infection also needs to be established. Several angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) have a favorable profile and are important candidates for the treatment of COVID-19. In this review we discussed a set of compounds with favorable profile for COVID-19 treatment, including azilsartan, candesartan, eprosartan, EXP3174, olmesartan, telmisartan, and valsartan. They are effective as inverse agonists and could reduce the &quot;cytokine storm&quot; and reducing oxidative stress. As COVID-19 disease has several evolution patterns, the effectiveness of ARB therapy would be related to infection &quot;timing&quot;, patient risk factors, previous use of ARBs, and the specific molecular effects of an ARB. However, controlled studies are needed to identify whether ARBs are beneficial in the treatment of patients with COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33628091, year = {2021}, author = {Du, P and Geng, J and Wang, F and Chen, X and Huang, Z and Wang, Y}, title = {Role of IL-6 inhibitor in treatment of COVID-19-related cytokine release syndrome.}, journal = {International journal of medical sciences}, volume = {18}, number = {6}, pages = {1356-1362}, doi = {10.7150/ijms.53564}, pmid = {33628091}, issn = {1449-1907}, abstract = {Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) may be the key factor in the pathology of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As a major driver in triggering CRS in patients with COVID-19, interleukin-6 (IL-6) appears to be a promising target for therapeutics. The results of inhibiting both trans- and classical- signaling with marketed IL-6 inhibitors (tocilizumab, siltuximab and sarilumab) in severe COVID-19 patients are effective based on several small studies and case reports thus far. In this review, we described the evidence of the IL-6 response in patients with COVID-19, clarified the pathogenesis of the role of IL-6-mediated CRS in severe COVID-19, and highlighted the rationale for the use of anti-IL-6 agents and key information regarding the potential features of these IL-6 inhibitors in COVID-19 patients.}, }
@article {pmid33627440, year = {2021}, author = {Furer, V and Rondaan, C and Agmon-Levin, N and van Assen, S and Bijl, M and Kapetanovic, MC and de Thurah, A and Mueller-Ladner, U and Paran, D and Schreiber, K and Warnatz, K and Wulffraat, NM and Elkayam, O}, title = {Point of view on the vaccination against COVID-19 in patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases.}, journal = {RMD open}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1136/rmdopen-2021-001594}, pmid = {33627440}, issn = {2056-5933}, abstract = {In view of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is an unmet clinical need for the guidelines on vaccination of patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIIRD). This position paper summarises the current data on COVID-19 infection in patients with AIIRD and development of vaccines against COVID-19, discusses the aspects of efficacy and safety of vaccination, and proposes preliminary considerations on vaccination against COVID-19 in patients with AIIRD, mainly based on the expert opinion and knowledge on the use of other vaccines in this population of patients.}, }
@article {pmid33627439, year = {2021}, author = {Schulze-Koops, H and Specker, C and Skapenko, A}, title = {Vaccination of patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases against SARS-CoV-2: considerations before widespread availability of the vaccines.}, journal = {RMD open}, volume = {7}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1136/rmdopen-2020-001553}, pmid = {33627439}, issn = {2056-5933}, abstract = {Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 has become available and will hopefully end the current pandemic. Understandably, patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases (iRMDs) and their physicians are feverishly preoccupied with questions about vaccination and the vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. However, as it will take months before all patients with iRMDs will have access to the vaccines, measures that are taken now in order to increase potential safety and efficacy of the vaccines may impose a risk for the patients with regard to reactivation of their underlying iRMD. The ad hoc commission 'Covid-19' and the board of directors of the German Society for Rheumatology have addressed this topic and have developed considerations, which are intended to answer urgent questions, to take away concerns and fears and to make initial recommendations for patients with iRMDs.}, }
@article {pmid33627369, year = {2021}, author = {Randell, KA and Patel, AK and Talib, HJ}, title = {Parenting Pressures Among Academic Pediatricians During the COVID-19 Pandemic.}, journal = {Pediatrics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1542/peds.2020-033159}, pmid = {33627369}, issn = {1098-4275}, }
@article {pmid33627363, year = {2021}, author = {Musanabaganwa, C and Cubaka, V and Mpabuka, E and Semakula, M and Nahayo, E and Hedt-Gauthier, BL and Ng, KCS and Murray, MB and Kateera, F and Mutesa, L and Nsanzimana, S}, title = {One hundred thirty-three observed COVID-19 deaths in 10 months: unpacking lower than predicted mortality in Rwanda.}, journal = {BMJ global health}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004547}, pmid = {33627363}, issn = {2059-7908}, abstract = {The African region was predicted to have worse COVID-19 infection and death rates due to challenging health systems and social determinants of health. However, in the 10 months after its first case, Rwanda recorded 10316 cases and 133 COVID-19-related deaths translating to a case fatality rate (CFR) of 1.3%, which raised the question: why does Rwanda have a low COVID-19 CFR? Here we analysed COVID-19 data and explored possible explanations to better understand the disease burden in the context of Rwanda's infection control strategies.We investigated whether the age distribution plays a role in the observed low CFR in Rwanda by comparing the expected number of deaths for 10-year age bands based on the CFR reported in other countries with the observed number of deaths for each age group. We found that the age-specific CFRs in Rwanda are similar to or, in some older age groups, slightly higher than those in other countries, suggesting that the lower population level CFR reflects the younger age structure in Rwanda, rather than a lower risk of death conditional on age. We also accounted for Rwanda's comprehensive SARS-CoV-2 testing strategies and reliable documentation of COVID-19-related deaths and deduced that these measures may have allowed them to likely identify more asymptomatic or mild cases than other countries and reduced their reported CFR.Overall, the observed low COVID-19 deaths in Rwanda is likely influenced by the combination of effective infection control strategies, reliable identification of cases and reporting of deaths, and the population's young age structure.}, }
@article {pmid33627362, year = {2021}, author = {Sekalala, S and Perehudoff, K and Parker, M and Forman, L and Rawson, B and Smith, M}, title = {An intersectional human rights approach to prioritising access to COVID-19 vaccines.}, journal = {BMJ global health}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004462}, pmid = {33627362}, issn = {2059-7908}, abstract = {We finally have a vaccine for the COVID-19 crisis. However, due to the limited numbers of the vaccine, states will have to consider how to prioritise groups who receive the vaccine. In this paper, we argue that the practical implementation of human rights law requires broader consideration of intersectional needs in society and the disproportionate impact that COVID-19 is having on population groups with pre-existing social and medical vulnerabilities. The existing frameworks/mechanisms and proposals for COVID-19 vaccine allocation have shortcomings from a human rights perspective that could be remedied by adopting an intersectional allocative approach. This necessitates that states allocate the first COVID-19 vaccines according to (1) infection risk and severity of pre-existing diseases; (2) social vulnerabilities; and (3) potential financial and social effects of ill health. In line with WHO's guidelines on universal health coverage, a COVID-19 vaccine allocation strategy that it is more consistent with international human rights law should ensure that vaccines are free at the point of service, give priority to the worst off and be allocated in a transparent, participatory and accountable prioritisation process.}, }
@article {pmid33627361, year = {2021}, author = {Moonasar, D and Pillay, A and Leonard, E and Naidoo, R and Mngemane, S and Ramkrishna, W and Jamaloodien, K and Lebese, L and Chetty, K and Bamford, L and Tanna, G and Ntuli, N and Mlisana, K and Madikizela, L and Modisenyane, M and Engelbrecht, C and Maja, P and Bongweni, F and Furumele, T and Mayet, N and Goga, A and Talisuna, A and Ramadan, OPC and Pillay, Y}, title = {COVID-19: lessons and experiences from South Africa's first surge.}, journal = {BMJ global health}, volume = {6}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004393}, pmid = {33627361}, issn = {2059-7908}, abstract = {On 5 March 2020, South Africa recorded its first case of imported COVID-19. Since then, cases in South Africa have increased exponentially with significant community transmission. A multisectoral approach to containing and mitigating the spread of SARS-CoV-2 was instituted, led by the South African National Department of Health. A National COVID-19 Command Council was established to take government-wide decisions. An adapted World Health Organiszion (WHO) COVID-19 strategy for containing and mitigating the spread of the virus was implemented by the National Department of Health. The strategy included the creation of national and provincial incident management teams (IMTs), which comprised of a variety of work streams, namely, governance and leadership; medical supplies; port and environmental health; epidemiology and response; facility readiness and case management; emergency medical services; information systems; risk communication and community engagement; occupational health and safety and human resources. The following were the most salient lessons learnt between March and September 2020: strengthened command and control were achieved through both centralised and decentralised IMTs; swift evidenced-based decision-making from the highest political levels for instituting lockdowns to buy time to prepare the health system; the stringent lockdown enabled the health sector to increase its healthcare capacity. Despite these successes, the stringent lockdown measures resulted in economic hardship particularly for the most vulnerable sections of the population.}, }
@article {pmid33627170, year = {2021}, author = {Sousa, BC and Massar, CJ and Gleason, MA and Cote, DL}, title = {On the emergence of antibacterial and antiviral copper cold spray coatings.}, journal = {Journal of biological engineering}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {8}, pmid = {33627170}, issn = {1754-1611}, support = {W911NF-10-2-0098//Army Research Laboratory (US)/ ; }, abstract = {In this literature review, the antipathogenic properties and contact-mediated antibacterial and antiviral performance of copper cold spray surfaces are assessed and compared with alternative antimicrobial materials that are able to kill and/or inactivate infectious agents via direct contact. Discussion is also provided concerning the suitability of copper cold spray material consolidations as biocidal and viricidal surfaces that retain long-term functionality as a preventative measure against fomite transmission of pathogenic agents and hospital-acquired infections from contaminated high-touch surfaces. Numerable alternative antimicrobial coatings and surfaces that do not rely upon the oligodynamic action of copper are detailed. Given the ongoing need for recognition of said alternative antimicrobial materials by authoritative agencies, such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the relevant literature on non-copper-based antipathogenic coatings and surfaces are then described. Furthermore, a wide-ranging take on antipathogenic copper cold spray coatings are provided and consideration is given to the distinctive grain-boundary mediated copper ion diffusion pathways found in optimizable, highly deformed, copper cold spray material consolidations that enable pathogen inactivation on surfaces from direct contact. To conclude this literature review, analysis of how copper cold spray coatings can be employed as a preventative measure against COVID-19 was also presented in light of on-going debates surrounding SARS-CoV-2's non-primary, but non-negligible, secondary transmission pathway, and also presented in conjunction with the inevitability that future pathogens, which will be responsible for forthcoming global pandemics, may spread even more readily via fomite pathways too.}, }
@article {pmid33595998, year = {2021}, author = {Lacomis, D and Wolfe, GI}, title = {What Is in the Neuromuscular Junction Literature?.}, journal = {Journal of clinical neuromuscular disease}, volume = {22}, number = {3}, pages = {147-154}, doi = {10.1097/CND.0000000000000345}, pmid = {33595998}, issn = {1537-1611}, mesh = {COVID-19/*complications/pathology/therapy ; Humans ; Myasthenia Gravis/*complications/drug therapy/pathology/therapy ; Neuromuscular Junction/*pathology ; Thymectomy ; }, abstract = {ABSTRACT: This update covers recommendations for myasthenia gravis (MG) in patients with coronavirus 2019 disease as well as reports of the clinical features of patients with MG and coronavirus 2019. Updated advisory committee recommendations for the use of thymectomy in generalized MG are also provided. Other MG topics include lipoprotein receptor-4 and agrin antibody associations, factors influencing conversion of ocular to generalized MG, the use of rituximab for more recent onset disease, immunoglobulins for maintenance therapy, and fatigue and depression.}, }
@article {pmid33577008, year = {2021}, author = {Redwan, EM}, title = {COVID-19 pandemic and vaccination build herd immunity.}, journal = {European review for medical and pharmacological sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {577-579}, doi = {10.26355/eurrev_202101_24613}, pmid = {33577008}, issn = {2284-0729}, mesh = {COVID-19/epidemiology/immunology/*prevention &amp; control ; COVID-19 Vaccines/*administration &amp; dosage/immunology ; Humans ; Immunity, Herd/*drug effects/immunology ; Pandemics/*prevention &amp; control ; Vaccination/*trends ; }, }
@article {pmid33571142, year = {2021}, author = {Maltezou, HC and Tseroni, M and Vorou, R and Koutsolioutsou, A and Antoniadou, M and Tzoutzas, I and Panis, V and Tzermpos, F and Madianos, P}, title = {Preparing dental schools to refunction safely during the COVID-19 pandemic: an infection prevention and control perspective.}, journal = {Journal of infection in developing countries}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {22-31}, doi = {10.3855/jidc.14336}, pmid = {33571142}, issn = {1972-2680}, mesh = {Aerosols ; Asymptomatic Infections ; COVID-19/*prevention &amp; control/transmission ; Carrier State/transmission/virology ; *Health Personnel ; Humans ; Infection Control/*methods ; *Schools, Dental ; }, abstract = {In late 2019 a novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in China and spread throughout the world over a short period of time causing a pandemic of a respiratory disease named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 is easily transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets and direct contact. The scarce available data indicate that dental healthcare personnel are at increased risk for acquisition of infection. Following the lockdown lifting, dental schools should be prepared to refunction safely and provide essential educational and healthcare services while protecting their students, patients, and personnel. The generation of aerosols in dental practice, in association with the high-transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 through aerosol-generation procedures, the simultaneous provision of dental services to patients in the same areas, and the fact that asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic infected persons may transmit the virus, render the implementation of specific infection prevention and control measures imperative for dental schools. Herein we review the few evidence-based data available to guide infection prevention and control measures for COVID-19 in dental schools.}, }
@article {pmid33556030, year = {2021}, author = {Shah, AC and Badawy, SM}, title = {Telemedicine in Pediatrics: Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.}, journal = {JMIR pediatrics and parenting}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {e22696}, doi = {10.2196/22696}, pmid = {33556030}, issn = {2561-6722}, support = {K23 HL150232/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Telemedicine modalities, such as videoconferencing, are used by health care providers to remotely deliver health care to patients. Telemedicine use in pediatrics has increased in recent years. This has resulted in improved health care access, optimized disease management, progress in the monitoring of health conditions, and fewer exposures to patients with illnesses during pandemics (eg, the COVID-19 pandemic).<br><br>OBJECTIVE: We aimed to systematically evaluate the most recent evidence on the feasibility and accessibility of telemedicine services, patients' and care providers' satisfaction with these services, and treatment outcomes related to telemedicine service use among pediatric populations with different health conditions.<br><br>METHODS: Studies were obtained from the PubMed database on May 10, 2020. We followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. In this review, we included randomized controlled trials from the last 10 years that used a telemedicine approach as a study intervention or assessed telemedicine as a subspecialty of pediatric care. Titles and abstracts were independently screened based on the eligibility criteria. Afterward, full texts were retrieved and independently screened based on the eligibility criteria. A standardized form was used to extract the following data: publication title, first author's name, publication year, participants' characteristics, study design, the technology-based approach that was used, intervention characteristics, study goals, and study findings.<br><br>RESULTS: In total, 11 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. All studies were categorized as randomized controlled trials (8/11, 73%) or cluster randomized trials (3/11, 27%). The number of participants in each study ranged from 22 to 400. The health conditions that were assessed included obesity (3/11, 27%), asthma (2/11, 18%), mental health conditions (1/11, 9%), otitis media (1/11, 9%), skin conditions (1/11, 9%), type 1 diabetes (1/11, 9%), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (1/11, 9%), and cystic fibrosis-related pancreatic insufficiency (1/11). The telemedicine approaches that were used included patient and doctor videoconferencing visits (5/11, 45%), smartphone-based interventions (3/11, 27%), telephone counseling (2/11, 18%), and telemedicine-based screening visits (1/11, 9%). The telemedicine interventions in all included studies resulted in outcomes that were comparable to or better than the outcomes of control groups. These outcomes were related to symptom management, quality of life, satisfaction, medication adherence, visit completion rates, and disease progression.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Although more research is needed, the evidence from this review suggests that telemedicine services for the general public and pediatric care are comparable to or better than in-person services. Patients, health care professionals, and caregivers may benefit from using both telemedicine services and traditional, in-person health care services. To maximize the potential of telemedicine, future research should focus on improving patients' access to care, increasing the cost-effectiveness of telemedicine services, and eliminating barriers to telemedicine use.}, }
@article {pmid33553083, year = {2020}, author = {Cole, TO and Robinson, D and Kelley-Freeman, A and Gandhi, D and Greenblatt, AD and Weintraub, E and Belcher, AM}, title = {Patient Satisfaction With Medications for Opioid Use Disorder Treatment via Telemedicine: Brief Literature Review and Development of a New Assessment.}, journal = {Frontiers in public health}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {557275}, pmid = {33553083}, issn = {2296-2565}, mesh = {Adult ; Buprenorphine/*therapeutic use ; Humans ; Narcotic Antagonists/*therapeutic use ; Opiate Substitution Treatment ; Opioid Epidemic ; Opioid-Related Disorders/*drug therapy ; *Patient Satisfaction ; Rural Population ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; *Telemedicine ; United States ; }, abstract = {Telemedicine is increasingly being used to treat patients with opioid use disorder (OUD). It has particular value in rural areas of the United States impacted by the opioid crisis as these areas have a shortage of trained addiction medicine providers. Patient satisfaction significantly impacts positive clinical outcomes in OUD treatment and thus is of great clinical interest. Yet little is known regarding patient satisfaction with the increasingly important platform of telemedicine-delivered medications for opioid use disorder (tMOUD). The goal of this review is to provide a summary of the existing literature regarding patient satisfaction with tMOUD. We also submit a novel survey based on an existing framework designed to assess tMOUD satisfaction, and present pilot data (N = 14) acquired from patients engaged in rural tMOUD care. Telemedicine provides a feasible method for delivering MOUD in rural areas, and our survey provides a useful assessment to measure patient satisfaction with tMOUD. In light of the pressing need for innovative and technology-driven solutions to the opioid epidemic (especially in light of the COVID-19 pandemic), future research should focus on the development and refinement of tools to assess the important implementation goal of patient satisfaction.}, }
@article {pmid33538178, year = {2021}, author = {Bersanelli, M and Giannarelli, D and Leonetti, A and Buti, S and Tiseo, M and Nouvenne, A and Ticinesi, A and Meschi, T and Procopio, G and Danielli, R}, title = {The right immune-modulation at the right time: thymosin α1 for prevention of severe COVID-19 in cancer patients.}, journal = {Future oncology (London, England)}, volume = {17}, number = {9}, pages = {1097-1104}, doi = {10.2217/fon-2020-0754}, pmid = {33538178}, issn = {1744-8301}, mesh = {Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use ; COVID-19/*complications/*drug therapy ; Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic ; Humans ; Neoplasms/*complications ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Research Design ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Thymalfasin/*therapeutic use ; }, abstract = {We presented the rationale for the use of thymosin α1 as prophylaxis of severe COVID-19 in cancer patients undergoing active treatment, constituting the background for the PROTHYMOS study, a prospective, multicenter, open-label, Phase II randomized study, currently in its start-up phase (Eudract no. 2020-006020-13). We aim to offer new hope for this incurable disease, especially to frail patient population, such as patients with cancer. The hypothesis of an effective prophylactic approach to COVID-19 would have immediate clinical relevance, especially given the lack of curative approaches. Moreover, in the 'COVID-19 vaccine race era' both clinical and biological results coming from the PROTHYMOS trials could even support the rationale for future combinatorial approaches, trying to rise vaccine efficacy in frail individuals.}, }
@article {pmid33522893, year = {2021}, author = {Yongzhi, X}, title = {COVID-19-associated cytokine storm syndrome and diagnostic principles: an old and new Issue.}, journal = {Emerging microbes &amp; infections}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {266-276}, doi = {10.1080/22221751.2021.1884503}, pmid = {33522893}, issn = {2222-1751}, mesh = {Animals ; COVID-19/diagnosis/genetics/*immunology/virology ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/*diagnosis/genetics/*immunology/virology ; Cytokines/genetics/immunology ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics/physiology ; }, abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 has claimed 2,137,908 lives in more than a year. Some COVID-19 patients experience sudden and rapid deterioration with the onset of fatal cytokine storm syndrome (CSS), which have increased interest in CSS's mechanisms, diagnosis and therapy. Although the prototypic concept of CSS was first proposed 116 years ago, we have only begun to study and understand CSS for less than 30 years. Actually, diseases under CSS umbrella include familial/primary and secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), infection-associated hemophagocytic syndrome, cytokine release syndrome (CRS), and cytokine storm (CS). Hematologic malignancies and autoimmune diseases that cause CSS are named malignancy-associated hemophagocytic syndrome (MAHS) and MAS, respectively. In-depth research on the pathogenesis of HLH/CSS has greatly increased the number of patients that were able to be definitively diagnosed with HLH/CSS. However, it should be emphasized that HLH/CSS diagnosis is difficult at the early stages due to the non-specific clinical signs and symptoms, which tends to result in missed and incorrect diagnoses. Therefore, clinicians should not only possess extensive clinical experience to ensure high sensitivity to the characteristics of HLH/CSS but must also be familiar with HLH-2004/2009 diagnostic criteria, and HScore methods. The paper concisely comment evolution of CSS classifications, cytokines associated with CSS, evolution of CSS diagnostic criteria and importance of the correct identification of hemophagocytes in diagnosing CSS, which is timely and may benefit clinicians familiar HLH-2004/2009 diagnostic criteria, and HScore methods. In addition, clinicians must also understand that there are some limitations to these diagnostic criteria. Abbreviations: aBMT: autologous bone marrow transplantation; CAR-T: chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T-cell; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; CSS: cytokine storm syndrome; HLH: hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis; MAS: macrophage activation syndrome; CRS: cytokine release syndrome; CS: cytokine storm; MAHS: malignancy-associated hemophagocytic syndrome; IAHS: infection-associated hemophagocytic syndrome; fHLH/pHLH: familial/primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis; sHLH: secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis; SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; TCR-T, T-cell receptor-engineered T-cell.}, }
@article {pmid33455861, year = {2021}, author = {Kruskal, JB and Rosen, MP and Hara, AK and Canon, C and Wald, C}, title = {Enabling Your Radiology Business to Thrive Strategic Lessons Learned During the Initial and Subsequent Surges of the Covid-19 Pandemic.}, journal = {Academic radiology}, volume = {28}, number = {3}, pages = {393-401}, doi = {10.1016/j.acra.2021.01.005}, pmid = {33455861}, issn = {1878-4046}, mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Humans ; Internet ; Pandemics/prevention &amp; control ; *Radiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {The Covid-19 pandemic surges of 2020 resulted in major operational, personal, and financial impacts on US radiology practices. In response, a series of strategic and intentional operational changes were implemented, varying by practice size, structure and model. In reviewing the many business lessons that we learned during the pandemic, it became clear that for a business to be successful, a host of additional supportive factors are necessary. In addition to timely expense reductions, optimizing revenue capture and close monitoring and management of cash and reserves available for use, we also consider effective leadership and communication strategies, maintenance of a healthy and adequately staffed team, support for a remote work environment and flexible staffing models. Other ingredients include effectively embracing digital media for communications, careful attention to current and new stakeholders and the service delivered to them, understanding federal and state regulatory changes issued in response to the pandemic, close collaboration with the Human Resources office, and an early focus on redesigning your future practice structure and function, including disaster and downtime planning. This review aims to share lessons to enable leaders of an imaging enterprise to be better prepared for similar and future surges.}, }
@article {pmid33440452, year = {2021}, author = {Peters, EMJ and Schedlowski, M and Watzl, C and Gimsa, U}, title = {[Can Stress Interact with SARS-CoV-2? A Narrative Review with a Focus on Stress-Reducing Interventions that may Improve Defence against COVID-19].}, journal = {Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, medizinische Psychologie}, volume = {71}, number = {2}, pages = {61-71}, doi = {10.1055/a-1322-3205}, pmid = {33440452}, issn = {1439-1058}, mesh = {COVID-19/immunology/*psychology/*therapy ; Disease Management ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Stress, Psychological/immunology/*psychology/*therapy ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The COVID-19 pandemic is on the rise and causes many concerns and fears in the population as well as among medical care givers. This raises the question as to how psychosocial stress associated with the pandemic can be managed, and also if certain forms of stress can contribute to an increase in infections and critical illnesses.<br><br>METHODS: Against the background of the current state of research on stress and the immune response, we provide a narrative review of studies addressing the question as to how stress can influence the immune defence against viral diseases.<br><br>RESULTS: Excessive stress can compromise the barrier function of the airways and alter neuroendocrine control of immune function, which can create a virus-permissive immune response.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Because certain forms of stress can play a role in the successful immune defence against viral respiratory disease, it is important to identify people with high psychosocial stress and to help them manage their stress. Conclusion Psychosocial measures that contribute to improved stress management may have a positive effect on the immune response against viral respiratory infections.}, }
@article {pmid33382348, year = {2021}, author = {Abedi, F and Rezaee, R and Hayes, AW and Nasiripour, S and Karimi, G}, title = {MicroRNAs and SARS-CoV-2 life cycle, pathogenesis, and mutations: biomarkers or therapeutic agents?.}, journal = {Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)}, volume = {20}, number = {2}, pages = {143-153}, pmid = {33382348}, issn = {1551-4005}, mesh = {Animals ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; COVID-19/*drug therapy/*genetics/metabolism ; COVID-19 Vaccines/administration &amp; dosage/metabolism ; Cell Cycle/drug effects/physiology ; Humans ; MicroRNAs/*administration &amp; dosage/metabolism ; Mutation/*genetics ; SARS-CoV-2/*drug effects/metabolism ; }, abstract = {To date, proposed therapies and antiviral drugs have been failed to cure coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. However, at least two drug companies have applied for emergency use authorization with the United States Food and Drug Administration for their coronavirus vaccine candidates and several other vaccines are in various stages of development to determine safety and efficacy. Recently, some studies have shown the role of different human and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. miRNAs are non-coding single-stranded RNAs, which are involved in several physiological and pathological conditions, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and metabolism. They act as negative regulators of protein synthesis through binding to the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of the complementary target mRNA, leading to mRNA degradation or inhibition. The databases of Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched for literature regarding the importance of miRNAs in the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle, pathogenesis, and genomic mutations. Furthermore, promising miRNAs as a biomarker or antiviral agent in COVID-19 therapy are reviewed.}, }
@article {pmid33626415, year = {2021}, author = {Conway, R and Konig, MF and Graef, ER and Webb, K and Yazdany, J and Kim, AHJ}, title = {Inflammatory arthritis in patients with COVID-19.}, journal = {Translational research : the journal of laboratory and clinical medicine}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.trsl.2021.02.010}, pmid = {33626415}, issn = {1878-1810}, abstract = {Patients with inflammatory arthritis represent a possible high-risk group to COVID-19 due to their immunosuppressive regimen designed to maintain low disease activity. Thus, substantial effort has been put forth to understand the impact of COVID-19 on these patients. Patients with rheumatic diseases as a whole do not appear to be more susceptible to acquiring COVID-19. Furthermore, immunosuppression generally did not increase the likelihood of developing severe COVID-19, with the important exception of medium and high-dose glucocorticoid use. In addition, a small number of COVID-19 patients have developed new inflammatory arthritis; whether this represents an unmasking of previous subclinical disease or a bone fide virus-induced arthritis is unclear. Nevertheless, it appears that inflammatory arthritis patients currently on immunosuppression should continue their medication to prevent future flares and limit glucocorticoid usage. While this continues to be a rapidly evolving field, these data are reassuring to both patients with and providers treating inflammatory arthritides.}, }
@article {pmid33626382, year = {2021}, author = {Knight, V and Askar, MZ and Ntrivalas, E and Nandiwada, SL and Peterson, LK and Tebo, AE and Kadkhoda, K and Schmitz, JL and Naides, SJ and Snyder, MR and Sadighi Akha, AA}, title = {Highlights of the 33rd annual scientific meeting of the Association of Medical Laboratory Immunologists (AMLI).}, journal = {Journal of immunological methods}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {112994}, doi = {10.1016/j.jim.2021.112994}, pmid = {33626382}, issn = {1872-7905}, abstract = {The annual meeting of the Association of Medical Laboratory Immunologists (AMLI) was convened virtually over the month of August. Prior to the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, AMLI's scientific committee had chosen the following topics as the focus of its 2020 meeting: Histocompatibility Testing and Transplant Immunology; Secondary Immunodeficiency and Immunotherapy Monitoring; ANA Update; and Emerging Infectious Diseases and New Algorithms for Testing. Given the central role of the discipline in the evaluation of the host response to infection, it was apt to add a separate session on antibody testing for SARS-CoV-2 infections to the original program. The current report provides an overview of the subjects discussed in the course of this meeting.}, }
@article {pmid33626247, year = {2021}, author = {Martynowicz, H and Jodkowska, A and Poręba, R and Mazur, G and Więckiewicz, M}, title = {Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and genetic risk factors associated with COVID-19 severity in adults: A narrative review.}, journal = {Dental and medical problems}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.17219/dmp/131795}, pmid = {33626247}, issn = {2300-9020}, abstract = {Since the first report on it in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly spread throughout the world. Due to the lack of effective therapy available for COVID-19 patients, the identification of risk factors for the severe course of the disease is a matter of urgency. Therefore, the aim of this review was to report on evidence-based risk factors affecting the severity and prognosis of COVID-19. We searched the PubMed database for current literature to identify relevant publications concerning risk factors for COVID-19 severity. Demographic and social factors (age, gender, race, in-center communities/nursing homes), clinical factors (smoking, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, chronic lung diseases, cardiovascular diseases - CVD, chronic kidney disease - CKD, malignancies, dementia, cardiomyopathies, immunocompromised state), laboratory markers (C-reactive protein - CRP, leukocytosis, ferritin, interleukin (IL)-6, D-dimer, lactate dehydrogenase - LDH, aspartate aminotransferase - AST, procalcitonin, creatinine, lymphopenia, IL-2, IL-7, IL-10, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor - G-CSF, also known as colony-stimulating factor 3 - CSF 3, interferon gamma-inducible protein-10 - IP-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 - MCP-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha - MIP1A, tumor necrosis factor alpha - TNF-α), and genetic factors related to both the virus and the host were discussed. The identification of the potential risk factors affecting the severity and prognosis of COVID-19 may provide a chance for earlier and more effective management of COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33625710, year = {2021}, author = {Usman, M and Ho, YS}, title = {COVID-19 and the emerging research trends in environmental studies: a bibliometric evaluation.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33625710}, issn = {1614-7499}, abstract = {The ongoing pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global health emergency. Thousands of articles have been published to tackle this crisis. Here, a bibliometric study of the publications in environmental studies has been conducted to identify the emerging research trends in this field in the era of COVID-19. Bibliometric analysis serves as a useful tool to evaluate research productivity and scholarly trends in a field. For this, publications were searched in nine environment-related subject categories indexed in Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) database of the Web of Science Core Collection. A bibliometric evaluation of 495 relevant documents was performed to identify various essential research indicators, including the type of the publication, the most prominent journals, subject categories, authors, institutions, and the countries, that contributed significantly to this theme. Major focus of this bibliometric study is to illustrate the potential research hotspots emerged during this pandemic. It has been found that significant amount of research has been conducted for the assessment of environmental quality and its contribution in environmental transmission of COVID-19. In addition to its positive impacts on environment, COVID-19 has contributed indirectly in worsening many environmental threats such as increased exposure to disinfectants and antimicrobials, poor solid waste management, and food insecurity. Researchers have also been focusing on the strategies for the planning of post-COVID-19 cities and buildings and to protect the ecology. This bibliometric study allowed the visualization of research agenda in the field of environmental studies during this pandemic.}, }
@article {pmid33625637, year = {2021}, author = {Catapano, F and Marchitelli, L and Cundari, G and Cilia, F and Mancuso, G and Pambianchi, G and Galea, N and Ricci, P and Catalano, C and Francone, M}, title = {Role of advanced imaging in COVID-19 cardiovascular complications.}, journal = {Insights into imaging}, volume = {12}, number = {1}, pages = {28}, pmid = {33625637}, issn = {1869-4101}, abstract = {Clinical manifestations of COVID-19 patients are dominated by respiratory symptoms, but cardiac complications are commonly observed and associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Underlying pathological mechanisms of cardiac injury are still not entirely elucidated, likely depending on a combination of direct viral damage with an uncontrolled immune activation. Cardiac involvement in these patients ranges from a subtle myocardial injury to cardiogenic shock. Advanced cardiac imaging plays a key role in discriminating the broad spectrum of differential diagnoses. Present article aims to review the value of advanced multimodality imaging in patients with suspected SARS-CoV-2-related cardiovascular involvement and its essential role in risk stratification and tailored treatment strategies. Based on our experience, we also sought to suggest possible diagnostic algorithms for the rationale utilization of advanced imaging tools, such as cardiac CT and CMR, avoiding unnecessary examinations and diagnostic delays.}, }
@article {pmid33625535, year = {2021}, author = {Boor, P and Eichhorn, P and Hartmann, A and Lax, SF and Märkl, B and Menter, T and Skok, K and Slotta-Huspenina, J and von Stillfried, S and Tzankov, A and Weirich, G}, title = {[Practical aspects of COVID-19 autopsies].}, journal = {Der Pathologe}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33625535}, issn = {1432-1963}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic represents a so far unknown challenge for the medical community. Autopsies are important for studying this disease, but their safety was challenged at the beginning of the pandemic.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: To determine whether COVID-19 autopsies can be performed under existing legal conditions and which safety standards are required.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: The autopsy procedure undertaken in five institutions in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland is detailed with respect to legal and safety standards.<br><br>RESULTS: In all institutions the autopsies were performed in technically feasible rooms. The personal equipment consisted of functional clothing including a disposable gown and apron, a surgical cap, eye protection, FFP‑3 masks, and two pairs of gloves. In four institutions, complete autopsies were performed; in one institution the ultrasound-guided biopsy within the postmortal imaging and biopsy program. The latter does not allow the appreciation of gross organ pathology; however, it is able to retrieve standardized biopsies for diagnostic and research purposes. Several scientific articles in highly ranked journals resulted from these autopsies and allowed deep insights into organ damage and conclusions to better understand the pathomechanisms. Viral RNA was frequently detectable in the COVID-19 deceased, but the issue of infectivity remains unresolved and it is questionable if Ct values are greater than 30.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: With appropriate safeguards, autopsies of people who have died from COVID-19 can be performed safely and are highly relevant to medical research.}, }
@article {pmid33624419, year = {2021}, author = {Pandey, P and Karupiah, G}, title = {Targeting tumour necrosis factor to ameliorate viral pneumonia.}, journal = {The FEBS journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/febs.15782}, pmid = {33624419}, issn = {1742-4658}, abstract = {Pneumonia is a serious complication associated with inflammation of the lungs due to infection with viral pathogens. Seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses, variola virus (agent of smallpox) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; agent of COVID-19) are some leading examples. Viral pneumonia is triggered by excessive inflammation associated with dysregulated cytokine production, termed 'cytokine storm'. Several cytokines have been implicated but tumour necrosis factor (TNF) plays a critical role in driving lung inflammation, severe lung pathology and death. Despite this, the exact role TNF plays in the aetiology and pathogenesis of virus infection-induced respiratory complications is not well understood. In this review, we discuss the pathological and immunomodulatory roles of TNF in contributing to immunopathology and resolution of lung inflammation, respectively, in mouse models of influenza- and smallpox (mousepox)-induced pneumonia. We review studies that have investigated dampening of inflammation on the outcome of severe influenza and orthopoxvirus infections. Most studies on the influenza model have evaluated the efficacy of treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs, including anti-TNF agents, in animal models on the day of viral infection. We question the merits of those studies as they are not transferable to the clinic given that individuals generally present at a hospital only after the onset of disease symptoms and not on the day of infection. We propose that research should be directed at determining whether dampening lung inflammation after the onset of disease symptoms will reduce morbidity and mortality. Such a treatment strategy will be more relevant clinically.}, }
@article {pmid33624382, year = {2021}, author = {Ng, CS and Stobart, CC and Luo, H}, title = {Innate immune evasion mediated by picornaviral 3C protease: Possible lessons for coronaviral 3C-like protease?.}, journal = {Reviews in medical virology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e2206}, doi = {10.1002/rmv.2206}, pmid = {33624382}, issn = {1099-1654}, support = {G-16-00013800//Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada/ ; G-18-0022051//Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada/ ; PJT 159546/CAPMC/CIHR/Canada ; PJT-173318/CAPMC/CIHR/Canada ; RGPIN2016-03811//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; }, abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 is the etiological agent of the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease-2019, a multi-organ disease that has triggered an unprecedented global health and economic crisis. The virally encoded 3C-like protease (3CLpro), which is named after picornaviral 3C protease (3Cpro) due to their similarities in substrate recognition and enzymatic activity, is essential for viral replication and has been considered as the primary drug target. However, information regarding the cellular substrates of 3CLpro and its interaction with the host remains scarce, though recent work has begun to shape our understanding more clearly. Here we summarized and compared the mechanisms by which picornaviruses and coronaviruses have evolved to evade innate immune surveillance, with a focus on the established role of 3Cpro in this process. Through this comparison, we hope to highlight the potential action and mechanisms that are conserved and shared between 3Cpro and 3CLpro . In this review, we also briefly discussed current advances in the development of broad-spectrum antivirals targeting both 3Cpro and 3CLpro .}, }
@article {pmid33624299, year = {2021}, author = {Singh, B and Ryan, H and Kredo, T and Chaplin, M and Fletcher, T}, title = {Chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for prevention and treatment of COVID-19.}, journal = {The Cochrane database of systematic reviews}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {CD013587}, pmid = {33624299}, issn = {1469-493X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in substantial mortality. Some specialists proposed chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) for treating or preventing the disease. The efficacy and safety of these drugs have been assessed in randomized controlled trials.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of chloroquine (CQ) or hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) for 1) treating people with COVID-19 on death and time to clearance of the virus; 2) preventing infection in people at risk of SARS-CoV-2 exposure; 3) preventing infection in people exposed to SARS-CoV-2.<br><br>SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, Current Controlled Trials (www.controlled-trials.com), and the COVID-19-specific resources www.covid-nma.com and covid-19.cochrane.org, for studies of any publication status and in any language. We performed all searches up to 15 September 2020. We contacted researchers to identify unpublished and ongoing studies.<br><br>SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) testing chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine in people with COVID-19, people at risk of COVID-19 exposure, and people exposed to COVID-19. Adverse events (any, serious, and QT-interval prolongation on electrocardiogram) were also extracted.<br><br>DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently assessed eligibility of search results, extracted data from the included studies, and assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane 'Risk of bias' tool. We contacted study authors for clarification and additional data for some studies. We used risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous outcomes and mean differences (MD) for continuous outcomes, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We performed meta-analysis using a random-effects model for outcomes where pooling of effect estimates was appropriate.<br><br>MAIN RESULTS: 1. Treatment of COVID-19 disease We included 12 trials involving 8569 participants, all of whom were adults. Studies were from China (4); Brazil, Egypt, Iran, Spain, Taiwan, the UK, and North America (each 1 study); and a global study in 30 countries (1 study). Nine were in hospitalized patients, and three from ambulatory care. Disease severity, prevalence of comorbidities, and use of co-interventions varied substantially between trials. We found potential risks of bias across all domains for several trials. Nine trials compared HCQ with standard care (7779 participants), and one compared HCQ with placebo (491 participants); dosing schedules varied. HCQ makes little or no difference to death due to any cause (RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.19; 8208 participants; 9 trials; high-certainty evidence). A sensitivity analysis using modified intention-to-treat results from three trials did not influence the pooled effect estimate. HCQ may make little or no difference to the proportion of people having negative PCR for SARS-CoV-2 on respiratory samples at day 14 from enrolment (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.10; 213 participants; 3 trials; low-certainty evidence). HCQ probably results in little to no difference in progression to mechanical ventilation (RR 1.11, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.37; 4521 participants; 3 trials; moderate-certainty evidence). HCQ probably results in an almost three-fold increased risk of adverse events (RR 2.90, 95% CI 1.49 to 5.64; 1394 participants; 6 trials; moderate-certainty evidence), but may make little or no difference to the risk of serious adverse events (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.37 to 1.79; 1004 participants; 6 trials; low-certainty evidence). We are very uncertain about the effect of HCQ on time to clinical improvement or risk of prolongation of QT-interval on electrocardiogram (very low-certainty evidence). One trial (22 participants) randomized patients to CQ versus lopinavir/ritonavir, a drug with unknown efficacy against SARS-CoV-2, and did not report any difference for clinical recovery or adverse events. One trial compared HCQ combined with azithromycin against standard care (444 participants). This trial did not detect a difference in death, requirement for mechanical ventilation, length of hospital admission, or serious adverse events. A higher risk of adverse events was reported in the HCQ-and-azithromycin arm; this included QT-interval prolongation, when measured. One trial compared HCQ with febuxostat, another drug with unknown efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 (60 participants). There was no difference detected in risk of hospitalization or change in computed tomography (CT) scan appearance of the lungs; no deaths were reported. 2. Preventing COVID-19 disease in people at risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 Ongoing trials are yet to report results for this objective. 3. Preventing COVID-19 disease in people who have been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 One trial (821 participants) compared HCQ with placebo as a prophylactic agent in the USA (around 90% of participants) and Canada. Asymptomatic adults (66% healthcare workers; mean age 40 years; 73% without comorbidity) with a history of exposure to people with confirmed COVID-19 were recruited. We are very uncertain about the effect of HCQ on the primary outcomes, for which few events were reported: 20/821 (2.4%) developed confirmed COVID-19 at 14 days from enrolment, and 2/821 (0.2%) were hospitalized due to COVID-19 (very low-certainty evidence). HCQ probably increases the risk of adverse events compared with placebo (RR 2.39, 95% CI 1.83 to 3.11; 700 participants; 1 trial; moderate-certainty evidence). HCQ may result in little or no difference in serious adverse events (no RR: no participants experienced serious adverse events; low-certainty evidence). One cluster-randomized trial (2525 participants) compared HCQ with standard care for the prevention of COVID-19 in people with a history of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in Spain. Most participants were working or residing in nursing homes; mean age was 49 years. There was no difference in the risk of symptomatic confirmed COVID-19 or production of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 between the two study arms.<br><br>AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: HCQ for people infected with COVID-19 has little or no effect on the risk of death and probably no effect on progression to mechanical ventilation. Adverse events are tripled compared to placebo, but very few serious adverse events were found. No further trials of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine for treatment should be carried out. These results make it less likely that the drug is effective in protecting people from infection, although this is not excluded entirely. It is probably sensible to complete trials examining prevention of infection, and ensure these are carried out to a high standard to provide unambiguous results.}, }
@article {pmid33624270, year = {2021}, author = {Na, W and Moon, H and Song, D}, title = {A comprehensive review of SARS-CoV-2 genetic mutations and lessons from animal coronavirus recombination in one health perspective.}, journal = {Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea)}, volume = {59}, number = {3}, pages = {332-340}, pmid = {33624270}, issn = {1976-3794}, abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 was originated from zoonotic coronaviruses and confirmed as a novel beta-coronavirus, which causes serious respiratory illness such as pneumonia and lung failure, COVID-19. In this review, we describe the genetic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, including types of mutation, and molecular epidemiology, highlighting its key difference from animal coronaviruses. We further summarized the current knowledge on clinical, genetic, and pathological features of several animal coronaviruses and compared them with SARS-CoV-2, as well as recent evidences of interspecies transmission and recombination of animal coronaviruses to provide a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection in One Health perspectives. We also discuss the potential wildlife hosts and zoonotic origin of this emerging virus in detail, that may help mitigate the spread and damages caused by the disease.}, }
@article {pmid33623863, year = {2021}, author = {Long, X and Zhang, L and Alwalid, O and Lei, Z and Liang, B and Shi, H and Zheng, C and Yang, F}, title = {Radiology department preventive and control measures and work plan during COVID-19 epidemic-experience from Wuhan.}, journal = {Chinese journal of academic radiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-8}, doi = {10.1007/s42058-021-00055-5}, pmid = {33623863}, issn = {2520-8993}, abstract = {Since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), it had rapidly spread to the whole world and seriously threatened the global health. Imaging examination plays an important role in the clinical diagnosis of this disease, which leads to the high infection risk of the medical staff in the radiology department. In this review, the authors thoroughly summed up the experience in the management and operation of radiology department and shared their experience of the protective and control strategies and work plan during the epidemic, including but not limited to the management framework of the radiology department, the environment and layout in the department, the requirements for protection of different posts and the equipment, as well as the essential diagnosis of COVID-19. It is worth noting that the main goal of the radiology department in every country is to complete the radiology examination safely and make an accurate diagnosis of COVID-19 patients.<br><br>Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42058-021-00055-5.}, }
@article {pmid33623738, year = {2020}, author = {Alsufyani, HA and Alrefaie, Z}, title = {Renin-Angiotensin System Implications to COVID-19 Comorbidities.}, journal = {Journal of microscopy and ultrastructure}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {148-151}, doi = {10.4103/jmau.jmau_105_20}, pmid = {33623738}, issn = {2213-8803}, abstract = {The role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and its pharmacological modulators in the susceptibility and outcomes of SARS CoV-2 pandemic (COVID-19) has been much discussed recently. Angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2) has attracted much attention and debate in relevance to COVID-19. It not only acts as the receptor to which the SARS CoV-2 virus binds to be introduced into cells but also balances the effects of angiotensin II offering anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic protective actions to different organs. This mini-review aims to shed some light on the possible involvement of ACE2 and RAS alternate pathways in the comorbidities and clinical findings observed in COVID-19 patients.}, }
@article {pmid33623737, year = {2020}, author = {Elwazir, MY and Hosny, S}, title = {Artificial Intelligence in COVID-19 Ultrastructure.}, journal = {Journal of microscopy and ultrastructure}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {146-147}, doi = {10.4103/JMAU.JMAU_28_20}, pmid = {33623737}, issn = {2213-8803}, abstract = {Artificial intelligence has found its way into numerous fields of medicine in the past decade, spurred by the availability of big data and powerful processors. For the COVID-19 pandemic, aside from predicting its onset, artificial intelligence has been used to track disease spread, detect pulmonary involvement in computed tomography scans, risk-stratify patients, and model virtual protein structure and potential therapeutic agents. This mini-review briefly discusses the potential applications of artificial intelligence in COVID-19 microscopy.}, }
@article {pmid33623736, year = {2020}, author = {Al-Kuraishy, HM and Al-Gareeb, AI and Al-Niemi, MS and Al-Buhadily, AK and Al-Harchan, NA and Lugnier, C}, title = {COVID-19 and Phosphodiesterase Enzyme Type 5 Inhibitors.}, journal = {Journal of microscopy and ultrastructure}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {141-145}, doi = {10.4103/JMAU.JMAU_63_20}, pmid = {33623736}, issn = {2213-8803}, abstract = {COVID-19 pathology is mainly associated to a pulmonary disease which sometimes might result in an uncontrollable storm related to inflammatory diseases which could be fatal. It is well known that phosphodiesterase enzyme type 5 inhibitors (PDE5Is), such as sildenafil, have been successfully developed for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension; interestingly, more recently, it was shown that PDE5Is might be also anti-inflammatory. Therefore, it would be of interest to question about the use of PDE5Is to overcome the COVID-19 storm, as much as PDE5 is mainly present in the lung tissues and vessels.}, }
@article {pmid33623735, year = {2020}, author = {Bakhsh, HT}, title = {Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity Management: A Literature Review in COVID-19 Era.}, journal = {Journal of microscopy and ultrastructure}, volume = {8}, number = {4}, pages = {136-140}, doi = {10.4103/JMAU.JMAU_54_20}, pmid = {33623735}, issn = {2213-8803}, abstract = {Background: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been widely investigated for the treatment of COVID-19. Although it is rare, several case reports of acute toxicity of HCQ due to overdose have been reported during the last two decades. The aim of this review is to summarize the management options of acute HCQ toxicity.<br><br>Methods: A literature review that was conducted using an electronic search in the Google Scholar search engine. The inclusion criteria include any patient over 12 years old presenting with HCQ intoxication symptoms from January 1999 to January 2020.<br><br>Results: Sixteen cases were found that have the inclusion criteria of this study. Most patients presented with altered mental status, electrocardiogram abnormalities, visual disturbance, and decrease cardiac output. Activated charcoal was the first line of management in nearly two-thirds of patients whereas 93.8% received fluid resuscitation and 81.3% of the patients need at least one type of vasopressor agent. Furthermore, potassium is given for 93.8% of the patient while 75% of the patients need sodium bicarbonate and intubation, lipid emulsion was used in three patients only and 13 patients survived.<br><br>Conclusion: The acute HCQ toxicity may result during the treatment period of COVID-19. The most common options can use in this situation include included gastric lavage and decontamination, IV fluid resuscitation, potassium replacement, sodium bicarbonate, intravenous lipid emulsion, and extracorporeal circulation membrane oxygenation. The role of diazepam is not clear but can be used in the significant toxicity while hyperkalemia associated with severe ingestions.}, }
@article {pmid33623448, year = {2021}, author = {Kendzerska, T and Zhu, DT and Gershon, AS and Edwards, JD and Peixoto, C and Robillard, R and Kendall, CE}, title = {The Effects of the Health System Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic on Chronic Disease Management: A Narrative Review.}, journal = {Risk management and healthcare policy}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {575-584}, doi = {10.2147/RMHP.S293471}, pmid = {33623448}, issn = {1179-1594}, abstract = {Background: Individuals with chronic conditions require ongoing disease management to reduce risks of adverse health outcomes. During the COVID-19 pandemic, health care for non-COVID-19 cases was affected due to the reallocation of resources towards urgent care for COVID-19 patients, resulting in inadequate ongoing care for chronic conditions.<br><br>Methods: A keyword search was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Scopus for English language articles published between January 2020 and January 2021.<br><br>Findings: During the COVID-19 pandemic, in-person care for individuals with chronic conditions have decreased due to government restriction of elective and non-urgent healthcare visits, greater instilled fear over potential COVID-19 exposure during in-person visits, and higher utilization rates of telemedicine compared to the pre-COVID-19 period. Potential benefits of a virtual-care framework during the pandemic include more effective routine disease monitoring, improved patient satisfaction, and increased treatment compliance and follow-up rates. However, more needs to be done to ensure timely and effective access to telemedicine, particularly for individuals with lower digital literacy. Capitation primary care models have been proposed as a more financially-robust approach during the COVID-19 pandemic than fee-for-service primary care models; however, the interplay between different primary models and the health outcomes is still poorly understood and warrants further investigation. Shortages of medication used to manage chronic conditions were also observed at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic due to global supply chain disruptions. Finally, patients with chronic conditions faced lifestyle disruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically in physical activity, sleep, stress, and mental health, which need to be better addressed.<br><br>Interpretation: Overall, this review elucidates the disproportionately greater barriers to primary and specialty care that patients with chronic diseases face during the COVID-19 pandemic and emphasizes the urgent need for better chronic disease management strategies moving forward.}, }
@article {pmid33623375, year = {2021}, author = {Yazew, BG and Abate, HK and Mekonnen, CK}, title = {Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Towards COVID-19 in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review; 2020.}, journal = {Patient preference and adherence}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {337-348}, doi = {10.2147/PPA.S288186}, pmid = {33623375}, issn = {1177-889X}, abstract = {Background: Novel coronavirus disease is a very fast spreading respiratory disease. This disease is becoming a public health emergency across the world. Despite many efforts by countries, organizations, and institutions to prevent and control, the pandemic remains a world health danger. Ethiopia is one of the countries which is severely affected by the pandemic. However, a systematic review of the knowledge, attitude, and practice about coronavirus disease in Ethiopia has not previously done. Thus, the main aim of this systematic review is to investigate the status of people's knowledge, attitude, and practice about coronavirus disease preventive measures in Ethiopia in 2020.<br><br>Methods: Data were extracted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Studies were accessed through electronic web-based search from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google, Google Scholar, and Embase. All statistical analyses were done using Stata version 11 software with a random-effects model.<br><br>Results: A total of 11 studies with 3818 participants were included in this systematic review and the overall estimated status of the knowledge, attitude, and practice about coronavirus in Ethiopia are 61.78%, 72.39%, and 52.83%, respectively. According to region subgroup analysis, the highest estimated statuses of the knowledge, attitude, and practice are 74% in Tigray, 86.13% in Southern nations, nationalities, and Peoples' of the region, and 72% in Tigray region, respectively. Subgroup analysis was done based on the focused group and way of questionnaire administration.<br><br>Conclusion: This systematic review revealed people's knowledge, attitude, and practice about coronavirus disease preventive measures were generally more than 50%. However, government and every individual should address those behaviors stipulated by the World Health Organization and Center for Communicable Disease and Control guidelines to prevent coronavirus disease.}, }
@article {pmid33623173, year = {2021}, author = {Mobed, A and Sepehri, E}, title = {Biosensors promising bio-device for pandemic screening &quot;COVID-19&quot;.}, journal = {Microchemical journal : devoted to the application of microtechniques in all branches of science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {106094}, doi = {10.1016/j.microc.2021.106094}, pmid = {33623173}, issn = {0026-265X}, abstract = {Undoubtedly, the coronavirus pandemic is one of the most influential events not only in medicine but also in the economic field in the world. Rapid transmission and high mortality rates, as well as prolonged and asymptomatic communal periods, are the most important reasons for the global panic due to coronavirus. Since coronavirus treatment and specific vaccines are not yet available, early detection of the virus is critical. A rapid and accurate diagnosis can play a crucial role in the treatment and control of the COVID 19 disease. Serological, ELISA, and molecular-based tests, including PCR and RT-PCR, are among the most important routine methods for detecting coronaviruses. False-positive/negative results, low sensitivity and specificity, and the need for advanced equipment are among the disadvantages and problems of routine methods. To eliminate the drawbacks of routine methods, new technologies are being developed. Biosensors are one of the most important ones. This paper is a summary of the up-to-date states of innovative bio-sensing tools for the ultrasensitive detection of coronaviruses (COVID 19) with encouraging uses for future challenges in disease diagnosis.}, }
@article {pmid33622932, year = {2021}, author = {Delinasios, GJ and Fragkou, PC and Gkirmpa, AM and Tsangaris, G and Hoffman, RM and Anagnostopoulos, AK}, title = {The Experience of Greece as a Model to Contain COVID-19 Infection Spread.}, journal = {In vivo (Athens, Greece)}, volume = {35}, number = {2}, pages = {1285-1294}, doi = {10.21873/invivo.12380}, pmid = {33622932}, issn = {1791-7549}, abstract = {The severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in late 2019 and has caused a pandemic known as corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), responsible for the death of more than 2 million people worldwide. The outbreak of COVID-19 has posed an unprecedented threat on human lives and public safety. The aim of this review is to describe key aspects of the bio-pathology of the novel disease, and discuss aspects of its spread, as well as targeted protective strategies that can help shape the outcome of the present and future health crises. Greece is used as a model to inhibit SARS-COV-2 spread, since it is one of the countries with the lowest fatality rates among nations of the European Union (E.U.), following two consecutive waves of COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, niche research technological approaches and scientific recommendations that emerged during the COVID-19 era are discussed.}, }
@article {pmid33622794, year = {2021}, author = {Pinninti, SG and Pati, S and Poole, C and Latting, M and Seleme, MC and Yarbrough, A and Arora, N and Britt, WJ and Boppana, S}, title = {Virological Characteristics of Hospitalized Children With SARS-CoV-2 Infection.}, journal = {Pediatrics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1542/peds.2020-037812}, pmid = {33622794}, issn = {1098-4275}, }
@article {pmid33622601, year = {2021}, author = {King, C and Sprent, J}, title = {Dual Nature of Type I Interferons in SARS-CoV-2-Induced Inflammation.}, journal = {Trends in immunology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.it.2021.02.003}, pmid = {33622601}, issn = {1471-4981}, abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The ability of our cells to secrete type I interferons (IFN-Is) is essential for the control of virus replication and for effective antiviral immune responses; for this reason, viruses have evolved the means to antagonize IFN-I. Inhibition of IFN-I production is pronounced in SARS-CoV-2 infection, which can impair the adaptive immune response and exacerbate inflammatory disease at late stages of infection. However, therapeutic boosting of IFN-I offers a narrow time window for efficacy and safety. Here, we discuss how limits placed on IFN-I by SARS-CoV-2 shape the immune response and whether this might be countered with therapeutic approaches and vaccine design.}, }
@article {pmid33622482, year = {2021}, author = {Cuevas, LE and Santos, VS and Lima, SVMA and Kontogianni, K and Bimba, JS and Iem, V and Dominguez, J and Adams, E and Atienzar, AC and Edwards, T and Squire, SB and Hall, PJ and Creswell, J}, title = {Systematic Review of Pooling Sputum as an Efficient Method for Xpert MTB/RIF Tuberculosis Testing during the COVID-19 Pandemic.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, pages = {719-727}, doi = {10.3201/eid2703.204090}, pmid = {33622482}, issn = {1080-6059}, abstract = {GeneXpert-based testing with Xpert MTB/RIF or Ultra assays is essential for tuberculosis diagnosis. However, testing may be affected by cartridge and staff shortages. More efficient testing strategies could help, especially during the coronavirus disease pandemic. We searched the literature to systematically review whether GeneXpert-based testing of pooled sputum samples achieves sensitivity and specificity similar to testing individual samples; this method could potentially save time and preserve the limited supply of cartridges. From 6 publications, we found 2-sample pools using Xpert MTB/RIF had 87.5% and 96.0% sensitivity (average sensitivity 94%; 95% CI 89.0%-98.0%) (2 studies). Four-sample pools averaged 91% sensitivity with Xpert MTB/RIF (2 studies) and 98% with Ultra (2 studies); combining >4 samples resulted in lower sensitivity. Two studies reported that pooling achieved 99%-100% specificity and 27%-31% in cartridge savings. Our results show that pooling may improve efficiency of GeneXpert-based testing.}, }
@article {pmid33622217, year = {2021}, author = {Azapira, N and Pourjafar, S and Habibi, A and Tayebi, L and Keshtkar, S and Kaviani, M}, title = {Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Promising Treatment for COVID-19 Pandemic.}, journal = {Experimental and clinical transplantation : official journal of the Middle East Society for Organ Transplantation}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.6002/ect.2020.0296}, pmid = {33622217}, issn = {2146-8427}, abstract = {The pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection has prompted the urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches, especially for patients in critically severe conditions. To date, the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is not completely understood, and finding an effective new drug is still inconclusive. Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles contain large amounts of proteins, messenger RNA, and microRNAs that act as vehicles that transfer the cargo between cells. These nanotherapeutic materials exert anti-inflammatory effects on the immune system, which are necessary for subsidence of acute inflammation and promotion of tissue repair and regeneration. Therefore, the consideration of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles as a new, safe, and effective therapeutic approach in the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia is suggested.}, }
@article {pmid33617702, year = {2020}, author = {Powell-Young, YM and Alzaghari, O and Reyes-Miranda, C and Coleman, B and Strickland, OL and Gorden, Y and Aroke, E and Lewis Iii, H and Giger, JN}, title = {Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of COVID-19: Review and Appraisal of Current Evidence.}, journal = {Journal of National Black Nurses' Association : JNBNA}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, pages = {1-14}, pmid = {33617702}, issn = {0885-6028}, mesh = {COVID-19/*drug therapy ; *Chloroquine/therapeutic use ; Humans ; *Hydroxychloroquine/therapeutic use ; }, abstract = {Novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and associated coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) began ravaging most of the globe in November 2019. In the United States more than 25 million people have been infected with SARS-CoV-2. To date, COVID-19 has killed close to 400,000 U.S. citizens. In the face of limited pharmacotherapies, the current burden of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 signals overwhelming sickness and trillions in healthcare costs ahead. The need to expeditiously identify safe and efficacious prophylaxis and treatment options is critical. Drug repositioning may be a promising strategy toward mitigating the impact of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. This rapid review appraises available evidence on the viability of vintage antimalarial drugs chloroquine (CHQ) and its analog hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) repositioned for SARS-CoV-2 prophylaxis and COVID-19 treatment. Findings suggest neither the use of CHQ nor HCQ singularly, or concomitantly, with azithromycin and/or zinc provide definitive benefits for use against SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 illness. Moreover, administration of these medications was linked to significant and sometimes fatal complications.}, }
@article {pmid33588569, year = {2021}, author = {Akbarialiabad, H and Rastegar, A and Bastani, B}, title = {How Sanctions Have Impacted Iranian Healthcare Sector: A Brief Review.}, journal = {Archives of Iranian medicine}, volume = {24}, number = {1}, pages = {58-63}, doi = {10.34172/aim.2021.09}, pmid = {33588569}, issn = {1735-3947}, mesh = {COVID-19/*epidemiology ; Delivery of Health Care/*organization &amp; administration ; Health Care Sector/*organization &amp; administration ; Humans ; *International Cooperation ; Iran/epidemiology ; }, abstract = {Many studies have shown the crippling effects of sanctions on the healthcare sector of different countries, including Iran. Long-standing sanctions against Iran escalated recently and severely limited commercial activities with Iran. The devastating consequences of these embargoes have affected all aspects of health care delivery in Iran, limiting the availability of critical medicines and medical devices, and negatively impacting primary health care, treatment of complex diseases including cancer, medical tourism, and medical education and research. The present novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has uncovered this long-standing crisis in the Iranian health care sector. In this communication, we briefly discuss selected aspects of these sanctions and their impact on the health care system and people of Iran during this critical time.}, }
@article {pmid33577069, year = {2021}, author = {Mahmoud, MM and Abuohashish, HM and Khairy, DA and Bugshan, AS and Khan, AM and Moothedath, MM}, title = {Pathogenesis of dysgeusia in COVID-19 patients: a scoping review.}, journal = {European review for medical and pharmacological sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {1114-1134}, doi = {10.26355/eurrev_202101_24683}, pmid = {33577069}, issn = {2284-0729}, mesh = {Ageusia/diagnosis/etiology/metabolism ; COVID-19/*complications/diagnosis/*metabolism ; Dysgeusia/diagnosis/*etiology/*metabolism ; Humans ; Olfaction Disorders/diagnosis/etiology/metabolism ; Prospective Studies ; Renin-Angiotensin System/physiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Smell/physiology ; Taste/physiology ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The novel coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic had intense social and economic effects. Patients infected with COVID-19 may present with a series of conditions. A considerable number of patients express taste and smell disturbances as a prodromal, coexistent, or as the only manifestation of COVID-19 infection. The objective of the present review is to review the hypothetical mechanisms of action and etiopathogenesis of dysgeusia in COVID-19 patients.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Multiple scientific databases were explored, including PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Cochrane-library, LILACS, Livivo and OpenGrey. All types of articles that discussed the pathogenesis of dysgeusia were included, while articles that described dysgeusia without detail about its mode of action were excluded.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 47 articles, with different designs, were included in this review. These articles suggested direct viral neural invasion to olfactory and gustatory nerves, viral cytotoxicity to taste buds, angiotensin II imbalance, augmented pro-inflammatory cytokines, and disturbances in salivary glands and sialic acid. COVID-19 induced-dysgeusia was also associated with systemic diseases, medications, zinc, chemicals, and disinfectants.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The most likely cause of transient dysgeusia in COVID-19 is peripheral neurotropism and direct toxicity to taste buds or olfactory epithelium. Other factors may also play a contributory role in dysgeusia, such as a defect in the quality and quantity of saliva, pro-inflammatory cytokines, angiotensin II accumulation, systemic diseases, hypozincemia, and excessive use of chemicals.}, }
@article {pmid33577068, year = {2021}, author = {Meng, TT and Dong, RJ and Li, TG}, title = {Relationship between COVID-19 and the male reproductive system.}, journal = {European review for medical and pharmacological sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {1109-1113}, doi = {10.26355/eurrev_202101_24682}, pmid = {33577068}, issn = {2284-0729}, mesh = {Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/immunology/metabolism ; COVID-19/complications/immunology/*metabolism ; Genitalia, Male/immunology/*metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Orchitis/etiology/immunology/*metabolism ; Spermatozoa/immunology/metabolism ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review is to provide currently available information on the potential effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on male fertility.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a mini-review. Due to the similarity between the COVID-19 and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus, we searched for the following keywords: &quot;SARS-CoV, male reproductive system, infertility, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, and orchitis&quot;. By reviewing and analyzing the literature, we analyzed the influence of temperature on sperm, the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the testes, and the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the male reproductive system.<br><br>RESULTS: SARS-CoV-2 enters the body through the ACE2 receptor. The high expression of ACE2 on the surface of spermatogonia and supporting cells in the testes, as well as the immune response caused by COVID-19, can lead to testicular spermatogenesis dysfunction and reduced sperm count.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 infection can affect male reproductive function, and standard treatment strategies should be established in time to help male patients infected with COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33577067, year = {2021}, author = {Meo, SA and Abukhalaf, AA and Alomar, AA and Al-Hussain, F}, title = {Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and neurological manifestations in SARS-CoV-2 patients.}, journal = {European review for medical and pharmacological sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {1101-1108}, doi = {10.26355/eurrev_202101_24681}, pmid = {33577067}, issn = {2284-0729}, mesh = {Brain/*diagnostic imaging ; COVID-19/*diagnostic imaging/*epidemiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods/*trends ; Nervous System Diseases/*diagnostic imaging/*epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The &quot;Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)&quot; disease caused a challenging and threating pandemic (COVID-19) worldwide with a great loss to life and the global economy. SARS-CoV-2 mainly involves the respiratory system, however, with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), neurological and special senses clinical manifestations have been reported rarely. The present study aims to investigate the MRI findings, clinical manifestations of neurological and special senses involvement in SARS-CoV-2 patients.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, 284 articles from the databases &quot;Pub-Med, Web of Science-Clarivate Analytics, Embase and Google Scholar&quot; were identified. The keywords, coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, MRI, brain, special senses, neurological involvement were entered into the search engines and the concerned documents were selected and reviewed. The descriptive information was recorded from the particular studies; finally, we included 48 publications.<br><br>RESULTS: The common neurological manifestations in SARS-CoV-2 patients were headache, impaired consciousness, acute cerebrovascular disease, ataxia, tremors, meningitis, encephalitis, cerebral bleeding, subarachnoid hemorrhage, frontal lobe, temporal lobe and intracerebral hematoma, hemiparesis and seizures. However, common special senses manifestations in SARS-CoV-2 patients were olfactory, auditory and gustatory disorders including red eyes, painless monocular visual disturbance, anosmia, ageusia, dysgeusia, dysosmia and hypoacusis. Moreover, the MRI findings identified in SARS-CoV-2 patients were isolated oval-shaped lesion in the corpus callosum, bilateral basal ganglia hemorrhage, ischemic lesions involving the corpus callosum, basal ganglia, cerebellum and vasogenic edema extending to the cerebral peduncles, pons and ventricles.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The neurologic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 patients are highly variable. The SARS-COV-2 exerts its damaging effects on the nervous system and special senses by developing determinant numerous neurological and special senses' clinical manifestations. Physicians with the help of MRI must rule out the neurological and special senses manifestations among SARS-CoV-2 patients.}, }
@article {pmid33577009, year = {2021}, author = {Singh, Y and Gupta, G and Anand, K and Kumar Jha, N and Thangavelu, L and Kumar Chellappan, D and Dua, K}, title = {Molecular exploration of combinational therapy of orlistat with metformin prevents the COVID-19 consequences in obese diabetic patients.}, journal = {European review for medical and pharmacological sciences}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {580-582}, doi = {10.26355/eurrev_202101_24614}, pmid = {33577009}, issn = {2284-0729}, mesh = {Anti-Obesity Agents/administration &amp; dosage ; COVID-19/epidemiology/*prevention &amp; control ; Diabetes Mellitus/*drug therapy/epidemiology ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents/administration &amp; dosage ; Metformin/*administration &amp; dosage ; Obesity/*drug therapy/epidemiology ; Orlistat/*administration &amp; dosage ; }, }
@article {pmid33622025, year = {2021}, author = {Tegnell, A}, title = {The Swedish public health response to COVID-19.}, journal = {APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/apm.13112}, pmid = {33622025}, issn = {1600-0463}, abstract = {The Swedish COVID-19 response has received excessive attention, despite not having distinctively different goals or features than other countries. The overall response has included almost all sectors of society and cannot be described here. Instead, this paper provides a general, brief description of the response from a public health perspective, but hopefully it gives a somewhat more nuanced picture of the efforts to combat COVID-19 in Sweden.}, }
@article {pmid33621704, year = {2021}, author = {Polidori, MC and Sies, H and Ferrucci, L and Benzing, T}, title = {COVID-19 mortality as a fingerprint of biological age.}, journal = {Ageing research reviews}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {101308}, doi = {10.1016/j.arr.2021.101308}, pmid = {33621704}, issn = {1872-9649}, abstract = {Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global emergency able to overwhelm the healthcare capacities worldwide and to affect the older generation especially. When addressing the pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical manifestations of COVID-19, it becomes evident that the disease targets pathways and domains affected by the main aging- and frailty-related pathophysiological changes. A closer analysis of the existing data supports a possible role of biological age rather than chronological age in the prognosis of COVID-19. There is a need for systematic, consequent action of identifying frail (not only older, not only multimorbid, not only symptomatic) persons at risk of poor outcomes in order to protect our oldest generation from COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33621589, year = {2021}, author = {Parsamanesh, N and Karami-Zarandi, M and Banach, M and Penson, PE and Sahebkar, A}, title = {Effects of statins on myocarditis: A review of underlying molecular mechanisms.}, journal = {Progress in cardiovascular diseases}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.pcad.2021.02.008}, pmid = {33621589}, issn = {1873-1740}, abstract = {Myocarditis refers to the clinical and histological characteristics of a diverse range of inflammatory cellular pathophysiological conditions which result in cardiac dysfunction. Myocarditis is a major cause of mortality in individuals less than 40 years of age and accounts for approximately 20% of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. Myocarditis contributes to dilated cardiomyopathy in 30% of patients and can progress to cardiac arrest, which has a poor prognosis of <40% survival over 10 years. Myocarditis has also been documented after infection with SARS-CoV-2. The most commonly used lipid-lowering therapies, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), decrease CVD-related morbidity and mortality. In addition to their lipid-lowering effects, increasing evidence supports the existence of several additional beneficial, 'pleiotropic' effects of statins. Recently, several studies have indicated that statins may attenuate myocarditis. Statins modify the lipid oxidation, inflammation, immunomodulation, and endothelial activity of the pathophysiology and have been recommended as adjuvant treatment. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms of action of statins and their effects on myocarditis, SARS-CoV-2 and CVD.}, }
@article {pmid33621405, year = {2021}, author = {Aviani, JK and Halim, D and Soeroto, AY and Achmad, TH and Djuwantono, T}, title = {Current views on the potentials of convalescent plasma therapy (CPT) as Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on recent studies and previous respiratory pandemics.}, journal = {Reviews in medical virology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/rmv.2225}, pmid = {33621405}, issn = {1099-1654}, abstract = {Convalescent plasma therapy (CPT) has been investigated as a treatment for COVID-19. This review evaluates CPT in COVID-19 and other viral respiratory diseases, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and influenza. PubMed and Google scholar databases were used to collect eligible publications until 8 December 2020. Meta-analysis used Mantel-Haenszel risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and pooled analysis for individual patient data with inverse variance weighted average. The study is registered at PROSPERO with the number of CRD4200270579. Forty-four studies with 36,716 participants were included in the pooled analysis and 20 studies in the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis showed reduction of mortality (RR 0.57, 95% CI [0.43, 0.76], z = 3.86 [p < 0.001], I2 = 44% [p = 0.03]) and higher number of discharged patients (RR 2.53, 95% CI [1.72, 3.72], z = 4.70 [p < 0.001], I2 = 3% [p = 0.39]) in patients receiving CPT compared to standard care alone. A possible mechanism of action is prompt reduction in viral titre. Serious transfusion-related adverse events were reported to be less than 1% of cases, suggesting the overall safety of CPT; nevertheless, the number of patients participating in the studies was still limited. It is also important to notice that in all the studies, the majority of patients were also given other medications, such as antivirals, antibiotics and corticosteroid; furthermore, randomized controlled studies involving more patients and in combination with other treatment modalities are urgently needed.}, }
@article {pmid33620622, year = {2021}, author = {Yacoub, JH and Swanson, CE and Jay, AK and Cooper, C and Spies, J and Krishnan, P}, title = {The Radiology Virtual Reading Room: During and Beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic.}, journal = {Journal of digital imaging}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33620622}, issn = {1618-727X}, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the radiology reading room with a potentially lasting impact. This disruption could introduce the risk of obviating the need for the reading room, which would be detrimental to many of the roles of radiology that occur in and around the reading room. This disruption could also create the opportunity for accelerated evolution of the reading room to meet the strategic needs of radiology and health care through thoughtful re-design of the virtual reading room. In this article, we overview the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on radiology in our institution and across the country, specifically on the dynamics of the radiology reading room. We introduce the concept of the virtual reading room, which is a redesigned alternative to the physical reading room that can serve the diverse needs of radiology and healthcare during and beyond the pandemic.}, }
@article {pmid33620505, year = {2021}, author = {Herzog, M and Beule, AG and Lüers, JC and Guntinas-Lichius, O and Grafmans, D and Deitmer, T}, title = {[The first year of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic-impact on otorhinolaryngology].}, journal = {HNO}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33620505}, issn = {1433-0458}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The first year of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has already affected our public health care system to an enormous extent and will continue to do so in the future. Otorhinolaryngologists (ORLs) are suspected to be at high risk of infection, due to the high viral load in the mucosa of the upper airways. The current review evaluates the impact of the pandemic on ORLs' activities and assesses the risk infection.<br><br>METHODS: A selective literature research was conducted using relevant English and German terms for ORL, SARS-CoV‑2, risk, and infection at PubMed, medRxiv, and bioRxiv, as well as in the Deutsches Ärzteblatt and on the websites of the Robert Koch Institute and the Johns Hopkins University.<br><br>RESULTS: Protection recommendations for ORL include general hygiene measures and wearing KN95 masks for routine professional activities. When in contact with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, it is recommended to extend the personal protective equipment by eye protection, gloves, cap, and gown. International otorhinolaryngology societies have released guidelines for procedures (e.g., tracheostomy, sinus surgery), propagating personal protection for the surgical team and reduction of aerosols. Testing for SARS-CoV‑2 in patients and medical staff can contribute to reducing the risk of infection. Vaccination would provide some additional protection for ORLs and other health care professionals with increased exposure to aerosols. There is increasing evidence that ORLs are at a high risk of contracting SARS-CoV‑2.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Consequent personal protection, frequent testing of patients and health care professionals, and the promised SARS-CoV‑2 vaccinations may provide adequate protection for highly exposed persons.}, }
@article {pmid33620123, year = {2021}, author = {Doneddu, PE and Spina, E and Briani, C and Fabrizi, GM and Manganelli, F and Nobile-Orazio, E and , }, title = {Acute and chronic inflammatory neuropathies and COVID-19 vaccines: practical recommendations from the task force of the Italian Peripheral Nervous System Association (ASNP).}, journal = {Journal of the peripheral nervous system : JPNS}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jns.12435}, pmid = {33620123}, issn = {1529-8027}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: to develop recommendations for vaccination for coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) in patients with inflammatory neuropathies.<br><br>METHODS: key questions were formulated in order to perform a literature review on the safety and efficacy of vaccines in patients with inflammatory neuropathies. Based on the best evidence and expert opinion, a list of recommendations was formulated to inform decision on vaccination for COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory neuropathies and increase adherence to vaccination programmes.<br><br>RESULTS: recommendations addressing safety and efficacy of vaccination in patients with inflammatory neuropathies were formulated. No data are currently available on the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in patients with inflammatory neuropathies or other immune-mediated conditions. There is only sparse data on the safety of previous available vaccines in patients with inflammatory neuropathies, but studies on other autoimmune disorders indicate that these are safe and mostly efficacious. Patients with inflammatory neuropathies might be at increase risk for severe illness from COVID-19 INTERPRETATION: patients with inflammatory neuropathies should be encouraged to adhere to the vaccination campaign for COVID-19. These recommendations provide guidance on the management of vaccinations for COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory neuropathies. More research is needed regarding the safety and efficacy of vaccination in patients with inflammatory neuropathies and other immune conditions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid33620086, year = {2021}, author = {Struyf, T and Deeks, JJ and Dinnes, J and Takwoingi, Y and Davenport, C and Leeflang, MM and Spijker, R and Hooft, L and Emperador, D and Domen, J and Horn, SRA and Van den Bruel, A and , }, title = {Signs and symptoms to determine if a patient presenting in primary care or hospital outpatient settings has COVID-19.}, journal = {The Cochrane database of systematic reviews}, volume = {2}, number = {}, pages = {CD013665}, doi = {10.1002/14651858.CD013665.pub2}, pmid = {33620086}, issn = {1469-493X}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The clinical implications of SARS-CoV-2 infection are highly variable. Some people with SARS-CoV-2 infection remain asymptomatic, whilst the infection can cause mild to moderate COVID-19 and COVID-19 pneumonia in others. This can lead to some people requiring intensive care support and, in some cases, to death, especially in older adults. Symptoms such as fever, cough, or loss of smell or taste, and signs such as oxygen saturation are the first and most readily available diagnostic information. Such information could be used to either rule out COVID-19, or select patients for further testing. This is an update of this review, the first version of which published in July 2020.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of signs and symptoms to determine if a person presenting in primary care or to hospital outpatient settings, such as the emergency department or dedicated COVID-19 clinics, has COVID-19.<br><br>SEARCH METHODS: For this review iteration we undertook electronic searches up to 15 July 2020 in the Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register and the University of Bern living search database. In addition, we checked repositories of COVID-19 publications. We did not apply any language restrictions.<br><br>SELECTION CRITERIA: Studies were eligible if they included patients with clinically suspected COVID-19, or if they recruited known cases with COVID-19 and controls without COVID-19. Studies were eligible when they recruited patients presenting to primary care or hospital outpatient settings. Studies in hospitalised patients were only included if symptoms and signs were recorded on admission or at presentation. Studies including patients who contracted SARS-CoV-2 infection while admitted to hospital were not eligible. The minimum eligible sample size of studies was 10 participants. All signs and symptoms were eligible for this review, including individual signs and symptoms or combinations. We accepted a range of reference standards.<br><br>DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Pairs of review authors independently selected all studies, at both title and abstract stage and full-text stage. They resolved any disagreements by discussion with a third review author. Two review authors independently extracted data and resolved disagreements by discussion with a third review author. Two review authors independently assessed risk of bias using the Quality Assessment tool for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) checklist. We presented sensitivity and specificity in paired forest plots, in receiver operating characteristic space and in dumbbell plots. We estimated summary parameters using a bivariate random-effects meta-analysis whenever five or more primary studies were available, and whenever heterogeneity across studies was deemed acceptable.<br><br>MAIN RESULTS: We identified 44 studies including 26,884 participants in total. Prevalence of COVID-19 varied from 3% to 71% with a median of 21%. There were three studies from primary care settings (1824 participants), nine studies from outpatient testing centres (10,717 participants), 12 studies performed in hospital outpatient wards (5061 participants), seven studies in hospitalised patients (1048 participants), 10 studies in the emergency department (3173 participants), and three studies in which the setting was not specified (5061 participants). The studies did not clearly distinguish mild from severe COVID-19, so we present the results for all disease severities together. Fifteen studies had a high risk of bias for selection of participants because inclusion in the studies depended on the applicable testing and referral protocols, which included many of the signs and symptoms under study in this review. This may have especially influenced the sensitivity of those features used in referral protocols, such as fever and cough. Five studies only included participants with pneumonia on imaging, suggesting that this is a highly selected population. In an additional 12 studies, we were unable to assess the risk for selection bias. This makes it very difficult to judge the validity of the diagnostic accuracy of the signs and symptoms from these included studies. The applicability of the results of this review update improved in comparison with the original review. A greater proportion of studies included participants who presented to outpatient settings, which is where the majority of clinical assessments for COVID-19 take place. However, still none of the studies presented any data on children separately, and only one focused specifically on older adults. We found data on 84 signs and symptoms. Results were highly variable across studies. Most had very low sensitivity and high specificity. Only cough (25 studies) and fever (7 studies) had a pooled sensitivity of at least 50% but specificities were moderate to low. Cough had a sensitivity of 67.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 59.8% to 74.1%) and specificity of 35.0% (95% CI 28.7% to 41.9%). Fever had a sensitivity of 53.8% (95% CI 35.0% to 71.7%) and a specificity of 67.4% (95% CI 53.3% to 78.9%). The pooled positive likelihood ratio of cough was only 1.04 (95% CI 0.97 to 1.11) and that of fever 1.65 (95% CI 1.41 to 1.93). Anosmia alone (11 studies), ageusia alone (6 studies), and anosmia or ageusia (6 studies) had sensitivities below 50% but specificities over 90%. Anosmia had a pooled sensitivity of 28.0% (95% CI 17.7% to 41.3%) and a specificity of 93.4% (95% CI 88.3% to 96.4%). Ageusia had a pooled sensitivity of 24.8% (95% CI 12.4% to 43.5%) and a specificity of 91.4% (95% CI 81.3% to 96.3%). Anosmia or ageusia had a pooled sensitivity of 41.0% (95% CI 27.0% to 56.6%) and a specificity of 90.5% (95% CI 81.2% to 95.4%). The pooled positive likelihood ratios of anosmia alone and anosmia or ageusia were 4.25 (95% CI 3.17 to 5.71) and 4.31 (95% CI 3.00 to 6.18) respectively, which is just below our arbitrary definition of a 'red flag', that is, a positive likelihood ratio of at least 5. The pooled positive likelihood ratio of ageusia alone was only 2.88 (95% CI 2.02 to 4.09). Only two studies assessed combinations of different signs and symptoms, mostly combining fever and cough with other symptoms. These combinations had a specificity above 80%, but at the cost of very low sensitivity (< 30%).<br><br>AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The majority of individual signs and symptoms included in this review appear to have very poor diagnostic accuracy, although this should be interpreted in the context of selection bias and heterogeneity between studies. Based on currently available data, neither absence nor presence of signs or symptoms are accurate enough to rule in or rule out COVID-19. The presence of anosmia or ageusia may be useful as a red flag for COVID-19. The presence of fever or cough, given their high sensitivities, may also be useful to identify people for further testing. Prospective studies in an unselected population presenting to primary care or hospital outpatient settings, examining combinations of signs and symptoms to evaluate the syndromic presentation of COVID-19, are still urgently needed. Results from such studies could inform subsequent management decisions.}, }
@article {pmid33619920, year = {2021}, author = {Jung, J}, title = {Preparing for the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Vaccination: Evidence, Plans, and Implications.}, journal = {Journal of Korean medical science}, volume = {36}, number = {7}, pages = {e59}, doi = {10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e59}, pmid = {33619920}, issn = {1598-6357}, support = {2019-11//Gachon University Gil Medical Center/Korea ; }, abstract = {The formation of herd immunity through vaccination is a key point in overcoming the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. To acquire herd immunity, a high vaccination rate is required, which is necessary to instill confidence in the public regarding the effectiveness and safety of the vaccine. In the real-world setting, thorough preparation of components, such as priority setting, vaccine delivery, logistics, and side-effect monitoring is necessary to overcome vaccine hesitancy. Each country prioritizes vaccination since healthcare workers, nursing facility residents, and the elderly population, and similar trends are found between countries. Vaccination is performed at large centers and medical institutions operated by the country, and variations are dependent on the environment of each country. The transport of mRNA vaccines is a challenging task, and to this end, each government is striving for safe distribution. In addition, each authority operates a surveillance system to monitor the safety of vaccines, and Korea needs to produce evidence for monitoring effects and side effects with expertise. Even after the acquisition of herd immunity, COVID-19 is highly likely to remain an endemic infectious disease, and a higher immunity level may be required because of variants of the virus. If the spread of variants of concern continues, a booster vaccination may be required. Therefore, non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as social distancing, wearing a mask, and epidemiological investigation should be maintained.}, }
@article {pmid33619469, year = {2021}, author = {Turcinovic, M and Singson, R and Harrigan, M and Ardito, S and Ilyas, A and Sinvani, L and Hajizadeh, N and Burns, E}, title = {Physical Therapy for Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in Isolation: Feasibility and pilot implementation of telehealth for delivering individualized therapy.}, journal = {Archives of rehabilitation research and clinical translation}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {100113}, doi = {10.1016/j.arrct.2021.100113}, pmid = {33619469}, issn = {2590-1095}, abstract = {Objective: To optimize the ability of hospitalized patients isolated due to COVID-19 to participate in physical therapy.<br><br>Design: This was a prospective, quality improvement trial of the feasibility and acceptability of a &quot;hybrid&quot; in-person and telerehabilitation platform to deliver physical therapy to hospitalized adults.<br><br>Setting: Inpatient wards of a tertiary care, multi-specialty academic medical center in the greater New York City metropolitan area.<br><br>Participants: A convenience sample of 39 COVID-19+ adults, mean age 57.3 years, 69% male, all previously community dwelling agreed to participate in a combination of in-person and telerehabilitation sessions (TR).<br><br>Intervention: Initial in-person evaluation by physical therapist followed by twice daily PT sessions, one in-person and one via a telehealth platform meeting Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) confidentiality requirements. The communication platform was downloaded to each participant's personal smart device to establish audiovisual contact with the Physical Therapist.<br><br>Measures: The 6-clicks Activity Measure for Post-Acute Care (AM-PAC) was used to score self-reported functional status pre-morbidly by, and by the therapist at baseline and discharge.<br><br>Results: Functional status measured by AM-PAC 6-clicks demonstrated improvement from admission to discharge. Barriers to participation were identified and strategies are planned to facilitate use of the platform in future.<br><br>Conclusions: A consistent and structured protocol for engaging patient participation in PT delivered via a telehealth platform was successfully developed. A process was put in place to allow for further development, recruitment and testing in a randomized trial.}, }
@article {pmid33619468, year = {2020}, author = {Gao, X and Dong, Q}, title = {A primer on Bayesian estimation of prevalence of COVID-19 patient outcomes.}, journal = {JAMIA open}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {628-631}, doi = {10.1093/jamiaopen/ooaa062}, pmid = {33619468}, issn = {2574-2531}, abstract = {A common research task in COVID-19 studies often involves the prevalence estimation of certain medical outcomes. Although point estimates with confidence intervals are typically obtained, a better approach is to estimate the entire posterior probability distribution of the prevalence, which can be easily accomplished with a standard Bayesian approach using binomial likelihood and its conjugate beta prior distribution. Using two recently published COVID-19 data sets, we performed Bayesian analysis to estimate the prevalence of infection fatality in Iceland and asymptomatic children in the United States.}, }
@article {pmid33619464, year = {2020}, author = {Richesson, RL}, title = {Learning health systems, embedded research, and data standards-recommendations for healthcare system leaders.}, journal = {JAMIA open}, volume = {3}, number = {4}, pages = {488-491}, doi = {10.1093/jamiaopen/ooaa046}, pmid = {33619464}, issn = {2574-2531}, abstract = {Learning health systems that conduct embedded research require infrastructure for the seamless adoption of clinical interventions; this infrastructure should integrate with electronic health record (EHR) systems and enable the use of existing data. As purchasers of EHR systems, and as critical partners, sponsors, and consumers of embedded research, healthcare organizations should advocate for EHR system functionality and data standards that will increase the capacity for embedded research in clinical settings. As stakeholders and proponents for EHR data standards, healthcare leaders should support standards development and promote local adoption to support quality healthcare, continuous improvement, innovative data-driven interventions, and the generation of new knowledge. &quot;Standards-enabled&quot; health systems will be positioned to address emergent and critical research questions, including those related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and future public health threats. The role of a data standards officer or champion could enable health systems to realize this goal.}, }
@article {pmid33619447, year = {2021}, author = {Sood, S and Bhatia, GK and Seth, P and Kumar, P and Kaur, J and Gupta, V and Punia, S and Tuli, HS}, title = {Efficacy and Safety of New and Emerging Drugs for COVID-19: Favipiravir and Dexamethasone.}, journal = {Current pharmacology reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-6}, doi = {10.1007/s40495-021-00253-w}, pmid = {33619447}, issn = {2198-641X}, abstract = {Purpose of Review: The widespread respiratory disease of virus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2019 (SAR-CoV-2) had infected more than 200 countries and caused pandemic and havoc in the world.<br><br>Recent Findings: The genome of the virus was sequenced rapidly to study its mechanism, epidemiology, drugs, and vaccines. Many drugs and vaccines are being studied by researchers to treat and prevent the SARS-CoV-2. Favipiravir and dexamethasone are repurposed drugs which showed therapeutic potential and pharmaceutical efficacy against SARS-CoV-2.<br><br>Summary: The review describes the path of favipiravir and dexamethasone from chemistry to mechanisms of action to combat SARS-CoV-2. In addition, the potential side effects are also summarized to study their potential to control corona virus 2019.}, }
@article {pmid33619442, year = {2021}, author = {Stauss, M and Floyd, L and Becker, S and Ponnusamy, A and Woywodt, A}, title = {Opportunities in the cloud or pie in the sky? Current status and future perspectives of telemedicine in nephrology.}, journal = {Clinical kidney journal}, volume = {14}, number = {2}, pages = {492-506}, doi = {10.1093/ckj/sfaa103}, pmid = {33619442}, issn = {2048-8505}, abstract = {The use of telehealth to support, enhance or substitute traditional methods of delivering healthcare is becoming increasingly common in many specialties, such as stroke care, radiology and oncology. There is reason to believe that this approach remains underutilized within nephrology, which is somewhat surprising given the fact that nephrologists have always driven technological change in developing dialysis technology. Despite the obvious benefits that telehealth may provide, robust evidence remains lacking and many of the studies are anecdotal, limited to small numbers or without conclusive proof of benefit. More worryingly, quite a few studies report unexpected obstacles, pitfalls or patient dissatisfaction. However, with increasing global threats such as climate change and infectious disease, a change in approach to delivery of healthcare is needed. The current pandemic with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has prompted the renal community to embrace telehealth to an unprecedented extent and at speed. In that sense the pandemic has already served as a disruptor, changed clinical practice and shown immense transformative potential. Here, we provide an update on current evidence and use of telehealth within various areas of nephrology globally, including the fields of dialysis, inpatient care, virtual consultation and patient empowerment. We also provide a brief primer on the use of artificial intelligence in this context and speculate about future implications. We also highlight legal aspects and pitfalls and discuss the 'digital divide' as a key concept that healthcare providers need to be mindful of when providing telemedicine-based approaches. Finally, we briefly discuss the immediate use of telenephrology at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. We hope to provide clinical nephrologists with an overview of what is currently available, as well as a glimpse into what may be expected in the future.}, }
@article {pmid33619260, year = {2021}, author = {Kyriakidis, NC and López-Cortés, A and González, EV and Grimaldos, AB and Prado, EO}, title = {SARS-CoV-2 vaccines strategies: a comprehensive review of phase 3 candidates.}, journal = {NPJ vaccines}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {28}, pmid = {33619260}, issn = {2059-0105}, abstract = {The new SARS-CoV-2 virus is an RNA virus that belongs to the Coronaviridae family and causes COVID-19 disease. The newly sequenced virus appears to originate in China and rapidly spread throughout the world, becoming a pandemic that, until January 5th, 2021, has caused more than 1,866,000 deaths. Hence, laboratories worldwide are developing an effective vaccine against this disease, which will be essential to reduce morbidity and mortality. Currently, there more than 64 vaccine candidates, most of them aiming to induce neutralizing antibodies against the spike protein (S). These antibodies will prevent uptake through the human ACE-2 receptor, thereby limiting viral entrance. Different vaccine platforms are being used for vaccine development, each one presenting several advantages and disadvantages. Thus far, thirteen vaccine candidates are being tested in Phase 3 clinical trials; therefore, it is closer to receiving approval or authorization for large-scale immunizations.}, }
@article {pmid33618979, year = {2021}, author = {Gutierrez-Chamorro, L and Felip, E and Ezeonwumelu, IJ and Margelí, M and Ballana, E}, title = {Cyclin-dependent Kinases as Emerging Targets for Developing Novel Antiviral Therapeutics.}, journal = {Trends in microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.tim.2021.01.014}, pmid = {33618979}, issn = {1878-4380}, abstract = {Besides its prominent role in cell proliferation, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are key players in viral infections as both DNA and RNA viruses modify CDK function to favor viral replication. Recently, a number of specific pharmacological CDK inhibitors have been developed and approved for cancer treatment. The repurposing of these specific CDK inhibitors for the treatment of viral infections may represent a novel effective therapeutic strategy to combat old and emergent viruses. In this review, we describe the role, mechanisms of action, and potential of CDKs as antiviral drug targets. We also discuss the current clinical state of novel specific CDK inhibitors, focusing on their putative use as antivirals, especially against new emerging viruses.}, }
@article {pmid33618659, year = {2021}, author = {Khomari, F and Nabi-Afjadi, M and Yarahmadi, S and Eskandari, H and Bahreini, E}, title = {Effects of Cell Proteostasis Network on the Survival of SARS-CoV-2.}, journal = {Biological procedures online}, volume = {23}, number = {1}, pages = {8}, pmid = {33618659}, issn = {1480-9222}, abstract = {The proteostasis network includes all the factors that control the function of proteins in their native state and minimize their non-functional or harmful reactions. The molecular chaperones, the important mediator in the proteostasis network can be considered as any protein that contributes to proper folding and assembly of other macromolecules, through maturating of unfolded or partially folded macromolecules, refolding of stress-denatured proteins, and modifying oligomeric assembly, otherwise it leads to their proteolytic degradation. Viruses that use the hosts' gene expression tools and protein synthesis apparatus to survive and replicate, are obviously protected by such a host chaperone system. This means that many viruses use members of the hosts' chaperoning system to infect the target cells, replicate, and spread. During viral infection, increase in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress due to high expression of viral proteins enhances the level of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and induces cell apoptosis or necrosis. Indeed, evidence suggests that ER stress and the induction of unfolded protein response (UPR) may be a major aspect of the corona-host virus interaction. In addition, several clinical reports have confirmed the autoimmune phenomena in COVID-19-patients, and a strong association between this autoimmunity and severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Part of such autoimmunity is due to shared epitopes among the virus and host. This article reviews the proteostasis network and its relationship to the immune system in SARS-CoV-2 infection.}, }
@article {pmid33611263, year = {2021}, author = {Xantus, G and Rékassy, B and Závori, L}, title = {Corona vaccine review.}, journal = {Orvosi hetilap}, volume = {162}, number = {8}, pages = {283-292}, doi = {10.1556/650.2021.32172}, pmid = {33611263}, issn = {1788-6120}, mesh = {COVID-19/*prevention &amp; control ; *COVID-19 Vaccines ; Humans ; Hungary ; }, abstract = {Összefoglaló. A SARS-CoV-2 okozta megbetegedés (COVID-19) a cikk megírásáig a világon több mint 82 millió embert érintett, a halálos áldozatok száma 1,8 millió (2,2%). Hazánkban eddig 300 000 feletti esetszámot regisztráltak, a cikk megjelenésének idején már várhatóan több mint 10 000 halottal (3%). Habár a megbetegedésnek oki gyógyszeres terápiája egyelőre nincs, egyes antivirális szerek és a rekonvaleszcens plazma alkalmazása a tapasztalatok szerint csökkentik a vírusterhelést, és ezzel hozzájárulnak a beteg gyógyulásához. Az eddig példa nélküli epidemiológiai rendelkezések nem tudták megállítani, csak lelassítani a betegség terjedését, ezért a megelőzés tűnik az egyetlen, a közeljövőben tömegek számára is elérhető megoldásnak. A jelen cikk nem egy virológiai vagy biotechnológiai szakmunka, sokkal inkább egy összefoglaló házi- és általános orvosok számára, amely ismerteti a jelenleg engedélyezett, illetve a közeljövőben forgalomba kerülő védőoltások előnyeit és hátrányait a COVID-19 tágabb kontextusában. Írásunkban bemutatjuk a leggyakoribb álhíreket, rémhíreket is, valamint ezek cáfolatát is annak érdekében, hogy kollégáink felkészültebben tudják betegeiket informálni, valamint segíteni a vakcináció fontosságával kapcsolatos döntéshozatalt. Egy járvány megfékezésének legkézenfekvőbb módja a társadalmi szintű védettség megvalósítása. A nyájimmunitás kialakulása nélkül nagy valószínűséggel e jelenlegi pandémia sem állítható meg. Amennyiben egyéni és társadalmi szinten is vissza szeretnénk térni a vírus előtti életünkhöz, újra élvezve az akadálytalan áru- és kereskedelmi forgalom jelentette előnyöket, akkor a tömeges oltás tűnik a leghatékonyabb eszköznek ennek eléréséhez. A fertőző betegségek számának és mortalitásának a 20. században tapasztalt jelentős csökkenése egyértelműen a társadalmi szintű átoltottságnak, valamint a higiénés körülmények javulásának köszönhető. Az oltás ugyan önkéntes, de felvételének kérdése pandémiás helyzetben valószínűleg nemcsak egyéni döntés, de társadalmi felelősségvállalás kérdése is. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(8): 283-292. Summary. Out of more than 82 million people worldwide, 1.8 million (2.2%) succumbed to SARS-CoV-2 disease (COVID-19). In 2020, more than 300 000 cases were registered in Hungary, and by the time of publication of this article, the death toll would probably exceed 10 000 (3%). Currently no causative drug therapy is available, however, observational evidence suggests that certain antivirals and the use of convalescent plasma may change the disease course. The unprecedented, strict epidemiological provisions managed to slow down the spread of the disease though they could not stop it. It seems that prevention remains the only readily available option to beat COVID-19. This is not a virology or biotechnology paper, but an unbiased review for general practitioners, aiming to summarize the advantages/disadvantages of the (emergency) authorized and soon-to-be-launched vaccines in the wider context of COVID-19. We also intended to address and debunk the most common misconceptions, aiming to help both doctors and patients to make a fact-based, informed decision about vaccination. Herd immunity is paramount to combat COVID pandemic. Without population-level vaccination, we are unlikely to regain the quality of life, the freedom of travel and the unrestricted economy/commerce we enjoyed before. It is obvious that the significant reduction in morbity/mortality of infectious diseases in the 20th century was achieved through advancements in vaccinology and improved hygiene. Albeit voluntary, vaccination in a pandemic situation is probably not only an individual decision, but social responsibility as well. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(8): 283-292.}, }
@article {pmid33605243, year = {2020}, author = {Bhusal, L and Amgain, K and Dangal, G and Tamang, PD and Shahi, P and Budhathoki, P and Paudel, AK}, title = {Virology, Clinical Features and Diagnosis of COVID 19: Review Analysis.}, journal = {Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ)}, volume = {18}, number = {70}, pages = {75-79}, pmid = {33605243}, issn = {1812-2078}, mesh = {*COVID-19/diagnosis ; COVID-19 Testing ; *Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/epidemiology ; Humans ; Pandemics ; RNA, Viral ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Viral Load ; }, abstract = {COVID-19 requires unprecedented mobilization of the health systems to prevent the rapid spread of this unique virus, which spreads via respiratory droplet and causes respiratory disease. There is an urgent need for an accurate and rapid test method to quickly identify many infected patients and asymptomatic carriers to prevent virus transmission and assure timely treatment of the patients. This article aims as an outcome of review of the evidence on viral load and its virulence of SARS-CoV2,so that it will help in further understanding the fact useful for investigating and managing the COVID-19 cases. A search of available evidence was conducted in pub-med &quot;COVID-19 viral load and virulence&quot; and its associated characters world-wide and Google Scholar to capture the most recently published articles. The WHO and Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) database of publications on novel coronavirus were also screened for relevant publications. Abstracts of 55 articles were screened by two authors and 15 were included in this study based on the inclusion criteria. SARS-coV2, the causative agent of COVID-19 falls under the coronavirus family but it has higher infectivity compared to SARS and MERS with higher reproduction numbers(Ro). Virulence has been found to be different throughout the world,however lower compared to SARS and MERS,till date. The most common clinical features have been found to be cough and fever. RT - PCR remains the most sensitive and specific method for the diagnosis of COVID-19 although it is time consuming, costly and requires highly skilled human resources. Hence, newer modalities like RT- LAMP can be alternative for point of care diagnosis as this is both cost effective and requires less skilled human resources. Despite recent advances in disease diagnosis and treatment outcomes using latest technological advances in molecular biology, the global pandemic COVID-19 remains a major headache for governments across the world due to limited testing capacity and lack of appropriate treatment and vaccine.}, }
@article {pmid33600397, year = {2021}, author = {Cohen, B and Gray, TF and Phillips, J and Linder, L and Starkweather, A and Yeager, KA and Cooley, ME}, title = {The Oncology Nursing Society Rapid Review and Research Priorities for Cancer Care in the Context of COVID-19.}, journal = {Oncology nursing forum}, volume = {48}, number = {2}, pages = {131-145}, doi = {10.1188/21.ONF.131-145}, pmid = {33600397}, issn = {1538-0688}, mesh = {COVID-19/*epidemiology ; Humans ; Neoplasms/*nursing ; *Nursing Research ; *Oncology Nursing ; *Societies, Nursing ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To identify research priorities addressing COVID-19 that build on the 2019-2022 Oncology Nursing Society (ONS) Research Agenda, in alignment with ONS's mission to promote excellence in oncology nursing and quality cancer care.<br><br>METHODS &amp;AMP; VARIABLES: Priority areas were identified using a multistep approach combining rapid review of the literature; consultation with experts/stakeholders; and review of priorities from other funding agencies, public health, and cancer-focused organizations.<br><br>RESULTS: The rapid research response team identified five priority areas for research related to COVID-19.<br><br>IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Oncology nurses are well positioned to address the research priorities and cross-cutting themes identified through this review. The use of innovative methodologic approaches and attention to disparities are necessary to advance cancer care related to COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33593483, year = {2020}, author = {Ferrara, F and Vitiello, A}, title = {Scientific and pharmacological rationale for the treatment of cardiac damage caused by COVID-19.}, journal = {Discovery medicine}, volume = {30}, number = {161}, pages = {155-161}, pmid = {33593483}, issn = {1944-7930}, mesh = {COVID-19/*complications/*pathology/virology ; Heart Diseases/*drug therapy/*etiology ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Myocardium/*pathology ; Risk Factors ; SARS-CoV-2/*physiology ; }, abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus responsible for the global coronavirus 2019 pandemic (COVID-19), which started in early 2020 and is still ongoing today. COVID-19 has caused more than 1 million deaths worldwide and about 50 million infected. COVID-19 not only causes lung injury, but there may also be an involvement of other organs, including the cardiovascular system. SARS-CoV-2 penetrates host cells through the angiotensin 2 conversion enzyme (ACE-2). ACE-2 is expressed in the lungs, heart, testicles, liver, gastrointestinal tract, etc. Several studies have found that a sizeable percentage of patients with severe COVID-19 also have cardiac lesions, including myocardial fibrosis, edema, and pericarditis. Pathological remodeling of the extracellular matrix caused by SARS-CoV-2 leads to fibrotic lesions of myocardial tissue. These fibrotic lesions can cause cardiac dysfunction, reducing the ejection fraction caused by the presence of stiffened myocardial matrix and leading to heart failure, or cause an alteration in electrical conductance by creating cardiac arrhythmias. These cardiac dysfunctions can be fatal if left untreated and managed. It is therefore essential to identify cardiac involvement early in order to act with appropriate treatments to preserve the integrity of the heart. In this review, we describe what is known about cardiac damage from COVID-19, including the scientific rationale for effective therapeutic solutions to combat cardiac injury, and reduce or avoid cardiac damage from COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33507166, year = {2021}, author = {O'Flynn, D and Lawler, J and Yusuf, A and Parle-McDermott, A and Harold, D and Mc Cloughlin, T and Holland, L and Regan, F and White, B}, title = {A review of pharmaceutical occurrence and pathways in the aquatic environment in the context of a changing climate and the COVID-19 pandemic.}, journal = {Analytical methods : advancing methods and applications}, volume = {13}, number = {5}, pages = {575-594}, doi = {10.1039/d0ay02098b}, pmid = {33507166}, issn = {1759-9679}, mesh = {Animals ; Aquatic Organisms/drug effects ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Climate Change ; Drug Industry ; Ecotoxicology ; European Union ; Humans ; *Pandemics ; *Persistent Organic Pollutants/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism/pharmacology ; *Pharmaceutical Preparations/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism ; Plants/drug effects ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Water Pollutants, Chemical/isolation &amp; purification/metabolism/pharmacology ; Water Purification ; }, abstract = {Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are increasingly being identified as contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). They have potentially detrimental ecological and human health impacts but most are not currently subject to environmental regulation. Addressing the life cycle of these pharmaceuticals plays a significant role in identifying the potential sources and understanding the environmental impact that pharmaceuticals may have in surface waters. The stability and biological activity of these &quot;micro-pollutants&quot; can lead to a pseudo persistence, with ensuing unknown chronic behavioural and health-related effects. Research that investigates pharmaceuticals predominantly focuses on their occurrence and effect within surface water environments. However, this review will help to collate this information with factors that affect their environmental concentration. This review focuses on six pharmaceuticals (clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, venlafaxine, gemfibrozil and diclofenac), chosen because they are heavily consumed globally, have poor removal rates in conventional activated sludge wastewater treatment plants (CAS WWTPs), and are persistent in the aquatic environment. Furthermore, these pharmaceuticals are included in numerous published prioritisation studies and/or are on the Water Framework Directive (WFD) &quot;Watch List&quot; or are candidates for the updated Watch List (WL). This review investigates the concentrations seen in European Union (EU) surface waters and examines factors that influence final concentrations prior to release, thus giving a holistic overview on the source of pharmaceutical surface water pollution. A period of 10 years is covered by this review, which includes research from 2009-2020 examining over 100 published studies, and highlighting that pharmaceuticals can pose a severe risk to surface water environments, with each stage of the lifecycle of the pharmaceutical determining its concentration. This review additionally highlights the necessity to improve education surrounding appropriate use, disposal and waste management of pharmaceuticals, while implementing a source directed and end of pipe approach to reduce pharmaceutical occurrence in surface waters.}, }
@article {pmid33476692, year = {2021}, author = {Sahebi, A and Nejati-Zarnaqi, B and Moayedi, S and Yousefi, K and Torres, M and Golitaleb, M}, title = {The prevalence of anxiety and depression among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: An umbrella review of meta-analyses.}, journal = {Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology &amp; biological psychiatry}, volume = {107}, number = {}, pages = {110247}, doi = {10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110247}, pmid = {33476692}, issn = {1878-4216}, mesh = {Anxiety/*epidemiology/psychology ; COVID-19/*epidemiology/psychology ; Depression/*epidemiology/psychology ; *Health Personnel/psychology/trends ; Humans ; Meta-Analysis as Topic ; *Pandemics ; Prevalence ; Systematic Reviews as Topic/methods ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Healthcare workers, who are at the forefront of the fight against COVID-19, are particularly susceptible to physical and mental health consequences such as anxiety and depression. The aim of this umbrella review of meta-analyses is to determine the prevalence of anxiety and depression among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.<br><br>METHODS: Using relevant keywords, data resources including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, ProQuest, Science Direct, Google Scholar and Embase were searched to obtain systematic reviews and meta-analyses reporting the prevalence of anxiety and depression among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic from the beginning of January to the end of October 2020. The random effects model was used for meta-analysis, and the I2 index was employed to assess heterogeneity among studies. Data was analyzed using STATA 14 software.<br><br>RESULTS: In the primary search, 103 studies were identified, and ultimately 7 studies were included in the umbrella review. The results showed that the overall prevalence of anxiety and depression among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic was 24.94% (95% CI: 21.83-28.05, I2 = 0.0%, P = 0.804) and 24.83% (95% CI: 21.41-28.25, I2 = 0.0%, P = 0.897), respectively.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This umbrella review shows that the prevalence of anxiety and depression is relatively high among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare workers should be provided with resources to minimize this risk.}, }
@article {pmid33618279, year = {2020}, author = {Yu, X and Li, N}, title = {Understanding the beginning of a pandemic: China's response to the emergence of COVID-19.}, journal = {Journal of infection and public health}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {347-352}, doi = {10.1016/j.jiph.2020.12.024}, pmid = {33618279}, issn = {1876-035X}, abstract = {China had suffered the COVID-19 outbreak from the end of 2019, SARS-CoV-2 began to spread secretly within the community and in hospitals, causing numerous citizens to be infected without knowing it. After the official confirmation of COVID-19, hospital diagnosis and treatment systems were under great pressure, and medical supplies were scarce. Then the pandemic experienced an explosive growth and quickly peaked. In order to respond to the challenge, the Chinese government quickly built hospitals, adjusted the diagnosis and treatment systems, deployed medical staff to support areas affected by the epidemic, isolated and treated infected patients as much as possible, reminded citizens to use good protection, and controlled the epidemic step-by-step. In this paper, we used official published data and medical literature about the transmission of COVID-19 as well as prevention and control guidelines issued by the Chinese government and hospitals, adopted a multi-dimensional analysis framework, divided the outbreak into three phases: (1) &quot;blind man touching the elephant&quot; phase, (2) &quot;opening Pandora's box&quot; phase, (3) &quot;whole offensive and whole defensive tactics&quot; phase. This was done to describe the development of and response to the pandemic. This paper suggested that when dealing with similar outbreaks in the future, we should do a better job of providing protective guidance and material reserves in advance, strengthen the emergency response capacity of medical institutions, and aim to share this information with the public medical systems of other countries which also face severe tests.}, }
@article {pmid33618278, year = {2020}, author = {Shah, SMA and Rasheed, T and Rizwan, K and Bilal, M and Iqbal, HMN and Rasool, N and Toma, S and Marceanu, LG and Bobescu, E}, title = {Risk management strategies and therapeutic modalities to tackle COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2.}, journal = {Journal of infection and public health}, volume = {14}, number = {3}, pages = {331-346}, doi = {10.1016/j.jiph.2020.12.023}, pmid = {33618278}, issn = {1876-035X}, abstract = {The recent emergence of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) triggered by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in substantial mortality worldwide. Presently, there is no approved treatment for COVID-19. Consequently, the clinical, scientific, and regulatory authorities have joint efforts to reduce the severe impact of COVID-19. To date, there is minimal arsenal with no definite curative drugs, licensed-vaccines, or therapeutic conducts to combat the COVID-19 infections. Keeping in view the threats of this pandemic, various global organizations, physicians, researchers, and scientists, are trying to recognize the epidemiological characteristics and pathogenic mechanisms of COVID-19 to discover potential treatment regimens, vaccines, and therapeutic modes for future anticipation. Herein, we summarize a contemporary overview of curative invasions and vaccines for COVID-19 based on the earlier information and considerate of similar earlier RNA coronaviruses. The information reviewed here establishes a paramount intellectual basis to promote ongoing research to develop vaccines and curative agents. Thus, this review suggests the furthermost accessible frontiers in the vaccine development to tackle or combat the COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2.}, }
@article {pmid33618158, year = {2021}, author = {Amin, SA and Banerjee, S and Gayen, S and Jha, T}, title = {Protease targeted COVID-19 drug discovery: What we have learned from the past SARS-CoV inhibitors?.}, journal = {European journal of medicinal chemistry}, volume = {215}, number = {}, pages = {113294}, doi = {10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113294}, pmid = {33618158}, issn = {1768-3254}, abstract = {The fascinating similarity between the SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, inspires scientific community to investigate deeper into the SARS-CoV proteases such as main protease (Mpro) and papain-like protease (PLpro) and their inhibitors for the discovery of SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitors. Because of the similarity in the proteases of these two corona viruses, there is a greater chance for the previous SARS-CoV Mpro and PLpro inhibitors to provide effective results against SARS-CoV-2. In this context, the molecular fragments from the SARS-CoV protease inhibitors through the fragment-based drug design and discovery technique can be useful guidance for COVID-19 drug discovery. Here, we have focused on the structure-activity relationship studies of previous SARS-CoV protease inhibitors and discussed about crucial fragments generated from previous SARS-CoV protease inhibitors important for the lead optimization of SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitors. This study surely offers different strategic options of lead optimization to the medicinal chemists to discover effective anti-viral agent against the devastating disease, COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33617770, year = {2021}, author = {Beyrer, C and Adimora, AA and Hodder, SL and Hopkins, E and Millett, G and Mon, SHH and Sullivan, PS and Walensky, RP and Pozniak, A and Warren, M and Richman, B and Copeland, R and Mayer, KH}, title = {Call to action: how can the US Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative succeed?.}, journal = {Lancet (London, England)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00390-1}, pmid = {33617770}, issn = {1474-547X}, abstract = {With more than 1·2 million people living with HIV in the USA, a complex epidemic across the large and diverse country, and a fragmented health-care system marked by widening health disparities, the US HIV epidemic requires sustained scientific and public health attention. The epidemic has been stubbornly persistent; high incidence densities have been sustained over decades and the epidemic is increasingly concentrated among racial, ethnic, and sexual and gender minority communities. This fact remains true despite extraordinary scientific advances in prevention, treatment, and care-advances that have been led, to a substantial degree, by US-supported science and researchers. In this watershed year of 2021 and in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is clear that the USA will not meet the stated goals of the National HIV/AIDS Strategy, particularly those goals relating to reductions in new infections, decreases in morbidity, and reductions in HIV stigma. The six papers in the Lancet Series on HIV in the USA have each examined the underlying causes of these challenges and laid out paths forward for an invigorated, sustained, and more equitable response to the US HIV epidemic than has been seen to date. The sciences of HIV surveillance, prevention, treatment, and implementation all suggest that the visionary goals of the Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative in the USA might be achievable. However, fundamental barriers and challenges need to be addressed and the research effort sustained if we are to succeed.}, }
@article {pmid33617700, year = {2021}, author = {Singh, S and Ahirwar, AK and Asia, P and Gopal, N and Kaim, K and Ahirwar, P}, title = {COVID-19 and neurology perspective.}, journal = {Hormone molecular biology and clinical investigation}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1515/hmbci-2020-0069}, pmid = {33617700}, issn = {1868-1891}, abstract = {COVID-19 caused by SARS CoV2 (The novel corona virus) has already taken lives of many people across the globe even more than anyone could have imagined. This outbreak occurred in China and since then it is expanding its devastating effects by leaps and bounds. Initially it appeared to be an outbreak of pneumonia but soon it was found to be much more than that and the infectivity was found to be very high. This is the reason that it has taken whole globe in its trap and become a pandemic in such a short span of time. Death is occurring because it is a new virus and human body has no specific antibodies for it. Presently there is no approved vaccine so everyone is susceptible but people with co-morbidities appear to be in more risk and the best way for protection is social distancing and increasing one's natural immunity by taking healthy diet and exercise. When a person is infected the clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic to severe ARDS, sudden onset of anosmia, headache, cough may be the initial symptoms. This review is focused on immunopathology and effect of COVID-19 on neurological disorders and also the neurological manifestations and the treatment.}, }
@article {pmid33616811, year = {2021}, author = {Budak, JZ and Scott, JD and Dhanireddy, S and Wood, BR}, title = {The Impact of COVID-19 on HIV Care Provided via Telemedicine-Past, Present, and Future.}, journal = {Current HIV/AIDS reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33616811}, issn = {1548-3576}, abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review summarizes HIV care delivered via telemedicine before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and highlights areas of study to inform optimal usage of telemedicine in HIV clinical practice in the future.<br><br>RECENT FINDINGS: To address barriers to care created by the COVID-19 pandemic, regulatory agencies and payors waived longstanding restrictions, which enabled rapid expansion of telemedicine across the country. Preliminary data show that providers and persons with HIV (PWH) view telemedicine favorably. Some data suggest telemedicine has facilitated retention in care, but other studies have found increasing numbers of PWH lost to follow-up and worsened virologic suppression rates despite offering video and/or telephone visits. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated gaps in the HIV care continuum. To help mitigate the impact, most clinics have adopted new virtual care options and are now evaluating usage, impact, and concerns. Further research into the effects of telemedicine on HIV care and continued work towards universal access are needed.}, }
@article {pmid33616801, year = {2021}, author = {Corona, G and Pizzocaro, A and Vena, W and Rastrelli, G and Semeraro, F and Isidori, AM and Pivonello, R and Salonia, A and Sforza, A and Maggi, M}, title = {Diabetes is most important cause for mortality in COVID-19 hospitalized patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis.}, journal = {Reviews in endocrine &amp; metabolic disorders}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33616801}, issn = {1573-2606}, abstract = {The presence of SARS-CoV-2 was officially documented in Europe at the end of February 2020. Despite many observations, the real impact of COVID-19 in the European Union (EU), its underlying factors and their contribution to mortality and morbidity outcomes were never systematically investigated. The aim of the present work is to provide an overview and a meta-analysis of main predictors and of country differences of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection-associated mortality rate (MR) in hospitalized patients. Out of 3714 retrieved articles, 87 studies were considered, including 35,486 patients (mean age 60.9 ± 8.2 years) and 5867 deaths. After adjustment for confounders, diabetes mellitus was the best predictors of MR in an age- and sex-dependent manner, followed by chronic pulmonary obstructive diseases and malignancies. In both the US and Europe, MR was higher than that reported in Asia (25[20;29] % and 20[17;23] % vs. 13[10;17]%; both p < 0.02). Among clinical parameters, dyspnea, fatigue and myalgia, along with respiratory rate, emerged as the best predictors of MR. Finally, reduced lymphocyte and platelet count, along with increased D-dimer levels, all significantly contributed to increased mortality. The optimization of glucose profile along with an adequate thrombotic complications preventive strategy must become routine practice in diseased SARS-CoV-2 infected patients.}, }
@article {pmid33616739, year = {2021}, author = {Chan, JL and Murphy, KA and Sarna, JR}, title = {Myoclonus and cerebellar ataxia associated with COVID-19: a case report and systematic review.}, journal = {Journal of neurology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33616739}, issn = {1432-1459}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in December 2019, neurological manifestations have been recognized as potential complications. Relatively rare movement disorders associated with COVID-19 are increasingly reported in case reports or case series. Here, we present a case and systematic review of myoclonus and cerebellar ataxia associated with COVID-19.<br><br>METHODS: A systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline using the PubMed and Ovid MEDLINE databases, from November 1, 2019 to December 6, 2020.<br><br>RESULTS: 51 cases of myoclonus or ataxia associated with COVID-19, including our case, were identified from 32 publications. The mean age was 59.6 years, ranging from 26 to 88 years, and 21.6% were female. Myoclonus was multifocal or generalized and had an acute onset, usually within 1 month of COVID-19 symptoms. Myoclonus occurred in isolation (46.7%), or with ataxia (40.0%) or cognitive changes (30.0%). Most cases improved within 2 months, and treatment included anti-epileptic medications or immunotherapy. Ataxia had an acute onset, usually within 1 month of COVID-19 symptoms, but could be an initial symptom. Concurrent neurological symptoms included cognitive changes (45.5%), myoclonus (36.4%), or a Miller Fisher syndrome variant (21.2%). Most cases improved within 2 months, either spontaneously or with immunotherapy.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review highlights myoclonus and ataxia as rare and treatable post-infectious or para-infectious, immune-mediated phenomena associated with COVID-19. The natural history is unknown and future investigation is needed to further characterize these movement disorders and COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33616696, year = {2021}, author = {Arabi, YM and Azoulay, E and Al-Dorzi, HM and Phua, J and Salluh, J and Binnie, A and Hodgson, C and Angus, DC and Cecconi, M and Du, B and Fowler, R and Gomersall, CD and Horby, P and Juffermans, NP and Kesecioglu, J and Kleinpell, RM and Machado, FR and Martin, GS and Meyfroidt, G and Rhodes, A and Rowan, K and Timsit, JF and Vincent, JL and Citerio, G}, title = {How the COVID-19 pandemic will change the future of critical care.}, journal = {Intensive care medicine}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33616696}, issn = {1432-1238}, abstract = {Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has posed unprecedented healthcare system challenges, some of which will lead to transformative change. It is obvious to healthcare workers and policymakers alike that an effective critical care surge response must be nested within the overall care delivery model. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted key elements of emergency preparedness. These include having national or regional strategic reserves of personal protective equipment, intensive care unit (ICU) devices, consumables and pharmaceuticals, as well as effective supply chains and efficient utilization protocols. ICUs must also be prepared to accommodate surges of patients and ICU staffing models should allow for fluctuations in demand. Pre-existing ICU triage and end-of-life care principles should be established, implemented and updated. Daily workflow processes should be restructured to include remote connection with multidisciplinary healthcare workers and frequent communication with relatives. The pandemic has also demonstrated the benefits of digital transformation and the value of remote monitoring technologies, such as wireless monitoring. Finally, the pandemic has highlighted the value of pre-existing epidemiological registries and agile randomized controlled platform trials in generating fast, reliable data. The COVID-19 pandemic is a reminder that besides our duty to care, we are committed to improve. By meeting these challenges today, we will be able to provide better care to future patients.}, }
@article {pmid33616686, year = {2021}, author = {Szunerits, S and Pagneux, Q and Swaidan, A and Mishyn, V and Roussel, A and Cambillau, C and Devos, D and Engelmann, I and Alidjinou, EK and Happy, H and Boukherroub, R}, title = {The role of the surface ligand on the performance of electrochemical SARS-CoV-2 antigen biosensors.}, journal = {Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33616686}, issn = {1618-2650}, support = {Cordial-FLU//ANR/ ; Covid task force//I-SITE Unvi. Lille/ ; }, abstract = {Point-of-care (POC) technologies and testing programs hold great potential to significantly improve diagnosis and disease surveillance. POC tests have the intrinsic advantage of being able to be performed near the patient or treatment facility, owing to their portable character. With rapid results often in minutes, these diagnostic platforms have a high positive impact on disease management. POC tests are, in addition, advantageous in situations of a shortage of skilled personnel and restricted availability of laboratory-based analytics. While POC testing programs are widely considered in addressing health care challenges in low-income health systems, the ongoing pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections could largely benefit from fast, efficient, accurate, and cost-effective point-of-care testing (POCT) devices for limiting COVID-19 spreading. The unrestrained availability of SARS-CoV-2 POC tests is indeed one of the adequate means of better managing the COVID-19 outbreak. A large number of novel and innovative solutions to address this medical need have emerged over the last months. Here, we critically elaborate the role of the surface ligands in the design of biosensors to cope with the current viral outbreak situation. Their notable effect on electrical and electrochemical sensors' design will be discussed in some given examples. Graphical abstract.}, }
@article {pmid33616049, year = {2021}, author = {Checchi, V and Bellini, P and Bencivenni, D and Consolo, U}, title = {COVID-19 Dentistry-Related Aspects: A Literature Overview.}, journal = {International dental journal}, volume = {71}, number = {1}, pages = {21-26}, doi = {10.1111/idj.12601}, pmid = {33616049}, issn = {1875-595X}, abstract = {A new coronavirus (Sars-CoV-2) was detected in China at the end of 2019 and has since caused a worldwide pandemic. This virus is responsible for an acute respiratory syndrome (COVID-19), distinguished by a potentially lethal interstitial bilateral pneumonia. Because Sars-CoV-2 is highly infective through airborne contamination, the high infection risk in the dental environment is a serious problem for both professional practitioners and patients. This literature overview provides a description of the clinical aspects of COVID-19 and its transmission, while supplying valuable information regarding protection and prevention measures.}, }
@article {pmid33615546, year = {2021}, author = {Luk, AOY and Ng, SSS and Holt, RI}, title = {Impact of diabetes on COVID-19 and other infection: report from the 22nd Hong Kong Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk Factors - East Meets West Symposium.}, journal = {Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e14547}, doi = {10.1111/dme.14547}, pmid = {33615546}, issn = {1464-5491}, abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has posed enormous challenges to healthcare systems worldwide. The negative impact of COVID-19 is widespread and includes not only people who contracted the disease but also those with chronic morbidities such as diabetes whose care is compromised due to diversion of medical resources. People with diabetes are generally more susceptible to infection as a result of altered immunity. People with diabetes have a worse prognosis from COVID-19 and there is evidence to suggest that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 may directly affect pancreatic function precipitating hyperglycaemic crises. In the United Kingdom, one of the most heavily affected countries, guidelines are in place to unify the management of people with diabetes hospitalised for COVID-19. Diabetes services are re-organised to ensure that medical care of people with diabetes is maintained despite resource and other practical constraints. Public health measures including social distancing, hand hygiene and the use of face masks are crucial in containing community transmission of the virus. Hong Kong, one of the most densely populated city in the world, is particularly vulnerable and has in place a stringent containment policy and aggressive contact tracing to ensure public safety during this pandemic.}, }
@article {pmid33615209, year = {2021}, author = {Luis, BM and Miguel, MB and Pedro, DL and David, IP and Itziar, A and Ana, GH and Enrique, IJ and María, LV and La Torre-Ferrera Noelia,  and Julio César, BB and Marta, UI and Sebastián Rodrigo, SL and María, CB and Andrés, LM and Javier, MI and Juan Pablo, GM and Gerardo, HF and Francisco Carolina, NS and Jorge, BL and María, FR and Fernando, CT and Sergio, OE and Lourdes, FC and María, GE and Gregoria, ML and Adolfo, SR and José Antonio, FR and , }, title = {Benefits of early aggressive immunomodulatory therapy (tocilizumab and methylprednisolone) in COVID-19: single center cohort study of 685 patients.}, journal = {Journal of translational autoimmunity}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {100086}, doi = {10.1016/j.jtauto.2021.100086}, pmid = {33615209}, issn = {2589-9090}, abstract = {A growing evidence suggests that immune dysregulation and thrombotic phenomena are key features in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. Apart from antivirals and respiratory support, anticoagulants, corticoids and immunomodulators are increasingly being prescribed, especially for more severe cases. We describe the clinical outcome of a large cohort of patients preferentially treated with glucocorticoids and interleukin inhibitors. Methods Single center and retrospective case series. Adult patients admitted with COVID-19 related respiratory insufficiency were included.Patients who died within 2 days after admission and those testing positive but asymptomatic were excluded. We defined two study periods: from March 3rd to March 31 st, 2020 (beginning of epidemic until peak of incidence) and April 1 st to May 7 th,2020 (second half of epidemic). The majority of patients received respiratory support,combinations of antimicrobials, anticoagulants, corticoids and interleukin inhibitors.Antivirals were preferentially given in the first period. The clinical outcome (death and ventilator dependency) of both periods was compared. Results From March 3 rd to May 7 th, 685 patients were included for analysis (58.4% males, mean age 68.9 years). Patients in the first period (n=408) were younger (66.6 vs 71.1 years, p=0.003),presented lower mean P a O 2/F i O2 ratio at admission (256.5 vs 270.4 mm Hg,p=0.0563), higher ferritin (1520 vs 1221 ng/ml, p=0.01), higher IL-6 (679 vs 194 pg/ml,p<0.0001) and similar D-dimer levels (3.59 vs 3.39 μg/mL, p=0.65) compared to the second period (n=277). Lopinavir/ritonavir and interferon were preferentially given in the first period (23.8% and 32% vs 1.8% and 11.9%, p<0.0001). Use of corticoids (88.2% vs 87.4%, p=0,74) and tocilizumab (26.29 vs 20.22% p=0.06) were similarly administered in both periods. Patients in the second period needed less mechanical ventilation (4.9% vs 16.9%, p<0.0001), fewer ICU admission (6.1% vs 20.1%,p<0.0001) and showed similar mortality (17.7% vs 15.4%, p=0.43). Infectious and thrombotic complications were comparable in both periods (both around 8%, with no statistical difference). Patients treated with tocilizumab (n=163) had lower mortality rate compared to those untreated under the same indication (7.9% vs 24.2%, p<0.0001).Conclusions In this large retrospective COVID-19 in-hospital cohort, lopinavir/ritonavir and interferon showed no significant impact on survival. Extensive use of corticosteroids and tocilizumab resulted in good overall outcome and showed acceptable complication rates.}, }
@article {pmid33615160, year = {2021}, author = {Balasubramaniam, B and Prateek,  and Ranjan, S and Saraf, M and Kar, P and Singh, SP and Thakur, VK and Singh, A and Gupta, RK}, title = {Antibacterial and Antiviral Functional Materials: Chemistry and Biological Activity toward Tackling COVID-19-like Pandemics.}, journal = {ACS pharmacology &amp; translational science}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {8-54}, doi = {10.1021/acsptsci.0c00174}, pmid = {33615160}, issn = {2575-9108}, abstract = {The ongoing worldwide pandemic due to COVID-19 has created awareness toward ensuring best practices to avoid the spread of microorganisms. In this regard, the research on creating a surface which destroys or inhibits the adherence of microbial/viral entities has gained renewed interest. Although many research reports are available on the antibacterial materials or coatings, there is a relatively small amount of data available on the use of antiviral materials. However, with more research geared toward this area, new information is being added to the literature every day. The combination of antibacterial and antiviral chemical entities represents a potentially path-breaking intervention to mitigate the spread of disease-causing agents. In this review, we have surveyed antibacterial and antiviral materials of various classes such as small-molecule organics, synthetic and biodegradable polymers, silver, TiO2, and copper-derived chemicals. The surface protection mechanisms of the materials against the pathogen colonies are discussed in detail, which highlights the key differences that could determine the parameters that would govern the future development of advanced antibacterial and antiviral materials and surfaces.}, }
@article {pmid33615159, year = {2021}, author = {Pallares, RM and Abergel, RJ}, title = {Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Use of Radiopharmaceuticals in the Context of SARS-CoV-2.}, journal = {ACS pharmacology &amp; translational science}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {1-7}, doi = {10.1021/acsptsci.0c00186}, pmid = {33615159}, issn = {2575-9108}, abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has devastated the healthcare systems and economies of over 200 countries in just a few months. The etiological agent of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, is a highly contagious virus that can be transmitted by asymptomatic and symptomatic carriers alike. While in vitro testing techniques have allowed for population-wide screening, prognostic tools are required to assess the disease severity and therapeutic response, contributing to improve the patient clinical outcomes. Moreover, no specific antiviral against COVID-19 exists at the time of publication, severely limiting treatment against the infection. Hence, there is an urgent clinical need for innovative therapeutic strategies that may contribute to manage the COVID-19 outbreak and prevent future pandemics. Herein, we critically examine recent diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic advancements for COVID-19 in the field of radiopharmaceuticals. First, we summarize the gold standard techniques used to diagnose COVID-19, including in vitro assays and imaging techniques, and then discuss how radionuclide-based nuclear imaging provides complementary information for prognosis and treatment management of infected patients. Second, we introduce new emerging types of radiotherapies that employ radioimmunoconjugates, which have shown selective cytotoxic response in oncological studies, and critically analyze how these compounds could be used as therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2. Finally, this Perspective further discusses the emerging applications of radionuclides to study the behavior of pulmonary SARS-CoV-2 aerosol particles.}, }
@article {pmid33615150, year = {2021}, author = {Wang, Y and Deng, Z and Shi, D}, title = {How effective is a mask in preventing COVID-19 infection?.}, journal = {Medical devices &amp; sensors}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e10163}, doi = {10.1002/mds3.10163}, pmid = {33615150}, issn = {2573-802X}, abstract = {The main clinical characteristics of COVID-19 are respiratory symptoms that can lead to serious cardiovascular damages and severe worsening of other medical conditions. One of the major strategies in preparedness and response to COVID 19 is effective utilization of personal protective equipment (PPE) among which the masks of different kinds are on the top of the list especially for activities in the public places. However, the underlying mechanisms of masks in preventing virus transmission have not been well identified and the current experimental data still show inconsistent outcomes that may mislead the public. For instance, the early understanding of the mask functions was limited especially in the escalating phase of the COVID 19 pandemic, resulting in quite controversial remarks on masks. Although extensive studies in mask functions have been carried out ever since the COVID-19 outbreaks, most of the investigations appear to have focused on exhalation isolation of individuals who may have been infected with the disease. Less emphasis was laid on inhalation protection from virus transmission, an important aspect that undergirds the public health policies and protective strategies. This review provides the most up-to-date information on the transmission modes of COVID-19 virus in terms of droplets and aerosols. The roles of masks in disease prevention and transmission reduction are evaluated on various types, structures and functions. More important, both aspects of exhalation isolation and inhalation protection are discussed based on virus transmission modes and the effectiveness of different types of masks under varied environmental conditions.}, }
@article {pmid33615141, year = {2021}, author = {Chintagunta, AD and M, SK and Nalluru, S and N S, SK}, title = {Nanotechnology: an emerging approach to combat COVID-19.}, journal = {Emergent materials}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-12}, doi = {10.1007/s42247-021-00178-6}, pmid = {33615141}, issn = {2522-574X}, abstract = {The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has challenged the survival of human existence in the last 1 year. Frontline healthcare professionals were struggling in combating the pandemic situation and were continuously supported with literature, skill set, research activities, and technologies developed by various scientists/researchers all over the world. To handle the continuously mutating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) requires amalgamation of conventional technology with emerging approaches. Nanotechnology is science, engineering, and technology dealing at the nanoscale level. It has made possible the development of nanomaterials, nano-biosensors, nanodrugs, and vaccines for diagnosis, therapy, and prevention of COVID-19. This review has elaborately highlighted the role of nanotechnology in developing various detection kits such as nanoparticle-assisted diagnostics, antibody assay, lateral flow immunoassay, nanomaterial biosensors, etc., in detection of SARS-CoV-2. Similarly, various advancements supervene through nanoparticle-based therapeutic drugs for inhibiting viral infection by blocking virus attachment/cell entry, multiplication/replication, and direct inactivation of the virus. Furthermore, information on vaccine development and the role of nanocarriers/nanoparticles were highlighted with a brief outlining of nanomaterial usage in sterilization and preventive mechanisms engineered to combat COVID-19 pandemic.}, }
@article {pmid33615140, year = {2021}, author = {Vahedifard, F and Chakravarthy, K}, title = {Nanomedicine for COVID-19: the role of nanotechnology in the treatment and diagnosis of COVID-19.}, journal = {Emergent materials}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-25}, doi = {10.1007/s42247-021-00168-8}, pmid = {33615140}, issn = {2522-574X}, abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the recent outbreak of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Although nearly two decades have passed since the emergence of pandemics such as SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), no effective drug against the CoV family has yet been approved, so there is a need to find newer therapeutic targets. Currently, simultaneous research across the globe is being performed to discover efficient vaccines or drugs, including both conventional therapies used to treat previous similar diseases and emerging therapies like nanomedicine. Nanomedicine has already proven its value through its application drug delivery and nanosensors in other diseases. Nanomedicine and its components can play an important role in various stages of prevention, diagnosis, treatment, vaccination, and research related to COVID-19. Nano-based antimicrobial technology can be integrated into personal equipment for the greater safety of healthcare workers and people. Various nanomaterials such as quantum dots can be used as biosensors to diagnose COVID-19. Nanotechnology offers benefits from the use of nanosystems, such as liposomes, polymeric and lipid nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, and micelles, for drug encapsulation, and facilitates the improvement of pharmacological drug properties. Antiviral functions for nanoparticles can target the binding, entry, replication, and budding of COVID-19. The toxicity-related inorganic nanoparticles are one of the limiting factors of its use that should be further investigated and modified. In this review, we are going to discuss nanomedicine options for COVID-19 management, similar applications for related viral diseases, and their gap of knowledge.}, }
@article {pmid33615139, year = {2021}, author = {Pishva, P and Yüce, M}, title = {Nanomaterials to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic.}, journal = {Emergent materials}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-19}, doi = {10.1007/s42247-021-00184-8}, pmid = {33615139}, issn = {2522-574X}, abstract = {The rapid worldwide spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory SARS-CoV-2, has created an urgent need for its diagnosis and treatment. As a result, many researchers have sought to find the most efficient and appropriate methods to detect and treat the SARS-CoV-2 virus over the past few months. Real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing is currently used as one of the most reliable methods to detect the new virus; however, this method is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and requires trained laboratory workers. Moreover, despite its high sensitivity and specificity, false negatives are reported, especially in non-nasopharyngeal swab samples that yield lower viral loads. Therefore, designing and employing faster and more reliable methods seems necessary. In recent years, many attempts have been made to fabricate various nanomaterial-based biosensors to detect viruses and bacteria in clinical samples. The use of nanomaterials plays a significant role in improving the performance of biosensors. Plasmonic biosensors, field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensors, electrochemical biosensors, and reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) methods are only some of the effective ways to detect viruses. However, to use these biosensors to detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus, modifications must be performed to increase sensitivity and speed of testing due to the rapidly spreading nature of SARS-CoV-2, which requires an early point of care detection and treatment for pandemic control. Several studies have been carried out to show the nanomaterial-based biosensors' performance and success in detecting the novel virus. The limit of detection, accuracy, selectivity, and detection speed are some vital features that should be considered during the design of the SARS-CoV-2 biosensors. This review summarizes various nanomaterials-based sensor platforms to detect the SARS-CoV-2, and their design, advantages, and limitations.}, }
@article {pmid33615129, year = {2021}, author = {Tung, ML and Tan, B and Cherian, R and Chandra, B}, title = {Anti-phospholipid syndrome and COVID-19 thrombosis: connecting the dots.}, journal = {Rheumatology advances in practice}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {rkaa081}, doi = {10.1093/rap/rkaa081}, pmid = {33615129}, issn = {2514-1775}, abstract = {As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is spreading rapidly worldwide, it has emerged as a leading cause of mortality, resulting in >1 million deaths over the past 10 months. The pathophysiology of COVID-19 remains unclear, posing a great challenge to the medical management of patients. Recent studies have reported an unusually high prevalence of thromboembolic events in COVID-19 patients, although the mechanism remains elusive. Several studies have reported the presence of aPLs in COVID-19 patients. We have noticed similarities between COVID-19 and APS, which is an autoimmune prothrombotic disease that is often associated with an infective aetiology. Molecular mimicry and endothelial dysfunction could plausibly explain the mechanism of thrombogenesis in acquired APS. In this review, we discuss the clinicopathological similarities between COVID-19 and APS, and the potential role of therapeutic targets based on the anti-phospholipid model for COVID-19 disease.}, }
@article {pmid33615089, year = {2021}, author = {Carrillo-de-la-Peña, MT and González-Villar, A and Triñanes, Y}, title = {Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on chronic pain in Spain: a scoping review.}, journal = {Pain reports}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {e899}, doi = {10.1097/PR9.0000000000000899}, pmid = {33615089}, issn = {2471-2531}, abstract = {The COVID-19 outbreak has been a great challenge in the management of chronic pain patients. We have conducted a rapid scoping review to assess the impact of the pandemic (and the associated public health measures) on the health status and management practices of chronic pain patients in Spain. To this end, we performed a bibliographic search in LitCOVID and PubMed, and reviewed official websites and documents, and expert reports. The review showed that (1) the studies consistently indicate that the pandemic has had a very negative impact on the physical and psychological health of chronic pain patients; (2) there are scarce data on how the pandemic affected pain unit consultations and a lack of protocols to organize health care in the face of future waves of contagion, with little implementation of telehealth. We make proposals to improve management of chronic pain patients in pandemic situations, which should pivot around 3 axes: (1) a coordinated response of all the relevant stakeholders to define a future roadmap and research priorities, (2) a biopsychosocial approach in pain management, and (3) development and implementation of novel telemedicine solutions.}, }
@article {pmid33615088, year = {2021}, author = {Walitt, B and Bartrum, E}, title = {A clinical primer for the expected and potential post-COVID-19 syndromes.}, journal = {Pain reports}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {e887}, doi = {10.1097/PR9.0000000000000887}, pmid = {33615088}, issn = {2471-2531}, abstract = {In late 2019, a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) spread unchecked across the world's population. With tens of millions infected, the long-term consequences of COVID-19 infection will be a major health care focus for years after the contagion subsides. Most complications stem from direct viral invasion provoking an over-exuberant inflammatory response driven by innate immune cells and activation of the clotting cascade causing thrombosis. Injury to individual organs and their protective linings are frequent presentations in respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurological systems. Reviewing the historical context of postviral fatiguing symptoms seems relevant to understanding reports of uneven recoveries and persistent symptoms that are emerging as &quot;long-haul COVID-19.&quot; The pandemic is also an unprecedented sociocultural event, transforming how people consider their health, gather in groups, and navigate their daily lives. The unprecedented sociocultural stresses of the pandemic will have an invisible, ubiquitous, and predictable impact on neurologic, endocrine, and immune functioning, even in people untouched by the virus. COVID-19 may also have a surprise or two in store, with unique clinical presentations and novel mechanisms of injury which are yet to clearly emerge. Although challenging and unfortunate, these times also represent a unique opportunity to start to unravel the physiology that underlie how viruses may trigger cancers, neurological disease, and postviral fatiguing syndromes.}, }
@article {pmid33615086, year = {2021}, author = {Yadav, AK and Verma, D and Kumar, A and Kumar, P and Solanki, PR}, title = {The Perspectives of Biomarkers based Electrochemical Immunosensors, Artificial intelligence and the Internet of Medical Things towards COVID-19 Diagnosis and Management.}, journal = {Materials today. Chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {100443}, doi = {10.1016/j.mtchem.2021.100443}, pmid = {33615086}, issn = {2468-5194}, abstract = {The WHO has declared the COVID-19 an international health emergency due to the severity of infection progression which become more severe due to its continuous spread globally and the unavailability of appropriate therapy and diagnostics systems. Thus, there is a need for efficient devices to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection at an early stage. Nowadays, the RT-PCR technique is being applied for detecting this virus around the globe; however, factors such as stringent expertise, long diagnostic times, invasive and painful screening, and high costs have restricted the use of RT-PCR methods for rapid diagnostics. Therefore, the development of cost-effective, portable, sensitive, prompt, and selective sensing systems to detect SARS-CoV-2 in biofluids at fM/pM/nM concentrations would be a breakthrough in diagnostics. Immunosensors that show increased specificity and sensitivity are considerably fast, and don't imply costly reagents or instruments, reducing the cost for COVID-19 detection. The current developments in immunosensors perhaps signify the most significant opportunity for a rapid assay to detect COVID-19, without the need of highly skilled professionals and specialized tools to interpret results. Artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) can also be equipped with this immunosensing approach to investigate useful networking through database management, sharing, and analytics to prevent and manage COVID-19. Herein, we represent the collective concepts of biomarkers based immunosensors along with AI and IoMT as smart sensing strategies with bioinformatics approach to monitor non-invasive early stage SARS-CoV-2 development, with fast POC diagnostics as the crucial goal. This approach should be implemented quickly and verified practicality for clinical samples before being set in the present times for mass-diagnostic research.}, }
@article {pmid33615017, year = {2021}, author = {Alam, S and Bhuiyan, FR and Emon, TH and Hasan, M}, title = {Prospects of nutritional interventions in the care of COVID-19 patients.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {e06285}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06285}, pmid = {33615017}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has unfolded an unprecedented worldwide public health emergency with disastrous economic consequences. Around 96 million coronavirus cases have already been identified with over half a million deaths. Despite numerous efforts by the government as well as international organizations, these numbers are still increasing with a surprising rate. Although urgent and absolutely necessary, a reliable therapeutic or vaccine is still elusive and this status quo may remain for an uncertain period of time. Taken that into account, boosting up adaptive immunity through nutritional interventions may help subside this epidemic and save many lives. This review focuses on the nexus between a balanced diet and adaptive immunity, particularly, how a poor diet may lead to compromised immunity resulting in susceptibility to viral infections. Additionally, we discuss how nutrients (vitamins, minerals, trace elements) can be used as a tool to modulate immune response and thus impede viral infections. The study also summarizes nutritional recommendations to combat COVID-19 in different countries and territories as well as dietary sources of those key nutrients. Moreover, different nutritional intervention strategies based on different age groups, physiological and medical conditions were also included, and the challenges of nutritional interventions towards the care of COVID-19 patients are also discussed. Since the availability of a drug or vaccine is still uncertain, a balanced diet or nutrient therapy can be used as a robust strategy to combat COVID-19. Thus, we hope this review may help to make an informed decision with regard to diet choice both at individual level as well as clinical settings.}, }
@article {pmid33614948, year = {2021}, author = {O'Sullivan, SE and Stevenson, CW and Laviolette, SR}, title = {Could Cannabidiol Be a Treatment for Coronavirus Disease-19-Related Anxiety Disorders?.}, journal = {Cannabis and cannabinoid research}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {7-18}, doi = {10.1089/can.2020.0102}, pmid = {33614948}, issn = {2378-8763}, abstract = {Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)-related anxiety and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are likely to be a significant long-term issue emerging from the current pandemic. We hypothesize that cannabidiol (CBD), a chemical isolated from Cannabis sativa with reported anxiolytic properties, could be a therapeutic option for the treatment of COVID-19-related anxiety disorders. In the global over-the-counter CBD market, anxiety, stress, depression, and sleep disorders are consistently the top reasons people use CBD. In small randomized controlled clinical trials, CBD (300-800 mg) reduces anxiety in healthy volunteers, patients with social anxiety disorder, those at clinical high risk of psychosis, in patients with Parkinson's disease, and in individuals with heroin use disorder. Observational studies and case reports support these findings, extending to patients with anxiety and sleep disorders, Crohn's disease, depression, and in PTSD. Larger ongoing trials in this area continue to add to this evidence base with relevant patient cohorts, sample sizes, and clinical end-points. Pre-clinical studies reveal the molecular targets of CBD in these indications as the cannabinoid receptor type 1 and cannabinoid receptor type 2 (mainly in fear memory processing), serotonin 1A receptor (mainly in anxiolysis) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (mainly in the underpinning anti-inflammatory/antioxidant effects). Observational and pre-clinical data also support CBD's therapeutic value in improving sleep (increased sleep duration/quality and reduction in nightmares) and depression, which are often comorbid with anxiety. Together these features of CBD make it an attractive novel therapeutic option in COVID-related PTSS that merits investigation and testing through appropriately designed randomized controlled trials.}, }
@article {pmid33614905, year = {2020}, author = {Hadisi, Z and Walsh, T and Dabiri, SMH and Seyfoori, A and Hamdi, D and Mirani, B and Pagan, E and Jardim, A and Akbari, M}, title = {Management of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic: From Diagnosis to Treatment Strategies.}, journal = {Advanced therapeutics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {2000173}, doi = {10.1002/adtp.202000173}, pmid = {33614905}, issn = {2366-3987}, abstract = {Following the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002 and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012, the world is now combating a third large-scale outbreak caused by a coronavirus, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). After the rapid spread of SARS-coronavirus (CoV)-2 (the virus causing COVID-19) from its origin in China, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on January 30, 2020. From the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, a significant number of studies have been conducted to better understand the biology and pathogenesis of the novel coronavirus, and to aid in developing effective treatment regimens, therapeutics, and vaccines. This review focuses on the recent advancements in the rapidly evolving areas of clinical care and management of COVID-19. The emerging strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease are explored, and the development of effective vaccines is reviewed.}, }
@article {pmid33614885, year = {2021}, author = {Fronteira, I and Sidat, M and Magalhães, JP and de Barros, FPC and Delgado, AP and Correia, T and Daniel-Ribeiro, CT and Ferrinho, P}, title = {The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: A syndemic perspective.}, journal = {One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {100228}, doi = {10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100228}, pmid = {33614885}, issn = {2352-7714}, abstract = {The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has affected communities, populations, and countries throughout the world. As the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic developed, the extent to which the disease interacted with already existing endemic, non-communicable and infectious diseases became evident, hence deeply influencing health outcomes. Additionally, a synergistic effect has been demonstrated also with socio-economic, cultural, and contextual determinants of health which seem to contribute to poorer health and accumulating social disadvantages. In this essay, using as a starting point the syndemic theory that translates the cumulative and intertwined factors between different epidemics, we argue that the SARS-CoV-2 is a one health issue of a syndemic nature and that the failure to acknowledge this contributes to weakened policy-making processes and public health responses and ineffective health policies and programs.}, }
@article {pmid33614883, year = {2021}, author = {Bashir, S and Alabdulkarim, N and Altwaijri, N and Alhaidri, N and Hashim, R and Nasim, E and Mir, A and Albaradie, R and Habib, S and Abualait, T}, title = {The battle against the COVID-19 pandemic- a perspective from Saudi Arabia.}, journal = {One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {100229}, doi = {10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100229}, pmid = {33614883}, issn = {2352-7714}, abstract = {COVID-19 has emerged as the world's biggest challenge that has not only threatened human lives but also had an immense impact on the economy, safety and religious practices. The situation has worsened due to the lack of proper guidelines for fighting the sudden unexpected outbreaks. The world was not prepared for this situation. Muslims make up the largest religious group in the world, and Saudi Arabia is the center of religious life for Muslims. The eye of the Muslim world is turned toward the measures and reforms that the Saudi state is implementing during this pandemic, including strict curfews and quarantines with heavy fines and punishments for violations. This review highlights some important steps the Saudi government is taking and their impact on controlling the COVID-19 outbreak.}, }
@article {pmid33614791, year = {2020}, author = {Lamplot, JD and Pinnamaneni, S and Swensen-Buza, S and Lawton, CD and Dines, JS and Nawabi, DH and Young, W and Rodeo, SA and Taylor, SA}, title = {The Virtual Shoulder and Knee Physical Examination.}, journal = {Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine}, volume = {8}, number = {10}, pages = {2325967120962869}, doi = {10.1177/2325967120962869}, pmid = {33614791}, issn = {2325-9671}, abstract = {The COVID-19 crisis has forced a sudden and dramatic shift in the way that clinicians interact with their patients, from outpatient encounters to telehealth visits utilizing a variety of internet-based videoconferencing applications. Although many aspects of pre-COVID-19 outpatient sports medicine care will ultimately resume, it is likely that telehealth will persist because of its practicality and because of patient demand for access to efficient and convenient health care. Physical examination is widely considered a critical obstacle to a thorough evaluation of sports medicine patients during telehealth visits. However, a closer reflection suggests that a majority of the examination maneuvers are possible virtually with limited, if any, modifications. Thus, we provide a comprehensive shoulder and knee physical examination for sports medicine telehealth visits, including (1) verbal instructions in layman's terms that can be provided to the patient before or read verbatim during the visit, (2) multimedia options (narrated videos and annotated presentations) of the shoulder and knee examination that can be provided to patients via screen-share options, and (3) a corresponding checklist to aid in documentation.}, }
@article {pmid33614744, year = {2020}, author = {Roberts, J and Pritchard, AL and Treweeke, AT and Rossi, AG and Brace, N and Cahill, P and MacRury, SM and Wei, J and Megson, IL}, title = {Why Is COVID-19 More Severe in Patients With Diabetes? The Role of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2, Endothelial Dysfunction and the Immunoinflammatory System.}, journal = {Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {629933}, doi = {10.3389/fcvm.2020.629933}, pmid = {33614744}, issn = {2297-055X}, abstract = {Meta-analyses have indicated that individuals with type 1 or type 2 diabetes are at increased risk of suffering a severe form of COVID-19 and have a higher mortality rate than the non-diabetic population. Patients with diabetes have chronic, low-level systemic inflammation, which results in global cellular dysfunction underlying the wide variety of symptoms associated with the disease, including an increased risk of respiratory infection. While the increased severity of COVID-19 amongst patients with diabetes is not yet fully understood, the common features associated with both diseases are dysregulated immune and inflammatory responses. An additional key player in COVID-19 is the enzyme, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is essential for adhesion and uptake of virus into cells prior to replication. Changes to the expression of ACE2 in diabetes have been documented, but they vary across different organs and the importance of such changes on COVID-19 severity are still under investigation. This review will examine and summarise existing data on how immune and inflammatory processes interplay with the pathogenesis of COVID-19, with a particular focus on the impacts that diabetes, endothelial dysfunction and the expression dynamics of ACE2 have on the disease severity.}, }
@article {pmid33614709, year = {2020}, author = {Naik, RR and Shakya, AK}, title = {Therapeutic Strategies in the Management of COVID-19.}, journal = {Frontiers in molecular biosciences}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {636738}, doi = {10.3389/fmolb.2020.636738}, pmid = {33614709}, issn = {2296-889X}, abstract = {Since December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), novel corona virus has caused pandemic globally, with rise in the number of cases and death of the patients. Vast majority of the countries that are dealing with rise in the active cases and death of patients suffering from novel corona viruses COVID-19 are trying to content the virus by isolating the patients and treating them with the approved antiviral that have been previously used in treating SARS, MERS, and drugs that are used to treat other viral infections. Some of these are under clinical trials. At present there are no therapeutically effective antiviral present and there are no vaccines or drugs available that are clinically approved for treating the corona virus. The current strategy is to re-purpose the available drugs or antiviral that can minimise or reduce the burden of the health care emergencies. In this article the reuse of antiviral, US-FDA approved drugs, plant based therapeutic, anti-malarial, anti-parasitic, anti-HIV drugs and the traditional medicines that are being currently used in treating the symptoms of COVID-19 patients is discussed emphasis is also given on the treatment using monoclonal antibodies. The present article provides the therapeutic strategies that will qualify as one of the best available treatment for the better management of the COVID-19 patients in order to achieve medical benefits.}, }
@article {pmid33614627, year = {2020}, author = {Sorice, M and Misasi, R and Riitano, G and Manganelli, V and Martellucci, S and Longo, A and Garofalo, T and Mattei, V}, title = {Targeting Lipid Rafts as a Strategy Against Coronavirus.}, journal = {Frontiers in cell and developmental biology}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {618296}, doi = {10.3389/fcell.2020.618296}, pmid = {33614627}, issn = {2296-634X}, abstract = {Lipid rafts are functional membrane microdomains containing sphingolipids, including gangliosides, and cholesterol. These regions are characterized by highly ordered and tightly packed lipid molecules. Several studies revealed that lipid rafts are involved in life cycle of different viruses, including coronaviruses. Among these recently emerged the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The main receptor for SARS-CoV-2 is represented by the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2), although it also binds to sialic acids linked to host cell surface gangliosides. A new type of ganglioside-binding domain within the N-terminal portion of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was identified. Lipid rafts provide a suitable platform able to concentrate ACE-2 receptor on host cell membranes where they may interact with the spike protein on viral envelope. This review is focused on selective targeting lipid rafts components as a strategy against coronavirus. Indeed, cholesterol-binding agents, including statins or methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD), can affect cholesterol, causing disruption of lipid rafts, consequently impairing coronavirus adhesion and binding. Moreover, these compounds can block downstream key molecules in virus infectivity, reducing the levels of proinflammatory molecules [tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6], and/or affecting the autophagic process involved in both viral replication and clearance. Furthermore, cyclodextrins can assemble into complexes with various drugs to form host-guest inclusions and may be used as pharmaceutical excipients of antiviral compounds, such as lopinavir and remdesivir, by improving bioavailability and solubility. In conclusion, the role of lipid rafts-affecting drugs in the process of coronavirus entry into the host cells prompts to introduce a new potential task in the pharmacological approach against coronavirus.}, }
@article {pmid33614547, year = {2020}, author = {Spatz, DL and Davanzo, R and Müller, JA and Powell, R and Rigourd, V and Yates, A and Geddes, DT and van Goudoever, JB and Bode, L}, title = {Promoting and Protecting Human Milk and Breastfeeding in a COVID-19 World.}, journal = {Frontiers in pediatrics}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {633700}, doi = {10.3389/fped.2020.633700}, pmid = {33614547}, issn = {2296-2360}, abstract = {The global COVID-19 pandemic has put enormous stress on healthcare systems and hospital staffing. However, through all this, families will continue to become pregnant, give birth, and breastfeed. Unfortunately, care of the childbearing family has been de-prioritized during the pandemic. Additionally, many healthcare practices during the pandemic have not been positive for the childbearing family or breastfeeding. Despite recommendations from the World Health Organization to promote early, direct breastfeeding and skin to skin contact, these and other recommendations are not being followed in the clinical setting. For example, some mothers have been forced to go through labor and birth alone in some institutions whilst some hospitals have limited or no parental visitation to infants in the NICU. Furthermore, hospitals are discharging mothers and their newborns early, limiting the amount of time that families receive expert lactation care, education, and technical assistance. In addition, some hospitals have furloughed staff or transferred them to COVID-19 wards, further negatively impacting direct care for families and their newborns. We are concerned that these massive changes in the care of childbearing families will be permanently adopted. Instead, we must use the pandemic to underscore the importance of human milk and breastfeeding as lifesaving medical interventions. We challenge healthcare professionals to change the current prenatal and post-birth practice paradigms to protect lactation physiology and to ensure that all families in need receive equal access to evidence-based lactation education, care and technical assistance.}, }
@article {pmid33614514, year = {2021}, author = {Ragoonanan, D and Khazal, SJ and Mejia, R and Ewing, L and Durand, JB and Bashoura, L and Tayar, J and Dailey Garnes, N and Petropoulos, D and Tewari, P and Bhatti, M and Ahmad, AH and Cortes, J and Razvi, S and McBeth, K and Swinford, R and Shoberu, B and Waseemuddin, W and Chi, L and Gill, JB and Zaky, W and Daw, N and Gutierrez, C and Tereffe, W and Kebriaei, P and Rezvani, K and Shpall, EJ and Champlin, RE and Mahadeo, KM}, title = {Case Discussion and Literature Review: Cancer Immunotherapy, Severe Immune-Related Adverse Events, Multi-Inflammatory Syndrome, and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2.}, journal = {Frontiers in oncology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {625707}, doi = {10.3389/fonc.2021.625707}, pmid = {33614514}, issn = {2234-943X}, abstract = {Pediatric, adolescent and young adult (AYA) patients receiving novel cancer immunotherapies may develop associated toxicities with overlapping signs and symptoms that are not always easily distinguished from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection/clinical sequelae. We describe 2 diagnostically challenging cases of SARS-CoV-2 and Multi-Inflammatory Syndrome-Adult (MIS-A), in patients with a history of acute lymphoblastic leukemia following cellular therapy administration and review evolving characterization of both the natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection and toxicities experienced in younger cancer immunotherapy patients. Vigilant monitoring for unique presentations and epidemiologic surveillance to promptly detect changes in incidence of either condition may be warranted.}, }
@article {pmid33614423, year = {2021}, author = {Behera, BC}, title = {Challenges in handling COVID-19 contaminated waste material and its sustainable management mechanism.}, journal = {Environmental nanotechnology, monitoring &amp; management}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {100432}, doi = {10.1016/j.enmm.2021.100432}, pmid = {33614423}, issn = {2215-1532}, abstract = {COVID-19, the novel corona virus has become a household name. The global COVID-19 outbreak, become a pandemic in early 2020, and spurred millions of life across the world. The pandemic is spreading extremely and its impacts upon human health and the environment intensifying day-by-day. Biomedical waste generated daily due to COVID-19 are about the major environmental health concern and its critical management becomes a global challenge. Tones of COVID-19 contaminated wastes are generated every day worldwide and its sound management is very essential to check the disease transmission. The safe and sustainable management of COVID-19 contaminated biomedical waste (BMW) is social and legal responsibility of all people during this critical period of disease transmission. Unsound management of this waste could cause unforeseen &quot;knock-on&quot; effects on human health and the environment. Health workers, municipal workers, rag-pickers and other persons who are involved directly or indirectly in the COVID -19 war are at high risk and needs to be careful while discharging their responsibility with an efficient and effective waste disposal mechanism.}, }
@article {pmid33614398, year = {2021}, author = {Majid, S and Khan, MS and Rashid, S and Niyaz, A and Farooq, R and Bhat, SA and Wani, HA and Qureshi, W}, title = {COVID-19: Diagnostics, Therapeutic Advances, and Vaccine Development.}, journal = {Current clinical microbiology reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-15}, doi = {10.1007/s40588-021-00157-9}, pmid = {33614398}, issn = {2196-5471}, abstract = {Purpose of Review: Human race is currently facing the wrath of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a highly transmittable and pathogenic RNA virus, causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the worst ever global pandemic. Coronaviruses (CoVs) have emerged as a major public health concern. Urgent global response to COVID-19 outbreak has been to limit spread of SARS-CoV-2 via extensive monitoring and containment. Various treatment regimens have been adopted to manage COVID-19, with known drugs and drug combinations used to decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19. Intensive research on various fronts including studying molecular and structural aspects of these viruses and unraveling the pathophysiology and mechanistic basis of COVID-19 aimed at developing effective prophylactic, therapeutic agents and vaccines has been carried out globally.<br><br>Recent Findings: No approved antiviral treatment except remdesivir exists for SARS-CoV-2 till date though novel drug targets have been identified. However, worldwide frantic and competitive vaccine development pharmaceutical race has borne fruit in the form of a number of promising candidate vaccines, out of which few have already received emergency use authorization by regulatory bodies in record time.<br><br>Summary: This review highlights the painstaking efforts of healthcare workers and scientific community to successfully address the COVID-19 pandemic-though damage in the form of severe illness, loss of lives, and livelihood has left a serious mark. Focusing on extensive research on various therapeutic options and antiviral strategies including neutralizing antibodies, potential drugs, and drug targets, light has been shed on various diagnostic options and the amazing vaccine development process as well.}, }
@article {pmid33614179, year = {2021}, author = {Lange, KW}, title = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and global mental health.}, journal = {Global health journal (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.glohj.2021.02.004}, pmid = {33614179}, issn = {2414-6447}, abstract = {The mental health effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may shape population health for many years to come. Failure to address the mental health issues stemming from the pandemic is likely to prolong its impact. The COVID-19 pandemic has created a significant global challenge and, in lower-income countries, even a disruption of mental health services. Given our experience with previous pandemics, the present COVID-19 crisis can be expected to cause psychological trauma, and steps are needed to address this issue proactively. A focus on the long-term mental health consequences may be at least as important as the measures currently seeking to mitigate the short-term effects of COVID-19 and to save lives. The implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for mental health call for a greater focus on the needs of those with mental disorders and on mental health issues affecting health care workers and the general public. Timely preventive and therapeutic mental health care is essential in addressing the psychosocial needs of populations exposed to the pandemic. In addition to specialist care, &quot;task-shifting&quot; and digital technologies may provide cost-effective means of providing mental health care in lower-income countries worldwide as well as in higher-income countries with mental health services overwhelmed by the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. In view of the ever-increasing pressure on global health systems resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, adopting and adapting &quot;task-shifting&quot;, i.e. the delegation of psychotherapeutic interventions to trained non-specialists, as an element of the provision of mental health services, is overdue. Digital technologies can be used to enhance social support and facilitate resilience to the detrimental mental health effects of the pandemic; they may also offer an efficient and cost-effective way to provide easy access to mental health care.}, }
@article {pmid33614127, year = {2020}, author = {Tortella, GR and Rubilar, O and Diez, MC and Padrão, J and Zille, A and Pieretti, JC and Seabra, AB}, title = {Advanced Material Against Human (Including Covid-19) and Plant Viruses: Nanoparticles As a Feasible Strategy.}, journal = {Global challenges (Hoboken, NJ)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {2000049}, doi = {10.1002/gch2.202000049}, pmid = {33614127}, issn = {2056-6646}, abstract = {The SARS-CoV-2 virus outbreak revealed that these nano-pathogens have the ability to rapidly change lives. Undoubtedly, SARS-CoV-2 as well as other viruses can cause important global impacts, affecting public health, as well as, socioeconomic development. But viruses are not only a public health concern, they are also a problem in agriculture. The current treatments are often ineffective, are prone to develop resistance, or cause considerable adverse side effects. The use of nanotechnology has played an important role to combat viral diseases. In this review three main aspects are in focus: first, the potential use of nanoparticles as carriers for drug delivery. Second, its use for treatments of some human viral diseases, and third, its application as antivirals in plants. With these three themes, the aim is to give to readers an overview of the progress in this promising area of biotechnology during the 2017-2020 period, and to provide a glance at how tangible is the effectiveness of nanotechnology against viruses. Future prospects are also discussed. It is hoped that this review can be a contribution to general knowledge for both specialized and non-specialized readers, allowing a better knowledge of this interesting topic.}, }
@article {pmid33614042, year = {2021}, author = {Reuben, RC and Gyar, SD and Makut, MD and Adoga, MP}, title = {Co-epidemics: Have measures against COVID-19 helped to reduce Lassa fever cases in Nigeria?.}, journal = {New microbes and new infections}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {100851}, doi = {10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100851}, pmid = {33614042}, issn = {2052-2975}, abstract = {While the COVID-19 pandemic wreaks multiple devastating public health and socio-economic havocs across the world, Nigeria alongside other West African countries is simultaneously faced with recurrent Lassa fever epidemic. The complicating scenario is the similarity in the clinical manifestation of both COVID-19 and Lassa fever, making a significant risk in the misdiagnosis of the initial presentation of both diseases with an increased likelihood of coinfection. However, the strict implementation of COVID-19 infection prevention and control (IPC) measures across Nigeria after the initial outbreaks concurrently resulted in the reduction of Lassa fever cases. The abrupt change in the behavior of Lassa fever epidemiological data which are attributable to the implementation of COVID-19 IPC measures at the national, sub-national and community levels requires detailed investigation during and after the COVID-19 epidemic to elucidate the interactions and evolutionary dynamics Lassa fever cases in Nigeria.}, }
@article {pmid33614041, year = {2021}, author = {Naveed, M and Naeem, M and Rahman, MU and Hilal, MG and Kaka Khel, MA and Ali, G and Hassan, A}, title = {Who is a potential risk groups to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) A-Review.}, journal = {New microbes and new infections}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {100849}, doi = {10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100849}, pmid = {33614041}, issn = {2052-2975}, abstract = {The current pandemic of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a global issue caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Studies have revealed that this virus causes poorer consequences and a higher rate of mortality in older adults and those with comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, and prolonged respiratory illness. In this review, we discuss in detail the potential risk groups to COVID-19 and outline future recommendations to mitigate the transmission of Covid-19 among the community. It was found that the rate of COVID-19 was significantly high in health care workers, smokers, older adults, travelers, and pregnant women. Furthermore, patients with severe medical complications such as heart disease, hypertension, respiratory illness, diabetes mellitus, and cancer are at higher risk of disease severity and mortality. Therefore, special effort and devotion are needed to diminish the threat of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Proper vaccination, use of sanitizers for hand washing, and complete lockdown are recommended to mitigate the chain of COVID-19 transmission.}, }
@article {pmid33613688, year = {2021}, author = {Reddy, V and Brumpton, L}, title = {Digital-driven service improvement during the COVID-19 pandemic.}, journal = {Paediatrics and child health}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.paed.2021.02.006}, pmid = {33613688}, issn = {1751-7222}, abstract = {COVID-19 brought a lot of children's routine clinical services in the UK and a complete halt to some services in March 2020. The NHS had to radically change the way clinical services are provided with the rapid introduction of telemedicine, virtual consultations, and video conferencing facilities to support team working. This paper describes how Peterborough Child Development Centre rapidly redesigned the services with digital tools to continue offering neurodevelopmental and neurodisability services more virtually. We demonstrate how we adapted our approaches to assess and manage complex long-term conditions with improved quality and outcomes by using digital tools. The changes to the clinical processes and systems are here to stay beyond the COVID-19 pandemic and have the potential to revolutionise the services.}, }
@article {pmid33613573, year = {2021}, author = {Filgueira, TO and Castoldi, A and Santos, LER and de Amorim, GJ and de Sousa Fernandes, MS and Anastácio, WLDN and Campos, EZ and Santos, TM and Souto, FO}, title = {The Relevance of a Physical Active Lifestyle and Physical Fitness on Immune Defense: Mitigating Disease Burden, With Focus on COVID-19 Consequences.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {587146}, doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2021.587146}, pmid = {33613573}, issn = {1664-3224}, abstract = {The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a fast spreading virus leading to the development of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Severe and critical cases are characterized by damage to the respiratory system, endothelial inflammation, and multiple organ failure triggered by an excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines, culminating in the high number of deaths all over the world. Sedentarism induces worse, continuous, and progressive consequences to health. On the other hand, physical activity provides benefits to health and improves low-grade systemic inflammation. The aim of this review is to elucidate the effects of physical activity in physical fitness, immune defense, and its contribution to mitigate the severe inflammatory response mediated by SARS-CoV-2. Physical exercise is an effective therapeutic strategy to mitigate the consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this sense, studies have shown that acute physical exercise induces the production of myokines that are secreted in tissues and into the bloodstream, supporting its systemic modulatory effect. Therefore, maintaining physical activity influence balance the immune system and increases immune vigilance, and also might promote potent effects against the consequences of infectious diseases and chronic diseases associated with the development of severe forms of COVID-19. Protocols to maintain exercise practice are suggested and have been strongly established, such as home-based exercise (HBE) and outdoor-based exercise (OBE). In this regard, HBE might help to reduce levels of physical inactivity, bed rest, and sitting time, impacting on adherence to physical activity, promoting all the benefits related to exercise, and attracting patients in different stages of treatment for COVID-19. In parallel, OBE must improve health, but also prevent and mitigate COVID-19 severe outcomes in all populations. In conclusion, HBE or OBE models can be a potent strategy to mitigate the progress of infection, and a coadjutant therapy for COVID-19 at all ages and different chronic conditions.}, }
@article {pmid33613542, year = {2020}, author = {Liu, CH and Lu, CH and Wong, SH and Lin, LT}, title = {Update on Antiviral Strategies Against COVID-19: Unmet Needs and Prospects.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {616595}, doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2020.616595}, pmid = {33613542}, issn = {1664-3224}, abstract = {By December 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic had caused more than 74 million confirmed cases and 1.6 million related deaths around the world. However, only a few drugs have been approved in certain areas and for use in conditional patients, and the vaccine candidates were only recently approved or authorized for emergency use without being fully implemented worldwide, suggesting that we are yet to reach effective control of the current outbreak as its uninhibited transmission continues precariously. Over the past few months, several therapeutic candidates have been proven ineffective in large clinical trials, while some other agents exhibited promising preliminary results. Meanwhile, the investigation of SARS-CoV-2-specific antivirals is underway. Despite still being preclinical, these agents could be beneficial for the long-term control of COVID-19 and deserve more research focus. In this article, we update the current status of therapeutic candidates that have been examined for COVID-19 management, including the virus-targeting inhibitors and host-targeting agents, with their antiviral efficacy in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical studies. Finally, we highlight the current challenges and future prospect of developing potent therapeutic agents against COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33613518, year = {2020}, author = {Sumbria, D and Berber, E and Mathayan, M and Rouse, BT}, title = {Virus Infections and Host Metabolism-Can We Manage the Interactions?.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {594963}, doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2020.594963}, pmid = {33613518}, issn = {1664-3224}, abstract = {When viruses infect cells, they almost invariably cause metabolic changes in the infected cell as well as in several host cell types that react to the infection. Such metabolic changes provide potential targets for therapeutic approaches that could reduce the impact of infection. Several examples are discussed in this review, which include effects on energy metabolism, glutaminolysis and fatty acid metabolism. The response of the immune system also involves metabolic changes and manipulating these may change the outcome of infection. This could include changing the status of herpesviruses infections from productive to latency. The consequences of viral infections which include coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), may also differ in patients with metabolic problems, such as diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity, and endocrine diseases. Nutrition status may also affect the pattern of events following viral infection and examples that impact on the pattern of human and experimental animal viral diseases and the mechanisms involved are discussed. Finally, we discuss the so far few published reports that have manipulated metabolic events in-vivo to change the outcome of virus infection. The topic is expected to expand in relevance as an approach used alone or in combination with other therapies to shape the nature of virus induced diseases.}, }
@article {pmid33613483, year = {2021}, author = {Allué-Guardia, A and García, JI and Torrelles, JB}, title = {Evolution of Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strains and Their Adaptation to the Human Lung Environment.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {612675}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2021.612675}, pmid = {33613483}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {In the last two decades, multi (MDR), extensively (XDR), extremely (XXDR) and total (TDR) drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) strains have emerged as a threat to public health worldwide, stressing the need to develop new tuberculosis (TB) prevention and treatment strategies. It is estimated that in the next 35 years, drug-resistant TB will kill around 75 million people and cost the global economy $16.7 trillion. Indeed, the COVID-19 pandemic alone may contribute with the development of 6.3 million new TB cases due to lack of resources and enforced confinement in TB endemic areas. Evolution of drug-resistant M.tb depends on numerous factors, such as bacterial fitness, strain's genetic background and its capacity to adapt to the surrounding environment, as well as host-specific and environmental factors. Whole-genome transcriptomics and genome-wide association studies in recent years have shed some insights into the complexity of M.tb drug resistance and have provided a better understanding of its underlying molecular mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss M.tb phenotypic and genotypic changes driving resistance, including changes in cell envelope components, as well as recently described intrinsic and extrinsic factors promoting resistance emergence and transmission. We will further explore how drug-resistant M.tb adapts differently than drug-susceptible strains to the lung environment at the cellular level, modulating M.tb-host interactions and disease outcome, and novel next generation sequencing (NGS) strategies to study drug-resistant TB.}, }
@article {pmid33613280, year = {2020}, author = {Majumdar, S and Murphy, PM}, title = {Chemokine Regulation During Epidemic Coronavirus Infection.}, journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {600369}, doi = {10.3389/fphar.2020.600369}, pmid = {33613280}, issn = {1663-9812}, abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus-2) is the third coronavirus to emerge as a cause of severe and frequently fatal pneumonia epidemics in humans, joining SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-coronavirus). As with many infectious diseases, the immune response to coronavirus infection may act as a double-edged sword: necessary for promoting antiviral host defense, but, if not appropriately regulated, also able to incite life-threatening immunopathology. Key immunoregulatory mediators include the chemokines, a large family of leukocyte chemoattractants that coordinate leukocyte infiltration, positioning and activation in infected tissue by acting at specific G protein-coupled receptors. Here, we compare the involvement of chemokines and chemokine receptors during infection with the three epidemic coronaviruses and discuss their potential value as biomarkers and targets for therapeutic development.}, }
@article {pmid33613275, year = {2020}, author = {Andrabi, MS and Andrabi, SA}, title = {Neuronal and Cerebrovascular Complications in Coronavirus Disease 2019.}, journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {570031}, doi = {10.3389/fphar.2020.570031}, pmid = {33613275}, issn = {1663-9812}, abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic disease resulting from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, primarily in the respiratory tract. This pandemic disease has affected the entire world, and the pathobiology of this disease is not yet completely known. The Interactions of SARS-CoV-2 proteins with different cellular components in the host cell may be necessary for understanding the disease mechanism and identifying crucial pharmacological targets in COVID-19. Studies have suggested that the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on other organs, including the brain, maybe critical for understanding the pathobiology of COVID-19. Symptoms in COVID-19 patients, including impaired consciousness dizziness, headache, loss of taste and smell, vision problems, and neuromuscular pain, suggest that neuronal complications comprise a crucial component of COVID-19 pathobiology. A growing body of literature indicates that SARS-CoV-2 can enter the brain, leading to neuronal defects in COVID-19 patients. Other studies suggest that SARS-CoV-2 may aggravate neuronal complications due to its effects on the cerebrovascular system. Emerging pieces of evidence show that stroke can be one of the leading neurological complications in COVID-19. In this review, we describe the observations about neuronal complications of COVID-19 and how SARS-CoV-2 may invade the brain. We will also discuss the cerebrovascular problems and occurrence of stroke in COVID-19 patients. We will also present the observations and our views about the potential pharmacological strategies and targets in COVID-19. We hope this review will help comprehend the current knowledge of neuronal and cerebrovascular complications from SARS-CoV-2 infections and highlight the possible long-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2 on the human brain.}, }
@article {pmid33613145, year = {2021}, author = {Choi, H and Chatterjee, P and Coppin, JD and Martel, JA and Hwang, M and Jinadatha, C and Sharma, VK}, title = {Current understanding of the surface contamination and contact transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare settings.}, journal = {Environmental chemistry letters}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-10}, doi = {10.1007/s10311-021-01186-y}, pmid = {33613145}, issn = {1610-3653}, abstract = {The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has rapidly spread across the world and was subsequently declared as a pandemic in 2020. To overcome this public health challenge, comprehensive understanding of the disease transmission is urgently needed. Recent evidences suggest that the most common route of transmission for SARS-CoV-2 is likely via droplet, aerosol, or direct contact in a person-to-person encounter, although the possibility of transmission via fomites from surfaces cannot be ruled out entirely. Environmental contamination in COVID-19 patient rooms is widely observed due to viral shedding from both asymptomatic and symptomatic patients, and SARS-CoV-2 can survive on hospital surfaces for extended periods. Sequence of contact events can spread the virus from one surface to the other in a hospital setting. Here, we review the studies related to viral shedding by COVID-19 patients that can contaminate surfaces and survival of SARS-CoV-2 on different types of surfaces commonly found in healthcare settings, as well as evaluating the importance of surface to person transmission characteristics. Based on recent evidences from the literature, decontamination of hospital surfaces should constitute an important part of the infection control and prevention of COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33613024, year = {2021}, author = {Widyadharma, IPE and Hendellyn, A and Laksmi Dewi, AAAP and Adnyana, IMO and Samatra, DPGP and Utami, DKI}, title = {Neurologic manifestations of COVID-19 infection in Asia: a systematic review.}, journal = {The Egyptian journal of neurology, psychiatry and neurosurgery}, volume = {57}, number = {1}, pages = {28}, doi = {10.1186/s41983-021-00279-3}, pmid = {33613024}, issn = {1110-1083}, abstract = {Background: COVID-19 infection can show various manifestation, including neurologic manifestations, such as anosmia, ageusia, or dysgeusia, and causes the neurologic disorder such as stroke, Guillain-Barre syndrome, encephalopathy, and many more.<br><br>Aim: To briefly review neurologic manifestation in COVID-19 infection in the Asia region (South East Asia and the Western Pacific Region).<br><br>Material and methods: This review uses the PRISMA statement and checklist. The source for reviewed article was performed in PubMed that were published between December 2019 to September 2020 with the latest 1 year of publication. Study titles were first screened, then reviewed by title and abstract and then the last review, we tested full text and applied eligibility criteria.<br><br>Results: We found a total of 9 retrieved articles from the electronic database. Among these 9 articles, 5 of them are case report, 1 case series, 1 prospective multi-center cohort study, 1 retrospective multi-center study, and 1 retrospective observational study. All articles reported confirmed COVID-19, confirmation by positive swab test using the real-time RT-PCR method, with neurologic manifestations, disorder, or syndrome on presentation or found during hospital stay. In case of neurologic disorder or syndrome, the studies reported encephalitis and ADEM, acute cerebrovascular disease, acute symptomatic seizure, and Guillain-Barré syndrome with acute cerebrovascular disease as the most common neurologic disorder associated with COVID-19 infection, followed by encephalitis.<br><br>Conclusion: COVID-19 also affects the brain, which may result in a global or focal neurologic manifestation. Healthcare provider treating patient with COVID-19 infection should also be aware of neurologic manifestation associated with COVID-19 infection to improve patient's outcome.Guillain-Barre syndrome, encephalopathy, and many more. This review will briefly review neurologic manifestation in COVID-19 infection in the Asian region (South East Asia and the Western Pacific Region. A total of 9 retrieved articles from the electronic database reported confirmed COVID-19, confirmation by RT-PCR method, with neurologic manifestation, disorder, or syndrome on presentation or found during hospital stay. Healthcare provider treating patient with COVID-19 infection should also be aware of neurologic manifestation associated with COVID-19 infection to improve patient's outcome.}, }
@article {pmid33613002, year = {2021}, author = {Dharmalingam, K and Birdi, A and Tomo, S and Sreenivasulu, K and Charan, J and Yadav, D and Purohit, P and Sharma, P}, title = {Trace Elements as Immunoregulators in SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viral Infections.}, journal = {Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-11}, doi = {10.1007/s12291-021-00961-6}, pmid = {33613002}, issn = {0970-1915}, abstract = {Nutritional deficiency is associated with impaired immunity and increased susceptibility to infections. The complex interactions of trace elements with the macromolecules trigger the effective immune response against the viral diseases. The outcome of various viral infections along with susceptibility is affected by trace elements such as zinc, selenium, iron, copper, etc. due to their immuno-modulatory effects. Available electronic databases have been comprehensively searched for articles published with full text available and with the key words &quot;Trace elements&quot;, &quot;COVID-19&quot;, &quot;Viral Infections&quot; and &quot;Immune Response&quot; (i.e. separately Zn, Se, Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, Cr, Li, Ni, Co) appearing in the title and abstract. On the basis of available articles we have explored the role of trace elements in viral infections with special reference to COVID-19 and their interactions with the immune system. Zinc, selenium and other trace elements are vital to triggerTH1 cells and cytokine-mediated immune response for substantial production of proinflammatory cytokines. The antiviral activity of some trace elements is attributed to their inhibitory effect on viral entry, replication and other downstream processes. Trace elements having antioxidants activity not only regulate host immune responses, but also modify the viral genome. Adequate dietary intake of trace elements is essential for activation, development, differentiation and numerous functions.}, }
@article {pmid33612990, year = {2021}, author = {Cramer, P and Kokic, G and Dienemann, C and Höbartner, C and Hillen, HS}, title = {.}, journal = {Biospektrum : Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft fur Biologishe Chemie (GBCH) und der Vereinigung fur Allgemeine und Angewandte Mikrobiologie (VAAM)}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {49-53}, doi = {10.1007/s12268-021-1516-6}, pmid = {33612990}, issn = {0947-0867}, abstract = {Coronaviruses use an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to replicate and transcribe their RNA genome. The structure of the SARS-CoV-2 polymerase was determined by cryo-electron microscopy within a short time in spring 2020. The structure explains how the viral enzyme synthesizes RNA and how it replicates the exceptionally large genome in a processive manner. The most recent structure-function studies further reveal the mechanism of polymerase inhibition by remdesivir, an approved drug for the treatment of COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33612989, year = {2021}, author = {Dübel, S and Herrmann, A and Schirrmann, T and Frenzel, A and Hust, M}, title = {.}, journal = {Biospektrum : Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft fur Biologishe Chemie (GBCH) und der Vereinigung fur Allgemeine und Angewandte Mikrobiologie (VAAM)}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {46-48}, doi = {10.1007/s12268-021-1512-x}, pmid = {33612989}, issn = {0947-0867}, abstract = {COR-101 is a fully human, Fc silenced IgG that was discovered by antibody phage display. It reduced the SARS-CoV-2 virus load in the lung by more than 99 percent in Hamster models and led to much faster recovery. Its mode of action has been elucidated by solving the atomic structure of its interaction with SARS-CoV-2. The antibody competes with ACE2 binding by blocking a large area of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.}, }
@article {pmid33612988, year = {2021}, author = {Klann, K and Münch, C}, title = {.}, journal = {Biospektrum : Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft fur Biologishe Chemie (GBCH) und der Vereinigung fur Allgemeine und Angewandte Mikrobiologie (VAAM)}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {40-45}, doi = {10.1007/s12268-021-1535-3}, pmid = {33612988}, issn = {0947-0867}, abstract = {Upon infection with SARS-CoV-2, a variety of changes happen inside the host cell. The virus hijacks host cell pathways for driving its own replication, while the host counteracts with response mechanisms. To gain a comprehensive understanding of COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, and develop therapeutic strategies, it is crucial to observe these systematic changes in their entirety. In our recent studies, we followed the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the human proteome, which led to the identification of several drugs that abolished viral proliferation in cells.}, }
@article {pmid33612973, year = {2021}, author = {Sanches, EE and de Jongh, FW and Ingels, KJAO and Pouwels, S}, title = {e-Health and telemedicine implementation in facial paralysis: challenges and pitfalls.}, journal = {European journal of plastic surgery}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-6}, doi = {10.1007/s00238-021-01802-8}, pmid = {33612973}, issn = {0930-343X}, abstract = {During the current Covid-19 pandemic, a lot of changes had to be made in the care of patients with facial nerve paralysis (FNP). FNP is a life-changing condition with effects on both physical (both esthetic and functional) and psychological aspects of the patient's life. Telemedicine could be a suitable alternative in the therapy for these patients, since it is often not possible to travel to outpatient clinics or to have normal face-to-face appointments with treating physicians because of pandemic restrictions. This review provides an overview of the current literature in the treatment of FNP during the pandemic and the role of telemedicine/e-Health. Secondly, we will discuss the challenges and pitfalls of implementing e-Health and telemedicine applications in clinical practice. Level of evidence: Not ratable.}, }
@article {pmid33612960, year = {2021}, author = {Piraux, A}, title = {[Interest of vitamin D in COVID-19].}, journal = {Actualites pharmaceutiques}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.actpha.2021.02.012}, pmid = {33612960}, issn = {0515-3700}, abstract = {Vitamin D, which is increasingly in demand in pharmacies and increasingly prescribed, could be an asset in the treatment of Covid-19 by reducing mortality or the severity of the condition. Its potential immunomodulatory effect is currently being studied by numerous international teams of researchers.}, }
@article {pmid33612929, year = {2021}, author = {Chopra, SS and Sahoo, NK}, title = {Pandemic proofing dental education.}, journal = {Medical journal, Armed Forces India}, volume = {77}, number = {Suppl 1}, pages = {S31-S36}, doi = {10.1016/j.mjafi.2020.11.025}, pmid = {33612929}, issn = {0377-1237}, abstract = {Imparting dental education in times of the current pandemic of COVID-19 has transformed it to a Gordian knot. Dental education must focus on educating dental students for a lifetime of clinical practice. It must inspire them to pursue professional development during this era of rapid advancements and transformation, while being ethical and empathic. This pandemic has denied or limited access to clinical learning avenues for students. Hence, there is a need to adapt to the 'new normal' during and after this pandemic by finding a viable solution. This adverse situation must stimulate the dental educators to prepare a COVID-proof curriculum to tackle any (including the current) pandemic situation and prepare academicians to be ready to face such untoward occurrences in future. This would entail redefining learning outcomes, improvising teaching protocols, and adapting current assessment practices.}, }
@article {pmid33612922, year = {2021}, author = {Perra, N}, title = {Non-pharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic: A review.}, journal = {Physics reports}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.physrep.2021.02.001}, pmid = {33612922}, issn = {0370-1573}, abstract = {Infectious diseases and human behavior are intertwined. On one side, our movements and interactions are the engines of transmission. On the other, the unfolding of viruses might induce changes to our daily activities. While intuitive, our understanding of such feedback loop is still limited. Before COVID-19 the literature on the subject was mainly theoretical and largely missed validation. The main issue was the lack of empirical data capturing behavioral change induced by diseases. Things have dramatically changed in 2020. Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have been the key weapon against the SARS-CoV-2 virus and affected virtually any societal process. Travel bans, events cancellation, social distancing, curfews, and lockdowns have become unfortunately very familiar. The scale of the emergency, the ease of survey as well as crowdsourcing deployment guaranteed by the latest technology, several Data for Good programs developed by tech giants, major mobile phone providers, and other companies have allowed unprecedented access to data describing behavioral changes induced by the pandemic. Here, I review some of the vast literature written on the subject of NPIs during the COVID-19 pandemic. In doing so, I analyze 348 articles written by more than 2518 authors in the first 12 months of the emergency. While the large majority of the sample was obtained by querying PubMed, it includes also a hand-curated list. Considering the focus, and methodology I have classified the sample into seven main categories: epidemic models, surveys, comments/perspectives, papers aiming to quantify the effects of NPIs, reviews, articles using data proxies to measure NPIs, and publicly available datasets describing NPIs. I summarize the methodology, data used, findings of the articles in each category and provide an outlook highlighting future challenges as well as opportunities.}, }
@article {pmid33612893, year = {2020}, author = {Lacombe, A and Quintela, I and Liao, YT and Wu, VCH}, title = {Food safety lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic.}, journal = {Journal of food safety}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e12878}, doi = {10.1111/jfs.12878}, pmid = {33612893}, issn = {0149-6085}, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has ushered in a new era of food safety. To date, there is no evidence to suggest that consuming food is associated with COVID-19. Nevertheless, COVID-19's impact on food safety and security has been grave. The world is currently experiencing several supply chain issues as a direct result of extensive lockdowns and impacts on essential workers' safety. However, disruption in the food supply, while catastrophic in nature, has created opportunities for the advancement of medical science, data processing, security monitoring, foodborne pathogen detection, and food safety technology. This article will discuss the key components for food safety during the COVID-19 pandemic. The discussion will draw from lessons learned early in the outbreak and will analyze the etiology of the disease through a food safety perspective. From there, we will discuss personal protective equipment, detection of SARS-CoV-2, useful surrogates to study SARS-CoV-2, and the expanding field of data science, from the food safety point of view. In the future, scientists can apply the knowledge to the containment of COVID-19 and eventually to future pandemics.}, }
@article {pmid33612824, year = {2021}, author = {Ma, S and Xu, C and Liu, S and Sun, X and Li, R and Mao, M and Feng, S and Wang, X}, title = {Efficacy and safety of systematic corticosteroids among severe COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.}, journal = {Signal transduction and targeted therapy}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {83}, pmid = {33612824}, issn = {2059-3635}, support = {81600960//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; 81971045//National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/ ; }, abstract = {The benefits and harms of corticosteroids for patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remain unclear. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from December 31, 2019 to October 1, 2020 to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated corticosteroids in severe COVID-19 patients. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality at the longest follow-up. Secondary outcomes included a composite disease progression (progression to intubation, ventilation, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ICU transfer, or death among those not ventilated at enrollment) and incidence of serious adverse events. A random-effects model was applied to calculate risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach to evaluate the certainty of the evidence. Seven RCTs involving 6250 patients were included, of which the Randomized Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy (RECOVERY) trial comprised nearly 78% of all included subjects. Results showed that corticosteroids were associated with a decreased all-cause mortality (27.3 vs. 31.1%; RR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.73-0.99; P = 0.04; low-certainty evidence). Trial sequential analysis suggested that more trials were still required to confirm the results. However, such survival benefit was absent if RECOVERY trial was excluded (RR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.65-1.06; P = 0.13). Furthermore, corticosteroids decreased the occurrence of composite disease progression (30.6 vs. 33.3%; RR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.64-0.92; P = 0.005), but not increased the incidence of serious adverse events (3.5 vs. 3.4%; RR: 1.16; 95% CI: 0.39-3.43; P = 0.79).}, }
@article {pmid33612447, year = {2021}, author = {Nissen-Meyer, LSH and Brantsæter, AB}, title = {The story of an extraordinary year: Challenges and opportunities in responding to Covid-19.}, journal = {Transfusion and apheresis science : official journal of the World Apheresis Association : official journal of the European Society for Haemapheresis}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {103092}, doi = {10.1016/j.transci.2021.103092}, pmid = {33612447}, issn = {1473-0502}, abstract = {Little more than a year after the first reports of a new coronavirus in Wuhan, China, the world is in the middle of a pandemic that has brought dramatic changes in societies all over the world. This is our story, as seen from the Department of Immunology and Transfusion at Oslo University Hospital (OUH).}, }
@article {pmid33612424, year = {2021}, author = {Khalique, OK and Veillet-Chowdhury, M and Choi, AD and Feuchtner, G and Lopez-Mattei, J}, title = {Cardiac computed tomography in the contemporary evaluation of infective endocarditis.}, journal = {Journal of cardiovascular computed tomography}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.jcct.2021.02.001}, pmid = {33612424}, issn = {1876-861X}, abstract = {Increasing data have accumulated on the role of Cardiac Computed Tomography (CCT) in infective endocarditis (IE) with high accuracy for large vegetations, perivalvular complications and for exclusion of coronary artery disease to avoid invasive angiography. CCT can further help to clarify the etiology of infective prosthetic valve dysfunction (e.g. malposition, abscess, leak, vegetation or mass). Structural interventions have increased the relevance of CCT in valvular heart disease and have amplified its use. CCT may be ideally integrated into a multimodality approach that incorporates a central role of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) with 18-FDG PET and/or cardiac magnetic resonance in individually selected cases, guided by the Heart Team. The coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in renewed attention to CCT as a safe alternative or adjunct to TEE in selected patients. This review article provides a comprehensive, contemporary review on CCT in IE to include scan optimization, characteristics of common IE findings on CCT, published data on the diagnostic accuracy of CCT, multimodality imaging comparison, limitations and future technical advancements.}, }
@article {pmid33612396, year = {2021}, author = {Zhao, WJ and Liu, GE and Tian, Y and Song, SM and Li, L}, title = {What's new in trauma 2020.}, journal = {Chinese journal of traumatology = Zhonghua chuang shang za zhi}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.cjtee.2021.02.001}, pmid = {33612396}, issn = {1008-1275}, abstract = {Throughout the past 2020, the pandemic COVID-19 has caused a big global shock, meanwhile it brought a great impact on the public health network. Trauma emergency system faced a giant challenge and how to manage trauma under the pandemic of COVID-19 was widely discussed. However, the trauma treatment of special population (geriatric patients and anticoagulant drugs patients) has received inadequate attention. Due to the high mortality following severe traumatic hemorrhage, hemostasis and trauma-induced coagulopathy are the important concerns in trauma treatment. Sepsis is another topic should not be ignored when we talking about trauma. COVID-19 itself is a special kind of sepsis, and it may even be called as serious systemic infection syndrome. Sepsis has been become a serious problem waiting to be solved urgently no matter in the fields of trauma, or intensive care and infection, etc. This article reviewed the research progress in areas including trauma emergency care, trauma bleeding and coagulation, geriatric trauma and basic research of trauma within 2020.}, }
@article {pmid33611657, year = {2021}, author = {Nas, K and Eryilmaz, N and Geyik, MF and Altaş, A}, title = {COVID-19 in patients with familial Mediterranean fever treated with colchicine: case based review.}, journal = {Rheumatology international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33611657}, issn = {1437-160X}, abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) refers to the clinical picture of an important and severe infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Considering the current knowledge on the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of COVID-19, it is safe to state that both COVID-19 and inflammatory rheumatic disorders cause a cytokine storm and merit treatment with anti-rheumatic drugs. Three patients, who were on regular follow-up due to the diagnosis of familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), contracted COVID-19 infection; and their pre-clinical and post-clinical data as well as laboratory, prognosis and treatment data were investigated. Effects of colchicine in FMF patients who contracted COVID-19 infection were presented in this study. All the cases recovered from COVID-19 without complications. The present study suggests that colchicine can positively affect the prognosis of COVID-19 in FMF patients; therefore, experience of rheumatologists in the use of anti-inflammatory drugs can be highly instrumental in management of COVID-19 patients.}, }
@article {pmid33611083, year = {2021}, author = {Javed, A and Lee, C and Zakaria, H and Buenaventura, RD and Cetkovich-Bakmas, M and Duailibi, K and Ng, B and Ramy, H and Saha, G and Arifeen, S and Elorza, PM and Ratnasingham, P and Azeem, MW}, title = {Reducing the stigma of mental health disorders with a focus on low- and middle-income countries.}, journal = {Asian journal of psychiatry}, volume = {58}, number = {}, pages = {102601}, doi = {10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102601}, pmid = {33611083}, issn = {1876-2026}, abstract = {Mental health disorders are a burgeoning global public health challenge, and disproportionately affect the poor. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) bear 80 % of the mental health disease burden. Stigma associated with mental health results in delayed help seeking, reduced access to health services, suboptimal treatment, poor outcomes and an increased risk of individuals' human rights violations. Moreover, widespread co-occurrence of physical comorbidities such as noncommunicable diseases with mental health disorders makes the treatment of both conditions challenging and worsens prognosis. This paper explores various aspects of stigma towards mental health with a focus on LMICs and assesses measures to increase help-seeking and access to and uptake of mental health services. Stigma impacts persons living with mental illness, their families and caregivers and healthcare professionals (mental health professionals, non-psychiatric specialists and general practitioners) imparting mental health care. Cultural, socio-economic and religious factors determine various aspects of mental health in LMICs, ranging from perceptions of health and illness, health seeking behavior, attitudes of the individuals and health practitioners and mental health systems. Addressing stigma requires comprehensive and inclusive mental health policies and legislations; sustainable and culturally-adapted awareness programs; capacity building of mental health workforce through task-shifting and interprofessional approaches; and improved access to mental health services by integration with primary healthcare and utilizing existing pathways of care. Future strategies targeting stigma reduction must consider the enormous physical comorbidity burden associated with mental health, prioritize workplace interventions and importantly, address the deterioration of population mental health from the COVID-19 pandemic.}, }
@article {pmid33611008, year = {2021}, author = {Brisolara, KF and Maal-Bared, R and Sobsey, MD and Reimers, RS and Rubin, A and Bastian, RK and Gerba, C and Smith, JE and Bibby, K and Kester, G and Brown, S}, title = {Assessing and managing SARS-CoV-2 occupational health risk to workers handling residuals and biosolids.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {774}, number = {}, pages = {145732}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145732}, pmid = {33611008}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Current wastewater worker guidance from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) aligns with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recommendations and states that no additional specific protections against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 infections, are recommended for employees involved in wastewater management operations with residuals, sludge, and biosolids at water resource recovery facilities. The USEPA guidance references a document from 2002 that summarizes practices required for protection of workers handling class B biosolids to minimize exposure to pathogens including viruses. While there is no documented evidence that residuals or biosolids of any treatment level contain infectious SARS-CoV-2 or are a source of transmission of this current pandemic strain of coronavirus, this review summarizes and examines whether the provided federal guidance is sufficient to protect workers in view of currently available data on SARS-CoV-2 persistence and transmission. No currently available epidemiological data establishes a direct link between wastewater sludge or biosolids and risk of infection from the SARS-CoV-2. Despite shedding of the RNA of the virus in feces, there is no evidence supporting the presence or transmission of infectious SARS-CoV-2 through the wastewater system or in biosolids. In addition, this review presents previous epidemiologic data related to other non-enveloped viruses. Overall, the risk for exposure to SARS-CoV-2, or any pathogen, decreases with increasing treatment measures. As a result, the highest risk of exposure is related to spreading and handling untreated feces or stool, followed by untreated municipal sludge, the class B biosolids, while lowest risk is associated with spreading or handling Class A biosolids. This review reinforces federal recommendations and the importance of vigilance in applying occupational risk mitigation measures to protect public and occupational health.}, }
@article {pmid33610994, year = {2021}, author = {Giacobbo, A and Rodrigues, MAS and Zoppas Ferreira, J and Bernardes, AM and de Pinho, MN}, title = {A critical review on SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in water and wastewater. What do we know?.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {774}, number = {}, pages = {145721}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145721}, pmid = {33610994}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {The COVID-19 outbreak circulating the world is far from being controlled, and possible contamination routes are still being studied. There are no confirmed cases yet, but little is known about the infection possibility via contact with sewage or contaminated water as well as with aerosols generated during the pumping and treatment of these aqueous matrices. Therefore, this article presents a literature review on the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in human excreta and its pathways through the sewer system and wastewater treatment plants until it reaches the water bodies, highlighting their occurrence and infectivity in sewage and natural water. Research lines are still indicated, which we believe are important for improving the detection, quantification, and mainly the infectivity analyzes of SARS-CoV-2 and other enveloped viruses in sewage and natural water. In fact, up till now, no case of transmission via contact with sewage or contaminated water has been reported and the few studies conducted with these aqueous matrices have not detected infectious viruses. On the other hand, studies are showing that SARS-CoV-2 can remain viable, i.e., infectious, for up to 4.3 and 6 days in sewage and water, respectively, and that other species of coronavirus may remain viable in these aqueous matrices for more than one year, depending on the sample conditions. These are strong pieces of evidence that the contamination mediated by contact with sewage or contaminated water cannot be ruled out, even because other more resistant and infectious mutations of SARS-CoV-2 may appear.}, }
@article {pmid33610778, year = {2021}, author = {Cyprian, F and Sohail, MU and Abdelhafez, I and Salman, S and Attique, Z and Kamareddine, L and Al-Asmakh, M}, title = {SARS-CoV-2-Immune-Microbiome Interaction: Lessons from Respiratory Viral Infections.}, journal = {International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.071}, pmid = {33610778}, issn = {1878-3511}, abstract = {By the beginning of 2020, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has rapidly evolved into an emergent worldwide pandemic, an outbreak whose unprecedented consequences highlighted the existing flaws within the global public healthcare systems. While the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is bestowed with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestation involving vital organs, the respiratory system transpires as the main route of entry of SARS-CoV-2, with the lungs being its primary target. Of those infected, up to 20% require hospitalization on account of severity, while the majority of patients are either asymptomatic or exhibit mild symptoms. Exacerbation in disease severity and complications of COVID-19 infection have been allied with multiple comorbidities including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disorders, cancer, and chronic lung disease. Interestingly, a recent body of evidence have foregrounded the pulmonary and gut microbiome as potential modulators in altering the course of COVID-19, plausibly via the microbiome-immune system axis. While relative concordance between microbes and immunity is still not fully elucidated in a COVID-19 disease context, we present here an overview of our current understanding of this COVID-19-microbiome-immune cross talk and discuss the potential contributions of microbiome-related immunity to SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and COVID-19 disease progression.}, }
@article {pmid33610741, year = {2021}, author = {Salle, V}, title = {Coronavirus-induced autoimmunity.}, journal = {Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {108694}, doi = {10.1016/j.clim.2021.108694}, pmid = {33610741}, issn = {1521-7035}, abstract = {The pandemic of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spotlighted the link between viral infection and autoimmunity. In this review, we focus on coronavirusinduced autoimmunity based on evidence from experimental animal models, SARSCoV infection with in vitro studies of molecular mimicry and COVID-19 with several clinical reports of autoimmune manifestations of this disease. Further studies will be needed to better characterize the role of SARS-CoV-2 in the development of autoimmunity.}, }
@article {pmid33610693, year = {2021}, author = {Forthal, D}, title = {Adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2.}, journal = {Advanced drug delivery reviews}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.009}, pmid = {33610693}, issn = {1872-8294}, abstract = {This review focuses on adaptive immune responses against SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus that causes COVID-19. A great deal of work has been accomplished in a very short period of time to describe adaptive immune responses and to ascertain their roles in determining the course of infection. As with other viral infections, SARS-CoV-2 elicits both antibody and T-cell responses. Whereas antibody responses are likely effective in preventing infection and may participate in controlling infection once established, it is less clear whether or not they play a role in pathogenesis. T cells are likely involved in controlling established infection, but a pathogenic role is also possible. Longer term evaluation is necessary to determine the durability of protective immune responses.}, }
@article {pmid33610448, year = {2021}, author = {Putter, JS}, title = {Immunotherapy for COVID-19: Evolving treatment of viral infection and associated adverse immunological reactions.}, journal = {Transfusion and apheresis science : official journal of the World Apheresis Association : official journal of the European Society for Haemapheresis}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {103093}, doi = {10.1016/j.transci.2021.103093}, pmid = {33610448}, issn = {1473-0502}, abstract = {This review on COVID-19 immunotherapy enables a comparative analysis of the short-list of currently approved major vaccines. These include the Pfizer and Moderna first mRNA vaccines under FDA purview and the Oxford/AstraZeneca simian adenovirus-vectored vaccine (under UK-MHPRA guidance), all produced in record time, being safe and effective. The Pfizer and Moderna double dose vaccines have the clear edge in treatment efficacy, being in the 90% range compared to AstraZeneca in the average 70%. However, the AZ double dose vaccine has significant advantages with respect to lower cost and stability in storage. We enumerate several potential advances in the technology of the manufacturers: (1) combination vaccines such as testing AstraZeneca's product with a component of the Russian's Sputnik V to achieve durable immunity; (2) the potential for single dose vaccines coming on-line, and with Johnson &amp; Johnson/Janssen; and (3) the need for refined thermotolerant formulations obviating the need for cold storage. As an adjunct to vaccinotherapy, affinity adsorption column technology is another facet recruited in the processing of corona convalescent plasma/cryosupernatant to concentrate neutralizing antibodies against the virus. Clinical trials, to date, of infected patients have been indeterminate as to whether plasmapheresis-based products are effective or not. This is due to the failure to standardize the composition of the plasma derived component, ambiguous clinical indications for use in human subjects, and inconsistent timing of administration in the course of the infection. Known T-cell lymphopenia, which is attendant to progressive viral infection and immune driven inflammation, may be a quantitative surrogate biological marker as to when to start treatment. This is not only for initiating plasmapheresis-based therapeutics but also the judicious selection of ancillary pharmaceuticals, ie. monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins and anti-viral drugs.}, }
@article {pmid33610239, year = {2021}, author = {Kouhsari, E and Azizian, K and Sholeh, M and Shayestehpour, M and Hashemian, M and Karamollahi, S and Yaghoubi, S and Sadeghiifard, N}, title = {Clinical, epidemiological, laboratory, and radiological characteristics of novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in retrospective studies: A systemic review and meta-analysis.}, journal = {Indian journal of medical microbiology}, volume = {39}, number = {1}, pages = {104-115}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijmmb.2020.10.004}, pmid = {33610239}, issn = {1998-3646}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: In December 2019, a novel pneumonia related to the 2019 coronavirus unexpectedly developed in Wuhan, China. We aimed to review data of the novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by analyzing all the published retrospective studies on the clinical, epidemiological, laboratory, and radiological characteristics of patients with 2019-nCoV.<br><br>METHODS: We searched in four bibliographic databases PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science) for studies March 10, 2020 focused on the clinical, epidemiological, laboratory, and radiological characteristics of patients with 2019-nCoV for meta-analysis. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to quality assessment, and publication bias was analyzed by Egger's test. In the meta-analysis, a random-effects model with Stata/SE software, v.14.1 (StataCorp, College Station, TX) was used to obtain a pooled incidence rate.<br><br>RESULTS: Fifty studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis with 8815 patients and the mean age was 46 years and 4647 (52.7%) were male. The pooled incidences rate of clinical symptoms were: fever (83%, 95% CI: 0.77, 0.89), cough (59%, 95% CI: 0.48, 0.69), myalgia or fatigue (31%, 95% CI: 0.23, 0.39), sputum production (29%, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.39), and dyspnea (19%, 95% CI: 0.12, 0.26). The pooled incidence rate of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was (22%, 95% CI: 0.00, 0.60).<br><br>CONCLUSION: The results of this systemic review and meta-analysis present a quantitative pooled incidence rate of different characters of 2019-nCoV and has great potential to develop diagnosis and patient's stratification in 2019-nCoV. However, this conclusions of this study still requisite to be warranted by more careful design, larger sample size multivariate studies to corroborate the results of this meta-analysis.}, }
@article {pmid33605244, year = {2020}, author = {Panday, DR and Panday, KR and Rauniar, GP}, title = {COVID-19: All Facts, No Myth.}, journal = {Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ)}, volume = {18}, number = {70}, pages = {80-89}, pmid = {33605244}, issn = {1812-2078}, mesh = {*COVID-19 ; *Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {On December 31, 2019, the China Health Authority alerted WHO about 27 cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan City. It was subsequently named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the disease as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The disease has now become pandemic. Current review was done to summarize information on COVID-19 published in various scientific works. Electronic databases containing medical articles viz., MEDLINE/PubMed, Google Scholar etc were searched using the Medical Subject Headings 'COVID-19', '2019- nCoV', 'coronavirus' and 'SARS-CoV-2' during antecedent one year. All study designs were incorporated to harvest clinical, laboratory, imaging, and hospital course data. The intermediate host of the virus is still unknown. Respiratory droplets produced by the patient is main source of transmission. SARS-CoV-2 invades the airway epithelium by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor with Coronavirus spike (S) protein. Most common symptoms are fever (98%), dry cough (77%), and dyspnea (63.5%). Later, complications like acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock etc may occur. Advanced age and co-morbidities like Diabetes have higher mortality otherwise Case Fatality Rate is 2-3%. RTPCR is the diagnosis of choice. Since no universally accepted registered drug or FDA approved vaccine has come by now, prevention is the key. Hands should be regularly cleaned with soap or alcohol based sanitizer and in public, Nose and Mouth should be covered with face-mask and social distance of one meter should be maintained. While Vaccines are expected by early 2021, we should not forget to take comprehensive measures to prevent future outbreaks of zoonotic origin.}, }
@article {pmid33605235, year = {2020}, author = {Kayastha, SR and Parajuli, B and Basi, A and Shrestha, D}, title = {Orthopaedic Services during Nationwide COVID-19 Lockdown: Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital Experience and Review of Literature.}, journal = {Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ)}, volume = {18}, number = {70}, pages = {29-35}, pmid = {33605235}, issn = {1812-2078}, mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Communicable Disease Control ; Humans ; Nepal ; *Orthopedics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {Background The Nepal government issued a nationwide lockdown due to COVID-19 from 24 March to 21 July 2020. This halted elective medical services in our hospital. A number of modifications in the orthopaedic practices at our department were made. Objective This article discusses the impact on orthopaedic load at the Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital during the lockdown. Method This is a longitudinal observational study done during the nation-wide lockdown including all the patients who presented to the hospital requiring orthopaedic consultation. For comparison purposes, the patient numbers from the same date in previous year (2019) were retrieved. Result We received no COVID-19 cases requiring orthopaedics consultation. A total of 1828 patients were seen in the Orthopaedic Outpatient Department, 1077 trauma patients in the Emergency Department, 216 patients were admitted and 210 orthopaedics procedures were performed at the operation theatre. There was 82.21% decrease in OPD patients and 56% less surgeries in OT compared to the same duration of last year. Conclusion There was a great reduction in the patient numbers visiting the hospital, which reflected in decreased number of admission and surgery. A greater part of our work during the lockdown was trauma.}, }
@article {pmid33602275, year = {2021}, author = {Li, R and von Isenburg, M and Levenstein, M and Neumann, S and Wood, J and Sim, I}, title = {COVID-19 trials: declarations of data sharing intentions at trial registration and at publication.}, journal = {Trials}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {153}, pmid = {33602275}, issn = {1745-6215}, mesh = {COVID-19/epidemiology/*therapy ; Clinical Trials as Topic/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Humans ; *Information Dissemination ; Intention ; Pandemics/prevention &amp; control ; Publications/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Research Design/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The sharing of individual participant-level data from COVID-19 trials would allow re-use and secondary analysis that can help accelerate the identification of effective treatments. The sharing of trial data is not the norm, but the unprecedented pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 may serve as an impetus for greater data sharing. We sought to assess the data sharing intentions of interventional COVID-19 trials as declared in trial registrations and publications.<br><br>METHODS: We searched ClinicalTrials.gov and PubMed for COVID-19 interventional trials. We analyzed responses to ClinicalTrials.gov fields regarding intent to share individual participant level data and analyzed the data sharing statements in eligible publications.<br><br>RESULTS: Nine hundred twenty-four trial registrations were analyzed. 15.7% were willing to share, of which 38.6% were willing to share immediately upon publication of results. 47.6% declared they were not willing to share. Twenty-eight publications were analyzed representing 26 unique COVID-19 trials. Only seven publications contained data sharing statements; six indicated a willingness to share data whereas one indicated that data was not available for sharing.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: At a time of pressing need for researchers to work together to combat a global pandemic, intent to share individual participant-level data from COVID-19 interventional trials is limited.}, }
@article {pmid33596144, year = {2021}, author = {Younis, NK and Zareef, RO and Maktabi, MAN and Mahfouz, R}, title = {The Era of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Review on Dynamics, Clinical Symptoms and Complications, Diagnosis, and Treatment.}, journal = {Genetic testing and molecular biomarkers}, volume = {25}, number = {2}, pages = {85-101}, doi = {10.1089/gtmb.2020.0227}, pmid = {33596144}, issn = {1945-0257}, mesh = {Adenosine Monophosphate/analogs &amp; derivatives/therapeutic use ; Alanine/analogs &amp; derivatives/therapeutic use ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; *COVID-19/diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology/therapy/virology ; COVID-19 Testing/methods ; COVID-19 Vaccines/therapeutic use ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Evolution, Molecular ; Global Burden of Disease/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; Humans ; Hydroxychloroquine/therapeutic use ; Mutation ; Off-Label Use ; Pandemics/prevention &amp; control/*statistics &amp; numerical data ; RNA, Viral/genetics/isolation &amp; purification ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics/immunology/isolation &amp; purification/*pathogenicity ; Severity of Illness Index ; }, abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) displays a broad spectrum of clinical presentations ranging from lack of symptoms to severe multiorgan system complications and death. Various laboratory assays have been employed in the diagnosis of COVID-19, including: nucleic acid-based tests; antigen tests; and serum testing for anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies. The disease can also be diagnosed based on suggestive clinical features and radiological findings. Until now, remdesivir is the only medication approved for the treatment of COVID-19 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA); however, it is anticipated that several anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies will gain soon approval. Other methods of treatment include supportive care directed toward treating the symptoms. Nevertheless, many studies have recently emerged, showing controversial preliminary results with the off-label medication hydroxychloroquine. Given that all results are still preliminary, including those seen by remdesivir, additional evidence and research are required to identify effective medications that are broadly effective and well tolerated. Importantly, two RNA-based vaccines have recently gained approval from Pfizer and Moderna, with many others still in clinical trials. This article reviews various aspects of COVID-19, including its epidemiology; its evolution and mutational spectrum; and its clinical dynamics, symptoms and complications, diagnosis, and treatment.}, }
@article {pmid33567089, year = {2021}, author = {Dickey, T and Junqueira, H}, title = {Toward the use of medical scent detection dogs for COVID-19 screening.}, journal = {The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association}, volume = {121}, number = {2}, pages = {141-148}, doi = {10.1515/jom-2020-0222}, pmid = {33567089}, issn = {1945-1997}, mesh = {Animals ; COVID-19/*diagnosis ; COVID-19 Testing/*methods ; Dogs ; Humans ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Volatile Organic Compounds ; *Working Dogs ; }, abstract = {Current testing for the presence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 virus), which causes the novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) infection, is typically reliant upon collection of nasal swab samples from subjects. These tests (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR] and antigen) are intrusive, can take significant time to process, and can give deleterious false negative and false positive results. Alternative methods for COVID-19 testing and screening are being studied, including the use of trained scent detection dogs to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with the COVID virus. In August 2020 and October 2020, the first author (T.D.) searched MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and additional news articles using keyword phrases including &quot;COVID scent dogs,&quot; &quot;COVID sniffer dogs,&quot; and &quot;COVID detection dog,&quot; returning a total of 13 articles, nine of which were duplicates. Four remaining peer-reviewed studies dedicated to determining the feasibility and efficacy of detecting and screening individuals who may be infected by the COVID-19 virus with scent detection dogs were then examined. In this narrative review, the authors describe the methodologies and results of the remaining four studies, which demonstrated that the sensitivity, specificity, and overall success rates reported by the summarized scent detection studies are comparable to or better than the standard RT-PCR and antigen testing procedures, meaning that scent detection dogs can likely be effectively employed to nonintrusively screen and identify individuals infected with the COVID-19 virus in hospitals, senior care facilities, schools, universities, airports, and even large public gatherings for sporting events and concerts.}, }
@article {pmid33566919, year = {2020}, author = {Medina-Ortiz, O and Araque-Castellanos, F and Ruiz-Domínguez, LC and Riaño-Garzón, M and Bermudez, V}, title = {[Sleep disorders as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic].}, journal = {Revista peruana de medicina experimental y salud publica}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, pages = {755-761}, doi = {10.17843/rpmesp.2020.374.6360}, pmid = {33566919}, issn = {1726-4642}, mesh = {Adaptation, Psychological ; Age Factors ; COVID-19/complications/prevention &amp; control/*psychology ; Humans ; Mental Disorders/complications ; Quarantine/*psychology ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Sleep Hygiene ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders/epidemiology/etiology ; Sleep Wake Disorders/*epidemiology/etiology ; }, abstract = {Respiratory complications from COVID-19 can lead to death. For this reason, public health measures to curb the spread of the disease such as quarantine and other confinement strategies have been proposed in several countries, resulting in mental health and sleep disorders. We carried out a narrative review to systematize the most significant findings regarding insomnia in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, and in healthy persons who have been under confinement as a preventive measure. COVID-19-related conditions have caused insomnia in patients, which can alter the immune system and have a negative effect on health. For healthy people in quarantine, lifestyle changes, fear of becoming infected, young age, female gender, history of mental illness and reduced ability to cope with stress appear to be risk factors for insomnia. As well as the implementation of epidemiological and preventive measures, sleep hygiene should be promoted as a comprehensive coping strategy against the COVID-19 pandemic.}, }
@article {pmid33566918, year = {2020}, author = {Galván, CA and Toribio-Dionicio, C and Álvarez-Ángeles, M and Alama-Bazán, O and Sánchez-Ramírez, L}, title = {[Transfusion of convalescent plasma from patients with COVID -19].}, journal = {Revista peruana de medicina experimental y salud publica}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, pages = {746-754}, doi = {10.17843/rpmesp.2020.374.5767}, pmid = {33566918}, issn = {1726-4642}, mesh = {Antibodies, Neutralizing/*immunology ; Blood Component Transfusion/methods ; COVID-19/immunology/mortality/*therapy ; Humans ; Immunization, Passive/adverse effects/methods ; Severity of Illness Index ; Treatment Outcome ; Viral Load/immunology ; }, abstract = {There is currently no vaccine available and no specific medication against Coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19). The treatment is mainly based on support measures. In this context, several potentially useful therapies have been approved for use in clinical trials, such as convalescent plasma transfusion (CPT). PubMed was searched for studies on convalescent plasma and COVID-19, SARS or MERS. Studies on clinical efficacy in diseases caused by other coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV) showed clinical improvement, increase of neutralizing antibodies, decreased mortality and absence of adverse events during and after treatment. We found 13 studies on this type of treatment used in patients with severe and critical COVID-19. Despite limitations regarding methodology, number of patients and the protocols for the analysis of donors' convalescent plasma, patients who received CPT showed clinical improvement, improvement of ventilatory patterns, resolution of lung injuries, decreased mortality, improvement of laboratory parameters, increase of neutralizing antibodies, decreased viral load and low frequency of adverse events.}, }
@article {pmid33550984, year = {2021}, author = {Costa, ML and Souza, CAS and Silva, ACC and Santos, DFC and Nonato, EF and Santana, FB and Dos Santos Dias, G and Barreto, JT and Costa, LS and Costa, MCB and das Neves Ferreira, T and Santana, JS and Mendes-Netto, RS and do Nascimento, TVSB and Nunes, MAP and de Souza, MFC}, title = {Obesity and clinical severity in patients with COVID-19: a scoping review protocol.}, journal = {Systematic reviews}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {51}, pmid = {33550984}, issn = {2046-4053}, mesh = {COVID-19/*complications/*physiopathology ; Humans ; Internationality ; Obesity/*complications ; *Research Design ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Severity of Illness Index ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 strain, was first identified in late 2019 in China. The outcomes of patients affected by the virus can worsen, developing acute respiratory failure and other serious complications, especially in older individuals and people with obesity and comorbidities. Thus, obese patients tend to have a more severe course of COVID-19. Thus, this review aims to synthesize the evidence in the literature that associates COVID-19 and the severity of clinical outcomes in infected obese patients.<br><br>METHODS: This protocol was designed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols Statement. Scientific and gray literature will be systematically selected from PubMed/MEDLINE, Latin American Literature in Health Sciences, Online Scientific Electronic Library, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane. The selection of articles will be limited to studies published in English, Portuguese, and Spanish from December 2019 onwards. The main clinical outcomes will be clinical severity in obese patients with COVID-19 as tachypnea (respiratory rate, ≥ 30 breaths per minute), hypoxemia (oxygen saturation, ≤ 93%), the ratio of the partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen (< 300), lung infiltrate (> 50% of the lung field involved within 24-48 h), diagnosis of the severe acute respiratory syndrome, need of invasive mechanical ventilation, and mortality. Two reviewers will independently screen all citations, full-text articles, and abstract data. Selection bias will be minimized by excluding studies published before December 2019. Conflicts will be resolved through a third reviewer and consensus-building. Moreover, findings will be reported using narrative synthesis and tabulation of the summaries.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Given the need for early detection of the possible implications and treatment for patients with obesity diagnosed with COVID-19, the scoping review will be useful to capture the state of the current literature, identify the gaps, and make recommendations for future research for directing the conduct and optimization of therapies in these patients by the multiprofessional teams.<br><br>Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/xrkec.}, }
@article {pmid33539484, year = {2021}, author = {Davis, SZ and Hollin, T and Lenz, T and Le Roch, KG}, title = {Three-dimensional chromatin in infectious disease-A role for gene regulation and pathogenicity?.}, journal = {PLoS pathogens}, volume = {17}, number = {2}, pages = {e1009207}, pmid = {33539484}, issn = {1553-7374}, support = {R01 AI136511/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI142743-01/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI142743/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R21 AI142506-01/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R21 AI142506/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; COVID-19/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/*genetics/metabolism ; Chromatin/genetics/*metabolism ; Chromosomes/genetics/metabolism ; Communicable Diseases/*genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; }, abstract = {The recent Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic has once again reminded us the importance of understanding infectious diseases. One important but understudied area in infectious disease research is the role of nuclear architecture or the physical arrangement of the genome in the nucleus in controlling gene regulation and pathogenicity. Recent advances in research methods, such as Genome-wide chromosome conformation capture using high-throughput sequencing (Hi-C), have allowed for easier analysis of nuclear architecture and chromosomal reorganization in both the infectious disease agents themselves as well as in their host cells. This review will discuss broadly on what is known about nuclear architecture in infectious disease, with an emphasis on chromosomal reorganization, and briefly discuss what steps are required next in the field.}, }
@article {pmid33536070, year = {2021}, author = {Kumar, N and Janmohamed, K and Nyhan, K and Martins, SS and Cerda, M and Hasin, D and Scott, J and Pates, R and Ghandour, L and Wazaify, M and Khoshnood, K}, title = {Substance use and substance use disorder, in relation to COVID-19: protocol for a scoping review.}, journal = {Systematic reviews}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {48}, pmid = {33536070}, issn = {2046-4053}, mesh = {COVID-19/*epidemiology ; Humans ; *Illicit Drugs ; *Opioid-Related Disorders ; Risk Factors ; *Smoking ; Substance-Related Disorders/*epidemiology ; Vaping ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic is creating severe issues for healthcare and broad social structures, exposing societal vulnerabilities. Among the populations affected by COVID-19 are people engaged in substance use, such as people who smoke; vape (e-cigarette use); use opioids, cannabis, alcohol, or psychoactive prescription drugs; or have a substance use disorder (SUD). Monitoring substance use and SUD during the pandemic is essential, as people who engage in substance use or present with SUD are at greater risk for COVID-19, and the economic and social changes resulting from the pandemic may aggravate SUD. There have been several reviews focused on COVID-19 in relation to substance use and SUD. Reviews generally did not consider on a large range of substance use variants or SUDs. We plan a scoping review that seeks to fill gaps in our current understanding of substance use and SUD, in the COVID-19 era.<br><br>METHODS: A scoping review focused on substance use and SUD, in relation to COVID-19, will be conducted. We will search (from January 2020 onwards) Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Africa-Wide Information, Web of Science Core Collection, Embase, Global Health, WHO Global Literature on Coronavirus Disease Database, WHO Global Index Medicus, PsycINFO, PubMed, Middle Eastern Central Asian Studies, CINAHL Complete, and Sociological Abstracts. Grey literature will be identified using Disaster Lit, Google Scholar, HSRProj, governmental websites, and clinical trials registries (e.g., ClinicalTrial.gov , World Health Organization, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and International Standard Randomized Con-trolled Trial Number registry). Study selection will conform to Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers' Manual 2015 Methodology for JBI Scoping Reviews. Only English language, original studies investigating substance use and SUD, in relation to COVID-19 in all populations and settings, will be considered for inclusion. Two reviewers will independently screen all citations, full-text articles, and abstract data. A narrative summary of findings will be conducted. Data analysis will involve quantitative (e.g., frequencies) and qualitative (e.g., content and thematic analysis) methods.<br><br>DISCUSSION: Original research is urgently needed to mitigate the risks of COVID-19 on substance use and SUD. The planned scoping review will help to address this gap.<br><br>Open Science Framework (osf/io/tzgm5).}, }
@article {pmid33526078, year = {2021}, author = {Bastani, P and Mohammadpour, M and Ghanbarzadegan, A and Kapellas, K and Do, LG}, title = {Global concerns of dental and oral health workers during COVID-19 outbreak: a scope study on the concerns and the coping strategies.}, journal = {Systematic reviews}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {45}, pmid = {33526078}, issn = {2046-4053}, mesh = {*Adaptation, Psychological ; COVID-19/*transmission ; Dental Hygienists ; *Dentists ; *Global Health ; *Health Personnel ; Humans ; *Oral Health ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Dental and oral health workers have direct contact with respiratory aerosols of patients during procedures. This study aimed to determine the main concerns of dental and oral health workers globally during COVID-19 outbreaks and the coping strategies that help the resilience of dental and oral healthcare system.<br><br>METHODS: This scoping study was conducted in August 2020. After adjusting the search strategy, a systematic search of five databases (PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest and EMBASE) was conducted. Data was extracted using Microsoft Excel and the contents of retrieved articles were analysed through a qualitative thematic analysis applying MAX QDA10.<br><br>RESULTS: Most articles were either editorial/letters to the editor/commentary formats (34%), or literature reviews (26%). About half of the articles belonged to three countries of Italy, China and the USA (each 16% and totally 48%). Thematic analysis of included papers led to the identification of four main global concerns and 19 sub-concerns. Economic, ethical, social and professional concerns are among dental and oral health concerns. Other results indicate on three main themes and 13 sub-themes as the coping strategies including patient management, infection control and virtual strategies.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Dental and oral health care workers have many concerns relating to COVID-19 including economic, ethical, social and professional factors. Resolution of concerns may involve enhancing coping strategies relating to patient management and infection control strategies as well as using new technologies for virtual contact with the patient without any risk of infection.}, }
@article {pmid33474730, year = {2021}, author = {Orchard, K and Dignan, FL and Lee, J and Pearce, R and Desai, M and McFarlane, E and Parkin, A and Shearn, P and Snowden, JA}, title = {The NICE COVID-19 rapid guideline on haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: development, implementation and impact.}, journal = {British journal of haematology}, volume = {192}, number = {3}, pages = {467-473}, doi = {10.1111/bjh.17280}, pmid = {33474730}, issn = {1365-2141}, support = {N/A//British Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy/ ; N/A//National Institute for Health and Care Excellence/ ; }, mesh = {COVID-19/*complications/diagnosis/virology ; Clinical Decision-Making ; Communication ; Disease Management ; *Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/adverse effects/methods ; Humans ; Physician-Patient Relations ; Postoperative Care ; Preoperative Care ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Tissue Donors ; Transplantation, Autologous ; Transplantation, Homologous ; }, }
@article {pmid33429305, year = {2021}, author = {Capone, F and Motolese, F and Luce, T and Rossi, M and Magliozzi, A and Di Lazzaro, V}, title = {COVID-19 in teriflunomide-treated patients with multiple sclerosis: A case report and literature review.}, journal = {Multiple sclerosis and related disorders}, volume = {48}, number = {}, pages = {102734}, doi = {10.1016/j.msard.2020.102734}, pmid = {33429305}, issn = {2211-0356}, mesh = {COVID-19/epidemiology/*therapy ; Comorbidity ; Crotonates/*administration &amp; dosage ; Humans ; Immunologic Factors/*administration &amp; dosage ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Sclerosis/*drug therapy/epidemiology ; Toluidines/*administration &amp; dosage ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: . Teriflunomide is an immunomodulatory drug approved for Multiple Sclerosis (MS) treatment that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, a mitochondrial enzyme involved in the de novo pyrimidine synthesis pathway. This mechanism can produce antiviral effects, thus teriflunomide has gained attention during COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, in the last months, some case-reports have been published describing MS patients treated with teriflunomide who developed mild and self-limiting forms of COVID-19.<br><br>METHODS: Here, we describe the case of a 57-year-old man affected by MS, and treated with teriflunomide, who developed a mild form of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, we provide a detailed literature review about the available cases of COVID-19 in MS patients treated with teriflunomide. We report clinical features, disease course and outcome, and we discuss similarities and differences among patients.<br><br>RESULTS: Apart from the present report, since February 2020, five papers have been published describing 14 MS patients who developed SARS-CoV-2 infection during teriflunomide treatment. Patients were mostly female (53%), with an average age of 50.5 (±11.3) years. Median EDSS was 2.25 (range 0-6). The average time on treatment with teriflunomide was 3.7 (± 1.6) years. Relevant comorbidities were present in 4 patients (27%). Regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection, the most common symptom was fever (100%) followed by gastrointestinal disturbances (67%), fatigue (55%) and cough (55%). 5 patients were hospitalized and 2 required oxygen support. In patient hospitalized (n=5) compared to the others (n=10), age was significantly higher (59.6 vs 45.9 years, p=0.025) while gender, EDSS, duration of teriflunomide therapy and comorbidities were not significantly different. Outcome was good for all patients with a variable recovery time, ranging from few days to some weeks. Teriflunomide was continued during the entire course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in all patients except for two. Compared to the patients already described, our patient was 7 years older, average time on teriflunomide treatment was about 2.5 years shorter, and median EDSS was 1.5 point lower. Despite significant comorbidities, the outcome was good since our patient was hospitalized but he did not require oxygen supplementation nor intensive care and was able to return at home after only 10 days. Teriflunomide therapy was continued throughout the period.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Available data suggest that teriflunomide therapy should not be discontinued in MS patients who develop SARS-CoV-2 infection, also in presence of significant comorbidities or clinical conditions requiring hospitalization. Additional studies are necessary to assess if the drug can also have a protective role against SARS-CoV-2.}, }
@article {pmid33421654, year = {2021}, author = {Sarkar, JP and Saha, I and Seal, A and Maity, D and Maulik, U}, title = {Topological Analysis for Sequence Variability: Case Study on more than 2K SARS-CoV-2 sequences of COVID-19 infected 54 countries in comparison with SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV.}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {88}, number = {}, pages = {104708}, pmid = {33421654}, issn = {1567-7257}, mesh = {Africa/epidemiology ; Americas/epidemiology ; Asia/epidemiology ; Australia/epidemiology ; Base Sequence ; COVID-19/*epidemiology/transmission/virology ; Computational Biology/methods ; Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/transmission/virology ; Europe/epidemiology ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genome, Viral ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics ; Humans ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/genetics/pathogenicity ; *Pandemics ; SARS Virus/genetics/pathogenicity ; SARS-CoV-2/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Sequence Alignment ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/*epidemiology/transmission/virology ; }, abstract = {The pandemic due to novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 is a serious global concern now. More than thousand new COVID-19 infections are getting reported daily for this virus across the globe. Thus, the medical research communities are trying to find the remedy to restrict the spreading of this virus, while the vaccine development work is still under research in parallel. In such critical situation, not only the medical research community, but also the scientists in different fields like microbiology, pharmacy, bioinformatics and data science are also sharing effort to accelerate the process of vaccine development, virus prediction, forecasting the transmissible probability and reproduction cases of virus for social awareness. With the similar context, in this article, we have studied sequence variability of the virus primarily focusing on three aspects: (a) sequence variability among SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 in human host, which are in the same coronavirus family, (b) sequence variability of SARS-CoV-2 in human host for 54 different countries and (c) sequence variability between coronavirus family and country specific SARS-CoV-2 sequences in human host. For this purpose, as a case study, we have performed topological analysis of 2391 global genomic sequences of SARS-CoV-2 in association with SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV using an integrated semi-alignment based computational technique. The results of the semi-alignment based technique are experimentally and statistically found similar to alignment based technique and computationally faster. Moreover, the outcome of this analysis can help to identify the nations with homogeneous SARS-CoV-2 sequences, so that same vaccine can be applied to their heterogeneous human population.}, }
@article {pmid33347610, year = {2021}, author = {Simonson, TS and Baker, TL and Banzett, RB and Bishop, T and Dempsey, JA and Feldman, JL and Guyenet, PG and Hodson, EJ and Mitchell, GS and Moya, EA and Nokes, BT and Orr, JE and Owens, RL and Poulin, M and Rawling, JM and Schmickl, CN and Watters, JJ and Younes, M and Malhotra, A}, title = {Silent hypoxaemia in COVID-19 patients.}, journal = {The Journal of physiology}, volume = {599}, number = {4}, pages = {1057-1065}, doi = {10.1113/JP280769}, pmid = {33347610}, issn = {1469-7793}, support = {T32 HL134632/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {The clinical presentation of COVID-19 due to infection with SARS-CoV-2 is highly variable with the majority of patients having mild symptoms while others develop severe respiratory failure. The reason for this variability is unclear but is in critical need of investigation. Some COVID-19 patients have been labelled with 'happy hypoxia', in which patient complaints of dyspnoea and observable signs of respiratory distress are reported to be absent. Based on ongoing debate, we highlight key respiratory and neurological components that could underlie variation in the presentation of silent hypoxaemia and define priorities for subsequent investigation.}, }
@article {pmid33288230, year = {2021}, author = {Richier, Q and Plaçais, L and Lacombe, K and Hermine, O}, title = {[COVID-19: Still a place for tocilizumab?].}, journal = {La Revue de medecine interne}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {73-78}, doi = {10.1016/j.revmed.2020.11.016}, pmid = {33288230}, issn = {1768-3122}, mesh = {Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/*therapeutic use ; COVID-19/*drug therapy/epidemiology/pathology ; Humans ; Interleukin-6/physiology ; Pandemics ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic/statistics &amp; numerical data ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/physiology ; Severity of Illness Index ; Treatment Outcome ; }, }
@article {pmid33258925, year = {2020}, author = {Littler, DR and MacLachlan, BJ and Watson, GM and Vivian, JP and Gully, BS}, title = {A pocket guide on how to structure SARS-CoV-2 drugs and therapies.}, journal = {Biochemical Society transactions}, volume = {48}, number = {6}, pages = {2625-2641}, doi = {10.1042/BST20200396}, pmid = {33258925}, issn = {1470-8752}, mesh = {Antiviral Agents/chemical synthesis/*chemistry/*therapeutic use ; COVID-19/drug therapy/immunology/*therapy ; Drug Development/methods ; Drug Discovery/*methods ; Genome, Viral ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Structural Elements ; *SARS-CoV-2/chemistry/drug effects/immunology/physiology ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry/physiology ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Viral Structural Proteins/chemistry/physiology ; Virus Replication/drug effects/physiology ; }, abstract = {The race to identify a successful treatment for COVID19 will be defined by fundamental research into the replication cycle of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. This has identified five distinct stages from which numerous vaccination and clinical trials have emerged alongside an innumerable number of drug discovery studies currently in development for disease intervention. Informing every step of the viral replication cycle has been an unprecedented 'call-to-arms' by the global structural biology community. Of the 20 main SARS-CoV-2 proteins, 13 have been resolved structurally for SARS-CoV-2 with most having a related SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV structural homologue totalling some 300 structures currently available in public repositories. Herein, we review the contribution of structural studies to our understanding of the virus and their role in structure-based development of therapeutics.}, }
@article {pmid33249999, year = {2021}, author = {Kyriakoulis, KG and Kokkinidis, DG and Kyprianou, IA and Papanastasiou, CA and Archontakis-Barakakis, P and Doundoulakis, I and Bakoyiannis, C and Giannakoulas, G and Palaiodimos, L}, title = {Venous thromboembolism in the era of COVID-19.}, journal = {Phlebology}, volume = {36}, number = {2}, pages = {91-99}, doi = {10.1177/0268355520955083}, pmid = {33249999}, issn = {1758-1125}, mesh = {Aged ; *COVID-19/complications/epidemiology/therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; *Pulmonary Embolism/epidemiology/etiology/therapy ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Severity of Illness Index ; *Venous Thromboembolism/epidemiology/etiology/therapy ; }, abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) does not only affect the respiratory system but appears to be a systemic disease. Venous thromboembolism is a common manifestation in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 with a reported incidence that is significantly higher compared to other acute viral infections. The pathophysiology mechanisms have not been fully explored and autopsy studies might enhance our understanding on this topic. Microthrombi formation occurs mainly in the pulmonary vasculature but can also occur in other organs. The high inflammatory burden related to COVID-19 seems to be associated with the coexisting coagulopathy. Concomitant manifestations of COVID-19, such as severe pneumonia, which has similar clinical presentation with pulmonary embolism (PE), and barriers related to strict isolation protocols are the two main reasons why PE diagnosis might be more challenging in patients with COVID-19. Medical societies have published guidance reports suggesting the administration of prophylactic anticoagulant therapy in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, but several questions regarding the optimal acute and long-term treatment of these patients remain unanswered.}, }
@article {pmid33232275, year = {2020}, author = {Wang, L and Sun, Y and Yuan, Y and Mei, Q and Yuan, X}, title = {Clinical challenges in cancer patients with COVID-19: Aging, immunosuppression, and comorbidities.}, journal = {Aging}, volume = {12}, number = {23}, pages = {24462-24474}, pmid = {33232275}, issn = {1945-4589}, mesh = {Age Factors ; COVID-19/*complications/*epidemiology/virology ; Clinical Decision-Making ; Comorbidity ; Disease Management ; Disease Susceptibility ; Humans ; Immunocompromised Host ; Immunosuppression ; Neoplasms/*complications/*epidemiology/immunology/therapy ; Prognosis ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has developed into a global pandemic. COVID-19 poses a huge threat to health care, and the shortage of medical resources caused by COVID-19 brought serious secondary disasters to elderly cancer patients who are particularly dependent on medical resources. The clinical challenges of cancer management, including aging, immunosuppression, and comorbidities, make cancer patients more vulnerable to COVID-19 with different clinical manifestations, disease severity, and outcomes. The review comprehensively analyzed the characteristics of the cancer patients under the pandemic and concluded that cancer patients were more susceptible to COVID-19, and also concluded that they were more likely to develop poor outcomes and the severe form of the disease. Three basic management strategies have been proposed to protect susceptible elderly cancer patients, find reliable indicators to monitor the course of disease, and implement effective prevention measures.}, }
@article {pmid33213689, year = {2021}, author = {Hopewell, PC and Reichman, LB and Castro, KG}, title = {Parallels and Mutual Lessons in Tuberculosis and COVID-19 Transmission, Prevention, and Control.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {27}, number = {3}, pages = {681-686}, doi = {10.3201/eid2703.203456}, pmid = {33213689}, issn = {1080-6059}, abstract = {The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has had unprecedented negative effects on global health and economies, drawing attention and resources from many other public health services. To minimize negative effects, the parallels, lessons, and resources from existing public health programs need to be identified and used. Often underappreciated synergies relating to COVID-19 are with tuberculosis (TB). COVID-19 and TB share commonalities in transmission and public health response: case finding, contact identification, and evaluation. Data supporting interventions for either disease are, understandably, vastly different, given the diseases' different histories. However, many of the evolving issues affecting these diseases are increasingly similar. As previously done for TB, all aspects of congregate investigations and preventive and therapeutic measures for COVID-19 must be prospectively studied for optimal evidence-based interventions. New attention garnered by the pandemic can ensure that knowledge and investment can benefit both COVID-19 response and traditional public health programs such as TB programs.}, }
@article {pmid33197881, year = {2020}, author = {Li, Z and Xu, X and Yang, M and Feng, J and Liu, C and Yang, C}, title = {Role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in neurodegenerative diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic.}, journal = {Aging}, volume = {12}, number = {23}, pages = {24453-24461}, pmid = {33197881}, issn = {1945-4589}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics/*metabolism ; COVID-19/*complications/*virology ; Disease Susceptibility ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/*etiology/*metabolism/pathology ; Renin-Angiotensin System ; Risk Factors ; *SARS-CoV-2/physiology ; }, abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) uses the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor for infecting and spreading in humans. Studies have shown that the widespread expression of ACE2 in human tissues may be associated with organ function damage (e.g., lung, kidney, and stomach) in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, in neurodegenerative diseases, whose pathogenesis is closely related to advanced age, ACE2 plays a neurotrophic and protective role by activating the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis, thus inhibiting cognitive impairment. Early reports have revealed that the elderly are more susceptible to COVID-19 and that elderly patients with COVID-19 have faster disease progression and higher mortality. Therefore, during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is crucial to understand the role of ACE2 in neurodegenerative diseases. In this paper, we review the relationship between COVID-19, neurodegenerative diseases, and ACE2, as well as provide recommendations for the protection of elderly patients with neurodegenerative diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic.}, }
@article {pmid33170924, year = {2020}, author = {Jiang, JC and Zhang, Y}, title = {Serological antibody testing in the COVID-19 pandemic: their molecular basis and applications.}, journal = {Biochemical Society transactions}, volume = {48}, number = {6}, pages = {2851-2863}, doi = {10.1042/BST20200744}, pmid = {33170924}, issn = {1470-8752}, mesh = {Antibodies, Viral/analysis/blood ; COVID-19/*diagnosis/epidemiology ; *COVID-19 Serological Testing/methods/standards ; Humans ; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/methods/standards ; Pandemics ; Reproducibility of Results ; SARS-CoV-2/chemistry/genetics/*immunology ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Serologic Tests/methods/standards ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry/genetics/immunology ; }, abstract = {The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has placed an overwhelming burden on the healthcare system, and caused major disruption to the world economy. COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus that leads to a variety of symptoms in humans, including cough, fever and respiratory failure. SARS-CoV-2 infection can trigger extensive immune responses, including the production of antibodies. The detection of antibody response by serological testing provides a supplementary diagnostic tool to molecular tests. We hereby present a succinct yet comprehensive review on the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as molecular mechanisms behind the strengths and limitations of serological antibody tests. The presence of antibodies can be detected in patient sera within days post symptom onset. Serological tests demonstrate superior sensitivity to molecular tests in some periods of time during disease development. Compared with the molecular tests, serological tests can be used for point-of-care testing, providing faster results at a lower cost. Commercially available serological tests show variable sensitivity and specificity, and the molecular basis of these variabilities are analysed. We discuss assays of different complexities that are used to specifically quantitate neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, which has important implications for vaccine development and herd immunity. Furthermore, we discuss examples of successful applications of serological tests to contact tracing and community-level sero-surveying, which provide invaluable information for pandemic management and assessment.}, }
@article {pmid33054481, year = {2021}, author = {Hasan, SS and Kow, CS and Bain, A and Kavanagh, S and Merchant, HA and Hadi, MA}, title = {Pharmacotherapeutic considerations for the management of diabetes mellitus among hospitalized COVID-19 patients.}, journal = {Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, pages = {229-240}, doi = {10.1080/14656566.2020.1837114}, pmid = {33054481}, issn = {1744-7666}, mesh = {Adrenal Cortex Hormones/adverse effects ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; COVID-19/complications/*therapy ; Comorbidity ; Deprescriptions ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications/*drug therapy/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications/*drug therapy/metabolism ; Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Disease Susceptibility ; Glycemic Control ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia/chemically induced/drug therapy ; Hypoglycemic Agents/*therapeutic use ; Incretins/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Insulin/*therapeutic use ; Metformin/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Monitoring, Physiologic ; Patient Care Planning ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Thiazolidinediones/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent comorbidities identified in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This article aims to discuss the pharmacotherapeutic considerations for the management of diabetes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.<br><br>AREAS COVERED: We discussed various aspects of pharmacotherapeutic management in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: (i) susceptibility and severity of COVID-19 among individuals with diabetes, (ii) glycemic goals for hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and concurrent diabetes, (iii) pharmacological treatment considerations for hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and concurrent diabetes.<br><br>EXPERT OPINION: The glycemic goals in patients with COVID-19 and concurrent type 1 (T1DM) or type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are to avoid disruption of stable metabolic state, maintain optimal glycemic control, and prevent adverse glycemic events. Patients with T1DM require insulin therapy at all times to prevent ketosis. The management strategies for patients with T2DM include temporary discontinuation of certain oral antidiabetic agents and consideration for insulin therapy. Patients with T2DM who are relatively stable and able to eat regularly may continue with oral antidiabetic agents if glycemic control is satisfactory. Hyperglycemia may develop in patients with systemic corticosteroid treatment and should be managed upon accordingly.}, }
@article {pmid33023332, year = {2021}, author = {Bondy, SC and Wu, M and Prasad, KN}, title = {Attenuation of acute and chronic inflammation using compounds derived from plants.}, journal = {Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.)}, volume = {246}, number = {4}, pages = {406-413}, doi = {10.1177/1535370220960690}, pmid = {33023332}, issn = {1535-3699}, mesh = {COVID-19/*drug therapy ; Cytokines/antagonists &amp; inhibitors ; Humans ; Inflammation/drug therapy ; NF-kappa B/antagonists &amp; inhibitors ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/antagonists &amp; inhibitors ; Phytochemicals/*therapeutic use ; Plant Preparations/*therapeutic use ; SARS-CoV-2/*drug effects ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists &amp; inhibitors ; }, abstract = {The appearance of excessive inflammatory activity is associated with onset of many disease states. Such non-productive responses are often the basis of the mortality consequent to incurring numerous disorders. The current outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 caused by the virus &quot;severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2&quot; is a striking reflection of the inadequacy of current medical science to adequately address this issue. The usefulness of a range of materials of botanical origin in the attenuation of both chronic and acute inflammatory responses to various disease stressors is described. The properties of preparations of plant-based origin often parallel those of synthesized pharmacologics, but differ from them in some key respects. These differences can lead to more traditional preparations having distinct therapeutic advantages but also a number of specific shortcomings. The strengths and weaknesses of these materials are objectively contrasted with that of a more orthodox pharmacological approach. Each of these emphases in style has specific advantages and they should not be considered as competitors, but rather as accomplices in combating adverse states involving derangement of immune function.}, }
@article {pmid33015938, year = {2021}, author = {Simonis, A and Theobald, SJ and Fätkenheuer, G and Rybniker, J and Malin, JJ}, title = {A comparative analysis of remdesivir and other repurposed antivirals against SARS-CoV-2.}, journal = {EMBO molecular medicine}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {e13105}, doi = {10.15252/emmm.202013105}, pmid = {33015938}, issn = {1757-4684}, abstract = {The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic stresses the need for effective antiviral drugs that can quickly be applied in order to reduce morbidity, mortality, and ideally viral transmission. By repurposing of broadly active antiviral drugs and compounds that are known to inhibit viral replication of related viruses, several advances could be made in the development of treatment strategies against COVID-19. The nucleoside analog remdesivir, which is known for its potent in vitro activity against Ebolavirus and other RNA viruses, was recently shown to reduce the time to recovery in patients with severe COVID-19. It is to date the only approved antiviral for treating COVID-19. Here, we provide a mechanism and evidence-based comparative review of remdesivir and other repurposed drugs with proven in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2.}, }
@article {pmid33609889, year = {2021}, author = {Kaur, R and Kumar, K}, title = {Synthetic and medicinal perspective of quinolines as antiviral agents.}, journal = {European journal of medicinal chemistry}, volume = {215}, number = {}, pages = {113220}, doi = {10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113220}, pmid = {33609889}, issn = {1768-3254}, abstract = {In current scenario, various heterocycles have come up exhibiting crucial role in various medicinal agents which are valuable for mankind. Out of diverse range of heterocycle, quinoline scaffold have been proved to play an important role in broad range of biological activities. Several drug molecules bearing a quinoline molecule with useful anticancer, antibacterial activities etc have been marketed such as chloroquine, saquinavir etc. Owing to their broad spectrum biological role, various synthetic strategies such as Skraup reaction, Combes reaction etc. has been developed by the researchers all over the world. But still the synthetic methods are associated with various limitations as formation of side products, use of expensive metal catalysts. Thus, several efforts to develop an efficient and cost effective synthetic protocol are still carried out till date. Moreover, quinoline scaffold displays remarkable antiviral activity. Therefore, in this review we have made an attempt to describe recent synthetic protocols developed by various research groups along with giving a complete explanation about the role of quinoline derivatives as antiviral agent. Quinoline derivatives were found potent against various strains of viruses like zika virus, enterovirus, herpes virus, human immunodeficiency virus, ebola virus, hepatitis C virus, SARS virus and MERS virus etc.}, }
@article {pmid33609804, year = {2021}, author = {Xu, C and Yi, Z and Cai, R and Chen, R and Thong, BY and Mu, R}, title = {Clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with rheumatic diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of global data.}, journal = {Autoimmunity reviews}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {102778}, doi = {10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102778}, pmid = {33609804}, issn = {1873-0183}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The impact of rheumatic diseases on COVID-19 infection remains poorly investigated. Here we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with rheumatic diseases.<br><br>METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus and preprint database up to 29th August 2020, for publications with confirmed COVID-19 infection in patients with rheumatic diseases. The primary outcomes were the rates of hospitalization, oxygen support, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death. A meta-analysis of effect sizes using the random-effects models was performed, and meta-regression analyses were performed to explore heterogeneity. The data from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance physician registry (the COVID-19 GRA) was used as a reference.<br><br>RESULTS: A total of 31 articles involving 1138 patients were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The publications were from Europe, Asia and North America, but none from other continents. The overall rates of hospitalization, oxygen support, ICU admission and fatality among COVID-19 infected patients with rheumatic diseases were 0.58 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.48-0.67), 0.33 (95% CI 0.21-0.47), 0.09 (95% CI 0.05-0.15) and 0.07 (95% CI 0.03-0.11), respectively. The rate of oxygen support in Europe (0.48, 95% CI 0.4-0.57) was higher than that in other continents. Among all hospitalized patients, the rates of oxygen support, ICU admission and fatality were 0.61 (95% CI 0.48-0.73), 0.13 (95% CI 0.07-0.21) and 0.13 (95% CI 0.09-0.18), respectively. The fatality rate was highest in Europe (0.19, 95% CI 0.15-0.24). The fatality rate was higher both in this meta-analysis and the COVID-19 GRA (7.0% and 6.7%, respectively) than that (3.4%) in WHO database, although the age, gender and comorbidity were not matched.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Patients with rheumatic diseases remain vulnerable with substantial rates of severe outcomes and a geographic variation. More studies were urgently needed to elucidate the risk factors of severe outcomes in this population.}, }
@article {pmid33609783, year = {2021}, author = {Latil, M and Camelo, S and Veillet, S and Lafont, R and Dilda, PJ}, title = {Developing new drugs that activate the protective arm of the renin angiotensin system as a potential treatment for respiratory failure in COVID-19 patients.}, journal = {Drug discovery today}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.drudis.2021.02.010}, pmid = {33609783}, issn = {1878-5832}, abstract = {COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has reached pandemic proportions with negative impacts on global health, the world economy and human society. The clinical picture of COVID-19, and the fact that Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a receptor of SARS-CoV-2, suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces an imbalance in the renin angiotensin system (RAS). We review clinical strategies that are attempting to rebalance the RAS in COVID-19 patients by using ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, or agonists of {AuQ: Edit OK?} angiotensin-II receptor type 2 or Mas receptor (MasR). We also propose that the new MasR activator BIO101, a pharmaceutical grade formulation of 20-hydroxyecdysone that has anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic and cardioprotective properties, could restore RAS balance and improve the health of COVID-19 patients who have severe pneumonia.}, }
@article {pmid33609782, year = {2021}, author = {Collier, MEW and Zhang, S and Scrutton, NS and Giorgini, F}, title = {Inflammation control and improvement of cognitive function in COVID-19 infections: is there a role for kynurenine 3-monooxygenase inhibition?.}, journal = {Drug discovery today}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.drudis.2021.02.009}, pmid = {33609782}, issn = {1878-5832}, abstract = {The novel respiratory virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged during late 2019 and spread rapidly across the world. It is now recognised that the nervous system can be affected in COVID-19, with several studies reporting long-term cognitive problems in patients. The metabolic pathway of tryptophan degradation, known as the kynurenine pathway (KP), is significantly activated in patients with COVID-19. KP metabolites have roles in regulating both inflammatory/immune responses and neurological functions. In this review, we speculate on the effects of KP activation in patients with COVID-19, and how modulation of this pathway might impact inflammation and reduce neurological symptoms.}, }
@article {pmid33609650, year = {2021}, author = {Darif, D and Hammi, I and Kihel, A and El Idrissi Saik, I and Guessous, F and Akarid, K}, title = {The pro-inflammatory cytokines in COVID-19 pathogenesis: What goes wrong?.}, journal = {Microbial pathogenesis}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {104799}, doi = {10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104799}, pmid = {33609650}, issn = {1096-1208}, abstract = {The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, has emerged in China in December 2019 and rapidly spread to more than 196 countries worldwide. The physiopathology of human SARS-CoV-2 has not been completely understood, but its pathogenesis has been linked to a disproportionate response of the immune system. Just as described for SARS and MERS, an uncontrolled systemic inflammatory response, known as cytokine release syndrome (CRS) was observed in severe COVID-19 patients. It results from the release by immune and non-immune effector cells of substantial amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines and appears to contribute to SARS-CoV-2 pulmonary inflammation and extensive lung damage. In addition, hyper-coagulation and thrombosis resulted from the important release of pro-inflammatory cytokines contribute to the lethality of subjects severely infected with SARS-CoV-2. It is therefore essential to have a deep understanding of the various cytokines involved in this exacerbated immune response, and that could be targeted by potential immunological treatments. The aim of this review was to gather the current knowledge about the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17 and TNFα in SARS-CoV-2 CRS, the probable causes and clinical outcomes of this phenomenon in severe cases of COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33609563, year = {2021}, author = {Mbara, KC and Mofo Mato, PE and Driver, C and Nzuza, S and Mkhombo, NT and Gcwensa, SK and Mcobothi, EN and Owira, PM}, title = {Metformin turns 62 in Pharmacotherapy: emergence of non-glycaemic effects and potential novel Therapeutic applications.}, journal = {European journal of pharmacology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {173934}, doi = {10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173934}, pmid = {33609563}, issn = {1879-0712}, abstract = {Metformin is the most commonly prescribed oral antidiabetic medication. Direct/indirect activation of Adenosine Monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and non-AMPK pathways, amongst others, are deemed to explain the molecular mechanisms of action of metformin. Metformin is an established insulin receptor sensitizing antihyperglycemic agent, is highly affordable, and has superior safety and efficacy profiles. Emerging experimental and clinical evidence suggests that metformin has pleiotropic non-glycemic effects. Metformin appears to have weight stabilizing, renoprotective, neuroprotective, cardio-vascular protective, and antineoplastic effects and mitigates polycystic ovarian syndrome. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of metformin seem to qualify it as an adjunct therapy in treating infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, and the current novel Covid-19 infections. So far, metformin is the only prescription medicine relevant to the emerging field of senotherapeutics. Non-glycemic effects of metformin favorable to its repurposing in therapeutic use are hereby discussed.}, }
@article {pmid33609539, year = {2021}, author = {Santiesteban-Lores, LE and Amamura, TA and da Silva, TF and Midon, LM and Carneiro, MC and Isaac, L and Bavia, L}, title = {A double edged-sword - The Complement System during SARS-CoV-2 infection.}, journal = {Life sciences}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {119245}, doi = {10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119245}, pmid = {33609539}, issn = {1879-0631}, abstract = {In the past 20 years, infections caused by coronaviruses SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 have posed a threat to public health since they may cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in humans. The Complement System is activated during viral infection, being a central protagonist of innate and acquired immunity. Here, we report some interactions between these three coronaviruses and the Complement System, highlighting the central role of C3 with the severity of these infections. Although it can be protective, its role during coronavirus infections seems to be contradictory. For example, during SARS-CoV-2 infection, Complement System can control the viral infection in asymptomatic or mild cases; however, it can also intensify local and systemic damage in some of severe COVID-19 patients, due to its potent proinflammatory effect. In this last condition, the activation of the Complement System also amplifies the cytokine storm and the pathogenicity of coronavirus infection. Experimental treatment with Complement inhibitors has been an enthusiastic field of intense investigation in search of a promising additional therapy in severe COVID-19 patients.}, }
@article {pmid33609255, year = {2021}, author = {Oronsky, B and Larson, C and Hammond, TC and Oronsky, A and Kesari, S and Lybeck, M and Reid, TR}, title = {A Review of Persistent Post-COVID Syndrome (PPCS).}, journal = {Clinical reviews in allergy &amp; immunology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1007/s12016-021-08848-3}, pmid = {33609255}, issn = {1559-0267}, abstract = {Persistent post-COVID syndrome, also referred to as long COVID, is a pathologic entity, which involves persistent physical, medical, and cognitive sequelae following COVID-19, including persistent immunosuppression as well as pulmonary, cardiac, and vascular fibrosis. Pathologic fibrosis of organs and vasculature leads to increased mortality and severely worsened quality of life. Inhibiting transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), an immuno- and a fibrosis modulator, may attenuate these post-COVID sequelae. Current preclinical and clinical efforts are centered on the mechanisms and manifestations of COVID-19 and its presymptomatic and prodromal periods; by comparison, the postdrome, which occurs in the aftermath of COVID-19, which we refer to as persistent post-COVID-syndrome, has received little attention. Potential long-term effects from post-COVID syndrome will assume increasing importance as a surge of treated patients are discharged from the hospital, placing a burden on healthcare systems, patients' families, and society in general to care for these medically devastated COVID-19 survivors. This review explores underlying mechanisms and possible manifestations of persistent post-COVID syndrome, and presents a framework of strategies for the diagnosis and management of patients with suspected or confirmed persistent post-COVID syndrome.}, }
@article {pmid33609075, year = {2021}, author = {Zhang, JJY and Lee, KS and Ong, CW and Chan, MY and Ang, LW and Leo, YS and Chen, MI and Lye, DCB and Young, BE}, title = {Diagnostic performance of COVID-19 serological assays during early infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 516 samples.}, journal = {Influenza and other respiratory viruses}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/irv.12841}, pmid = {33609075}, issn = {1750-2659}, support = {//National Medical Research Council/ ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The use of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) serological testing to diagnose acute infection or determine population seroprevalence relies on understanding assay accuracy during early infection. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of serological testing in COVID-19 by providing summary sensitivity and specificity estimates with time from symptom onset.<br><br>METHODS: A systematic search of Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and PubMed was performed up to May 13, 2020. All English language, original peer-reviewed publications reporting the diagnostic performance of serological testing vis-à-vis virologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were included.<br><br>RESULTS: Our search yielded 599 unique publications. A total of 39 publications reporting 11 516 samples from 8872 human participants met eligibility criteria for inclusion in our study. Pooled percentages of IgM and IgG seroconversion by Day 7, 14, 21, 28 and after Day 28 were 37.5%, 73.3%, 81.3%, 72.3% and 73.3%, and 35.4%, 80.6%, 93.3%, 84.4% and 98.9%, respectively. By Day 21, summary estimate of IgM sensitivity was 0.872 (95% CI: 0.784-0.928) and specificity 0.973 (95% CI: 0.938-0.988), while IgG sensitivity was 0.913 (95% CI: 0.823-0.959) and specificity 0.960 (95% CI: 0.919-0.980). On meta-regression, IgM and IgG test accuracy was significantly higher at Day 14 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) compared to other methods.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Serological assays offer imperfect sensitivity for the diagnosis of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Estimates of population seroprevalence during or shortly after an outbreak will need to adjust for the delay between infection, symptom onset and seroconversion.}, }
@article {pmid33608839, year = {2021}, author = {Toraih, EA and Hussein, MH and Elshazli, RM and Kline, A and Munshi, R and Sultana, N and Taghavi, S and Killackey, M and Duchesne, J and Fawzy, MS and Kandil, E}, title = {Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in pediatric COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis.}, journal = {World journal of pediatrics : WJP}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33608839}, issn = {1867-0687}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: We aimed to systematically review the clinical and laboratory features of patients with the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in pediatrics diagnosed during the COVID-19 pandemic.<br><br>DATA SOURCES: A literature search in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct was made up to June 29, 2020.<br><br>RESULTS: Analysis of 15 articles (318 COVID-19 patients) revealed that although many patients presented with the typical multisystem inflammatory syndrome in pediatrics, Kawasaki-like features as fever (82.4%), polymorphous maculopapular exanthema (63.7%), oral mucosal changes (58.1%), conjunctival injections (56.0%), edematous extremities (40.7%), and cervical lymphadenopathy (28.5%), atypical gastrointestinal (79.4%) and neurocognitive symptoms (31.8%) were also common. They had elevated serum lactic acid dehydrogenase, D-dimer, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, interleukin-6, troponin I levels, and lymphopenia. Nearly 77.0% developed hypotension, and 68.1% went into shock, while 41.1% had acute kidney injury. Intensive care was needed in 73.7% of cases; 13.2% were intubated, and 37.9% required mechanical ventilation. Intravenous immunoglobulins and steroids were given in 87.7% and 56.9% of the patients, respectively, and anticoagulants were utilized in 67.0%. Pediatric patients were discharged after a hospital stay of 6.77 days on average (95% CI 4.93-8.6).<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Recognizing the typical and atypical presentation of the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in pediatric COVID-19 patients has important implications in identifying children at risk. Monitoring cardiac and renal decompensation and early interventions in patients with multisystem inflammatory syndrome is critical to prevent further morbidity.}, }
@article {pmid33608746, year = {2021}, author = {Bahari, Z and Jangravi, Z and Ghoshooni, H and Afarinesh, MR and Meftahi, GH}, title = {Pharmacological mechanism of immunomodulatory agents for the treatment of severe cases of COVID-19 infection.}, journal = {Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.]}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33608746}, issn = {1420-908X}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a world-wide pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To date, treatment of severe COVID-19 is far from clear. Therefore, it is urgent to develop an effective option for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Most patients with severe COVID-19 exhibit markedly increased serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ, and interleukin (IL)-1β. Immunotherapeutic strategies have an important role in the suppression of cytokine storm and respiratory failure in patients with COVID-19.<br><br>METHODS: A systematic search in the literature was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, as well as Google Scholar preprint database using all available MeSH terms for Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, anti-rheumatoid agents, COVID-19, cytokine storm, immunotherapeutic drugs, IFN, interleukin, JAK/STAT inhibitors, MCP, MIP, TNF.<br><br>RESULTS: Here, we first review common complications of COVID-19 patients, particularly neurological symptoms. We next explain host immune responses against COVID-19 particles. Finally, we summarize the existing experimental and clinical immunotherapeutic strategies, particularly anti-rheumatoid agents and also plasma (with a high level of gamma globulin) therapy for severe COVID-19 patients. We discuss both their therapeutic effects and side effects that should be taken into consideration for their clinical application.<br><br>CONCLUSION: It is suggested that immunosuppressants, such as anti-rheumatoid drugs, could be considered as a potential approach for the treatment of cytokine storm in severe cases of COVID-19. One possible limitation of immunosuppressant therapy is their inhibitory effects on host anti-viral immune response. So, the appropriate timing of administration should be carefully considered.}, }
@article {pmid33608656, year = {2021}, author = {Weidinger, C and Hegazy, AN and Glauben, R and Siegmund, B}, title = {COVID-19-from mucosal immunology to IBD patients.}, journal = {Mucosal immunology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33608656}, issn = {1935-3456}, abstract = {Viral infections with SARS-CoV-2 can cause a multi-facetted disease, which is not only characterized by pneumonia and overwhelming systemic inflammatory immune responses, but which can also directly affect the digestive system and infect intestinal epithelial cells. Here, we review the current understanding of intestinal tropism of SARS-CoV-2 infection, its impact on mucosal function and immunology and summarize the effect of immune-suppression in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on disease outcome of COVID-19 and discuss IBD-relevant implications for the clinical management of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals.}, }
@article {pmid33608627, year = {2021}, author = {Carter, BS and Willis, T and Knackstedt, A}, title = {Neonatal family-centered care in a pandemic.}, journal = {Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33608627}, issn = {1476-5543}, abstract = {Family-centered care (FCC) has become the normative practice in Neonatal ICUs across North America. Over the past 25 years, it has grown to impact clinician-parent collaborations broadly within children's hospitals as well as in the NICU and shaped their very culture. In the current COVID-19 pandemic, the gains made over the past decades have been challenged by &quot;visitor&quot; policies that have been implemented, making it difficult in many instances for more than one parent to be present and truly incorporated as members of their baby's team. Difficult access, interrupted bonding, and confusing messaging and information about what to expect for their newborn can still cause them stress. Similarly, NICU staff have experienced moral distress. In this perspective piece, we review those characteristics of FCC that have been disrupted or lost, and the many facets of rebuilding that are presently required.}, }
@article {pmid33608249, year = {2021}, author = {Klasse, PJ and Nixon, DF and Moore, JP}, title = {Immunogenicity of clinically relevant SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in non-human primates and humans.}, journal = {Science advances}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1126/sciadv.abe8065}, pmid = {33608249}, issn = {2375-2548}, abstract = {Multiple preventive vaccines are being developed to counter the COVID-19 pandemic. The leading candidates have now been evaluated in non-human primates (NHPs) and human Phase 1 and/or Phase 2 clinical trials. Several vaccines have already advanced into Phase 3 efficacy trials, while others will do so before the end of 2020. Here, we summarize what is known of the antibody and T-cell immunogenicity of these vaccines in NHPs and humans. To the extent possible, we compare how the vaccines have performed, taking into account the use of different assays to assess immunogenicity and inconsistencies in how the resulting data are presented. We also review the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 challenge experiments in immunized macaques, while noting variations in the protocols used, including but not limited to the virus challenge doses. Press releases on the outcomes of vaccine efficacy trials are also summarized.}, }
@article {pmid33608241, year = {2020}, author = {Magro, P and Zanella, I and Pescarolo, M and Castelli, F and Quiros-Roldan, E}, title = {Lopinavir/ritonavir: Repurposing an old drug for HIV infection in COVID-19 treatment.}, journal = {Biomedical journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.bj.2020.11.005}, pmid = {33608241}, issn = {2320-2890}, abstract = {Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment for COVID-19. However, drugs previously developed to treat other viral infections are being tested to verify if they might also be effective against SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Twenty years ago, the F.D.A. approved Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) to treat HIV infection. LPV and ritonavir were initially purposed to inhibit 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV and preliminary promising data on its efficacy for treating people infected with those viruses were available. Therefore, due to the high genetic similarities among those viruses and SARS-CoV-2, early during COVID-19 pandemic LPV/r was also proposed as one emergency treatment. We reviewed data from the literature about LPV/r treatment and SARS-CoV-2 infection, mainly focused on the efficacy and safety of this drugs for COVID-19 treatment. We can conclude that although up to date no clear benefit has been observed with the LPV/r treatment beyond standard care, its efficacy against SARS-COV-2 infection deserves further evaluations, particularly during the very early phase of the disease.}, }
@article {pmid33608217, year = {2021}, author = {Aydemir, D and Ulusu, NN}, title = {People with blood disorders can be more vulnerable during COVID-19 pandemic: A hypothesis paper.}, journal = {Transfusion and apheresis science : official journal of the World Apheresis Association : official journal of the European Society for Haemapheresis}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {103080}, doi = {10.1016/j.transci.2021.103080}, pmid = {33608217}, issn = {1473-0502}, abstract = {The world has been encountered with COVID-19 pandemic since at the beginning of 2020 and the number of infected people by COVID-19 is increasing every day. Despite various studies conducted by researchers and doctors, no treatment has been developed until now, therefore self-protection and isolation are strongly recommended to stop the spread of the virus. The elderly population and people with chronic diseases such as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer are categorized as risk groups, however, we suggest that people with hemoglobinopathies or porphyria can be described as risk groups as well. Current in silico studies have revealed that the COVID-19 virus can attack heme and hemoglobin metabolisms which are responsible for the oxygen transport to the tissues, iron metabolism, elevated levels of oxidative stress, and tissue damage. Data of the in silico study have been supported with the biochemistry and hemogram results of the COVID-19 patients, for instance hemoglobin levels decreased and serum ferritin and C-reactive protein levels increased. Indicated biochemistry biomarkers are tightly associated with inflammation, iron overload, and oxidative stress. In conclusion, since people with hemoglobinopathies or porphyria have already impaired heme and hemoglobin metabolism, COVID-19 infection can enhance the adverse effects of impaired hemoglobin metabolism and accelerate the progression of severe symptoms in patients with hemoglobinopathies or porphyria compared to the normal individuals. Thus those people can be considered as a risk group and extra precautions should be applied for them to protect them.}, }
@article {pmid33608189, year = {2021}, author = {Quarleri, J and Delpino, MV}, title = {Type I and III IFN-mediated antiviral actions counteracted by SARS-CoV-2 proteins and host inherited factors.}, journal = {Cytokine &amp; growth factor reviews}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.01.003}, pmid = {33608189}, issn = {1879-0305}, abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 is a recently identified coronavirus accountable for the current pandemic disease known as COVID-19. Different patterns of disease progression infer a diverse host immune response, with interferon (IFN) being pivotal. IFN-I and III are produced and released by virus-infected cells during the interplay with SARS-CoV-2, thus establishing an antiviral state in target cells. However, the efficacy of IFN and its role in the possible outcomes of the disease are not yet defined, as it is influenced both by factors inherent to the virus and to the host. The virus exhibits multiple strategies to counteract the innate immune response, including those shared by SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV and other novel ones. Inborn errors in the host may affect IFN-related effector proteins or decrease its levels in plasma upon neutralization by preexistent autoantibodies. This battle between the IFN response triggered upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, its magnitude and timing, and the efficacy of its antiviral tools in dispute against the viral evasion strategies together with the genetic factors of the host, generate a scenario whose fate contributes to defining the severity of COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33608098, year = {2021}, author = {Barreau, F}, title = {[Operation Resilience, care at the crossroads of skills in civil-military cooperation].}, journal = {Revue de l'infirmiere}, volume = {70}, number = {268}, pages = {42-45}, doi = {10.1016/j.revinf.2020.12.017}, pmid = {33608098}, issn = {1293-8505}, abstract = {Launched on 25 March 2020, the operation Resilience is the armed forces' contribution to the interministerial commitment against the spread of COVID-19. The armed forces are committed in all sectors where they can provide support to the civil authorities, adapting their action to local contexts and as part of a permanent dialogue with the state authorities.}, }
@article {pmid33608094, year = {2021}, author = {Stiegler, N and Bouchard, JP}, title = {[COVID-19 in South Africa: the caregivers involved].}, journal = {Revue de l'infirmiere}, volume = {70}, number = {268}, pages = {32-34}, doi = {10.1016/j.revinf.2020.12.013}, pmid = {33608094}, issn = {1293-8505}, abstract = {South Africa is the sub-Saharan African country most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Health professionals, particularly nurses, are strongly mobilised to fight the epidemic and care for the sick. In addition to their conditions and overwork, many health care workers are infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which causes illness and death. With the threat of a second epidemic wave, this complicated health situation could deteriorate further.}, }
@article {pmid33607545, year = {2021}, author = {Zhu, F}, title = {Frozen steamed breads and boiled noodles: Quality affected by ingredients and processing.}, journal = {Food chemistry}, volume = {349}, number = {}, pages = {129178}, doi = {10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129178}, pmid = {33607545}, issn = {1873-7072}, abstract = {Chinese steamed breads (CSB) and noodles are staple foods for many people. The production of frozen steamed products and boiled noodles has kept increasing. This is due to the increasing demand of ready-to-eat frozen food products from the market. Frozen storage significantly increases the self-life of the products and reduces the production costs. On the other hand, the freezing and frozen storage lead to quality loss of the frozen products. This review summarizes effects of freezing and frozen storage on diverse quality attributes (e.g., structural and textural properties) of frozen northern-type steamed breads and boiled noodles. Food safety of the frozen products related to the COVID-19 pandemic is discussed. To counteract the quality loss of the frozen products, suitable processing methods, selection of basic ingredients and uses of various food additives can be done. Research gaps to improve the textural, cooking and nutritional quality of frozen CSB and noodles are suggested.}, }
@article {pmid33607440, year = {2021}, author = {Bandala, ER and Kruger, BR and Cesarino, I and Leao, AL and Wijesiri, B and Goonetilleke, A}, title = {Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on the wastewater pathway into surface water: A review.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {774}, number = {}, pages = {145586}, doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145586}, pmid = {33607440}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {With global number of cases 106 million and death toll surpassing 2.3 million as of mid-February 2021, the COVID-19 pandemic is certainly one of the major threats that humankind have faced in modern history. As the scientific community navigates through the overwhelming avalanche of information on the multiple health impacts caused by the pandemic, new reports start to emerge on significant ancillary effects associated with the treatment of the virus. Besides the evident health impacts, other emerging impacts related to the COVID-19 pandemic, such as water-related impacts, merits in-depth investigation. This includes strategies for the identification of these impacts and technologies to mitigate them, and to prevent further impacts not only in water ecosystems, but also in relation to human health. This paper has critically reviewed currently available knowledge on the most significant potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the wastewater pathway into surface water, as well as technologies that may serve to counteract the major threats posed, key perspectives and challenges. Additionally, current knowledge gaps and potential directions for further research and development are identified. While the COVID-19 pandemic is an ongoing and rapidly evolving situation, compiling current knowledge of potential links between wastewater and surface water pathways as related to environmental impacts and relevant associated technologies, as presented in this review, is a critical step to guide future research in this area.}, }
@article {pmid33607290, year = {2021}, author = {Lio, D and Scola, L and Giarratana, RM and Candore, G and Colonna-Romano, G and Caruso, C and Balistreri, CR}, title = {SARS CoV2 Infection _The longevity study Perspectives.}, journal = {Ageing research reviews}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {101299}, doi = {10.1016/j.arr.2021.101299}, pmid = {33607290}, issn = {1872-9649}, abstract = {Like other infectious diseases, COVID-19 shows a clinical outcome enormously variable, ranging from asymptomatic to lethal. In Italy, like in other countries, old male individuals, with one or more comorbidity, are the most susceptible group, and show, consequently, the highest mortality, and morbidity, including lethal respiratory distress syndrome, as the most common complication. In addition, another extraordinary peculiarity, that is a surprising resistance to COVID-19, characterizes some Italian nonagenarians/centenarians. Despite having the typical COVID-19 signs and/or symptoms, such exceptional individuals show a surprising tendency to recover from illness and complications. On the other hand, long-lived people have an optimal performance of immune system related to an overexpression of anti-inflammatory variants in immune/inflammatory genes, as demonstrated by our and other groups. Consequently, we suggest long-lived people as an optimal model for detecting genetic profiles associated with the susceptibility and/or protection to COVID-19, to utilize as potential pharmacological targets for preventing or reducing viral infection in more vulnerable individuals.}, }
@article {pmid33607284, year = {2021}, author = {Bakhshandeh, B and Sorboni, SG and Javanmard, AR and Mottaghi, SS and Mehrabi, MR and Sorouri, F and Abbasi, A and Jahanafrooz, Z}, title = {Variants in ACE2; potential influences on virus infection and COVID-19 severity.}, journal = {Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {104773}, doi = {10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104773}, pmid = {33607284}, issn = {1567-7257}, abstract = {The third pandemic of coronavirus infection, called COVID-19 disease, was first detected in November 2019th. Various determinants of disease progression such as age, sex, virus mutations, comorbidity, lifestyle, host immune response, and genetic background variation have caused clinical variability of COVID-19. The causative agent of COVID-19 is an enveloped coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that invades host cells using an endocytic pathway. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is the main viral protein that contributes to the fusion of the virus particle to the host cell through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The highly conserved expression of ACE2 is found in various animals, which indicates its pivotal physiological function. The ACE2 has a crucial role in vascular, renal, and myocardial physiology. Genetic factors contributing to the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection are unknown; however, variants in the specific sites of ACE2 gene could be regarded as a main genetic risk factor for COVID-19. Given that ACE2 is the main site for virus landing on host cells, the effect of amino acid sequences of ACE2 on host susceptibility to COVID-19 seems reasonable. It would likely have a substantial role in the occurrence of a wide range of clinical symptoms. Several ACE2 variants can affect the protein stability, influencing the interaction between spike protein and ACE2 through imposing conformational changes while some other variants are known to cause a decrease or an increase in the ligand-receptor affinity. The other variations are located at the proteolytic cleavage site, which can influence virus infection; because soluble ACE2 can act as a decoy receptor for virus and decrease virus intake by cell surface ACE2. Notably, polymorphisms of regulatory and non-coding regions such as promoter in ACE2, can play crucial role in different expression levels of ACE2 among different individuals. Many studies should be performed to investigate the involvement of ACE2 polymorphism with susceptibility to COVID-19. Herein, we discuss some reported associations between variants of ACE2 and COVID-19 in details. In addition, the mode of action of ACE2 and its role in SARS-CoV-2 infection are highlighted which is followed by addressing the effects of several ACE2 variants on its protein stability, viral tropism or ligand-receptor affinity, secondary and tertiary structure or protein conformation, proteolytic cleavage site, and finally inter-individual clinical variability in COVID-19. The polymorphisms of regulatory regions of ACE2 and their effect on expression levels of ACE2 are also provided in this review. Such studies can improve the prediction of the affinity of mutant ACE2 variations with spike protein, and help the biopharmaceutical industry to design effective approaches for recombinant hACE2 therapy and vaccination of COVID-19 disease.}, }
@article {pmid33607159, year = {2021}, author = {Kunnumakkara, AB and Rana, V and Parama, D and Banik, K and Girisa, S and Sahu, H and Thakur, KK and Dutta, U and Garodia, P and Gupta, SC and Aggarwal, BB}, title = {COVID-19, cytokines, inflammation, and spices: How are they related?.}, journal = {Life sciences}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {119201}, doi = {10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119201}, pmid = {33607159}, issn = {1879-0631}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cytokine storm is the exaggerated immune response often observed in viral infections. It is also intimately linked with the progression of COVID-19 disease as well as associated complications and mortality. Therefore, targeting the cytokine storm might help in reducing COVID-19-associated health complications. The number of COVID-associated deaths (as of January 15, 2021; https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/) in the USA is high (1199/million) as compared to countries like India is low (110/million). Although the reason behind this is not clear, spices may have some role in explaining this difference. Spices and herbs are used in different traditional medicines, especially in countries such as India to treat various chronic diseases due to their potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.<br><br>AIM: To evaluate the literature available on the anti-inflammatory properties of some spices which might prove beneficial in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 associated cytokine storm.<br><br>METHOD: A detailed literature search has been conducted on PubMed for collecting information pertaining to the COVID-19; the history, origin, key structural features, and mechanism of infection of SARS-CoV-2; the repurposed drugs in use for the management of COVID-19 and the anti-inflammatory role of spices to combat COVID-19 associated cytokine storm.<br><br>KEY FINDINGS: The literature search resulted in numerous in vitro, in vivo and clinical trials that have reported the potency of spices to exert anti-inflammatory effects by regulating crucial molecular targets for inflammation.<br><br>SIGNIFICANCE: As spices are derived from Mother Nature and are inexpensive, they are relatively safer to consume. Therefore, their anti-inflammatory property can be exploited to combat the cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients. This review thus focuses on the current knowledge on the role of spices for the treatment of COVID-19 through suppression of inflammation-linked cytokine storm.}, }
@article {pmid33607132, year = {2021}, author = {Sharma, N and Modak, C and Singh, PK and Kumar, R and Khatri, D and Singh, SB}, title = {Underscoring the immense potential of chitosan in fighting a wide spectrum of viruses: A plausible molecule against SARS-CoV-2?.}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.090}, pmid = {33607132}, issn = {1879-0003}, abstract = {Chitosan is a deacetylated polycationic polysaccharide derived from chitin. It is structurally constituted of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and β-(1-4)-linked D-glucosamine where acetyl groups are randomly distributed across the polymer. The parameters of deacetylation and depolymerization process greatly influence various physico-chemical properties of chitosan and thus, offer a great degree of manipulation to synthesize chitosan of interest for various industrial and biomedical applications. Chitosan and its various derivatives have been a potential molecule of investigation in the area of anti-microbials especially anti-fungal, anti-bacterial and antiviral. The current review predominantly highlights and discusses about the antiviral activities of chitosan and its various substituted derivatives against a wide spectrum of human, animal, plants and bacteriophage viruses. The extrinsic and intrinsic factors that affect antiviral efficacy of chitosan have also been talked about. With the rapid unfolding of COVID-19 pandemic across the globe, we look for chitosan as a plausible potent antiviral molecule for fighting this disease. Through this review, we present enough literature data supporting role of chitosan against different strains of SARS viruses and also chitosan targeting CD147 receptors, a novel route for invasion of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells. We speculate the possibility of using chitosan as potential molecule against SARS-CoV-2 virus.}, }
@article {pmid33606077, year = {2021}, author = {von Rüden, U and Spura, A and Horstmann, S and Renner, I and Merkel, C and Buhs, B and Thaiss, H and De Bock, F}, title = {[Demand-driven communication strategy of the Federal Centre for Health Education (BZgA) during the COVID-19 pandemic].}, journal = {Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33606077}, issn = {1437-1588}, abstract = {With the declaration of a pandemic situation of national significance by the German Bundestag, the Federal Centre for Health Education (BZgA) is fulfilling its task of providing information for understanding the pandemic situation and implementing the necessary protective measures in a clear manner throughout Germany within the framework of the adapted National Pandemic Plan COVID-19. The BZgA targets its information according to the needs of specific groups and actively involves multipliers.In order to incorporate the perspectives of the population as well as those of prevention and health promotion professionals into the services developed by the BZgA, given the particularly initial low level of knowledge in the population, various methods and data sources were used: the COVID-19 Snapshot Monitoring (COSMO) population survey, the monitoring of citizens' enquiries via telephone and e‑mail to the BZgA, surveys of counselling professionals from nationwide telephone and online counselling centres, surveys of health professionals in early help (NZFH) and interdisciplinary practice expert hearings. Beyond providing pure information, practical and everyday offers should be developed and provided according to WHO guidelines and evidence-based criteria of effective communication in order to support the competences for a gradual adaptation to a &quot;new normality&quot;.The paper describes the data-based and evidence-informed development process of communication content and offers, their dissemination via existing websites and channels for other topics as well as their integration into the new online platform www.zusammengegencorona.de . This demonstrates how demand-driven and target group-specific communication offers can be implemented beyond the classic and proven campaign appearance.}, }
@article {pmid33605891, year = {2021}, author = {Cataldo, F and Chang, S and Mendoza, A and Buchanan, G}, title = {A Perspective on Client-Psychologist Relationships in Videoconferencing Psychotherapy: Literature Review.}, journal = {JMIR mental health}, volume = {8}, number = {2}, pages = {e19004}, doi = {10.2196/19004}, pmid = {33605891}, issn = {2368-7959}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic, people have been encouraged to maintain social distance. Technology helps people schedule meetings as remote videoconferencing sessions rather than face-to-face interactions. Psychologists are in high demand because of an increase in stress as a result of COVID-19, and videoconferencing provides an opportunity for mental health clinicians to treat current and new referrals. However, shifting treatment from face-to-face to videoconferencing is not simple: both psychologists and clients miss in-person information cues, including body language.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: This review proposes a new theoretical framework to guide the design of future studies examining the impact of a computer as a mediator of psychologist-client relationships and the influence of videoconferencing on the relationship process.<br><br>METHODS: We conducted a literature review including studies focused on communication and key concepts of the therapeutic relationship and therapeutic alliance.<br><br>RESULTS: Studies have reported that clients are generally satisfied with videoconference therapy in terms of the relationship with their therapists and the establishment of the therapeutic alliance. Conversely, studies indicate that psychologists continue to highlight difficulties in establishing the same quality of therapeutic relationship and therapeutic alliance. The contrasting experiences might underlie the differences in the type of emotional and cognitive work required by both actors in any therapy session; furthermore, the computer seems to take part in their interaction not only as a vehicle to transmit messages but also as an active part of the communication. A new model of interaction and relationship is proposed, taking into account the presence of the computer, along with further hypotheses.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: It is important to consider the computer as having an active role in the client-psychologist relationship; thus, it is a third party to the communication that either assists or interferes with the interaction between psychologists and clients.}, }
@article {pmid33605463, year = {2021}, author = {Rahimzadeh, M and Naderi, N}, title = {Towards understanding of regulatory T cells in COVID-19: a systematic review.}, journal = {Journal of medical virology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/jmv.26891}, pmid = {33605463}, issn = {1096-9071}, abstract = {A more detailed understanding of Treg cells in COVID-19 infection will broaden our knowledge of the COVID-19 immunopathology and give us more insight into the curative immune-based strategies. We systematically searched electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE) and identified 18 eligible studies. Despite the inconsistencies between the results, we observed a trend towards decreasing Treg levels in severe COVID-19 patients. This finding underlines the hypothesis that Tregs play a role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Further studies on Tregs' functional aspects are necessary to illustrate Tregs' potential role in COVID-19 disease. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid33604873, year = {2021}, author = {Hajjar, LA and Costa, IBSDS and Rizk, SI and Biselli, B and Gomes, BR and Bittar, CS and de Oliveira, GQ and de Almeida, JP and de Oliveira Bello, MV and Garzillo, C and Leme, AC and Elena, M and Val, F and de Almeida Lopes, M and Lacerda, MVG and Ramires, JAF and Kalil Filho, R and Teboul, JL and Landoni, G}, title = {Intensive care management of patients with COVID-19: a practical approach.}, journal = {Annals of intensive care}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {36}, pmid = {33604873}, issn = {2110-5820}, abstract = {SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is responsible for the largest pandemic facing humanity since the Spanish flu pandemic in the early twentieth century. Since there is no specific antiviral treatment, optimized support is the most relevant factor in the patient's prognosis. In the hospital setting, the identification of high-risk patients for clinical deterioration is essential to ensure access to intensive treatment of severe conditions in a timely manner. The initial management of hypoxemia includes conventional oxygen therapy, high-flow nasal canula oxygen, and non-invasive ventilation. For patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation, lung-protective ventilation with low tidal volumes and plateau pressure is recommended. Cardiovascular complications are frequent and include myocardial injury, thrombotic events, myocarditis, and cardiogenic shock. Acute renal failure is a common complication and is a marker of poor prognosis, with significant impact in costs and resources allocation. Regarding promising therapies for COVID-19, the most promising drugs until now are remdesivir and corticosteroids although further studies may be needed to confirm their effectiveness. Other therapies such as, tocilizumab, anakinra, other anti-cytokine drugs, and heparin are being tested in clinical trials. Thousands of physicians are living a scenario that none of us have ever seen: demand for hospital exceed capacity in most countries. Until now, the certainty we have is that we should try to decrease the number of infected patients and that an optimized critical care support is the best strategy to improve patient's survival.}, }
@article {pmid33604809, year = {2021}, author = {Sengupta, T and Majumder, R and Majumder, S}, title = {Role of vitamin D in treating COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: problems and perspectives.}, journal = {Molecular and cellular biochemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33604809}, issn = {1573-4919}, support = {ECR-2017-000447//DST-SERB, Govt of India/ ; }, abstract = {Aggressive inflammatory response leading to hypercoagulability has been found to be associated with disease severity in COVID-19 patients and portends bad treatment outcome. A state of acute disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), along with pulmonary embolism and/or deep vein thrombosis, has been observed in critically ill ICU patients. Autopsy reports of COVID-19 patients demonstrated microthrombi in lungs and in other organs, as well as marked inflammatory changes, characteristic clinicopathological features that exacerbate disease severity. Vitamin D supplementation was recommended by many clinicians across the globe to improve clinical symptoms of COVID-19 patients, mainly because of its immunomodulatory roles on immune cells. Furthermore, vitamin D and its associated molecules are also known to directly or indirectly regulate various thrombotic pathways. We propose that vitamin D supplementation not only attenuates the risk of Acute Respiratory Disease Syndrome (ARDS) but it also may have a role in reducing coagulation abnormalities in critically ill COVID-19 patients. The overarching goal of this review is to discuss the effects of vitamin D on coagulation pathways and other intertwined processes leading to thrombosis. Many clinical trials are currently investigating the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in reducing the risk of COVID-19 infection. However, randomized placebo control clinical trials are also necessary to ascertain the effect of vitamin D supplementation on reducing the risk of coagulopathy in COVID-19 patients.}, }
@article {pmid33604758, year = {2021}, author = {Bösmüller, H and Matter, M and Fend, F and Tzankov, A}, title = {The pulmonary pathology of COVID-19.}, journal = {Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33604758}, issn = {1432-2307}, abstract = {The lung is the main affected organ in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, and lung damage is the leading cause of death in the vast majority of patients. Mainly based on results obtained by autopsies, the seminal features of fatal COVID-19 have been described by many groups worldwide. Early changes encompass edema, epithelial damage, and capillaritis/endothelialitis, frequently combined with microthrombosis. Subsequently, patients with manifest respiratory insufficiency exhibit exudative diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) with hyaline membrane formation and pneumocyte type 2 hyperplasia, variably complicated by superinfection, which may progress to organizing/fibrotic stage DAD. These features, however, are not specific for COVID-19 and can be found in other disorders including viral infections. Clinically, the early disease stage of severe COVID-19 is characterized by high viral load, lymphopenia, massive secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and hypercoagulability, documented by elevated D-dimers and an increased frequency of thrombotic and thromboembolic events, whereas virus loads and cytokine levels tend to decrease in late disease stages, when tissue repair including angiogenesis prevails. The present review describes the spectrum of lung pathology based on the current literature and the authors' personal experience derived from clinical autopsies, and tries to summarize our current understanding and open questions of the pathophysiology of severe pulmonary COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33604359, year = {2021}, author = {Nalugo, M and Schulte, LJ and Masood, MF and Zayed, MA}, title = {Microvascular Angiopathic Consequences of COVID-19.}, journal = {Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {636843}, doi = {10.3389/fcvm.2021.636843}, pmid = {33604359}, issn = {2297-055X}, abstract = {The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has rapidly spread across the world. The disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which first appeared in Wuhan, China in December, 2019. Ever increasing data is continuing to emerge about the impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular tissue and other organ system. Clinical features associated with COVID-19 suggest that endothelial cell dysfunction and microvascular thrombosis are to a large extent contributing to resultant multi-organ complications. This review is aimed at highlighting the critical aspects associated with COVID-19 and its presumed microvascular angiopathic consequences on the cardiovascular system leading to multi-organ dysfunction.}, }
@article {pmid33603991, year = {2020}, author = {Roshanshad, A and Kamalipour, A and Ashraf, MA and Roshanshad, R and Jafari, S and Nazemi, P and Akbari, M}, title = {The efficacy of remdesivir in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a systematic review.}, journal = {Iranian journal of microbiology}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {376-387}, doi = {10.18502/ijm.v12i5.4597}, pmid = {33603991}, issn = {2008-3289}, abstract = {Background and Objectives: Researchers all around the world are working hard to find an effective treatment for the new coronavirus 2019. We performed a comprehensive systematic review to investigate the latest clinical evidence on the efficacy and safety of treatment with Remdesivir in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.<br><br>Materials and Methods: We performed a systematic search in Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, Google scholar and MedRxiv for relevant observational and interventional studies. The outcomes measures were mortality rates, improvement rates, time to clinical improvement, all adverse event rates and severe adverse event rates.<br><br>Results: Three randomized controlled trials and 2 cohort studies were included in our study. In the 2 cohort studies, patients received Remdesivir for 10 days. 2 RCTs evaluated 10-day efficacy of treatment with Remdesivir versus placebo group and the other RCT compared its 5-day regimen versus 10-day regimen. Visual inspection of the forest plots revealed that the efficacy of Remdesivir was not much different in reducing 28-day mortality versus 14-day mortality rates. Besides, 10-day treatment regimen overpowered 5-day treatment and placebo in decreasing time to clinical improvement. All adverse event rates did not have a significant difference; however, severe adverse event rate was lower in the 5-day Remdesivir group compared to the 10-day and placebo groups.<br><br>Conclusion: 5-day course of Remdesivir therapy in COVID-19 patients is probably efficacious and safe, and patients without invasive mechanical ventilation benefit the most. Treatment can be extended to 10 days if satisfactory improvement is not seen by day 5. Most benefits from Remdesivir therapy take place in the first 14 days of the start of the treatment.}, }
@article {pmid33603990, year = {2020}, author = {Bora, I and Gogoi, S and Venkatasubramanian, V and Mathew, R and Mohindra, R}, title = {Persistence of SARS-COV-2 in body fluids: a bystander or whistle blower.}, journal = {Iranian journal of microbiology}, volume = {12}, number = {5}, pages = {370-375}, doi = {10.18502/ijm.v12i5.4596}, pmid = {33603990}, issn = {2008-3289}, abstract = {The novel Coronavirus COVID-19 is wrecking a havoc across the globe and has been declared as a pandemic by WHO. Apart from transmission and shedding of the virus through respiratory secretions in the form of droplets (mainly), several studies have shown the presence of the virus in various samples such as stool, urine and occasionally in blood, semen, tears and breastmilk. Whereas government authority guidelines consider a person as cured from COVID-19 when along with clinical improvement no more virus can be detected primarily on respiratory samples along with clinical improvement; the persistence of the virus in these body fluids even after clinical recovery and negative RT-PCR test results on respiratory samples, has raised many questions about the elusive nature of this novel virus along with the possibility of other routes of transmission of this virus in the community. Although studies performed till now across the globe on persistence of SARSCOV-2 in various body fluids are sparse, in this review we would like to present and analyse the results of those studies performed globally on the aforesaid topic to get a better insight of this side of the COVID-19 story.}, }
@article {pmid33603885, year = {2021}, author = {Dumitrascu, MC and Cirstoiu, MM and Nenciu, AE and Petca, A and Sandru, F and Petca, RC and Nenciu, CG}, title = {Delivery and breastfeeding in pregnant patients with COVID-19 (Review).}, journal = {Experimental and therapeutic medicine}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, pages = {278}, doi = {10.3892/etm.2021.9709}, pmid = {33603885}, issn = {1792-0981}, abstract = {COVID-19 infection has rapidly become a global issue that has brought essential changes in the daily life of patients and doctors. The pandemic outbreak represents a significant burden on humankind; yet, life still moves on with approximately 350,000 babies being born every day around the world (UNICEF-2018). Some of these mothers will have other conditions, including COVID-19 infection. As healthcare providers, it is our responsibility to treat all women equal no matter what illness they have and to offer them the best possible conditions to give birth vaginally or via Caesarian section, in a safe environment for them and their babies. The main concern is represented by the limitation of the disease transmission to pregnant patients and newborns while managing maternal or fetal emergencies. We have limited information regarding COVID-19 infection, and the data are constantly changing and evolving. New information is brought to light almost on a weekly basis. This review aims to synthesize the recommendations and current experience regarding the birth method for infected women, labor management, Caesarian section management, and breastfeeding indications in these cases.}, }
@article {pmid33603880, year = {2021}, author = {Cergan, R and Dumitru, M and Vrinceanu, D and Neagos, A and Jeican, II and Ciuluvica, RC}, title = {Ultrasonography of the larynx: Novel use during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (Review).}, journal = {Experimental and therapeutic medicine}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, pages = {273}, doi = {10.3892/etm.2021.9704}, pmid = {33603880}, issn = {1792-0981}, abstract = {Few articles have been published on the subject of laryngeal ultrasonography. However, considering the increased power and accuracy of ultrasound technology, this imaging modality should be reevaluated. The present review aimed to increase the awareness of fellow specialists regarding the use of this imaging tool in healthcare units that do not benefit from onsite ear, nose and throat (ENT) service. We illustrate the ultrasonographic examination protocol for the larynx along with the relevant anatomic landmarks. We review cases with laryngeal tumoral pathology that underwent ultrasonographic examination for improved management. All findings were confirmed through computerized tomography (CT) and endoscopy performed by the ENT specialist. The ultrasound of the larynx has potential utility in diagnosis (e.g., laryngeal abnormalities, speech and swallowing abnormalities, identification of endotracheal tube placement), treatment (e.g., guidance of percutaneous tracheostomy and cricothyrotomy) and prognosis (e.g., prediction of postextubation stridor and difficult intubation). This imaging modality could be useful in the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemics in reducing the exposure to invasive maneuvers producing aerosol, such as endoscopy.}, }
@article {pmid33603870, year = {2021}, author = {Niculet, E and Chioncel, V and Elisei, AM and Miulescu, M and Buzia, OD and Nwabudike, LC and Craescu, M and Draganescu, M and Bujoreanu, F and Marinescu, E and Arbune, M and Radaschin, DS and Bobeica, C and Nechita, A and Tatu, AL}, title = {Multifactorial expression of IL-6 with update on COVID-19 and the therapeutic strategies of its blockade (Review).}, journal = {Experimental and therapeutic medicine}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, pages = {263}, doi = {10.3892/etm.2021.9693}, pmid = {33603870}, issn = {1792-0981}, abstract = {Interleukin 6 (IL-6), a cytokine produced by various cells of the human body (macrophages, lymphocytes, astrocytes, ischemic myocytes, endothelial cells) has both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties, being a key component in regulating various physiologic and pathological processes. The structure of this molecule and the receptor system it possesses are important due to the different activities that IL-6 can exert; through trans-signaling pro-inflammatory activities are mediated, while through classic signaling, IL-6 is responsible for anti-inflammatory and regenerative activities. IL-6 signaling is involved in coronary artery disease and the global COVID-19 pandemic. This proatherogenic cytokine reaches elevated serum levels in the cytokine storm generated by SARS-CoV-2, and is also associated with smoking or obesity-classic cardiovascular risk factors which promote inflammatory states. IL-6 levels are proportionally correlated with dyslipidemia, hypertension and glucose dysregulation, and they are associated with poor outcomes in patients with unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction. IL-6 targeting for treatment development (not only) in cardiovascular disease and COVID-19 is still a matter of ongoing research, although tocilizumab has proven to be effective in reducing the proatherogenic effects of IL-6 and is suggested to improve COVID-19 patient survival.}, }
@article {pmid33603852, year = {2021}, author = {Tsamakis, K and Tsiptsios, D and Ouranidis, A and Mueller, C and Schizas, D and Terniotis, C and Nikolakakis, N and Tyros, G and Kympouropoulos, S and Lazaris, A and Spandidos, DA and Smyrnis, N and Rizos, E}, title = {COVID-19 and its consequences on mental health (Review).}, journal = {Experimental and therapeutic medicine}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, pages = {244}, doi = {10.3892/etm.2021.9675}, pmid = {33603852}, issn = {1792-0981}, abstract = {As one year is approaching since the beginning of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, it is important to acknowledge the detrimental effect that it is having on mental health at the individual, societal and public health levels. The current review presents the direct and indirect psychological impact of COVID-19 on the general public, as well as on vulnerable groups, including the elderly, the young, healthcare professionals, people with pre-existing mental health issues, those infected by COVID-19, homeless people and refugees. Important findings are discussed in the present review, including the social stigma in older people associated with portraying COVID-19 as the disease of the elderly, and the limited psychological impact of COVID-19 in the severely mentally ill, alongside the response of the mental healthcare systems globally to this unparalleled public health crisis. The important lessons to be learnt so far can help formulate individual mental health recommendations, as well as improved intervention and prevention public health strategies.}, }
@article {pmid33603755, year = {2020}, author = {Qian, Y and Zhu, Y and Li, Y and Li, B}, title = {Legend of the Sentinels: Development of Lung Resident Memory T Cells and Their Roles in Diseases.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {624411}, doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2020.624411}, pmid = {33603755}, issn = {1664-3224}, abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 is wreaking havoc around the world. To get the world back on track, hundreds of vaccines are under development. A deeper understanding of how the immune system responds to SARS-CoV-2 re-infection will certainly help. Studies have highlighted various aspects of T cell response in resolving acute infection and preventing re-infections. Lung resident memory T (TRM) cells are sentinels in the secondary immune response. They are mostly differentiated from effector T cells, construct specific niches and stay permanently in lung tissues. If the infection recurs, locally activated lung TRM cells can elicit rapid immune response against invading pathogens. In addition, they can significantly limit tumor growth or lead to pathologic immune responses. Vaccines targeting TRM cells are under development, with the hope to induce stable and highly reactive lung TRM cells through mucosal administration or &quot;prime-and-pull&quot; strategy. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in lung TRM cell generation and maintenance, explore their roles in different diseases and discuss how these cells may guide the development of future vaccines targeting infectious disease, cancer, and pathologic immune response.}, }
@article {pmid33603679, year = {2021}, author = {Alonso-Matielo, H and da Silva Oliveira, VR and de Oliveira, VT and Dale, CS}, title = {Pain in Covid Era.}, journal = {Frontiers in physiology}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {624154}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2021.624154}, pmid = {33603679}, issn = {1664-042X}, abstract = {The COVID19 pandemic has impacted the lives and health of persons worldwide and although majority of COVID19 patients present with respiratory symptoms, pain emerges as an important feature of COVID19 infection. About 15-20% of patients progress to a severe condition that requires hospitalization. Although the disease was initially reported as a respiratory syndrome, other systems such as cardiovascular, renal, and nervous systems may be affected in the acute stages, increasing the need for continuous support to treat multiple sequelae caused by the disease. Due to the severity of the disease, damages found after discharge should also be considered. Providing multidisciplinary interventions promoting physical and psychological recovery in the first stages of hospitalization can minimize these damages. Cognitive, physical and psychological dysfunction reported by COVID19 patients after discharge can have profound effects on quality of life. Pain is usually part of this dysfunction, but it is still poorly understood how it affects survivors of COVID19 infections. There is limited information about the clinical characteristics, treatment and outcome of maintenance of pain in COVID19 patients. The purpose of this narrative review is to provide an overview of the implications of COVID19 on acute and chronic pain states.}, }
@article {pmid33603517, year = {2021}, author = {Tucho, GT and Kumsa, DM}, title = {Universal Use of Face Masks and Related Challenges During COVID-19 in Developing Countries.}, journal = {Risk management and healthcare policy}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {511-517}, doi = {10.2147/RMHP.S298687}, pmid = {33603517}, issn = {1179-1594}, abstract = {Background: Governments have imposed physical and social distancing measures together with hand hygiene to contain COVID-19. However, maintaining the recommended social distancing less likely applicable in developing countries where the majority of the people depend on daily income. Countries like Ethiopia imposed universal use of face masks as an additional measure.<br><br>Aim: This study aims to review and present the advantage and challenges of imposing universal use of face masks in the community and to forward possible recommendations.<br><br>Methods: The study was synthesized using a narrative literature review approach involving COVID-19 databases, published literature on COVID-19, and relevant news.<br><br>Results: The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in Ethiopia was reported on March 13, 2020. Consequently, the government has taken swift actions including social distancing and strict hygienic measures to contain its transmission. However, new cases have started to increase with local transmission. Hence, the country imposed additional measures including universal use of face masks at public places. The universal use of masks requires a sufficient supply of masks with affordable costs. Moreover, awareness of the proper use of face masks and its disposal is another challenge affecting its effectiveness against corona virus infection.<br><br>Conclusion: Universal use of face masks can contribute to the containment of the virus in the community if adequately available and properly used and managed after use. Encouraging local production with clear guidance, demonstration, and awareness creation helps to improve the accessibility and effectiveness of face masks particularly among the vulnerable population.}, }
@article {pmid33603306, year = {2021}, author = {Ahmed, S and Jafri, L and Hoodbhoy, Z and Siddiqui, I}, title = {Prognostic Value of Serum Procalcitonin in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review.}, journal = {Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine}, volume = {25}, number = {1}, pages = {77-84}, doi = {10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23706}, pmid = {33603306}, issn = {0972-5229}, abstract = {Background: This study is aimed at reviewing the published literature on the prognostic role of serum procalcitonin (PCT) in COVID-19 cases.<br><br>Data retrieval: We systematically reviewed the literature available on PubMed, MEDLINE, LitCovid NLM, and WHO: to assess the utility of PCT in prognosis of coronavirus disease. Scrutiny for eligible studies comprising articles that have evaluated the prognostic utility of PCT and data compilation was undertaken by two separate investigators. Original articles in human subjects reporting the prognostic role of PCT in adult COVID-19 patients were included. The Quality in Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool was utilized to assess the strength of evidence. Results were reported as narrative syntheses.<br><br>Results: Out of the total 426 citations, 52 articles passed through screening. The quality of evidence and methodology of included studies was overall acceptable. The total sample size of the studies comprised of 15,296 COVID-19-positive subjects. Majority of the studies were from China, i.e., 40 (77%). The PCT cut-off utilized was 0.05 ng/mL by 18 (35%) studies, followed by 0.5 ng/mL by 9 (17.5%). Eighty five percent (n = 44) studies reported statistically significant association (p value < 0.05) between PCT and severity.<br><br>Conclusion: Procalcitonin appears as a promising prognostic biomarker of COVID-19 progression in conjunction with the clinical context.<br><br>How to cite this article: Ahmed S, Jafri L, Hoodbhoy Z, Siddiqui I. Prognostic Value of Serum Procalcitonin in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(1):77-84.}, }
@article {pmid33602633, year = {2020}, author = {de Melo, BAG and Benincasa, JC and Cruz, EM and Maricato, JT and Porcionatto, MA}, title = {3D culture models to study SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and antiviral candidates: From spheroids to bioprinting.}, journal = {Biomedical journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.bj.2020.11.009}, pmid = {33602633}, issn = {2320-2890}, abstract = {The pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is receiving worldwide attention, due to the severity of the disease (COVID-19) that resulted in more than a million global deaths so far. The urgent need for vaccines and antiviral drugs is mobilizing the scientific community to develop strategies for studying the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, replication kinetics, pathogenesis, host-virus interaction, and infection inhibition. In this work, we review the strategies of tissue engineering in the fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) models used in virology studies, which presented many advantages over conventional cell cultures, such as complex cytoarchitecture and a more physiological microenvironment. Scaffold-free (spheroids and organoids) and scaffold-based (3D scaffolding and 3D bioprinting) approach allow the biofabrication of more realistic models relevant to the pandemic, to be used as in vitro platforms for the development of new vaccines and therapies against COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33602259, year = {2021}, author = {Schirmer, AD and Kawwass, JF and Adashi, EY}, title = {Fertility care amidst the COVID19 pandemic: the American experience.}, journal = {Journal of ovarian research}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {34}, pmid = {33602259}, issn = {1757-2215}, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has claimed the lives of over one million people worldwide, and has affected all aspects of healthcare worldwide, including the delivery of care to patients with fertility-related diagnoses. In the United States, the response of US fertility clinics to the COVID-19 pandemic was coordinated by the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM). ASRM acted quickly to develop guidelines for limiting fertility treatment and clinic consultations during the early days of the pandemic, and then safely restarting fertility treatment. A survey of patients with fertility-related diagnoses who presented for care during the first months of the pandemic revealed that a majority of patients who presented for care during the early months of the pandemic experienced delayed or cancelled treatment cycles. Patients with infertility subsequently reported a desire to resume fertility care, but emphasized the importance of their clinic having policies and procedures in place to limit the risk of infection.}, }
@article {pmid33602258, year = {2021}, author = {Chen, Z and Zhang, C and Yin, J and Xin, X and Li, H and Wang, Y and Tsang, BK and Zhang, Q}, title = {Challenges and opportunities for ovarian cancer management in the epidemic of Covid-19: lessons learned from Wuhan, China.}, journal = {Journal of ovarian research}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {35}, pmid = {33602258}, issn = {1757-2215}, abstract = {China and the rest of the world are experiencing an outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Patients with cancer are more susceptible to viral infection and are more likely to develop severe complications, as compared to healthy individuals. The growing spread of COVID-19 presents challenges for the clinical care of patients with gynecological malignancies. Ovarian debulking surgery combined with the frequent need for chemotherapy is most likely why ovarian cancer was rated as the gynecologic cancer most affected by COVID-19. Therefore, ovarian cancer presents a particular challenging task. Concerning the ovarian cancer studies with confirmed COVID-19 reported from large-scale general hospitals in Wuhan, we hold that the treatment plan was adjusted appropriately and an individualized remedy was implemented. The recommendations discussed here were developed mainly based on the experience from Wuhan. We advise that the management strategy for ovarian cancer patients should be adjusted in the light of the local epidemic situation and formulated according to the pathological type, tumor stage and the current treatment phase. Online medical service is an effective and convenient communication platform during the pandemic.}, }
@article {pmid33601306, year = {2021}, author = {Van Hout, MC and Wells, JSG}, title = {The right to health, public health and COVID-19: a discourse on the importance of the enforcement of humanitarian and human rights law in conflict settings for the future management of zoonotic pandemic diseases.}, journal = {Public health}, volume = {192}, number = {}, pages = {3-7}, doi = {10.1016/j.puhe.2021.01.001}, pmid = {33601306}, issn = {1476-5616}, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: The catastrophic effects of armed conflict, particularly prolonged armed conflict, on individual and public health are well established. The 'right' to healthcare during armed conflict and its lack of enforcement despite a range of United Nations mandated requirements regarding health and healthcare provisions is likely to be a significant feature in future conflicts, as zoonotic-induced pandemics become a more common global public health challenge. The issue of enforcement of health rights assurance and its implications for the public health management of global pandemics such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in and between countries and regions in conflict is the objective of this Review.<br><br>STUDY DESIGN: A narrative review was conducted.<br><br>METHODS: Referenced to the framework of International humanitarian law (IHL) and International human rights law (IHRL) to explore and discuss the deficits in health rights assurances in conflict settings and illustrate how gaps in protection and lack of enforcement compounds the disease response. Both IHL, and IHRL can be leveraged to ensure human and health rights are assured in conflict settings. There is a distinct lack of international criteria with regard to standards of healthcare coverage, infrastructure and service preservation to the civilian population during times of armed conflict. This has far reaching consequences when confounded by a pandemic or even localised disease outbreak.<br><br>RESULTS: We illustrate how in a pandemic disease emergency, such as COVID-19, all life is threatened; and how leaving the citizen population exposed to this contagion is a human rights breach and an indirect method of warfare. The consequences of failure to effectively address such pandemic infections, (i.e. COVID-19), in a conflict setting are potentially catastrophic as prevention and containment responses are severely constrained by state insecurity, political instability, terrorism, repression, rights abuses, and displacement of citizens. Neglect by State actors potentially constitutes a breach of the universal right to life. States cannot justify their failures to mitigate disease based on claims of lack of resources, even when available resources are minimal. Where discrimination of people with a disease, such as COVID-19, or minority groups at the point of access to health facilities occurs, this further breaches the principle of medical neutrality.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The example of the COVID-19 response may offer a viable route to leverage greater access and coverage of healthcare in conflict and humanitarian settings. A radicalised partnership approach during these times of emergency is warranted, based on an ethical 'humanitarian intervention' approach to provide care to all affected by contagious disease in conflict settings.}, }
@article {pmid33601098, year = {2021}, author = {Musial, C and Gorska-Ponikowska, M}, title = {Medical progress: Stem cells as a new therapeutic strategy for COVID-19.}, journal = {Stem cell research}, volume = {52}, number = {}, pages = {102239}, doi = {10.1016/j.scr.2021.102239}, pmid = {33601098}, issn = {1876-7753}, abstract = {Currently, the world is facing the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, coronavirus of acute respiratory distress syndrome 2, causes of COVID-19. Coronaviruses are RNA single-stranded viruses that have an envelope. In addition, coronaviruses are classified into four subfamilies: alpha, beta, gamma and delta coronaviruses. The first of them, cause mildly symptomatic or asymptomatic infections, while beta-coronaviruses are responsible for severe diseases. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the group of beta-coronaviruses. Current available therapies use corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, non-specific antiviral drugs or antibiotics in the treatment of secondary bacterial infections. In addition, therapies based on the use of hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, remdesvir, ribavirin, interferon or lopinavir-ritonavir were also initially used. Mesenchemical stem cells (MSCs) are widely used in cell therapies, which include both basic research and clinical trials. Their exceptional effectiveness and safety have been confirmed and documented in many clinical studies, which include a number of inflammatory diseases involving the immune system - one of them is systemic lupus erythematosus. Available data indicate the ability to differentiate MSCs and their immunomodulatory effects. In addition, through interactions with immune cells, which include, but are not limited to, macrophages and dendritic cells, or paracrine secretion, MSCs are able to secrete a number of types of cytokines. MSCs are also characterized by tissue regeneration and regulation of inflammation. Due to their properties, researchers turned to determine whether MSC transplantation is able to improve the outcome of patients with COVID-19 viral pneumonia. The presented review provides not only new knowledge in the field of molecular mechanisms of pro-regenerative action of stem cells, but also have the potential to open up new prospects of action to improve lung tissue regeneration in COVID-19 patients. In addition, in review mentioned about clinical trials using MSCs with a complete status, as well as the latest discoveries in molecular biology, a platform model of pluripotent stem cells in the SARS-CoV-2 study on 3D animal models and nanoconjugates based on stem cells.}, }
@article {pmid33601001, year = {2021}, author = {Conrado, PCV and Sakita, KM and Arita, GS and Galinari, CB and Gonçalves, RS and Lopes, LDG and Lonardoni, MVC and Teixeira, JJV and Bonfim-Mendonça, PS and Kioshima, ES}, title = {A systematic review of photodynamic therapy as an antiviral treatment: potential guidance for dealing with SARS-CoV-2.}, journal = {Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {102221}, doi = {10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102221}, pmid = {33601001}, issn = {1873-1597}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2, which causes the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), presents high rates of morbidity and mortality and has affected thousands of people around the world. The search to eliminate SARS-CoV-2 is ongoing and urgent. This systematic review seeks to assess whether photodynamic therapy (PDT) could be effective in SARS-CoV-2 inactivation.<br><br>METHODS: The focus question was: Can photodynamic therapy be used as potential guidance for dealing with SARS-CoV-2?&quot;. A literature search, according to PRISMA statements, was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, LILACS, and Google Scholar. Studies published from January 2004 to June 2020 were analyzed. In vitro and in vivo studies were included that evaluated the effect of PDT mediated by several photosensitizers on RNA and DNA enveloped and non-enveloped viruses.<br><br>RESULTS: From 27 selected manuscripts, 26 publications used in vitro studies, 24 were exclusively in vitro, and two had in vitro/in vivo parts. Only one analyzed publication was exclusively in vivo. Meta-analysis studies were unfeasible due to heterogeneity of the data. The risk of bias was analyzed in all studies.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The in vitro and in vivo studies selected in this systematic review indicated that PDT is capable of photoinactivating enveloped and non-enveloped DNA and RNA viruses, suggesting that PDT can potentially photoinactivate SARS-CoV-2.}, }
@article {pmid33600934, year = {2021}, author = {Xu, B and Li, G and Guo, J and Ikezoe, T and Kasirajan, K and Zhao, S and Dalman, RL}, title = {Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, coronavirus disease 2019 and abdominal aortic aneurysms.}, journal = {Journal of vascular surgery}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.jvs.2021.01.051}, pmid = {33600934}, issn = {1097-6809}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiologic agent of the current, world-wide coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the SARS-CoV-2 host entry receptor for cellular inoculation and target organ injury. We reviewed ACE2 expression and the role of ACE2 - angiotensin 1-7- Mas receptor axis activity in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) pathogenesis to identify potential COVID-19 influences on AAA disease pathogenesis.<br><br>METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was performed on PubMed, National Library of Medicine, USA. Key words included COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, AAA, ACE2, ACE or angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor inhibitor, angiotensin 1-7, Mas receptor, age, gender, respiratory diseases, diabetes, autoimmune diseases. Key publications on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of COVID-19 and AAAs were identified and reviewed.<br><br>RESULTS: All vascular structural cells, including endothelial and smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts and pericytes express ACE2. Cigarette smoking, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lupus, certain types of malignancies and viral infection promote ACE2 expression and activity, with the magnitude of response varying by sex and age. Genetic deficiency of AT1 receptor, or pharmacological ACE or AT1 inhibition also increases ACE2 and its catalytic product angiotensin 1-7. Genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition of ACE2 or Mas receptor augments, whereas ACE2 activation or angiotensin 1-7 treatment attenuates, progression of experimental AAAs. Potential influences of SARS-CoV-2 on AAA pathogenesis include augmented ACE-angiotensin II-AT1 receptor activity resulting from reduced reciprocal ACE2-angiotensin 1-7-Mas activation; increased production of proaneurysmal mediators stimulated by viral spike proteins in ACE2-negative myeloid cells or by ACE2-expressing vascular structural cells; augmented local or systemic cross-talk between viral targeted non-vascular, non-leukocytic ACE2-expressing cells via ligand recognition of their cognate leukocyte receptors; and hypoxemia and increased systemic inflammatory tone experienced during severe COVID-19 illness.<br><br>CONCLUSION: COVID-19 may theoretically influence AAA disease through multiple SARS-CoV-2-induced mechanisms. Further investigation and clinical follow-up will be necessary to determine whether and to what extent the COVID-19 pandemic will influence the prevalence, progression and lethality of AAA disease in the coming decade.}, }
@article {pmid33600673, year = {2021}, author = {Malviya, A and Ahirwar, AK and Chandra Tripathi, S and Asia, P and Gopal, N and Kaim, K}, title = {COVID-19: a review on SARS-CoV-2 origin, epidemiology, virology, clinical manifestations and complications with special emphasis on adverse outcome in Bhopal Gas Tragedy survivor.}, journal = {Hormone molecular biology and clinical investigation}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1515/hmbci-2020-0070}, pmid = {33600673}, issn = {1868-1891}, abstract = {After the global outbreak of coronaviruses caused diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), an outbreak due to these viruses occurred in December, 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China and led to a worldwide spread. Coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) has emerged as a serious global health emergency and spread from a person to another who has the virus. But the scope of an intermediate host is not known. Population at higher risk includes individuals in higher age group (>60 years) or with comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and weaker immune system. Many unknown and underestimate risk factors could be responsible for adverse outcomes in COVID-19. These risk factors should be appropriately identified, addressed and necessary actions should be taken to mitigate the effect of COVID-19 pandemic. Bhopal gas tragedy was one of the world's worst industrial chemical leak disaster. The survivors of this incident still suffer from the various complications such as increased rate of cancers, chronic illness like tuberculosis, respiratory diseases, birth defects, nerve injury, growth retardations, gynecological illness and many more. The survivors of Bhopal gas tragedy are at higher risk of developing COVID-19 related adverse outcome. One of the possible explanations can be long term effect of methyl isocyanate (MIC). MIC exposure can lead to possible toxic effect on genetic, epigenetic and non-genetic factors. In this review, we aim to establish the scientific basis for adverse outcome in COVID-19 patients who are also victims of Bhopal gas tragedy.}, }
@article {pmid33600302, year = {2021}, author = {Bullock, HA and Goldsmith, CS and Zaki, SR and Martines, RB and Miller, SE}, title = {Difficulties in Differentiating Coronaviruses from Subcellular Structures in Human Tissues by Electron Microscopy.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3201/eid2704.204337}, pmid = {33600302}, issn = {1080-6059}, abstract = {Efforts to combat the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have placed a renewed focus on the use of transmission electron microscopy for identifying coronavirus in tissues. In attempts to attribute pathology of COVID-19 patients directly to tissue damage caused by SARS-CoV-2, investigators have inaccurately reported subcellular structures, including coated vesicles, multivesicular bodies, and vesiculating rough endoplasmic reticulum, as coronavirus particles. We describe morphologic features of coronavirus that distinguish it from subcellular structures, including particle size range (60-140 nm), intracellular particle location within membrane-bound vacuoles, and a nucleocapsid appearing in cross section as dense dots (6-12 nm) within the particles. In addition, although the characteristic spikes of coronaviruses may be visible on the virus surface, especially on extracellular particles, they are less evident in thin sections than in negative stain preparations.}, }
@article {pmid33599835, year = {2021}, author = {Hoste, L and Van Paemel, R and Haerynck, F}, title = {Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children related to COVID-19: a systematic review.}, journal = {European journal of pediatrics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33599835}, issn = {1432-1076}, abstract = {An association between a novel pediatric hyperinflammatory condition and SARS-CoV-2 was recently published and termed pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome, temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS) or multisystem inflammatory syndrome (in children) (MIS(-C)). We performed a systematic review and describe the epidemiological, clinical, and prognostic characteristics of 953 PIMS-TS/MIS(-C) cases in 68 records. Additionally, we studied the sensitivity of different case definitions that are currently applied. PIMS-TS/MIS(-C) presents at a median age of 8 years. Epidemiological enrichment for males (58.9%) and ethnic minorities (37.0% Black) is present. Apart from obesity (25.3%), comorbidities are rare. PIMS-TS/MIS(-C) is characterized by fever (99.4%), gastrointestinal (85.6%) and cardiocirculatory manifestations (79.3%), and increased inflammatory biomarkers. Nevertheless, 50.3% present respiratory symptoms as well. Over half of patients (56.3%) present with shock. The majority of the patients (73.3%) need intensive care treatment, including extracorporal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in 3.8%. Despite severe disease, mortality is rather low (1.9%). Of the currently used case definitions, the WHO definition is preferred, as it is more precise, while encompassing most cases.Conclusion: PIMS-TS/MIS(-C) is a severe, heterogeneous disease with epidemiological enrichment for males, adolescents, and racial and ethnic minorities. However, mortality rate is low and short-term outcome favorable. Long-term follow-up of chronic complications and additional clinical research to elucidate the underlying pathogenesis is crucial. What is Known: • A novel pediatric inflammatory syndrome with multisystem involvement has been described in association with SARS-CoV-2. • To date, the scattered reporting of cases and use of different case definitions provides insufficient insight in the full clinical spectrum, epidemiological and immunological features, and prognosis. What is New: • This systematic review illustrates the heterogeneous spectrum of PIMS-TS/MIS(-C) and its epidemiological enrichment for males, adolescents, and racial and ethnic minorities. • Despite its severe presentation, overall short-term outcome is good. • The WHO MIS definition is preferred, as it is more precise, while encompassing most cases.}, }
@article {pmid33599314, year = {2021}, author = {Fu, R and Li, J and Yu, H and Zhang, Y and Xu, Z and Martin, C}, title = {The Yin and Yang of traditional Chinese and Western medicine.}, journal = {Medicinal research reviews}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/med.21793}, pmid = {33599314}, issn = {1098-1128}, support = {31670352//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 31701255//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 81603233//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; //CEPAMS JIC-CAS Joint Centre of Excellence/ ; 201909110046//China Scholarship Council/ ; //State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research/ ; }, abstract = {The success of Western Scientific approaches to medicine, over the last 150 years, can be measured by substantial increases in life expectancy, reductions in infant mortality and the virtual elimination of many infectious diseases accompanied by development of effective management practices for noncommunicable diseases. However, major challenges remain in the form of infectious diseases that evolve resistance to pharmaceuticals rapidly, new diseases, particularly those caused by viruses and effective long-term treatments for chronic, noncommunicable diseases. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) can offer complementary treatments based on personalised interventions, informed by knowledge accumulated from empirical observations gathered over centuries of practice, that address the impact of disease on the whole body. We provide examples of both infectious and noncommunicable diseases where the combination of Western Scientific Medicine (WSM) and TCM can benefit patients in terms of the speed and efficacy of recovery or disease management. TCM is a healing skill based on practice, while WSM is scientific, based on experiments. Against this background, an understanding of the mechanisms of action of traditional Chinese medicinal preparations will offer fresh routes to discovery and development of new therapeutics as well as patented medical prescriptions, which will rely heavily on modern scientific methodologies for their adoption and success, particularly those in plant genomics, plant breeding and synthetic biology.}, }
@article {pmid33599292, year = {2021}, author = {Gao, D and Zhu, X and Lu, B}, title = {Development and application of sensitive, specific and rapid CRISPR-Cas13-based diagnosis.}, journal = {Journal of medical virology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/jmv.26889}, pmid = {33599292}, issn = {1096-9071}, abstract = {Nucleic acid detection is a necessary part of medical treatment and field work. However, the current detection technologies are far from ideal. A lack of timely and accessible testing for identifying cases and close contacts has allowed SARS-CoV-2, the causative virus of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, to spread uncontrollably. The slow and expensive detection of mutations - predictors for chronic diseases such as cancer - form a barrier to personalized treatment. A recently developed diagnostic assay is ideal and field-ready - it relies on CRISPR-Cas13. CRISPR-Cas13 works similarly to other CRISPR systems: Cas13 is guided by a crRNA to cleave next to a specific RNA target sequence. Additionally, Cas13 boasts a unique collateral cleavage activity; collateral cleavage of a fluorescent reporter detects the presence of the target sequence in sample RNA. This system forms the basis of CRISPR-Cas13 diagnostic assays. CRISPR-Cas13 assays have >95% sensitivity and >99% specificity. Detection is rapid (2 hours), inexpensive ($0.05), and portable - a test using a lateral flow strips is akin to a pregnancy test. The recent adaptation of micro-well chips facilitates high-level multiplexing and is high-throughput. In this review, we cover the development of CRISPR-Cas13 assays for medical diagnosis, discuss the advantages of CRISPR-Cas13-based diagnosis over traditional RT-PCR, and present examples of detection from real patient samples. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid33598718, year = {2021}, author = {Ramani, SL and Samet, J and Franz, CK and Hsieh, C and Nguyen, CV and Horbinski, C and Deshmukh, S}, title = {Musculoskeletal involvement of COVID-19: review of imaging.}, journal = {Skeletal radiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33598718}, issn = {1432-2161}, abstract = {The global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has revealed a surprising number of extra-pulmonary manifestations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. While myalgia is a common clinical feature of COVID-19, other musculoskeletal manifestations of COVID-19 were infrequently described early during the pandemic. There have been emerging reports, however, of an array of neuromuscular and rheumatologic complications related to COVID-19 infection and disease course including myositis, neuropathy, arthropathy, and soft tissue abnormalities. Multimodality imaging supports diagnosis and evaluation of musculoskeletal disorders in COVID-19 patients. This article aims to provide a first comprehensive summary of musculoskeletal manifestations of COVID-19 with review of imaging.}, }
@article {pmid33598595, year = {2021}, author = {Kumari, S and Chatterjee, K}, title = {Biomaterials-based formulations and surfaces to combat viral infectious diseases.}, journal = {APL bioengineering}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {011503}, pmid = {33598595}, issn = {2473-2877}, abstract = {Rapidly growing viral infections are potent risks to public health worldwide. Accessible virus-specific antiviral vaccines and drugs are therapeutically inert to emerging viruses, such as Zika, Ebola, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Therefore, discovering ways to prevent and control viral infections is among the foremost medical challenge of our time. Recently, innovative technologies are emerging that involve the development of new biomaterial-based formulations and surfaces endowed with broad-spectrum antiviral properties. Here, we review emerging biomaterials technologies for controlling viral infections. Relevant advances in biomaterials employed with nanotechnology to inactivate viruses or to inhibit virus replication and further their translation in safe and effective antiviral formulations in clinical trials are discussed. We have included antiviral approaches based on both organic and inorganic nanoparticles (NPs), which offer many advantages over molecular medicine. An insight into the development of immunomodulatory scaffolds in designing new platforms for personalized vaccines is also considered. Substantial research on natural products and herbal medicines and their potential in novel antiviral drugs are discussed. Furthermore, to control contagious viral infections, i.e., to reduce the viral load on surfaces, current strategies focusing on biomimetic anti-adhesive surfaces through nanostructured topography and hydrophobic surface modification techniques are introduced. Biomaterial surfaces functionalized with antimicrobial polymers and nanoparticles against viral infections are also discussed. We recognize the importance of research on antiviral biomaterials and present potential strategies for future directions in applying these biomaterial-based approaches to control viral infections and SARS-CoV-2.}, }
@article {pmid33597888, year = {2020}, author = {Mengist, HM and Mekonnen, D and Mohammed, A and Shi, R and Jin, T}, title = {Potency, Safety, and Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Potential Inhibitors Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease.}, journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {630500}, pmid = {33597888}, issn = {1663-9812}, abstract = {Effective, safe, and pharmacokinetically suitable drugs are urgently needed to curb the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The main protease or 3C-like protease (Mpro or 3CLpro) of SARS-CoV-2 is considered an important target to formulate potent drugs corresponding to its crucial role in virus replication and maturation in addition to its relatively conserved active site. Promising baseline data on the potency and safety of drugs targeting SARS-CoV-2 Mpro are currently available. However, preclinical and clinical data on the pharmacokinetic profiles of these drugs are very limited. This review discusses the potency, safety, and pharmacokinetic profiles of potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and forward directions on the development of future studies focusing on COVID-19 therapeutics.}, }
@article {pmid33597711, year = {2020}, author = {Gerke, S and Stern, AD and Minssen, T}, title = {Germany's digital health reforms in the COVID-19 era: lessons and opportunities for other countries.}, journal = {NPJ digital medicine}, volume = {3}, number = {1}, pages = {94}, pmid = {33597711}, issn = {2398-6352}, support = {NNF17SA0027784//Novo Nordisk Fonden (Novo Nordisk Foundation)/ ; NNF17SA0027784//Novo Nordisk Fonden (Novo Nordisk Foundation)/ ; }, abstract = {Reimbursement is a key challenge for many new digital health solutions, whose importance and value have been highlighted and expanded by the current COVID-19 pandemic. Germany's new Digital Healthcare Act (Digitale-Versorgung-Gesetz or DVG) entitles all individuals covered by statutory health insurance to reimbursement for certain digital health applications (i.e., insurers will pay for their use). Since Germany, like the United States (US), is a multi-payer health care system, the new Act provides a particularly interesting case study for US policymakers. We first provide an overview of the new German DVG and outline the landscape for reimbursement of digital health solutions in the US, including recent changes to policies governing telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic. We then discuss challenges and unanswered questions raised by the DVG, ranging from the limited scope of the Act to privacy issues. Lastly, we highlight early lessons and opportunities for other countries.}, }
@article {pmid33597184, year = {2021}, author = {Flannery, H and Portnoy, S and Daniildi, X and Kambakara Gedara, C and Korchak, G and Lambert, D and McParland, J and Payne, L and Salvo, T and Valentino, C and Christie, D}, title = {Keeping young people connected during COVID-19: the role of online groups.}, journal = {Archives of disease in childhood}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1136/archdischild-2020-320222}, pmid = {33597184}, issn = {1468-2044}, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on young people, disrupting education, routines, hobbies and peer interactions and there is concern for longer term effects on physical and mental health outcomes. Young people living with chronic health conditions face additional challenges including reduced or no face-to-face contact with medical teams, shielding and the increased stressors of being in 'at-risk' groups and social isolation. In a climate of social isolation and disconnectedness, online groups could provide a method of delivering healthcare and support that strengthens social connectedness and reduces isolation. Despite the technology being available, uptake and evidence for online groups is limited. This article shares learnings from a paediatric and adolescent psychology service delivering online groups for young people with chronic health conditions and their healthcare teams. Ideas for how to transfer group process to online platforms are considered, with examples and tips. With sufficient staffing, preparation, thought, creativity and innovation, it is possible for face-to-face groups to successfully be offered online. Caution should be exercised trying to run online groups without these provisions in place, as the safety, comfort and experience of young people could be jeopardised. Further research is needed to better understand group processes online and to consider what is lost and what is gained when comparing online to face-to-face groups.}, }
@article {pmid33591652, year = {2021}, author = {Mingazova, EN and Gureev, SA and Sidorov, VV}, title = {[The role of supplying population with vitamin D in conditions of COVID-19 pandemic: foreign publications review].}, journal = {Problemy sotsial'noi gigieny, zdravookhraneniia i istorii meditsiny}, volume = {29}, number = {1}, pages = {32-36}, doi = {10.32687/0869-866X-2021-29-1-32-36}, pmid = {33591652}, issn = {0869-866X}, mesh = {*COVID-19/drug therapy/prevention &amp; control ; Humans ; Pandemics/prevention &amp; control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Vitamin D/therapeutic use ; *Vitamins/therapeutic use ; }, abstract = {The overview of scientific information concerning actual characteristics of population's supply with vitamin D and its role in case of risk of development of infectious diseases and COVID-19 is presented. The analysis established that vitamin D deficiency contributes both to higher risk of susceptibility to infectious agent and to negative impact to course and outcome of disease. The significant role of vitamin D in prevention and treatment of viral diseases is established. The international research studies confirm that at infectious diseases and early stages of COVID-19 protective immune response is responsible for elimination of the virus. Therefore, using vitamin D in treatment of COVID-19 is the strategy of immune protection. The authors consider that in case of infectious risks, preventive application of vitamin D is necessary. In case of initial manifestations of COVID-19, it is appropriate to promptly achieve levels of optimal status of micro-nutrient supply.}, }
@article {pmid33588905, year = {2021}, author = {Costagliola, G and Spada, E and Comberiati, P and Peroni, DG}, title = {Could nutritional supplements act as therapeutic adjuvants in COVID-19?.}, journal = {Italian journal of pediatrics}, volume = {47}, number = {1}, pages = {32}, pmid = {33588905}, issn = {1824-7288}, mesh = {COVID-19/*drug therapy/*immunology ; *Dietary Supplements ; Humans ; Lactoferrin/therapeutic use ; Pandemics ; Probiotics/therapeutic use ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vitamin D/therapeutic use ; Zinc/therapeutic use ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The role of the immune system and inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of the severe manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is well known. Currently, different therapies active on the immune system are used for the management of COVID-19. The involvement of the immune system also opens the opportunity for the use of nutritional supplements with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activity.<br><br>MAIN ASPECTS: Nutritional supplements with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activity are promising therapeutic adjuvants for the treatment of COVID-19, and also for the prevention of viral spreading. In particular, the role of vitamin D, probiotics, lactoferrin, and zinc is of significant clinical interest, although there are only a few data on their use in COVID-19 patients. Their molecular actions, together with the results of studies performed on other respiratory infections, strongly suggest their potential utility in COVID-19. This article discusses the main properties of these nutritional supplements and their potential applicability in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The supplementation with vitamin D, probiotics, lactoferrin and zinc could have a role both in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and in mitigating the clinical course in infected patients, contributing in the prevention of immune-mediated organ damage.}, }
@article {pmid33584679, year = {2020}, author = {Xie, B and Zhang, J and Li, Y and Yuan, S and Shang, Y}, title = {COVID-19: Imbalanced Immune Responses and Potential Immunotherapies.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {607583}, pmid = {33584679}, issn = {1664-3224}, mesh = {COVID-19/*drug therapy/*immunology ; Humans ; Immunotherapy/*methods ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {The ongoing pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is rapidly spreading and has resulted in grievous morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite the high infectiousness of SARS-CoV-2, the majority of infected individuals are asymptomatic or have mild symptoms and could eventually recover as a result of their balanced immune function. On the contrary, immuno-compromised patients are prone to progress into severe or critical types underpinned by the entanglement of an overexuberant proinflammatory response and injured immune function. Therefore, well-coordinated innate and adaptive immune systems are pivotal to viral eradication and tissue repair. An in-depth understanding of the immunological processes underlying COVID-19 could facilitate rapidly identifying and choosing optimal immunotherapy for patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, based on current immunological evidence, we describe potential immune mechanisms and discuss promising immunotherapies for COVID-19, including IL-6R blockades, convalescent plasma, intravenous gamma globulin, thymosin alpha1, corticosteroids, and type-I interferon, and recent advances in the development of COVID-19 vaccines.}, }
@article {pmid33582729, year = {2021}, author = {Joseph, EA and Martins, RS and Tariq, J and Aziz, N and Inam, H and A Malik, M}, title = {Surgical Education and Training during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Strategies and Solutions for Pakistan.}, journal = {JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association}, volume = {71(Suppl 1)}, number = {1}, pages = {S83-S88}, pmid = {33582729}, issn = {0030-9982}, mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Developing Countries ; Education, Distance ; Education, Medical, Graduate/*methods ; General Surgery/*education ; Humans ; Internship and Residency ; Pakistan ; Pandemics ; Surgeons/*education ; }, abstract = {The coronovirus disease-2019 pandemic has severely impacted surgical education and training in Pakistan and worldwide, causing problems, such as risk of infection, limited hands-on training, examination delays, and trainee redeployment to non-surgical specialties. The current review was planned to describe innovative strategies adopted by surgical training programmes worldwide in order to suggest comprehensive recommendations at the level of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan and individual institutions to counter the challenges presented by the pandemic in Pakistan. The innovative use of technology, including open-access online educational portals, virtual educational activities and simulation-based learning, can help reform education delivery during the pandemic. Hospitals' implementation of &quot;shift schedules&quot; for rotations helps continue training while minimising risks. Moreover, examination boards and residency programmes must appropriately tailor their eligibility criteria and assessment processes to the current situation. Lastly, it is vital to safeguard trainees' mental wellness during the pandemic and after by ensuring readily available professional psychological support when needed.}, }
@article {pmid33582723, year = {2021}, author = {Saqib, SU and Saleem, O and Riaz, A and Riaz, Q and Zafar, H}, title = {Impact of a global pandemic on surgical education and training- review, response, and reflection.}, journal = {JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association}, volume = {71(Suppl 1)}, number = {1}, pages = {S49-S55}, pmid = {33582723}, issn = {0030-9982}, mesh = {*COVID-19/prevention &amp; control/transmission ; *General Surgery/education/organization &amp; administration/statistics &amp; numerical data ; Humans ; *Pandemics ; Physical Distancing ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Surgeons/education/statistics &amp; numerical data ; }, abstract = {The catastrophic effects of the coronavirus disease-2019 global pandemic have revolutionised human society. The unprecedented impact on surgical training needs to be analysed in detail to achieve an understanding of how to deal with similar situations arising in the foreseeable future. The challenges faced by the surgical community initiated with the suspension of clinical activities and elective practice, and included the lack of appropriate personal protective equipment, and the self-isolation of trainees and reassignment to coronavirus patient-care regions. Together, all these elements had deleterious effects on the psychological health of the professionals. Surgical training irrespective of specialty is equally affected globally by the pandemic. However, the global crisis inadvertently has led to a few constructive adaptations in healthcare systems, including the development of tele-clinics, virtual academic sessions and conferences, and increased usage of simulation. The current review article was planned to highlight the impact of corona virus disease on surgical training and institutions' response to the situation in order to continue surgical training, and lessons learnt from the pandemic.}, }
@article {pmid33578592, year = {2021}, author = {Liu, WY and Chuang, YC and Liu, TJ and Chien, CW and Tung, TH}, title = {Insights from the comparisons of SARS-CoV and COVID-19 outbreaks: The evidence-based experience of epidemic prevention in China.}, journal = {Medicine}, volume = {100}, number = {6}, pages = {e24650}, doi = {10.1097/MD.0000000000024650}, pmid = {33578592}, issn = {1536-5964}, mesh = {COVID-19/*epidemiology ; China/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks/*prevention &amp; control ; Health Policy ; Humans ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/*epidemiology ; }, abstract = {ABSTRACT: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is one of infectious diseases caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). At the beginning of 2020, a sudden outbreak of novel pneumonia, originated from Wuhan, China, swiftly evolves to a worldwide pandemic, alike the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003. However, Chinese-style innovation in response to the outbreak of COVID-19 helped China to reach a faster and more effective success in the containment of this epidemic. This review summarizes insights from the comparisons of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and COVID-19 outbreaks on the basis of preventive strategies in China for this coronavirus pandemic.}, }
@article {pmid33577121, year = {2021}, author = {McCarthy, CG and Saha, P and Golonka, RM and Wenceslau, CF and Joe, B and Vijay-Kumar, M}, title = {Innate Immune Cells and Hypertension: Neutrophils and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs).}, journal = {Comprehensive Physiology}, volume = {11}, number = {1}, pages = {1575-1589}, doi = {10.1002/cphy.c200020}, pmid = {33577121}, issn = {2040-4603}, support = {R01 CA219144/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; K99 HL151889/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; K99 GM118885/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 HL143082/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; R00 GM118885/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {Animals ; *COVID-19/complications/immunology ; Extracellular Traps/*immunology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology ; Humans ; Hypertension/*immunology/physiopathology ; Immunity, Innate/*immunology ; Inflammation/immunology/physiopathology ; Neutrophils/*immunology ; Oxidative Stress/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; }, abstract = {Uncontrolled immune system activation amplifies end-organ injury in hypertension. Nonetheless, the exact mechanisms initiating this exacerbated inflammatory response, thereby contributing to further increases in blood pressure (BP), are still being revealed. While participation of lymphoid-derived immune cells has been well described in the hypertension literature, the mechanisms by which myeloid-derived innate immune cells contribute to T cell activation, and subsequent BP elevation, remains an active area of investigation. In this article, we critically analyze the literature to understand how monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, including mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils, contribute to hypertension and hypertension-associated end-organ injury. The most abundant leukocytes, neutrophils, are indisputably increased in hypertension. However, it is unknown how (and why) they switch from critical first responders of the innate immune system, and homeostatic regulators of BP, to tissue-damaging, pro-hypertensive mediators. We propose that myeloperoxidase-derived pro-oxidants, neutrophil elastase, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and interactions with other innate and adaptive immune cells are novel mechanisms that could contribute to the inflammatory cascade in hypertension. We further posit that the gut microbiota serves as a set point for neutropoiesis and their function. Finally, given that hypertension appears to be a key risk factor for morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 patients, we put forth evidence that neutrophils and NETs cause cardiovascular injury post-coronavirus infection, and thus may be proposed as an intriguing therapeutic target for high-risk individuals. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1575-1589, 2021.}, }
@article {pmid33576491, year = {2021}, author = {Kalinka, J and Wielgos, M and Leszczynska-Gorzelak, B and Piekarska, A and Huras, H and Sieroszewski, P and Czajkowski, K and Wysocki, J and Lauterbach, R and Helwich, E and Mazela, J}, title = {COVID-19 impact on perinatal care: risk factors, clinical manifestation and prophylaxis. Polish experts' opinion for December 2020.}, journal = {Ginekologia polska}, volume = {92}, number = {1}, pages = {57-63}, doi = {10.5603/GP.a2021.0023}, pmid = {33576491}, issn = {2543-6767}, mesh = {COVID-19/*epidemiology/prevention &amp; control ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention &amp; control ; Poland ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/*epidemiology/etiology/prevention &amp; control ; *Prenatal Care ; Risk Factors ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {Rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coranovirus-2 virus (SARS-CoV-2) caused the pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19). Clinical course of the disease presents symptoms mainly from the respiratory system such as: cough, dyspnea and fever, and among some patients, can deteriorate even further to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), eventually leading to death. This outbreak, as well as previous ones (SARS, MERS) pose a significant challenge for health care managers, epidemiologists and physicians. Below we are presenting the clinical profile of the COVID-19 among special group of patients; pregnant women and newborns, who require special clinical management during hospitalization. In the summary of this manuscript, we present practical guidelines for managing pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2, labor and care of the newborn of a positive mother, as well as practical guidelines for COVID-19 vaccinations. It is important to stress, that this manuscript is based on information available as of December 2020.}, }
@article {pmid33574816, year = {2020}, author = {Barcellini, W and Giannotta, JA and Fattizzo, B}, title = {Are Patients With Autoimmune Cytopenias at Higher Risk of COVID-19 Pneumonia? The Experience of a Reference Center in Northern Italy and Review of the Literature.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {609198}, pmid = {33574816}, issn = {1664-3224}, mesh = {Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune/*complications ; COVID-19/*epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Italy/epidemiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/virology ; Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/*complications ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {During COVID-19 pandemic the care of onco-hematologic and autoimmune patients has raised the question whether they are at higher risk of infection and/or worse outcome. Here, we describe the clinical course of COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with autoimmune cytopenias (AIC) regularly followed at a reference center in Northern Italy. The study period started from COVID-19 outbreak (February 22, 2020) until the time of writing. Moreover, we provide a review of the literature, showing that most cases reported so far are AIC developed during or secondary to COVID-19 infection. At variance, data about AIC pre-existing to COVID infection are scanty. The 4 patients here described (2 autoimmune hemolytic anemias, AIHA, 1 Evans syndrome, and 1 immune thrombocytopenia) with COVID-19 pneumonia belong to a large cohort of 500 AIC patients, making this study nearly population-based. The observed frequency (4/501; 0.7%) is only slightly superior to that of the general population admitted to hospital/intensive care unit (0.28/0.03%, respectively) in Lombardy in the same period of observation. All cases occurred between March 21 and 25, whilst no more AIC were recorded later on. Although different in intensity of care needed, all patients recovered from COVID-19 pneumonia, with apparently no detrimental effect of previous/current immunomodulatory treatments. AIHA relapse occurred in two patients, but promptly responded to therapy. With limitations due to sample size, these results suggest a favorable outcome and a lower-than-expected incidence of COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with previously diagnosed AIC, and allow speculating that immunomodulatory drugs used for AIC may play a beneficial rather than a harmful effect on COVID-19 infection.}, }
@article {pmid33569053, year = {2020}, author = {Vignesh, R and Swathirajan, CR and Tun, ZH and Rameshkumar, MR and Solomon, SS and Balakrishnan, P}, title = {Could Perturbation of Gut Microbiota Possibly Exacerbate the Severity of COVID-19 via Cytokine Storm?.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {607734}, pmid = {33569053}, issn = {1664-3224}, mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; COVID-19/immunology/*microbiology/virology ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/immunology/*microbiology/virology ; Cytokines/*immunology ; Dysbiosis ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Inflammation Mediators/*immunology ; Intestines/immunology/*microbiology/virology ; Risk Factors ; SARS-CoV-2/*pathogenicity ; Severity of Illness Index ; }, }
@article {pmid33568526, year = {2021}, author = {Martin-Loeches, I and Torres, A}, title = {Corticosteroids for CAP, influenza and COVID-19: when, how and benefits or harm?.}, journal = {European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society}, volume = {30}, number = {159}, pages = {}, pmid = {33568526}, issn = {1600-0617}, mesh = {Adrenal Cortex Hormones/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; COVID-19/*drug therapy ; Clinical Decision-Making ; Community-Acquired Infections/*drug therapy ; Humans ; Influenza, Human/*drug therapy ; Patient Safety ; Risk Assessment ; Risk Factors ; Treatment Outcome ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE: Corticosteroids have been considered in medicine for a long time, and they are broadly prescribed. In infectious diseases, corticosteroids have been regarded as a thread due to their immunosuppressive effects and therefore their anti-inflammatory properties. MAIN: In recent years, there have been several studies published that aimed to determine the role of corticosteroids in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), because, despite significant advances in new antibiotics and supportive care, deaths of patients with CAP remain unacceptably high. While the 2007 Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA)/American Thoracic Society (ATS) CAP guidelines did not mention the use of corticosteroids in the management of CAP, the recently published 2019 IDSA/ATS guidelines recommended their use in patients with septic shock refractory to vasopressors and fluid resuscitation. Regarding viral infection, the use of corticosteroids in patients with influenza has shown to be associated with significantly higher mortality and higher incidence of nosocomial infection, while in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) there is a good body of evidence of the benefit of corticosteroids in terms of mortality.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The use of corticosteroids has been considered as a potential alternative co-adjuvant treatment in patients with pneumonia. In patients with COVID-19, the evidence is quite strong and there is a clear benefit of the use of corticosteroids in those patients presenting severe forms of disease.}, }
@article {pmid33560402, year = {2021}, author = {Jacobs, CF and Eldering, E and Kater, AP}, title = {Kinase inhibitors developed for treatment of hematologic malignancies: implications for immune modulation in COVID-19.}, journal = {Blood advances}, volume = {5}, number = {3}, pages = {913-925}, pmid = {33560402}, issn = {2473-9537}, mesh = {*Adaptive Immunity ; Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/metabolism ; COVID-19/complications/immunology/*pathology/virology ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/metabolism ; Hematologic Neoplasms/complications/*drug therapy/pathology ; Humans ; *Immunity, Innate ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/*therapeutic use ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are used to target dysregulated signaling pathways in virtually all hematologic malignancies. Many of the targeted signaling pathways are also essential in nonmalignant immune cells. The current coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic catalyzed clinical exploration of TKIs in the treatment of the various stages of COVID-19, which are characterized by distinct immune-related complications. Most of the reported effects of TKIs on immune regulation have been explored in vitro, with different class-specific drugs having nonoverlapping target affinities. Moreover, many of the reported in vivo effects are based on artificial animal models or on observations made in symptomatic patients with a hematologic malignancy who often already suffer from disturbed immune regulation. Based on in vitro and clinical observations, we attempt to decipher the impact of the main TKIs approved or in late-stage development for the treatment of hematological malignancies, including inhibitors of Bruton's tyrosine kinase, spleen tyrosine kinase, BCR-Abl, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/ mammalian target of rapamycin, JAK/STAT, and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3, to provide a rationale for how such inhibitors could modify clinical courses of diseases, such as COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33544647, year = {2021}, author = {Cockerill, FR and Wohlgemuth, JG and Radcliff, J and Sabol, CE and Kapoor, H and Dlott, JS and Marlowe, EM and Clarke, NJ}, title = {Evolution of Specimen Self-Collection in the COVID-19 Era: Implications for Population Health Management of Infectious Disease.}, journal = {Population health management}, volume = {24}, number = {S1}, pages = {S26-S34}, pmid = {33544647}, issn = {1942-7905}, mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; *COVID-19/diagnosis/prevention &amp; control/virology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Infant ; Middle Aged ; *Population Health Management ; Respiratory Tract Infections/diagnosis/prevention &amp; control/virology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Self Care ; Specimen Handling/*methods ; Telemedicine ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {Laboratory testing is an important component in the diagnosis of respiratory tract infections such as with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, specimen collection not only risks exposure of health care workers and other patients to infection, but also necessitates use of personal protective equipment that may be in short supply during periods of heightened disease activity. Self-collection of nasal or oropharyngeal swabs offers an alternative to address these drawbacks. Although studies in the past decade have demonstrated the utility of this approach for respiratory infections, it has not been widely adopted in routine clinical practice. The rapid spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, has focused attention on the need for safe, convenient, timely, and scalable methods for collecting upper respiratory specimens for testing. The goals of this article are to highlight the literature regarding self-collected nasal or oropharyngeal specimens for respiratory pathogen testing; discuss the role of self-collection in helping prevent the spread of the COVID-19 disease from infected patients and facilitating a shift toward &quot;virtual&quot; medicine or telemedicine; and describe the current and future state of self-collection for infectious agents, and the impacts these approaches can have on population health management and disease diagnosis and prevention.}, }
@article {pmid33493409, year = {2021}, author = {Plantes, PJ and Fragala, MS and Clarke, C and Goldberg, ZN and Radcliff, J and Goldberg, SE}, title = {Model for Mitigation of Workplace Transmission of COVID-19 Through Population-Based Testing and Surveillance.}, journal = {Population health management}, volume = {24}, number = {S1}, pages = {S16-S25}, pmid = {33493409}, issn = {1942-7905}, mesh = {*COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention &amp; control/transmission ; COVID-19 Testing ; Computational Biology ; Humans ; *Models, Statistical ; *Occupational Health ; Pandemics ; Public Health Surveillance ; SARS-CoV-2 ; United States ; Workplace ; }, abstract = {The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is having a widespread impact on societies across the globe. As part of the effort to control transmission in the United States, many businesses either closed or instituted nonpharmaceutical control measures and allowed only essential workers on-site. During summer and fall of 2020, employers began formulating &quot;return to work&quot; strategies designed to mitigate the risk of transmission among employees. On a population level, several countries implemented national testing and surveillance strategies that proved effective in mitigating citizen-to-citizen transmission and contributed to suppressing COVID-19. A crucial component of many such strategies is population-based testing to identify and engage individuals with asymptomatic or presymptomatic infection, which also is relevant to return-to-work strategies. The authors describe an approach that multisite employers might use to help mitigate transmission of COVID-19 in the workplace. This approach leverages a bioinformatics platform informed by real-time PCR test data at the county and subcounty (eg, Public Use Microdata Area) level, allowing for population-based testing to be selectively targeted for employees in geographies with elevated SARS-CoV-2 positivity. A &quot;Command Center&quot; application integrates data from multiple sources (eg, local infection trends, employee symptom diaries, Bluetooth thermometers) in real time, which can be used to inform decisions regarding surveillance and employee self-isolation or quarantine; a mobile phone-based application provides for rapid, secure communication with employees. This overview is based on peer-reviewed literature and the early experience of a large employer with implementing bioinformatics tools to mitigate the impact of the pandemic on the workplace.}, }
@article {pmid33446414, year = {2021}, author = {Hofman, P and Copin, MC and Tauziede-Espariat, A and Adle-Biassette, H and Fortarezza, F and Passeron, T and Salmon, I and Calabrese, F}, title = {[Histopathological features due to the SARS-CoV-2].}, journal = {Annales de pathologie}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, pages = {9-22}, pmid = {33446414}, issn = {0242-6498}, mesh = {Autopsy ; COVID-19/*pathology/virology ; Fibrosis/pathology/virology ; Histocytochemistry ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; In Situ Hybridization ; Kidney/pathology/virology ; Liver/pathology/virology ; Lung/pathology/virology ; SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity ; Skin/pathology/virology ; Thrombosis/pathology/virology ; }, abstract = {The infection due to the SARS-CoV-2 leads lesions mainly observed at the respiratory tract level, but not exclusively. The analyses of these lesions benefited from different autopsy studies. Thus, these lesions were observed in different organs, tissues and cells. These observations allowed us to rapidly improve the knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with this emergent infectious disease. The virus can be detected in formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues using immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, molecular biology and/or electron microscopy approaches. However, many uncertainties are still present concerning the direct role of the SARS-CoV-2 on the different lesions observed in different organs, outside the lung, such as the heart, the brain, the liver, the gastrointestinal tract, the kidney and the skin. In this context, it is pivotal to keep going to increase the different tissue and cellular studies in the COVID-19 positive patients aiming to better understanding the consequences of this new infectious disease, notably considering different epidemiological and co-morbidities associated factors. This could participate to the development of new therapeutic strategies too. The purpose of this review is to describe the main histological and cellular lesions associated with the infection due to the SARS-CoV-2.}, }
@article {pmid33417829, year = {2021}, author = {Kirby, T}, title = {New variant of SARS-CoV-2 in UK causes surge of COVID-19.}, journal = {The Lancet. Respiratory medicine}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {e20-e21}, doi = {10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00005-9}, pmid = {33417829}, issn = {2213-2619}, mesh = {COVID-19/*epidemiology/*genetics ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/*genetics ; United Kingdom/epidemiology ; }, }
@article {pmid33405482, year = {2021}, author = {Cardozo, CM and Hainaut, P}, title = {Viral strategies for circumventing p53: the case of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.}, journal = {Current opinion in oncology}, volume = {33}, number = {2}, pages = {149-158}, doi = {10.1097/CCO.0000000000000713}, pmid = {33405482}, issn = {1531-703X}, mesh = {Animals ; COVID-19/*virology ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/*metabolism ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/*metabolism ; }, abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Virtually all viruses have evolved molecular instruments to circumvent cell mechanisms that may hamper their replication, dissemination, or persistence. Among these is p53, a key gatekeeper for cell division and survival that also regulates innate immune responses. This review summarizes the strategies used by different viruses and discusses the mechanisms deployed by SARS-CoV to target p53 activities.<br><br>RECENT FINDINGS: We propose a typology for the strategies used by different viruses to address p53 functions: hit and run (e.g. IAV, ZIKV), hide and seek (e.g. HIV1), kidnap and exploit (e.g. EBV, HSV1), dominate and suppress (e.g. HR HPV). We discuss the mechanisms by which SARS nsp3 protein targets p53 for degradation and we speculate on the significance for Covid-19 pathogenesis and risk of cancer.<br><br>SUMMARY: p53 may operate as an intracellular antiviral defense mechanism. To circumvent it, SARS viruses adopt a kidnap and exploit strategy also shared by several viruses with transforming potential. This raises the question of whether SARS infections may make cells permissive to oncogenic DNA damage.}, }
@article {pmid33348338, year = {2021}, author = {Papanagiotou, P and Parrilla, G and Pettigrew, LC}, title = {Thrombectomy for Treatment of Acute Stroke in the COVID-19 Pandemic.}, journal = {Cerebrovascular diseases (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {50}, number = {1}, pages = {20-25}, doi = {10.1159/000511729}, pmid = {33348338}, issn = {1421-9786}, mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Blood Coagulation ; COVID-19/blood/*complications/diagnosis ; Embolic Stroke/blood/diagnosis/etiology/*surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Thrombectomy/*methods ; Treatment Outcome ; }, abstract = {This commentary will focus on the role of thrombectomy for the treatment of embolic stroke during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). We will begin with review of recently promulgated guidelines for use of thrombectomy in COVID-19-associated stroke. We will then survey the reported experience of thrombectomy applied to treatment of large-vessel occlusion (LVO) stroke in COVID-19. We will conclude by discussing unusual challenges confronted by neuro-interventionalists seeking to perform thrombectomy in COVID-19 patients with acute LVO stroke.}, }
@article {pmid33325324, year = {2021}, author = {Cousins, E and de Vries, K and Dening, KH}, title = {Ethical care during COVID-19 for care home residents with dementia.}, journal = {Nursing ethics}, volume = {28}, number = {1}, pages = {46-57}, doi = {10.1177/0969733020976194}, pmid = {33325324}, issn = {1477-0989}, mesh = {Aged ; COVID-19/*epidemiology ; Dementia/*nursing ; Health Policy ; Homes for the Aged/ethics/*standards ; Humans ; Male ; Nursing Homes/ethics/*standards ; Pandemics ; Qualitative Research ; SARS-CoV-2 ; United Kingdom ; }, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has had a devastating impact on care homes in the United Kingdom, particularly for those residents living with dementia. The impetus for this article comes from a recent review conducted by the authors. That review, a qualitative media analysis of news and academic articles published during the first few months of the outbreak, identified ethical care as a key theme warranting further investigation within the context of the crisis. To explore ethical care further, a set of salient ethical values for delivering care to care home residents living with dementia during the pandemic was derived from a synthesis of relevant ethical standards, codes and philosophical approaches. The ethical values identified were caring, non-maleficence, beneficence, procedural justice, dignity in death and dying, well-being, safety, and personhood. Using these ethical values as a framework, alongside examples from contemporaneous media and academic sources, this article discusses the delivery of ethical care to care home residents with dementia within the context of COVID-19. The analysis identifies positive examples of ethical values displayed by care home staff, care sector organisations, healthcare professionals and third sector advocacy organisations. However, concerns relating to the death rates, dignity, safety, well-being and personhood - of residents and staff - are also evident. These shortcomings are attributable to negligent government strategy, which resulted in delayed guidance, lack of resources and Personal Protective Equipment, unclear data, and inconsistent testing. Consequently, this review demonstrates the ways in which care homes are underfunded, under resourced and undervalued.}, }
@article {pmid33296828, year = {2021}, author = {Capaccione, KM and Leb, JS and D'souza, B and Utukuri, P and Salvatore, MM}, title = {Acute myocardial infarction secondary to COVID-19 infection: A case report and review of the literature.}, journal = {Clinical imaging}, volume = {72}, number = {}, pages = {178-182}, doi = {10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.11.030}, pmid = {33296828}, issn = {1873-4499}, mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Humans ; *Myocardial Infarction/diagnostic imaging/etiology ; *Pulmonary Embolism ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Thrombosis ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Thrombotic complications of COVID-19 infection have become increasingly apparent as the disease has infected a growing number of individuals. Although less common than upper respiratory symptoms, thrombotic complications are not infrequent and may result in severe and long-term sequelae. Common thrombotic complications include pulmonary embolism, cerebral infarction, or venous thromboembolism; less commonly seen are acute myocardial injury, renal artery thrombosis, and mesenteric ischemia. Several case reports and case series have described acute myocardial injury in patients with COVID-19 characterized by elevations in serum biomarkers.<br><br>CASE REPORT: Here, we report the first case to our knowledge of a patient with acute coronary syndrome confirmed on catheter angiography and cardiac MRI. This patient was found to additionally have a left ventricular thrombus and ultimately suffered an acute cerebral infarction. Recognition of thrombotic complications in the setting of COVID-19 infection is essential for initiating appropriate therapy.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: In acute myocardial injury, given the different treatment strategies for myocarditis versus acute myocardial infarction secondary to coronary artery thrombus, imaging can play a key role in clinical decision making for patients.}, }
@article {pmid33231409, year = {2021}, author = {Wang, Y and Yang, M and Wang, L and Dong, H and Lu, Z}, title = {Pregnancy and COVID-19: what anesthesiologists should know.}, journal = {Minerva anestesiologica}, volume = {87}, number = {1}, pages = {77-84}, doi = {10.23736/S0375-9393.20.14647-9}, pmid = {33231409}, issn = {1827-1596}, mesh = {Adult ; *Anesthesiologists ; COVID-19/prevention &amp; control/*therapy ; Female ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/*therapy ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Anesthetic management of parturients with COVID-19 is a big challenge to anesthesiologists. Limited data are available about COVID-19 during pregnancy; however, information on illnesses associated with SARS and MERS might provide insights into COVID-19's effects during pregnancy.<br><br>EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Evidence from previous reports from SARS and MERS, and from COVID-19 cases were reviewed. Concepts from guidelines from the government and academic societies were collected as well.<br><br>EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: The evidence was described and summarized.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Principles to minimize the risk of infection as well as optimize patients' safety during obstetric anesthesia were found to include careful evaluation, tight protection, and multi-discipline-based strategy. Though vertical transmission of COVID-19 still needs more definitive evidence, strict isolation is necessary for the newborn of COVID-19 mothers. Psychological support for the parturients is also an important issue during COVID-19 pandemic.}, }
@article {pmid33221039, year = {2021}, author = {Javelot, H and Weiner, L}, title = {Panic and pandemic: Narrative review of the literature on the links and risks of panic disorder as a consequence of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.}, journal = {L'Encephale}, volume = {47}, number = {1}, pages = {38-42}, doi = {10.1016/j.encep.2020.08.001}, pmid = {33221039}, issn = {0013-7006}, mesh = {COVID-19/*psychology ; Humans ; *Pandemics ; Panic Disorder/epidemiology/*etiology/*psychology ; }, abstract = {Although the &quot;panic&quot; word has been abundantly linked to the SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic in the press, in the scientific literature very few studies have considered whether the current epidemic could predispose to the onset or the aggravation of panic attacks or panic disorder. Indeed, most studies thus far have focused on the risk of increase and aggravation of other psychiatric disorders as a consequence of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Yet, risk of onset or aggravation of panic disorder, especially the subtype with prominent respiratory symptoms, which is characterized by a fear response conditioning to interoceptive sensations (e.g., respiratory), and hypervigilance to these interoceptive signals, could be expected in the current situation. Indeed, respiratory symptoms, such as coughs and dyspnea, are among the most commonly associated with the SARS-CoV-2 (59-82% and 31-55%, respectively), and respiratory symptoms are associated with a poor illness prognosis. Hence, given that some etiological and maintenance factors associated with panic disorder - i.e., fear conditioning to abnormal breathing patterns attributable or not to the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), as well as hypervigilance towards breathing abnormalities - are supposedly more prevalent, one could expect an increased risk of panic disorder onset or aggravation following the COVID-19 pandemic in people who were affected by the virus, but also those who were not. In people with the comorbidity (i.e., panic disorder or panic attacks and the COVID-19), it is particularly important to be aware of the risk of hypokalemia in specific at-risk situations or prescriptions. For instance, in the case of salbutamol prescription, which might be overly used in patients with anxiety disorders and COVID-19, or in patients presenting with diarrhea and vomiting. Hypokalemia is associated with an increased risk of torsade de pointe; thus, caution is required when prescribing specific psychotropic drugs, such as the antidepressants citalopram and escitalopram, which are first-line treatments for panic disorder, but also hydroxyzine, aiming at anxiety relief. The results reviewed here highlight the importance of considering and further investigating the impact of the current pandemic on the diagnosis and treatment of panic disorder (alone or comorbid with the COVID-19).}, }
@article {pmid33215911, year = {2021}, author = {Sharafeldin, M and Davis, JJ}, title = {Point of Care Sensors for Infectious Pathogens.}, journal = {Analytical chemistry}, volume = {93}, number = {1}, pages = {184-197}, doi = {10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04677}, pmid = {33215911}, issn = {1520-6882}, mesh = {*Biosensing Techniques ; COVID-19/*diagnosis ; Colorimetry ; Electrochemical Techniques ; Humans ; *Point-of-Care Systems ; SARS-CoV-2/*pathogenicity ; Signal Transduction ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence ; Surface Plasmon Resonance ; }, }
@article {pmid33190277, year = {2021}, author = {Nagoor Meeran, MF and Sharma, C and Goyal, SN and Kumar, S and Ojha, S}, title = {CB2 receptor-selective agonists as candidates for targeting infection, inflammation, and immunity in SARS-CoV-2 infections.}, journal = {Drug development research}, volume = {82}, number = {1}, pages = {7-11}, doi = {10.1002/ddr.21752}, pmid = {33190277}, issn = {1098-2299}, mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration &amp; dosage/metabolism ; COVID-19/*drug therapy/immunology/metabolism ; Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists/*administration &amp; dosage/metabolism ; Drug Delivery Systems/*methods ; Humans ; Immunity, Cellular/*drug effects/physiology ; Inflammation/drug therapy/immunology/metabolism ; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/*agonists/immunology/metabolism ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/metabolism ; }, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is a deadly disease afflicting millions. The pandemic continues affecting population due to nonavailability of drugs and vaccines. The pathogenesis and complications of infection mainly involve hyperimmune-inflammatory responses. Thus, therapeutic strategies rely on repurposing of drugs aimed at reducing infectivity and inflammation and modulate immunity favourably. Among, numerous therapeutic targets, the endocannabinoid system, particularly activation of cannabinoid type-2 receptors (CB2R) emerged as an important one to suppress the hyperimmune-inflammatory responses. Recently, potent antiinflammatory, antiviral and immunomodulatory properties of CB2R selective ligands of endogenous, plant, and synthetic origin were showed mediating CB2R selective functional agonism. CB2R activation appears to regulate numerous signaling pathways to control immune-inflammatory mediators including cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, prostanoids, and eicosanoids. Many CB2R ligands also exhibit off-target effects mediating activation of PPARs, opioids, and TRPV, suggestive of adjuvant use with existing drugs that may maximize efficacy synergistically and minimize therapeutic doses to limit adverse/ side effects. We hypothesize that CB2R agonists, due to immunomodulatory, antiinflammatory, and antiviral properties may show activity against COVID-19. Based on the organoprotective potential, relative safety, lack of psychotropic effects, and druggable properties, CB2R selective ligands might make available promising candidates for further investigation.}, }
@article {pmid33185680, year = {2021}, author = {Minas, TZ and Kiely, M and Ajao, A and Ambs, S}, title = {An overview of cancer health disparities: new approaches and insights and why they matter.}, journal = {Carcinogenesis}, volume = {42}, number = {1}, pages = {2-13}, doi = {10.1093/carcin/bgaa121}, pmid = {33185680}, issn = {1460-2180}, mesh = {*COVID-19 ; *Health Status Disparities ; *Healthcare Disparities ; Humans ; Neoplasms/*epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {Cancer health disparities remain stubbornly entrenched in the US health care system. The Affordable Care Act was legislation to target these disparities in health outcomes. Expanded access to health care, reduction in tobacco use, uptake of other preventive measures and cancer screening, and improved cancer therapies greatly reduced cancer mortality among women and men and underserved communities in this country. Yet, disparities in cancer outcomes remain. Underserved populations continue to experience an excessive cancer burden. This burden is largely explained by health care disparities, lifestyle factors, cultural barriers, and disparate exposures to carcinogens and pathogens, as exemplified by the COVID-19 epidemic. However, research also shows that comorbidities, social stress, ancestral and immunobiological factors, and the microbiome, may contribute to health disparities in cancer risk and survival. Recent studies revealed that comorbid conditions can induce an adverse tumor biology, leading to a more aggressive disease and decreased patient survival. In this review, we will discuss unanswered questions and new opportunities in cancer health disparity research related to comorbid chronic diseases, stress signaling, the immune response, and the microbiome, and what contribution these factors may have as causes of cancer health disparities.}, }
@article {pmid33165308, year = {2021}, author = {Nudi, R and Campagna, M and Parma, A and Nudi, A and Biondi Zoccai, G}, title = {Breakthrough healthcare technologies in the COVID-19 era: a unique opportunity for cardiovascular practitioners and patients.}, journal = {Panminerva medica}, volume = {63}, number = {1}, pages = {62-74}, doi = {10.23736/S0031-0808.20.04188-9}, pmid = {33165308}, issn = {1827-1898}, mesh = {COVID-19/*complications/epidemiology/virology ; Cardiovascular Diseases/complications/*therapy ; Europe ; Humans ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by symptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, has wreaked havoc globally, challenging the healthcare, economical, technological and social status quo of developing but also developed countries. For instance, the COVID-19 scare has reduced timely hospital admissions for ST-elevation myocardial infarction in Europe and the USA, causing unnecessary deaths and disabilities. While the emergency is still ongoing, enough efforts have been put to study and tackle this condition such that a comprehensive perspective and synthesis on the potential role of breakthrough healthcare technologies is possible. Indeed, current state-of-the-art information technologies can provide a unique opportunity to adapt and adjust to the current healthcare needs associated with COVID-19, either directly or indirectly, and in particular those of cardiovascular patients and practitioners.<br><br>EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: We searched several biomedical databases, websites and social media, including PubMed, Medscape, and Twitter, for smartcare approaches suitable for application in the COVID-19 pandemic.<br><br>EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: We retrieved details on several promising avenues for present and future healthcare technologies, capable of substantially reduce the mortality, morbidity, and resource use burden of COVID-19 as well as that of cardiovascular disease. In particular, we have found data supporting the importance of data sharing, model sharing, preprint archiving, social media, medical case sharing, distance learning and continuous medical education, smartphone apps, telemedicine, robotics, big data analysis, machine learning, and deep learning, with the ultimate goal of optimization of individual prevention, diagnosis, tracing, risk-stratification, treatment and rehabilitation.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: We are confident that refinement and command of smartcare technologies will prove extremely beneficial in the short-term, but also dramatically reshape cardiovascular practice and healthcare delivery in the long-term future, for COVID-19 as well as other diseases.}, }
@article {pmid33107558, year = {2021}, author = {Weidmann, MD and Ofori, K and Rai, AJ}, title = {Laboratory Biomarkers in the Management of Patients With COVID-19.}, journal = {American journal of clinical pathology}, volume = {155}, number = {3}, pages = {333-342}, doi = {10.1093/ajcp/aqaa205}, pmid = {33107558}, issn = {1943-7722}, mesh = {Biomarkers/*analysis ; Blood Coagulation Disorders/diagnosis/virology ; COVID-19/*complications/immunology/pathology ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/diagnosis/virology ; Heart Diseases/diagnosis/virology ; Humans ; Immunity, Cellular/immunology ; Inflammation/diagnosis/virology ; Kidney Diseases/diagnosis/virology ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Laboratory testing and the measurement of appropriate biomarkers play a critical role in managing patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), allowing for disease diagnosis, monitoring progression, prognostication, prediction of treatment response, and risk stratification. We sought to characterize these effects on a more detailed, mechanistic level.<br><br>METHODS: We reviewed the literature and identified a multitude of reports that describe the unique effects of this virus and its devastating consequences to multiple organ systems in COVID-19 patients.<br><br>RESULTS: There are specific alterations in biomarkers related to coagulation, depopulation of T-cell subtypes, the cytokine storm and inflammation, and kidney and cardiac dysfunction.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Laboratory measurement of specific parameters and the use of appropriate prognostic, predictive, and monitoring biomarkers afford clinicians the ability to make informed medical decisions and guide therapy for patients afflicted with this dreaded disease.}, }
@article {pmid33006794, year = {2021}, author = {Hofmeyer, A and Taylor, R}, title = {Strategies and resources for nurse leaders to use to lead with empathy and prudence so they understand and address sources of anxiety among nurses practising in the era of COVID-19.}, journal = {Journal of clinical nursing}, volume = {30}, number = {1-2}, pages = {298-305}, doi = {10.1111/jocn.15520}, pmid = {33006794}, issn = {1365-2702}, mesh = {Anxiety/psychology ; COVID-19/epidemiology/*nursing ; Child ; Empathy ; Humans ; *Leadership ; Nursing Staff, Hospital/*psychology ; Pandemics ; Quality of Health Care ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {AIMS: Identify strategies and resources for nurse leaders to use to lead with empathy and prudence to improve quality of care and to ease the psychological toll on nurses caring for patients with COVID-19.<br><br>BACKGROUND: In a 2020 report, clinicians caring for patients during the COVID-19 pandemic said their healthcare leaders needed to: 'hear me, protect me, prepare me, support me, and care for me'. These words provide an action plan for nurse leaders to communicate, educate and support nurses to practice competently and safely (physically and mentally) in the context of COVID-19.<br><br>DESIGN: Discursive paper.<br><br>METHOD: Identification and inclusion of relevant international evidence with clinical discussion.<br><br>FINDINGS: Nurse leaders can mobilise system and individual level strategies and resources to support nurses to manage pandemic-related issues including: anxiety due to the risk of infection, supporting anxious children, mitigating moral injury; providing safe and quality nursing care for patients with COVID-19 and end-of-life care as needed; supporting relatives who cannot be present with a dying relative and care for grieving relatives and colleagues. We categorise a selection of evidence-based, online sources providing current COVID-19 information, practice updates and resources to develop personalised self-care plans to ease anxiety and support renewal and resilience.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Nurse leaders must ensure adequate PPE supply, upskill nurses to provide safe, quality care for patients with COVID-19 and promote restorative self-care plans.<br><br>The strategic actions nurse leaders take today can positively impact nurses' well-being and ability to provide safe and quality care for patients in the context of COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid32981754, year = {2021}, author = {Das, UN}, title = {Bioactive Lipids in COVID-19-Further Evidence.}, journal = {Archives of medical research}, volume = {52}, number = {1}, pages = {107-120}, pmid = {32981754}, issn = {1873-5487}, mesh = {Animals ; Arachidonic Acid/administration &amp; dosage/blood ; COVID-19/*blood/*drug therapy/immunology ; Cytokines/immunology ; Humans ; Lipids/*administration &amp; dosage/*blood ; Rats ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {Previously, I suggested that arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4 n-6) and similar bioactive lipids (BALs) inactivate SARS-CoV-2 and thus, may be of benefit in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. This proposal is supported by the observation that (i) macrophages and T cells (including NK cells, cytotoxic killer cells and other immunocytes) release AA and other BALs especially in the lungs to inactivate various microbes; (ii) pro-inflammatory metabolites prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotrienes (LTs) and anti-inflammatory lipoxin A4 (LXA4) derived from AA (similarly, resolvins, protectins and maresins derived from eicosapentaenoic acid: EPA and docosahexaenoic acid: DHA) facilitate the generation of M1 (pro-inflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory) macrophages respectively; (iii) AA, PGE2, LXA4 and other BALs inhibit interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) synthesis; (iv) mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that are of benefit in COVID-19 elaborate LXA4 to bring about their beneficial actions and (v) subjects with insulin resistance, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary heart disease and the elderly have significantly low plasma concentrations of AA and LXA4 that may render them more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and cytokine storm that is associated with increased mortality seen in COVID-19. Statins, colchicine, and corticosteroids that appear to be of benefit in COVID-19 can influence BALs metabolism. AA, and other BALs influence cell membrane fluidity and thus, regulate ACE-2 (angiotensin converting enzyme-2) receptors (the ligand through which SARS-CoV2 enters the cell) receptors. These observations lend support to the contention that administration of BALs especially, AA could be of significant benefit in prevention and management of COVI-19 and other enveloped viruses.}, }
@article {pmid33596401, year = {2021}, author = {Medina-Quero, K and Barreto-Rodriguez, O and Mendez-Rodriguez, V and Sanchez-Moncivais, A and Buendia-Roldan, I and Chavez-Galan, L}, title = {SARS-CoV-2 infection: Understanding the immune system abnormalities to get an adequate diagnosis.}, journal = {Bosnian journal of basic medical sciences}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.17305/bjbms.2020.5400}, pmid = {33596401}, issn = {1840-4812}, abstract = {COVID-19 is the current pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, that emerged from China at the end of December 2019. The scientific community is making extraordinary efforts to understand the virus structure and the pathophysiology and immunological processes activated in the host, in order to identify biomarkers, diagnostic tools, treatments, and vaccines to decrease COVID-19 incidence and mortality. Various abnormalities have been noted during SARS-CoV-2 infection both in lymphoid and myeloid cells. Such abnormalities may disturb the immune system function and cause a massive inflammatory response that impairs tissue function. This review discusses the close relationship between the immune system abnormalities and the broad spectrum of clinical manifestations, including fibrosis, in the context of COVID-19 disease. Moreover, we described the current strategies for COVID-19 diagnosis, and we provide a summary of the most useful clinical laboratory parameters to identify severe COVID-19 patients.}, }
@article {pmid33596266, year = {2021}, author = {Murgolo, N and Therien, AG and Howell, B and Klein, D and Koeplinger, K and Lieberman, LA and Adam, GC and Flynn, J and McKenna, P and Swaminathan, G and Hazuda, DJ and Olsen, DB}, title = {SARS-CoV-2 tropism, entry, replication, and propagation: Considerations for drug discovery and development.}, journal = {PLoS pathogens}, volume = {17}, number = {2}, pages = {e1009225}, doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1009225}, pmid = {33596266}, issn = {1553-7374}, abstract = {Since the initial report of the novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) emanating from Wuhan, China, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread globally. While the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection are not completely understood, there appears to be a wide spectrum of disease ranging from mild symptoms to severe respiratory distress, hospitalization, and mortality. There are no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatments for COVID-19 aside from remdesivir; early efforts to identify efficacious therapeutics for COVID-19 have mainly focused on drug repurposing screens to identify compounds with antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in cellular infection systems. These screens have yielded intriguing hits, but the use of nonhuman immortalized cell lines derived from non-pulmonary or gastrointestinal origins poses any number of questions in predicting the physiological and pathological relevance of these potential interventions. While our knowledge of this novel virus continues to evolve, our current understanding of the key molecular and cellular interactions involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection is discussed in order to provide a framework for developing the most appropriate in vitro toolbox to support current and future drug discovery efforts.}, }
@article {pmid33595881, year = {2021}, author = {Cortese, M and Laketa, V}, title = {Advanced microscopy technologies enable rapid response to SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.}, journal = {Cellular microbiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e13319}, doi = {10.1111/cmi.13319}, pmid = {33595881}, issn = {1462-5822}, abstract = {The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic with over 80 million infections and more than a million deaths worldwide represents the worst global health crisis of the 21th century. Beyond the health crisis, the disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have serious global socio-economic consequences. It has also placed a significant pressure on the scientific community to understand the virus and its pathophysiology and rapidly provide antiviral treatments and procedures in order to help the society and stop the virus spread. Here we outline how advanced microscopy technologies such as high throughput microscopy and electron microscopy played a major role in rapid response against SARS-CoV-2. General applicability of developed microscopy technologies makes them uniquely positioned to act as the first line of defence against any emerging infection in the future. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid33595856, year = {2021}, author = {Lee, JW and Lee, IH and Sato, T and Kong, SW and Iimura, T}, title = {Genetic variation analyses indicate conserved SARS-CoV-2-host interaction and varied genetic adaptation in immune-response factors in modern human evolution.}, journal = {Development, growth &amp; differentiation}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/dgd.12717}, pmid = {33595856}, issn = {1440-169X}, abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 is a pandemic as of early 2020. Upon infection, SARS-CoV-2 attaches to its receptor of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the surface of host cells and then is internalized into host cells via enzymatic machineries. This subsequently stimulates immune response factors. Since the host-immune response and severity of COVID-19 vary among individuals, genetic risk factors for severe COVID-19 cases have been investigated. Our research group recently conducted a survey of genetic variants among SARS-CoV-2-interacting molecules across populations, noting near absence of difference in allele frequency spectrum between populations in these genes. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified genetic risk factors for severe COVID-19 cases in a segment of chromosome 3 that involves six genes encoding three immune-regulatory chemokine receptors and another three molecules. The risk haplotype seemed to be inherited from Neanderthals, suggesting genetic adaptation against pathogens in modern human evolution. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 uses highly conserved molecules as its virion interaction, whereas its immune-response appears to be genetically biased in individuals to some extent. We herein review the molecular process of SARS-CoV-2 infection with adding our further survey of genetic variants of its related immune effectors. We also discuss aspects of modern human evolution.}, }
@article {pmid33595840, year = {2021}, author = {Sharma, S and Raby, E and Prasad Kumarasinghe, S}, title = {Cutaneous manifestations and dermatological sequelae of Covid-19 infection compared to those from other viruses.}, journal = {The Australasian journal of dermatology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/ajd.13561}, pmid = {33595840}, issn = {1440-0960}, abstract = {In the last few months, there have been numerous reports describing a variety of cutaneous signs associated with COVID-19. Clinicians from Italy were the first to describe the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19, which were later observed in other parts of the globe. In some cases, cutaneous signs were the only manifestation of COVID-19 rather than the typical syndrome of fever and upper respiratory tract symptoms. However, there is considerable heterogeneity amongst the cutaneous signs described so far, which has been published extensively. Our aim is to summarise the latest studies that have reported the early and late cutaneous signs of COVID-19 and compare them to the most common established viral exanthems.}, }
@article {pmid33595720, year = {2021}, author = {Ningombam, SS and Kumar, R and Tanwar, P}, title = {Mutant strains of SARS-CoV-2 are more prone to infect obese patient: a review.}, journal = {Wiener klinische Wochenschrift}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33595720}, issn = {1613-7671}, abstract = {The current review critically analyzes obesity as an important risk factor for increased predisposition towards coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), its severity and causal death in current pandemic. Countries with higher prevalence of exposed obese individuals experienced the highest number of mortalities. The analysis also proved that individuals having more adipose tissue in body have a higher level of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is identified as functional receptor for COVID-19. Therefore, obese individuals are worse in condition because of a higher presence of adiposity increases the number of ACE2 expressing cells. Furthermore, in silico interactions of ACE2 and different variants of coronavirus 2 (CoV-2) spike S1 protein suggest that mutant strains are more infectious than wildtype as they bind to host ACE2 protein with high binding affinities. Certain specific cancers including cervical cancer, pancreatic and rectal adenocarcinomas have more expression of such receptors and pose additional risk to already immunocompromised cancer patients. This review emphasizes obesity, as the covert risk factor of COVID-19 infection and sensitizes about of calorie restrictions, immunity building and preventive measures.}, }
@article {pmid33595696, year = {2021}, author = {Wirth, R and Becker, C and Djukic, M and Drebenstedt, C and Heppner, HJ and Jacobs, AH and Meisel, M and Michels, G and Nau, R and Pantel, J and Bauer, JM}, title = {[COVID-19 in old age-The geriatric perspective].}, journal = {Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33595696}, issn = {1435-1269}, abstract = {Predominantly the older population is affected by a severe course of COVID-19. The mortality of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 above the age of 80 years is up to 54% in international studies. These observations indicate the necessity to highlight the geriatric perspective on this disease. The diagnostics and treatment of COVID-19 do not differ between younger and older patients but atypical symptoms should be expected more frequently in old age. Older subjects show an increased need for rehabilitation after COVID-19. Paradoxically, increasing rehabilitation demands go along with a reduced availability of geriatric rehabilitation options, the latter being a consequence of closure or downsizing of rehabilitation departments during the pandemic. In general, measures of isolation and quarantine should be diligently balanced as the health and emotional consequences of such measures may be severe in older persons. In light of the poor prognosis of older COVID-19 patients, advanced care planning becomes even more relevant. Caregivers and physicians should be encouraged to compose advanced care directives that also reflect the specific circumstances of COVID-19. Fortunately, current data suggest that the effectiveness of the vaccination with the mRNA-vaccines approved in Germany may be equally high in older compared to younger persons.}, }
@article {pmid33595464, year = {2021}, author = {Parikh, SR and Parikh, RS}, title = {Chemical disinfectants in ophthalmic practice.}, journal = {Indian journal of ophthalmology}, volume = {69}, number = {3}, pages = {510-516}, doi = {10.4103/ijo.IJO_1549_20}, pmid = {33595464}, issn = {1998-3689}, abstract = {The instrumentation used in ophthalmic clinics can be a source of epidemics in health care set up. Contact tonometry with Schiotz or Applanation tonometer is associated with nosocomial epidemic keratoconjunctivitis outbreaks. Recently identified SARS-CoV-2 (COVID -19) spreads mainly via the respiratory route and fomites and can transmit through other body fluids, including tear film. Various ophthalmic instruments can become a common source of spreading cross infections. Chemical disinfection is one of the most common methods employed to decontaminate instruments and environmental surfaces and prevent transmission of infectious pathogens to patients through medical and surgical instruments. Various chemical disinfectants are available with a varied spectrum to work on a different group of organisms. In this article, we briefly cover commonly used chemical disinfectants in ophthalmic practice like Alcohol (Ethyl Alcohol, Isopropyl Alcohol), Chlorine-based solution (mainly Sodium Hypochlorite), Glutaraldehyde, Hydrogen Peroxide, Formaldehyde, Iodophors, and Quaternary Ammonium Compounds.}, }
@article {pmid33595463, year = {2021}, author = {Sen, M and Honavar, SG and Sharma, N and Sachdev, MS}, title = {COVID-19 and Eye: A Review of Ophthalmic Manifestations of COVID-19.}, journal = {Indian journal of ophthalmology}, volume = {69}, number = {3}, pages = {488-509}, doi = {10.4103/ijo.IJO_297_21}, pmid = {33595463}, issn = {1998-3689}, abstract = {The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has had health implications of unprecedented magnitude. The infection can range from asymptomatic, mild to life threatening respiratory distress. It can affect almost every organ of the body. Ophthalmologists world over are reporting various manifestations of the infection in the eye. This review was undertaken to help ophthalmologists recognize the possible manifestations and the stage of the viral disease when they commonly appear. Literature search was performed for the publications on ophthalmic manifestations of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) between January 1, 2020 and January 31, 2021. 46 case reports, 8 case series, 11 cross sectional/cohort observational studies, 5 prospective interventional studies, 3 animal models/autopsy studies and 6 reviews/meta-analysis were included. Conjunctivitis is the most common manifestation and can develop at any stage of the disease. Direct effect due to virus, immune mediated tissue damage, activation of the coagulation cascade and prothrombotic state induced by the viral infection, the associated comorbidities and drugs used in the management are responsible for the findings in the eye. The viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) has been isolated from ocular tissues but the role of eye as a route for infection is yet to be substantiated. Ophthalmic manifestations may be the presenting feature of COVID-19 infection or they may develop several weeks after recovery. Ophthalmologists should be aware of the possible associations of ocular diseases with SARS-CoV-2 in order to ask relevant history, look for specific signs, advise appropriate tests and thereby mitigate the spread of infection as well as diagnose and initiate early treatment for life and vision threatening complications.}, }
@article {pmid33595158, year = {2021}, author = {Jorgenson, MR and Descourouez, JL and Wong, C and Strayer, JR and Parajuli, S and Rice, JP and Redfield, RR and Smith, JA and Mandelbrot, DA and Saddler, CM}, title = {Cytomegalovirus Antiviral Stewardship in the COVID-19 Era: Increasing Complexity of Prophylaxis and Treatment and Potential Mitigation Strategies.}, journal = {Transplant infectious disease : an official journal of the Transplantation Society}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e13586}, doi = {10.1111/tid.13586}, pmid = {33595158}, issn = {1399-3062}, abstract = {Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is one of the most common and significant complications after solid organ transplant (SOT). Severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes the novel betacoronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19), has become the first global pandemic in 100 years. The world's attention has turned to address this unanticipated development; however, the viral infection that has long plagued outcomes after solid organ transplantation still requires vigilance. With physical distancing as the key intervention to reduce the healthcare burden, and the unease related to healthcare contact within the transplant population given the associated morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 in transplant recipients, providers have struggled to evaluate and streamline essential in-person healthcare contact, including laboratory visits. Due to this, the COVID-19 pandemic has placed a significant strain on the delivery of CMV prophylaxis and treatment after solid organ transplantation. In this piece, we will describe issues our CMV antiviral stewardship service has encountered in the care of the transplant recipient with CMV during the this unprecedented time and share our expert opinion to approaches to providing optimal, evidenced based care during a pandemic associated with a seemingly unrelated viral infection.}, }
@article {pmid33594845, year = {2021}, author = {Godini, H and Hoseinzadeh, E and Hossini, H}, title = {Water and wastewater as potential sources of SARS-CoV-2 transmission: a systematic review.}, journal = {Reviews on environmental health}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1515/reveh-2020-0148}, pmid = {33594845}, issn = {2191-0308}, abstract = {An important group of viruses are Coronaviruses that affect the health of people worldwide, in particular the acute respiratory syndrome. The present work has addressed the updated literature on the topic of coronaviruses transmission through water and wastewater as well as identified gaps in research to inform future studies. In total, 198 articles were selected, then after screening, 48 eligible studies were fully reviewed. Accordingly, the studies showed that the coronavirus has been isolated and identified from water as well as wastewater. The results of researches show that the presence of SARS-Co-2 virus in municipal wastewater is possible due to the excretion of the virus in human feces. In addition, the SARS-Co-2 virus was isolated from contaminated water and rivers, but there is insufficient evidence for virus transmission by water and wastewater. Water and wastewater treatment methods are able to reduce the pollution load caused by this virus in water sources. Water disinfection has an effective role in removing it from water and wastewater sources. Due to the short period of time in the global pandemic and the small number of studies in this field, further studies are needed to make a definite statement about the transferability of virus in water and wastewater.}, }
@article {pmid33594843, year = {2021}, author = {Ibrahim, MA and Ramadan, HH and Mohammed, RN}, title = {Evidence that Ginkgo Biloba could use in the influenza and coronavirus COVID-19 infections.}, journal = {Journal of basic and clinical physiology and pharmacology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0310}, pmid = {33594843}, issn = {2191-0286}, abstract = {Coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic invades the world. Public health evaluates the incidence of infections and death, which should be reduced and need desperately quarantines for infected individuals. This article review refers to the roles of Ginkgo Biloba to reduce the risk of infection in the respiratory tract, the details on the epidemiology of corona COVID-19 and influenza, and it highlights how the Ginko Biloba could have been used as a novel treatment.Ginkgo Biloba can reduce the risk of infection by several mechanisms; these mechanisms involve Ginkgo Biloba contains quercetin and other constituents, which have anti-inflammatory and immune modulator effects by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines concentrations. Cytokines cause inflammation which have been induced the injuries in lung lining.Some observational studies confirmed that Ginkgo Biloba reduced the risk of asthma, sepsis and another respiratory disease as well as it reduced the risk of cigarette smoking on respiratory symptoms. While other evidences suggested the characters of Ginkgo Biloba as an antivirus agent through several mechanisms. Ginkgolic acid (GA) can inhibit the fusion and synthesis of viral proteins, thus, it inhibit the Herpes Simplex Virus type1 (HSV-1), genome replication in Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and the infections of the Zika Virus (ZIKV). Also, it inhibits the wide spectrum of fusion by inhibiting the three types of proteins that have been induced fusion as (Influenza A Virus [IAV], Epstein Barr Virus [EBV], HIV and Ebola Virus [EBOV]).The secondary mechanism of GA targeting inhibition of the DNA and protein synthesis in virus, greatly have been related to its strong effects, even afterward the beginning of the infection, therefore, it potentially treats the acute viral contaminations like (Measles and Coronavirus COVID-19). Additionally, it has been used topically as an effective agent on vigorous lesions including (varicella-zoster virus [VZV], HSV-1 and HSV-2). Ginkgo Biloba may be useful for treating the infected people with coronavirus COVID-19 through its beneficial effect. To assess those recommendations should be conducted with random control trials and extensive population studies.}, }
@article {pmid33594794, year = {2020}, author = {Arashkia, A and Jalilvand, S and Mohajel, N and Afchangi, A and Azadmanesh, K and Salehi-Vaziri, M and Fazlalipour, M and Pouriayevali, MH and Jalali, T and Mousavi Nasab, SD and Roohvand, F and Shoja, Z and , }, title = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 spike (S) protein based vaccine candidates: State of the art and future prospects.}, journal = {Reviews in medical virology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e2183}, doi = {10.1002/rmv.2183}, pmid = {33594794}, issn = {1099-1654}, abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) which is responsible for a global pandemic that started in late 2019 in Wuhan, China. To prevent the worldwide spread of this highly pathogenic virus, development of an effective and safe vaccine is urgently needed. The SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV share a high degree of genetic and pathologic identity and share safety and immune-enhancement concerns regarding vaccine development. Prior animal studies with first generation (whole virus-based) preparations of SARS-CoV vaccines (inactivated and attenuated vaccine modalities) indicated the possibility of increased infectivity or eosinophilic infiltration by immunization. Therefore, development of second and third generation safer vaccines (by using modern vaccine platforms) is actively sought for this viral infection. The spike (S) protein of SARS-CoVs is the main determinant of cell entry and tropism and is responsible for facilitating zoonosis into humans and sustained person-to-person transmission. Furthermore, 'S' protein contains multiple neutralizing epitopes that play an essential role in the induction of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and protective immunity. Moreover, T-cell responses against the SARS-CoV-2 'S' protein have also been characterized that correlate to the IgG and IgA antibody titres in Covid-19 patients. Thus, S protein is an obvious candidate antigen for inclusion into vaccine platforms against SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. This manuscript reviews different characteristics of S protein, its potency and 'state of the art' of the vaccine development strategies and platforms using this antigen, for construction of a safe and effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.}, }
@article {pmid33594614, year = {2021}, author = {von Stillfried, S and Acker, T and Aepfelbacher, M and Baretton, G and Bülow, RD and Bürrig, KF and Holtherm, HU and Jonigk, D and Knüchel, R and Majeed, RW and Röhrig, R and Wienströer, J and Boor, P}, title = {[Cooperative approach of pathology and neuropathology in the COVID-19 pandemic : German registry for COVID-19 autopsies (DeRegCOVID) and German network for autopsies in pandemics (DEFEAT PANDEMIcs)].}, journal = {Der Pathologe}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33594614}, issn = {1432-1963}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Autopsy is an important tool for understanding the pathogenesis of diseases, including COVID-19.<br><br>MATERIAL AND METHODS: On 15 April 2020, together with the German Society of Pathology and the Federal Association of German Pathologists, the German Registry of COVID-19 Autopsies (DeRegCOVID) was launched (www.DeRegCOVID.ukaachen.de). Building on this, the German Network for Autopsies in Pandemics (DEFEAT PANDEMIcs) was established on 1 September 2020.<br><br>RESULTS: The main goal of DeRegCOVID is to collect and distribute de facto anonymized data on potentially all autopsies of people who have died from COVID-19 in Germany in order to meet the need for centralized, coordinated, and structured data collection and reporting during the pandemic. The success of the registry strongly depends on the willingness of the respective centers to report the data, which has developed very positively so far and requires special thanks to all participating centers. The rights to own data and biomaterials (stored decentrally) remain with each respective center. The DEFEAT PANDEMIcs network expands on this and aims to strengthen harmonization and standardization as well as nationwide implementation and cooperation in the field of pandemic autopsies.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The extraordinary cooperation in the field of autopsies in Germany during the COVID-19 pandemic is impressively demonstrated by the establishment of DeRegCOVID, the merger of the registry of neuropathology (CNS-COVID19) with DeRegCOVID and the establishment of the autopsy network DEFEAT PANDEMIcs. It gives a strong signal for the necessity, readiness, and expertise to jointly help manage current and future pandemics by autopsy-derived knowledge.}, }
@article {pmid33593661, year = {2021}, author = {Petrina, M and Martin, J and Basta, S}, title = {Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor has come of age: From a vaccine adjuvant to antiviral immunotherapy.}, journal = {Cytokine &amp; growth factor reviews}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.01.001}, pmid = {33593661}, issn = {1879-0305}, abstract = {GM-CSF acts as a pro-inflammatory cytokine and a key growth factor produced by several immune cells such as macrophages and activated T cells. In this review, we discuss recent studies that point to the crucial role of GM-CSF in the immune response against infections. Upon induction, GM-CSF activates four main signalling networks including the JAK/STAT, PI3K, MAPK, and NFκB pathways. Many of these transduction pathways such as JAK/STAT signal via proteins commonly activated with other antiviral signalling cascades, such as those induced by IFNs. GM-CSF also helps defend against respiratory infections by regulating alveolar macrophage differentiation and enhancing innate immunity in the lungs. Here, we also summarize the numerous clinical trials that have taken advantage of GM-CSF's mechanistic attributes in immunotherapy. Moreover, we discuss how GM-CSF is used as an adjuvant in vaccines and how its activity is interfered with to reduce inflammation such as in the case of COVID-19. This review brings forth the current knowledge on the antiviral actions of GM-CSF, the associated signalling cascades, and its application in immunotherapy.}, }
@article {pmid33593628, year = {2021}, author = {Oesch, F and Oesch-Bartlomowicz, B and Efferth, T}, title = {Toxicity as prime selection criterion among SARS-active herbal medications.}, journal = {Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {153476}, doi = {10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153476}, pmid = {33593628}, issn = {1618-095X}, abstract = {We present here a new selection criterion for prioritizing research on efficacious drugs for the fight against COVID-19: the relative toxicity versus safety of herbal medications, which were effective against SARS in the 2002/2003 epidemic. We rank these medicines according to their toxicity versus safety as basis for preferential rapid research on their potential in the treatment of COVID-19. The data demonstrate that from toxicological information nothing speaks against immediate investigation on, followed by rapid implementation of Lonicera japonica, Morus alba, Forsythia suspensa, and Codonopsis spec. for treatment of COVID-19 patients. Glycyrrhiza spec. and Panax ginseng are ranked in second priority and ephedrine-free Herba Ephedrae extract in third priority (followed by several drugs in lower preferences). Rapid research on their efficacy in the therapy - as well as safety under the specific circumstances of COVID-19 - followed by equally rapid implementation will provide substantial advantages to Public Health including immediate availability, enlargement of medicinal possibilities, in cases where other means are not successful (non-responders), not tolerated (sensitive individuals) or just not available (as is presently the case) and thus minimize sufferings and save lives. Moreover, their moderate costs and convenient oral application are especially advantageous for underprivileged populations in developing countries.}, }
@article {pmid33593376, year = {2021}, author = {Wang, Y and Zhang, Z and Luo, J and Han, X and Wei, Y and Wei, X}, title = {mRNA vaccine: a potential therapeutic strategy.}, journal = {Molecular cancer}, volume = {20}, number = {1}, pages = {33}, pmid = {33593376}, issn = {1476-4598}, support = {U19A2003//the National Natural Science Foundation Regional Innovation and Development/ ; No. 2018ZX09733001//National Major Scientific and Technological Special Project for &quot;Significant New Drugs Development&quot;/ ; No. 2019JDJQ008//the Excellent Youth Foundation of Sichuan Scientific Committee Grant in China/ ; No.2016YFA0201402//the Development Program of China/ ; }, abstract = {mRNA vaccines have tremendous potential to fight against cancer and viral diseases due to superiorities in safety, efficacy and industrial production. In recent decades, we have witnessed the development of different kinds of mRNAs by sequence optimization to overcome the disadvantage of excessive mRNA immunogenicity, instability and inefficiency. Based on the immunological study, mRNA vaccines are coupled with immunologic adjuvant and various delivery strategies. Except for sequence optimization, the assistance of mRNA-delivering strategies is another method to stabilize mRNAs and improve their efficacy. The understanding of increasing the antigen reactiveness gains insight into mRNA-induced innate immunity and adaptive immunity without antibody-dependent enhancement activity. Therefore, to address the problem, scientists further exploited carrier-based mRNA vaccines (lipid-based delivery, polymer-based delivery, peptide-based delivery, virus-like replicon particle and cationic nanoemulsion), naked mRNA vaccines and dendritic cells-based mRNA vaccines. The article will discuss the molecular biology of mRNA vaccines and underlying anti-virus and anti-tumor mechanisms, with an introduction of their immunological phenomena, delivery strategies, their importance on Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and related clinical trials against cancer and viral diseases. Finally, we will discuss the challenge of mRNA vaccines against bacterial and parasitic diseases.}, }
@article {pmid33592734, year = {2021}, author = {Chen, L and Zhang, G and Liu, L and Li, Z}, title = {Emerging biosensing technologies for improved diagnostics of COVID-19 and future pandemics.}, journal = {Talanta}, volume = {225}, number = {}, pages = {121986}, doi = {10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121986}, pmid = {33592734}, issn = {1873-3573}, abstract = {Diagnostic tools play significant roles in the fight against COVID-19 and other pandemics. Existing tests, such as RT-qPCR, have limitations including long assay time, low throughput, inadequate sensitivity, and suboptimal portability. Emerging biosensing technologies hold the promise to develop tests that are rapid, highly sensitive, and suitable for point-of-care testing, which could significantly facilitate the testing of COVID-19. Despite that, practical applications of such biosensors in pandemics have yet to be achieved. In this review, we consolidate the newly developed diagnostic tools for COVID-19 using emerging biosensing technologies and discuss their application promise. In particular, we present nucleic acid tests and antibody tests of COVID-19 based on both conventional and emerging biosensing methods. We then provide perspectives on the existing challenges and potential solutions.}, }
@article {pmid33592725, year = {2021}, author = {Bu, J and Deng, Z and Liu, H and Li, J and Wang,  and Yang, Y and Zhong, S}, title = {Current methods and prospects of coronavirus detection.}, journal = {Talanta}, volume = {225}, number = {}, pages = {121977}, doi = {10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121977}, pmid = {33592725}, issn = {1873-3573}, abstract = {SARS-COV-2 is a novel coronavirus discovered in Wuhan in December 30, 2019, and is a family of SARS-COV (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus), that is, coronavirus family. After infection with SARS-COV-2, patients often experience fever, cough, gas prostration, dyspnea and other symptoms, which can lead to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), kidney failure and even death. The SARS-COV-2 virus is particularly infectious and has led to a global infection crisis, with an explosion in the number of infections. Therefore, rapid and accurate detection of the virus plays a vital role. At present, many detection methods are limited in their wide application due to their defects such as high preparation cost, poor stability and complex operation process. Moreover, some methods need to be operated by professional medical staff, which can easily lead to infection. In order to overcome these problems, a Surface molecular imprinting technology (SM-MIT) is proposed for the first time to detect SARS-COV-2 virus. For this SM-MIT method, this review provides detailed detection principles and steps. In addition, this method not only has the advantages of low cost, high stability and good specificity, but also can detect whether it is infected at designated points. Therefore, we think SM-MIT may have great potential in the detection of SARS-COV-2 virus.}, }
@article {pmid33592692, year = {2021}, author = {Pérez-López, B and Mir, M}, title = {Commercialized diagnostic technologies to combat SARS-CoV2: Advantages and disadvantages.}, journal = {Talanta}, volume = {225}, number = {}, pages = {121898}, doi = {10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121898}, pmid = {33592692}, issn = {1873-3573}, abstract = {The current situation of the Covid-19 pandemic is indicated by a huge number of infections, high lethality, and rapid spread. These circumstances have stopped the activity of almost the entire world, affecting severely the global economy. A rapid diagnosis of the Covid-19 and a generalized testing protocol is essential to fight against the pandemic and to maintain health control in the population. Principal biosensing and diagnostic technologies used to monitor the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 are based on specific genomic analysis and rapid immune tests, both with different technology platforms that include advantages and disadvantages. Most of the in vitro diagnosis companies are competing to be the first on validating under different regulations their technology for placing their platforms for Covid-19 detection as fast as possible in this big international market. A comprehensive analysis of the commercialized technologies for the genomic based sensing and the antibody/antigen detection methods devoted to Covid-19 diagnosis is described in this review, which have been detailed and listed under different countries regulations. The effectiveness of the described technologies throughout the different stages of the disease and a critical comparison of the emerging technologies in the market to counterattack this pandemic have been discussed.}, }
@article {pmid33583812, year = {2020}, author = {Naeem, S and Ikram, R and Shareef, H and Ali, H and Khan, SS}, title = {Review: Herbs, Immunity and nCOVID-19: Old performers in new Pandemic.}, journal = {Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {1747-1753}, pmid = {33583812}, issn = {1011-601X}, mesh = {COVID-19/*drug therapy/immunology/prevention &amp; control ; Citrus ; Curcuma ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use ; Ginger ; Glycyrrhiza ; Humans ; Immunity, Cellular/immunology ; Immunity, Humoral/immunology ; Immunity, Innate/immunology ; Nigella sativa ; *Phytotherapy ; Plant Preparations/*therapeutic use ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {The novel coronavirus (nCOVID-19) has spread to endless nations and turn out to be a pandemic around the globe. Because of the developing number of affirmed cases and open public hazard owing to its high risk of infection rate, it has expected a lot of consideration from world health organizations and national health regulatory and monitoring agencies. The world is in surge to explore or discover novel treatment options and vaccine that can lead to cure. There is no proven effective treatment for nCOVID-19 however along with available antiviral therapy Chinese researchers recommended herbal treatments as effective and alternative treatments options to treat this pandemic. Herbal products are wealthy in dynamic phytochemicals, such as the terpenoids, various collection of flavonoids, sulfides, lignans constiuents, coumarins concentrates, saponins moities, polyphenolics composite, numerous alkaloids, polyines, furyl mixtures, proteins and related compounds, thiophenes and peptides groups. In this review we discussed pathogeneis, immunity and current herbal treatment strategies of nCOVID-19 to cure this world wide pandemic.}, }
@article {pmid33583808, year = {2020}, author = {Khan, K and Yaqub, T}, title = {Treatment and control strategies for COVID-19: Prospects and possibilities.}, journal = {Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences}, volume = {33}, number = {4}, pages = {1727-1730}, pmid = {33583808}, issn = {1011-601X}, mesh = {Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use ; Blood Buffy Coat ; COVID-19/drug therapy/*prevention &amp; control/*therapy ; COVID-19 Vaccines/*therapeutic use ; Desiccation ; Diet ; *Disinfectants ; Disinfection ; *Hand Sanitizers ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Immunization, Passive ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Trace Elements/therapeutic use ; Vitamins/therapeutic use ; }, abstract = {COVID-19 is a highly contagious and infectious disease, spreading rapidly worldwide. Its high spread rate has turned it into public stigma. The current study is focusing on its treatment and control strategies on the basis of the facts and figs obtained from previous studies. Supplementation of infected person with minerals and vitamin would be very beneficial for faster recovery like in any other acute viral infection. Blood of a recovered person in any outbreak is very precious because it is containing high levels of neutralizing antibodies, memory T and B cells population. Both serum and buffy coat fractions of the blood will helpful for treatment as well as prophylaxis. The S proteins (spike) of SARS CoV 2 and SARS CoV 1 have 70% similarity so the vaccine available for SARS would also be effective for COVID-19. Besides this, genome of SARS CoV 2 has been sequenced successfully and it is quite easy for the scientists to prepare DNA based vaccines and peptide-based subunit vaccines targeting the S protein of the virus. To control the spread of COVID-19, various disinfectant and antiseptics are very useful. The virus is also susceptible to heat, low pH and UV light so hot climatic conditions are also lethal to this virus.}, }
@article {pmid33570034, year = {2021}, author = {Erdal, TL and Fischer, TK and Benfield, T}, title = {[Epidemiology, clinical manifestations and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children].}, journal = {Ugeskrift for laeger}, volume = {183}, number = {5}, pages = {}, pmid = {33570034}, issn = {1603-6824}, mesh = {COVID-19/*epidemiology ; Child ; Cough/virology ; Fever/virology ; Humans ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/*epidemiology ; }, abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 infection causes COVID-19. Most infected children have asymptomatic or mild clinical manifestations. A few develop serious illness, and the case fatality rate is lower than in adults. The most frequent symptoms are fever and cough. Studies indicate that children might be less susceptible to infection than adults as summarised in this review. Despite mild manifestation, some children experience a hyper-inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 infection called multisystem inflammatory syndrome, similarly to Kawasaki disease. The syndrome is still very rare, and the pathogenesis remains unknown.}, }
@article {pmid33567519, year = {2021}, author = {Gaye, YE and Agbajogu, C and El Oakley, R}, title = {COVID-19 on the Nile: Review on the Management and Outcomes of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Arab Republic of Egypt from February to August 2020.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph18041588}, pmid = {33567519}, issn = {1660-4601}, mesh = {COVID-19/epidemiology/*prevention &amp; control/psychology ; *Contact Tracing ; Delivery of Health Care/*organization &amp; administration ; Disaster Planning ; Egypt/epidemiology ; Humans ; *Infection Control ; Models, Theoretical ; *Pandemics ; Public Health ; Quarantine ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {As the world fights the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the World Health Organization (WHO) reports that over 17 million people globally were infected with SARS-CoV-2 as of 1 August 2020. Although infections are asymptomatic in 80% of cases, severe respiratory illness occurs in 20% of cases, requiring hospitalization and highly specialized intensive care. The WHO, under the International Health Regulations, declared this pandemic a public health emergency of international concern; it has affected nearly all health systems worldwide. The health system in Egypt, similar to many others, was severely challenged when confronted with the need for urgent and major expansion required to manage such a significant pandemic. This review uses publicly available data to provide an epidemiological summary of the COVID-19 pandemic behavior during the first wave of the outbreak in Egypt. The article covers mathematical modeling predictions, Egypt's healthcare system, economic and social impacts of COVID-19, as well as national responses that were crucial to the initial containment of the pandemic. We observed how the government managed the outbreak by enhancing testing capacity, contact tracing, announcing public health and social measures (PHSMs), as well as allocating extra funds and human resources to contain SARS-COV-2. Prospectively, economic losses from major sources of revenues-tourism, travel, and trade-may be reflected in future timelines, as Egypt continues to control cases and loss of life from COVID-19. Overall, trends indicate that the spread of COVID-19 in Egypt was initially contained. Revalidation of prediction models and follow-up studies may reveal the aftermath of the pandemic and how well it was managed in Egypt.}, }
@article {pmid33560783, year = {2021}, author = {Wang, CJ and Worswick, S}, title = {Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19.}, journal = {Dermatology online journal}, volume = {27}, number = {1}, pages = {}, pmid = {33560783}, issn = {1087-2108}, mesh = {COVID-19/*physiopathology ; Chilblains/physiopathology ; Erythema Multiforme/physiopathology ; Exanthema/physiopathology ; Humans ; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/physiopathology ; Pityriasis Rosea/physiopathology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Skin Diseases/*physiopathology ; Skin Diseases, Vascular/physiopathology ; Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous/physiopathology ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/physiopathology ; Urticaria/physiopathology ; }, abstract = {The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus two (SARS-CoV-2), which causes the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has infected patients worldwide. Physicians have increasingly identified cutaneous findings as a significant clinical manifestation of COVID-19. In this review, we describe the clinical presentation, onset, duration, associated symptoms, treatment, and outcome of cutaneous manifestations thus far reported to be related to COVID-19. We have included data from 63 studies and subdivided reported cutaneous manifestations into the categories of viral exanthem, urticarial, vesicular, chilblains/chilblains-like, non-chilblains vasculopathy-related, pityriasis rosea-like, erythema multiforme-like, Kawasaki/Kawasaki-like disease, and others. Physicians should be aware of the known common cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 and future research is required to better understand the pathophysiology and prognosis of each COVID-19-related skin manifestation.}, }
@article {pmid33558310, year = {2021}, author = {Spencer, NJ and Fryer, AA and Farmer, AD and Duff, CJ}, title = {Blood test monitoring of immunomodulatory therapy in inflammatory disease.}, journal = {BMJ (Clinical research ed.)}, volume = {372}, number = {}, pages = {n159}, doi = {10.1136/bmj.n159}, pmid = {33558310}, issn = {1756-1833}, mesh = {COVID-19 ; Drug Monitoring/*standards ; General Practice/*methods ; Hematologic Tests/standards ; Humans ; Immunologic Factors/*therapeutic use ; *Immunomodulation ; }, }
@article {pmid33538525, year = {2021}, author = {Abbasinia, M and Hormati, A and Eshagh Hossaini, SK and Foroghi Ghomi, SY and Zamani, F and Afifian, M and Ahmadpour, S}, title = {Clinical Manifestations of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in COVID-19 Patients: An Integrative Review.}, journal = {Gastroenterology nursing : the official journal of the Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates}, volume = {44}, number = {1}, pages = {E1-E10}, pmid = {33538525}, issn = {1538-9766}, mesh = {COVID-19/*complications/*epidemiology ; China/epidemiology ; Gastrointestinal Diseases/*epidemiology/*virology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Iran/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; }, abstract = {After the outbreak of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China, its spread to other countries is rapidly increasing. In this integrative review, we report the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with COVID-19. For this purpose, available articles on gastrointestinal manifestations in patients with COVID-19, which were reported from China, were reviewed. All reviewed articles were searched from December 11, 2019, to June 20, 2020, based on specific key words. Related findings in these articles show that the main target of COVID-19 is lung tissue, as after the virus enters the body, it mainly causes respiratory symptoms in affected patients. But in addition to respiratory symptoms, it is possible that, over time, these patients present with other symptoms, the most obvious of which are gastrointestinal symptoms. It is well documented that diarrhea and vomiting are the most common gastrointestinal symptoms in COVID-19 patients. As part of this report, we also look at the incidence and frequency of gastrointestinal symptoms in COVID-19 patients in Iran. The results can be used by providers as a guideline for better management of gastrointestinal symptoms in these patients.}, }
@article {pmid33279630, year = {2021}, author = {Englisch, CN and Tschernig, T and Flockerzi, F and Meier, C and Bohle, RM}, title = {Lesions in the lungs of fatal corona virus disease Covid-19.}, journal = {Annals of anatomy = Anatomischer Anzeiger : official organ of the Anatomische Gesellschaft}, volume = {234}, number = {}, pages = {151657}, pmid = {33279630}, issn = {1618-0402}, mesh = {Autopsy ; COVID-19/mortality/*pathology ; Humans ; Lung/*pathology/virology ; Pulmonary Alveoli/pathology/virology ; SARS-CoV-2/*isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {The corona virus outbreak in Wuhan, China, at the end of 2019 has rapidly evolved into a pandemic which is still virulent in many countries. An infection with SARS-CoV-2 can lead to corona virus disease (Covid-19). This paper presents an overview of the knowledge gained so far with regard to histopathological lung lesions in fatal courses of Covid-19. The main findings were diffuse alveolar damage and micro-angiopathies. These included the development of hyaline membranes, thrombi, endothelial inflammation, haemorrhages and angiogenesis. Overall, the vessel lesions seemed to be more lethal than the diffuse alveolar damage. There was obvious hyperreactivity and hyperinflammation of the cellular immune system. An expanded T-cell memory may explain the increased risk of a severe course in the elderly.}, }
@article {pmid33111600, year = {2021}, author = {Chetcuti Zammit, S and Sidhu, R}, title = {Capsule endoscopy - Recent developments and future directions.}, journal = {Expert review of gastroenterology &amp; hepatology}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {127-137}, doi = {10.1080/17474124.2021.1840351}, pmid = {33111600}, issn = {1747-4132}, mesh = {COVID-19/complications/*epidemiology/prevention &amp; control ; *Capsule Endoscopy/instrumentation/methods/trends ; Gastrointestinal Diseases/*diagnosis/etiology ; Humans ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Capsule endoscopy (CE) is an established modality in the diagnostic algorithm of small bowel (SB) pathology. Its use has expanded for investigation of upper and lower gastrointestinal diseases with similar prototypes.<br><br>AREAS COVERED: This review covers the role and recent advances of CE, as a non-invasive investigative tool.<br><br>EXPERT OPINION: The use of upper gastrointestinal CE is useful in patients who require surveillance for varices particularly in the current era of the COVID-19 pandemic. It has also shown high accuracy in the detection of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in patients presenting with a suspicion of hemorrhage. Findings on CE help to guide further management by device-assisted enteroscopy. The data on colon CE suggest comparable diagnostic accuracy to colonoscopy for polyp detection; however, more evidence is required in the high-risk group. Crohn's CE has become an integral part of the management of patients with Crohn's disease offering a comparative assessment tool post escalation of therapy. Artificial intelligence within CE has demonstrated similar if not better diagnostic yield compared to the human with a significantly shorter reading time. Artificial intelligence is likely to be in-built within CE reading platforms over the next few years minimizing reporting time and human error.}, }
@article {pmid33086932, year = {2020}, author = {Neagu, M}, title = {The bumpy road to achieve herd immunity in COVID-19.}, journal = {Journal of immunoassay &amp; immunochemistry}, volume = {41}, number = {6}, pages = {928-945}, doi = {10.1080/15321819.2020.1833919}, pmid = {33086932}, issn = {1532-4230}, mesh = {Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; COVID-19/epidemiology/*immunology/*prevention &amp; control ; Epitopes/chemistry ; Female ; Geography ; Humans ; *Immunity, Herd ; Immunization, Passive ; Male ; Models, Theoretical ; *Mutation ; Pandemics/prevention &amp; control ; RNA, Viral ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Vaccination ; }, abstract = {Herd immunity is a form of indirect protection that is offered to the community when a large proportion of individuals contained in the community are immune to a certain infection. This immunity can be due to vaccination or to the recovery post-disease. Effective herd immunity in SARS-CoV-2 infection has several hurdles upon achievement. Herd immunity cannot be obtained concomitantly in many geographical areas because the areas have different population density and the societal measures to contain the spreading are different. A proportion of 50-66% of the population needs to be immunized naturally or artificially in this SARS-Cov2 pandemic and this percentage is not easily achievable. The duration of herd immunity is another issue while information on the long-term immune response against SARS-CoV2 is yet scarce. Epitope stability, another issue to be solved when achieving herd immunity, is important. Mutation in the viral structure will call upon other sets of neutralizing antibodies and hence for other herd immunity type installment. The societal tactics to achieve the much-needed herd immunity should be developed keeping in mind the welfare of the population. Without being exhaustive, throughout our paper we will elaborate on each of the hurdles encountered in developing herd immunity to SARS-Cov2 infection.}, }
@article {pmid33011728, year = {2021}, author = {Ghasemnejad-Berenji, M and Pashapour, S}, title = {SARS-CoV-2 and the Possible Role of Raf/MEK/ERK Pathway in Viral Survival: Is This a Potential Therapeutic Strategy for COVID-19?.}, journal = {Pharmacology}, volume = {106}, number = {1-2}, pages = {119-122}, doi = {10.1159/000511280}, pmid = {33011728}, issn = {1423-0313}, mesh = {Animals ; Antiviral Agents/administration &amp; dosage ; COVID-19/drug therapy/*metabolism ; Cell Survival/drug effects/physiology ; Enzyme Inhibitors/administration &amp; dosage ; Humans ; MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects/*physiology ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/*metabolism ; raf Kinases/antagonists &amp; inhibitors/*metabolism ; }, }
@article {pmid32956715, year = {2021}, author = {Stoller, JK}, title = {A Perspective on the Educational &quot;SWOT&quot; of the Coronavirus Pandemic.}, journal = {Chest}, volume = {159}, number = {2}, pages = {743-748}, doi = {10.1016/j.chest.2020.09.087}, pmid = {32956715}, issn = {1931-3543}, mesh = {*COVID-19 ; *Education, Distance ; *Education, Medical, Graduate ; *Education, Medical, Undergraduate ; Humans ; Organizational Innovation ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {The coronavirus pandemic has disrupted clinical practice, health-care organizations, and life. In the context that &quot;a crisis is a terrible thing to waste,&quot; as disruptive as the pandemic has been to traditional practices-both clinically and educationally-opportunities have also presented. Clinical benefits have included the propulsion of clinical innovation, including such items as the development of novel vaccines and accelerated understanding of multiplex ventilation. Approaches to educating students and other learners have also changed radically, with the suspension of live teaching in most instances and a precipitous transition to virtual instruction. This perspective considers a SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) associated with the coronavirus pandemic in health care that focuses on the implications for education. Although the obvious disadvantages (weaknesses) regard the loss of face-to-face interaction with all of its consequences (eg, isolation, risks to camaraderie, loss of hands-on training opportunities, and loss of in-person celebratory events like graduations and end-of-training celebrations), there are clearly offsetting strengths. These include growing experience with virtual teaching and virtual learning strategies, the invitation to codify best virtual teaching practices, a tightening of alignment between undergraduate and graduate medical education (eg, around virtual interview strategies), and opportunities for both self-reflection and a commitment to act virtuously. On balance, the pandemic has created the opportunity, indeed the necessity, to innovate in practice and in education, making the landscape ripe for creative practice, new mastery, and the concomitant benefits to learners and to educators.}, }
@article {pmid32924671, year = {2021}, author = {Asrani, P and Eapen, MS and Chia, C and Haug, G and Weber, HC and Hassan, MI and Sohal, SS}, title = {Diagnostic approaches in COVID-19: clinical updates.}, journal = {Expert review of respiratory medicine}, volume = {15}, number = {2}, pages = {197-212}, doi = {10.1080/17476348.2021.1823833}, pmid = {32924671}, issn = {1747-6356}, mesh = {Algorithms ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; COVID-19/*diagnosis ; COVID-19 Testing ; Chlorocebus aethiops ; Colorimetry ; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin A/blood ; Immunoglobulin G/blood ; Luminescent Measurements ; Lung/diagnostic imaging/pathology ; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques ; Point-of-Care Testing ; Quarantine/psychology ; Radiography ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics/immunology ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Vero Cells ; Virus Replication ; }, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 is a recent emerging pandemic whose prognosis is still unclear. Diagnostic tools are the main players that not only indicate a possible infection but can further restrict the transmission and can determine the extent to which disease progression would occur.<br><br>AREAS COVERED: In this paper, we have performed a narrative and critical review on different technology-based diagnostic strategies such as molecular approaches including real-time reverse transcriptase PCR, serological testing through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, laboratory and point of care devices, radiology-based detection through computed tomography and chest X-ray, and viral cell cultures on Vero E6 cell lines are discussed in detail to address COVID-19. This review further provides an overview of emergency use authorized immunodiagnostic and molecular diagnostic kits and POC devices by FDA for timely and efficient conduction of diagnostic tests. The majority of the literature cited in this paper is collected from guidelines on protocols and other considerations on diagnostic strategies of COVID-19 issued by WHO, CDC, and FDA under emergency authorization.<br><br>EXPERT OPINION: Such information holds importance to the health professionals in conducting error-free diagnostic tests and researches in producing better clinical strategies by addressing the limitations associated with the available methods.}, }
@article {pmid33592549, year = {2021}, author = {Lieux, M and Sabottke, C and Schachner, ER and Pirtle, C and Danrad, R and Spieler, B}, title = {Online conferencing software in radiology: Recent trends and utility.}, journal = {Clinical imaging}, volume = {76}, number = {}, pages = {116-122}, doi = {10.1016/j.clinimag.2021.02.008}, pmid = {33592549}, issn = {1873-4499}, abstract = {Videoconferencing platforms have recently gained wide attention due to the COVID-19 pandemic, both within and outside of the medical community. This article reviews various applications of online meeting technology to the radiologic community, not only in response to the recent pandemic but also thereafter. Various platform features are outlined and discussed, specifically with respect to collaboration, training, and patient care. Platforms reviewed are GoToMeeting, Microsoft Teams, Skype, WebEx, and Zoom.}, }
@article {pmid33592454, year = {2021}, author = {Singh, K and Rao, A}, title = {Probiotics: A potential immunomodulator in COVID-19 infection management.}, journal = {Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.)}, volume = {87}, number = {}, pages = {1-12}, doi = {10.1016/j.nutres.2020.12.014}, pmid = {33592454}, issn = {1879-0739}, abstract = {COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 is an ongoing global pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 affects the human respiratory tract's epithelial cells, leading to a proinflammatory cytokine storm and chronic lung inflammation. With numerous patients dying daily, a vaccine and specific antiviral drug regimens are being explored. Probiotics are live microorganisms with proven beneficial effects on human health. While probiotics as nutritional supplements are long practiced in different cuisines across various countries, the emerging scientific evidence supports the antiviral and general immune-strengthening health effects of the probiotics. Here, we present an overview of the experimental studies published in the last 10 years that provide a scientific basis for unexplored probiotics as a preventive approach to respiratory viral infections. Based on collated insights from these experimental data, we identify promising microbial strains that may serve as lead prophylactic and immune-boosting probiotics in COVID-19 management.}, }
@article {pmid33592371, year = {2021}, author = {Nassar, M and Nso, N and Baraka, B and Alfishawy, M and Mohamed, M and Nyabera, A and Sachmechi, I}, title = {The association between COVID-19 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review.}, journal = {Diabetes &amp; metabolic syndrome}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {447-454}, doi = {10.1016/j.dsx.2021.02.009}, pmid = {33592371}, issn = {1878-0334}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: /Aim: Various reports of the occurrence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in patients with COVID-19 have been published, denoting an association between both diseases. Therefore, we conducted this systematic review to summarize the prevalence of T1DM in COVID-19 patients and to identify the clinical presentations and outcomes in this patient population.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Up to 10/27/2020, Medline, Embase, cochrane and google scholar databases were searched for original studies investigating the association between COVID-19 and T1DM. A manual search was conducted to identify missing studies. The quality of included studies was analyzed by the National Institute of Health (NIH) risk of bias tool. Outcomes included length of hospital stay, hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), severe hypoglycemia, and death.<br><br>RESULTS: Fifteen studies were included in the qualitative analysis. Included studies reported data of both adult and pediatric patients. The prevalence of T1DM in COVID-19 patients ranged from 0.15% to 28.98%, while the rate of COVID-19 in patients with T1DM ranged from 0% to 16.67%. Dry cough, nausea, vomiting, fever and elevated blood glucose levels were the most commonly reported presentations. The investigated outcomes varied widely among studied populations.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of T1DM in patients with COVID-19 ranged from 0.15% to 28.98%. The most common presentation of COVID-19 in patients with T1DM included fever, dry cough, nausea and vomiting, elevated blood glucose and diabetic ketoacidosis. The outcomes of COVID-19 in terms of length of hospital stay, hospitalization, ICU admission, DKA rate, and severe hypoglycemia were reported variably in included studies. Due to the heterogeneous study populations and the presence of many limitations, more studies are still warranted to reach a definitive conclusion.}, }
@article {pmid33592322, year = {2021}, author = {Ripon, MAR and Bhowmick, DR and Amin, MT and Hossain, MS}, title = {Role of Arachidonic cascade in COVID-19 infection; a review.}, journal = {Prostaglandins &amp; other lipid mediators}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {106539}, doi = {10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2021.106539}, pmid = {33592322}, issn = {1098-8823}, abstract = {The World Health Organization has described the 2019 Coronavirus disease caused by an influenza-like virus called SARS-CoV-2 as a pandemic. Millions of people worldwide are already infected by this virus, and severe infection causes hyper inflammation, thus disrupting lung function, exacerbating breath difficulties, and death. Various inflammatory mediators bio-synthesized through the arachidonic acid pathway play roles in developing cytokine storms, injuring virus-infected cells. Since pro-inflammatory eicosanoids, including prostaglandins, and leukotrienes, are key brokers for physiological processes such as inflammation, fever, allergy, and pain but, their function in COVID-19 is not well defined. This study addresses eicosanoid's crucial role through the arachidonic pathway in inflammatory cascading and recommends using bioactive lipids, NSAIDs, steroids, cell phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) inhibitors, and specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) to treat COVID-19 disease. The role of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors (SEHIs) in promoting the activity of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and 17-hydroxide-docosahexaenoic acid (17-HDHA) is also discussed. Additional research that assesses the eicosanoid profile in COVID-19 patients or preclinical models generates novel insights into coronavirus-host interaction and inflammation regulation.}, }
@article {pmid33592272, year = {2021}, author = {Xiong, Y and Gao, M and van Duijn, B and Choi, H and van Horssen, F and Wang, M}, title = {International policies and challenges on the legalization of traditional medicine/herbal medicines in the fight against COVID-19.}, journal = {Pharmacological research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {105472}, doi = {10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105472}, pmid = {33592272}, issn = {1096-1186}, abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has now rapidly spread around the world, causing an outbreak of acute infectious pneumonia. To develop effective and safe therapies for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 has become the major global public health concern. Traditional medicine (TM)/herbal medicines (HMs) have been used to treat multiple epidemics in human history, which brings hope for the fight against COVID-19 in some areas. For example, in China, India, and South Korea with traditional medication history and theory, the governments issued a series of guidelines to support TM/HMs in the medication of COVID-19. In contrast, other countries e.g. North American and European governments are typically silent on these practices, unless to warn of possible harm and overselling. Such difference is due to the discrepancy in culture, history and philosophical views of health care and medication, as well as unharmonized policies and standards in the regulation and legalization of TM/HMs among different areas. Herein, we reviewed the responses and scientific researches from seven selected countries on the policies and legalization of TM/HMs to treat COVID-19, and also analyzed the major challenges and concerns to utilize the traditional knowledge and resource.}, }
@article {pmid33591607, year = {2021}, author = {Marasco, G and Lenti, MV and Cremon, C and Barbaro, MR and Stanghellini, V and Di Sabatino, A and Barbara, G}, title = {Implications of SARS-CoV-2 infection for neurogastroenterology.}, journal = {Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e14104}, doi = {10.1111/nmo.14104}, pmid = {33591607}, issn = {1365-2982}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with gastrointestinal and hepatic manifestation in up to one fifth of patients. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of COVID-19, infects gastrointestinal epithelial cells expressing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors triggering a cascade of events leading to mucosal and systemic inflammation. Symptomatic patients display changes in gut microbiota composition and function which may contribute to intestinal barrier dysfunction and immune activation. Evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection and related mucosal inflammation impact on the function of the enteric nervous system and the activation of sensory fibers conveying information to the central nervous system, which, may at least in part, contribute symptom generation such as vomiting and diarrhea described in COVID-19. Liver and pancreas dysfunctions have also been described as non-respiratory complications of COVID-19 and add further emphasis to the common view of SARS-CoV-2 infection as a systemic disease with multiorgan involvement.<br><br>PURPOSE: The aim of this review was to highlight the current knowledge on the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal SARS-CoV-2 infection, including the crosstalk with the gut microbiota, the fecal-oral route of virus transmission, and the potential interaction of the virus with the enteric nervous system. We also review the current available data on gastrointestinal and liver manifestations, management, and outcomes of patients with COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33591249, year = {2021}, author = {Herstein, JJ and Degarege, A and Stover, D and Austin, C and Schwedhelm, MM and Lawler, JV and Lowe, JJ and Ramos, AK and Donahue, M}, title = {Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission among Meat Processing Workers in Nebraska, USA, and Effectiveness of Risk Mitigation Measures.}, journal = {Emerging infectious diseases}, volume = {27}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3201/eid2704.204800}, pmid = {33591249}, issn = {1080-6059}, abstract = {The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has severely impacted the meat processing industry in the United States. We sought to detail demographics and outcomes of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections among workers in Nebraska meat processing facilities and determine the effects of initiating universal mask policies and installing physical barriers at 13 meat processing facilities. During April 1-July 31, 2020, COVID-19 was diagnosed in 5,002 Nebraska meat processing workers (attack rate 19%). After initiating both universal masking and physical barrier interventions, 8/13 facilities showed a statistically significant reduction in COVID-19 incidence in <10 days. Characteristics and incidence of confirmed cases aligned with many nationwide trends becoming apparent during this pandemic: specifically, high attack rates among meat processing industry workers, disproportionately high risk of adverse outcomes among ethnic and racial minority groups and men, and effectiveness of using multiple prevention and control interventions to reduce disease transmission.}, }
@article {pmid33590976, year = {2021}, author = {Paradowska-Stolarz, AM}, title = {Oral manifestations of COVID-19: Brief review.}, journal = {Dental and medical problems}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.17219/dmp/131989}, pmid = {33590976}, issn = {2300-9020}, abstract = {The infection with a new type of virus - severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) - called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first described in December 2019, in Wuhan, China. Due to the gastrointestinal mucosa tropism of the virus, an attempt was made to describe the oral manifestations of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which permits the attachment of the virus, is present also in the oral cavity. There are many symptoms in the oral cavity; among them, the most prevalent ones are dysgeusia (taste disorders), oral pain, the exacerbation of autoimmune diseases as well as the herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) infections. Ulcerations and aphthous stomatitis are also often mentioned. The research shows that there are many oral symptoms in COVID-19, but the coexistence with the main disease has not been fully stated and understood. There is still no clearance on whether the oral symptoms are the manifestations of the disease or occur due to the loss of the immune response. Therefore, further studies on this subject should be conducted.}, }
@article {pmid33590946, year = {2021}, author = {Zhang, H and Weyand, CM and Goronzy, JJ}, title = {Hallmarks of the aging T cell system.}, journal = {The FEBS journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/febs.15770}, pmid = {33590946}, issn = {1742-4658}, abstract = {The adaptive immune system has the enormous challenge to protect the host through the generation and differentiation of pathogen-specific short-lived effector T cells while in parallel developing long-lived memory cells to control future encounters with the same pathogen. A complex regulatory network is needed to preserve a population of naïve cells over lifetime that exhibit sufficient diversity of antigen receptors to respond to new antigens, while also sustaining immune memory. In parallel, cells need to maintain their proliferative potential and the plasticity to differentiate into different functional lineages. Initial signs of waning immune competence emerge after 50 years of age, with increasing clinical relevance in the 7th -10th decade of life. Morbidity and mortality from infections increase, as drastically exemplified by the current COVID-19 pandemic. Many vaccines, such as for the influenza virus, are poorly effective to generate protective immunity in older individuals. Age-associated changes occur at the level of the T cell population as well as the functionality of its cellular constituents. The system highly relies on the self-renewal of naïve and memory T cells, which is robust but eventually fails. Genetic and epigenetic modifications contribute to functional differences in responsiveness and differentiation potential. To some extent, these changes arise from defective maintenance; to some, they represent successful, but not universally beneficial adaptations to the aging host. Interventions that can compensate for the age-related defects and improve immune responses in older adults are increasingly within reach.}, }
@article {pmid33590936, year = {2021}, author = {Yildirim, Z and Sahin, OS and Yazar, S and Cetintas, VB}, title = {Genetic and epigenetic factors associated with increased severity of Covid-19.}, journal = {Cell biology international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/cbin.11572}, pmid = {33590936}, issn = {1095-8355}, abstract = {Since December 2019, a new form of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) from a novel strain of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has been spreading worldwide. The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 was named Covid-19 and declared as a pandemic by the WHO in March 2020. Clinical symptoms of Covid-19 range from common cold to more severe disease defined as pneumonia, hypoxia, and severe respiratory distress. In the next stage, disease can become more critical with respiratory failure, sepsis, septic shock, and/or multi-organ failure. Outcomes of Covid-19 indicate large gaps between the male-female and the young-elder groups. Several theories have been proposed to explain variations, such as gender, age, comorbidity, and genetic factors. It is likely that mixture of genetic and non-genetic factors interplays between virus and host genetics and determines the severity of disease outcome. In this review we aimed to summarize current literature in terms of potential host genetic and epigenetic factors that associated with increased severity of Covid-19. Several studies indicated that the genetic variants of the SARS-CoV-2 entry mechanism related (Angiotensin converting enzymes, Transmembrane serine protease-2, Furin) and host innate immune response related genes (Interferons, Interleukins, Toll like receptors); HLA, ABO, 3p21.31 and 9q34.2 loci are critical host determinants related to Covid-19 severity. Epigenetic mechanisms also effects Covid-19 outcomes by regulating interferon signalling, ACE2 expression and immunity related genes that particularly on the X chromosome. Enhanced understanding of host genetic and epigenetic factors and viral interactions of SARS-CoV-2 is critical for improved prognostic tools and innovative therapeutics. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid33590879, year = {2021}, author = {Sliney, DH and Stuck, BE}, title = {A Need to Revise Human Exposure Limits for Ultraviolet UV-C Radiation†.}, journal = {Photochemistry and photobiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/php.13402}, pmid = {33590879}, issn = {1751-1097}, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly heightened interest in ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) as an important intervention strategy to disinfect air in medical treatment facilities and public indoor spaces. However, a major drawback of UVGI is the challenge posed by assuring safe installation of potentially hazardous short-wavelength (UV-C) ultraviolet lamps. Questions have arisen regarding what appear to be unusually conservative exposure limit values in the UV-C spectral band between 180 nm and 280 nm. We review the bases for the current limits and proposes some adjustments that would provide separate limits for the eye and the skin at wavelengths less than 300 nm and to increase both skin and eye limits in the UV-C below 250 nm.}, }
@article {pmid33590551, year = {2021}, author = {Ahmadikia, K and Hashemi, SJ and Khodavaisy, S and Getso, MI and Alijani, N and Badali, H and Mirhendi, H and Salehi, M and Tabari, A and Mohammadi Ardehali, M and Kord, M and Roilides, E and Rezaie, S}, title = {The Double-Edged Sword of Systemic Corticosteroid Therapy in Viral Pneumonia:A Case Report and Comparative Review of Influenza Associated Mucormycosis Versus COVID-19 Associated Mucormycosis.}, journal = {Mycoses}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/myc.13256}, pmid = {33590551}, issn = {1439-0507}, abstract = {Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a common complication of severe viral pneumonia, such as influenza and COVID-19, that requires critical care including ventilatory support, use of corticosteroids, and other adjunctive therapies to arrest the attendant massive airways inflammation. Although recommended for the treatment of viral pneumonia, steroid therapy appears to be a double-edged sword, predisposing patients to secondary bacterial and invasive fungal infections (IFIs) whereby impacting morbidity and mortality. Mucormycosis is a fungal emergency with a highly aggressive tendency for contiguous spread, associated with a poor prognosis if not promptly diagnosed and managed. Classically, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and other immunosuppressive conditions including corticosteroid therapy are known risk factors for mucormycosis. Upon the background lung pathology, immune dysfunction, and corticosteroid therapy, patients with severe viral pneumonia are likely to develop IFIs like aspergillosis and mucormycosis. Notably, the combination of steroid therapy and diabetes mellitus can augment immunosuppression and hyperglycemia; increasing the risk of mucormycosis in a susceptible individual. Here, we report a case of sinonasal mucormycosis in a 44-year old woman with hyperglycemia secondary to poorly controlled diabetes following dexamethasone therapy on a background of influenza pneumonia and review 15 available literatures on reported cases of influenza and COVID-19 associated-mucormycosis.}, }
@article {pmid33590456, year = {2021}, author = {Campagnano, S and Angelini, F and Fonsi, GB and Novelli, S and Drudi, FM}, title = {Diagnostic imaging in COVID-19 pneumonia: a literature review.}, journal = {Journal of ultrasound}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33590456}, issn = {1876-7931}, abstract = {In December 2019 in Wuhan (China), a bat-origin coronavirus (2019-nCoV), also known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was identified, and the World Health Organization named the related disease COVID-19. Its most severe manifestations are pneumonia, systemic and pulmonary thromboembolism, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and respiratory failure. A swab test is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of COVID-19 despite the high number of false negatives. Radiologists play a crucial role in the rapid identification and early diagnosis of pulmonary involvement. Lung ultrasound (LUS) and computed tomography (CT) have a high sensitivity in detecting pulmonary interstitial involvement. LUS is a low-cost and radiation-free method, which allows a bedside approach and needs disinfection of only a small contact area, so it could be particularly useful during triage and in intensive care units (ICUs). High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is particularly useful in evaluating disease progression or resolution, being able to identify even the smallest changes.}, }
@article {pmid33590398, year = {2021}, author = {El-Sayed, A and Aleya, L and Kamel, M}, title = {COVID-19: a new emerging respiratory disease from the neurological perspective.}, journal = {Environmental science and pollution research international}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33590398}, issn = {1614-7499}, abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a challenging public health catastrophe worldwide. The newly emerged disease spread in almost all countries and infected 100 million persons worldwide. The infection is not limited to the respiratory system but involves various body systems and may lead to multiple organ failure. Tissue degenerative changes result from direct viral invasion, indirect consequences, or through an uncontrolled immune response. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spreads to the brain via hematogenous and neural routes accompanied with dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier. The involvement of the central nervous system is now suspected to be among the main causes of death. The present review discusses the historical background of coronaviruses, their role in previous and ongoing pandemics, the way they escape the immune system, why they are able to spread despite all undertaken measures, in addition to the neurological manifestations, long-term consequences of the disease, and various routes of viral introduction to the CNS.}, }
@article {pmid33590283, year = {2021}, author = {Zeymer, U and Gitt, A and Thiele, H}, title = {[COVID-19 pandemic : Effects on clinical care of cardiovascular patients in spring 2020].}, journal = {Herz}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33590283}, issn = {1615-6692}, abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a focus of acute medical care on the treatment of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections and pneumonia with consequences for all other medical specialties. Between March and May 2020 a decline in the number of admissions for elective cardiac procedures as well as for cardiac emergencies was observed. The number of patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction decreased, especially those with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), while time intervals between symptom onset and admission sometimes increased. In some studies an increase in infarct-related mortality was reported. There are multiple possible reasons for these findings, which include fear of patients to become infected with SARS-CoV‑2 in hospital, misinterpretation of symptoms and focusing of the healthcare system on the pandemic. In addition, SARS-CoV‑2 can lead to a higher proneness to thrombosis and therefore induce more severe courses of myocardial infarction.}, }
@article {pmid33589881, year = {2021}, author = {K, V and Gatty, A and Srivastav, P and Amin, RR}, title = {Coping strategies for obese individuals with obstructive sleep apnea during COVID-19 pandemic: a narrative review.}, journal = {Obesity medicine}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {100324}, doi = {10.1016/j.obmed.2021.100324}, pmid = {33589881}, issn = {2451-8476}, abstract = {Background: Patients infected with SARS-CoV-2- having pre-existing non-communicable diseases (NCDs)- are at a higher risk of complications. Obesity is one of the proven risk factors causing NCDs and can influence outcomes of COVID-19 patients. It is closely related to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The increased risk of COVID-19 and reduced access to treatment of non-COVID conditions during the pandemic may increase the stress in obese patients with OSA. This situation makes it necessary for them to cope with their condition by themselves. This review aimed at the effect of this pandemic on these patients and coping strategies for them.<br><br>Methods: Databases like PubMed and Scopus were searched using a combination of key words. Full-text articles meeting the inclusion criteria were selected.<br><br>Results: The search yielded eight studies, discussing about the potential interactions between the COVID-19, obesity and OSA, the impact of COVID-19 on them, and management of these patients.<br><br>Conclusions: Increased prevalence of COVID-19 was found among obese patients with OSA. The fear of COVID-19 and shift of health care workers to manage COVID-19 patients has affected their regular visits to the hospital. However, there is lack of coping strategies for them, which should soon be established for these patients.}, }
@article {pmid33589868, year = {2021}, author = {Xie, W and Li, Y and Bai, W and Hou, J and Ma, T and Zeng, X and Zhang, L and An, T}, title = {The source and transport of bioaerosols in the air: A review.}, journal = {Frontiers of environmental science &amp; engineering}, volume = {15}, number = {3}, pages = {44}, doi = {10.1007/s11783-020-1336-8}, pmid = {33589868}, issn = {2095-2201}, abstract = {Recent pandemic outbreak of the corona-virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has raised widespread concerns about the importance of the bioaerosols. They are atmospheric aerosol particles of biological origins, mainly including bacteria, fungi, viruses, pollen, and cell debris. Bioaerosols can exert a substantial impact on ecosystems, climate change, air quality, and public health. Here, we review several relevant topics on bioaerosols, including sampling and detection techniques, characterization, effects on health and air quality, and control methods. However, very few studies have focused on the source apportionment and transport of bioaerosols. The knowledge of the sources and transport pathways of bioaerosols is essential for a comprehensive understanding of the role microorganisms play in the atmosphere and control the spread of epidemic diseases associated with them. Therefore, this review comprehensively summarizes the up to date progress on the source characteristics, source identification, and diffusion and transport process of bioaerosols. We intercompare three types of diffusion and transport models, with a special emphasis on a widely used mathematical model. This review also highlights the main factors affecting the source emission and transport process, such as biogeographic regions, land-use types, and environmental factors. Finally, this review outlines future perspectives on bioaerosols.}, }
@article {pmid33589829, year = {2021}, author = {Guo, M and Tao, W and Flavell, RA and Zhu, S}, title = {Potential intestinal infection and faecal-oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2.}, journal = {Nature reviews. Gastroenterology &amp; hepatology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33589829}, issn = {1759-5053}, abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread to more than 200 countries and regions globally. SARS-CoV-2 is thought to spread mainly through respiratory droplets and close contact. However, reports have shown that a notable proportion of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) develop gastrointestinal symptoms and nearly half of patients confirmed to have COVID-19 have shown detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA in their faecal samples. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 infection reportedly alters intestinal microbiota, which correlated with the expression of inflammatory factors. Furthermore, multiple in vitro and in vivo animal studies have provided direct evidence of intestinal infection by SARS-CoV-2. These lines of evidence highlight the nature of SARS-CoV-2 gastrointestinal infection and its potential faecal-oral transmission. Here, we summarize the current findings on the gastrointestinal manifestations of COVID-19 and its possible mechanisms. We also discuss how SARS-CoV-2 gastrointestinal infection might occur and the current evidence and future studies needed to establish the occurrence of faecal-oral transmission.}, }
@article {pmid33589798, year = {2021}, author = {Kevadiya, BD and Machhi, J and Herskovitz, J and Oleynikov, MD and Blomberg, WR and Bajwa, N and Soni, D and Das, S and Hasan, M and Patel, M and Senan, AM and Gorantla, S and McMillan, J and Edagwa, B and Eisenberg, R and Gurumurthy, CB and Reid, SPM and Punyadeera, C and Chang, L and Gendelman, HE}, title = {Diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2 infections.}, journal = {Nature materials}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33589798}, issn = {1476-1122}, abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread to nearly every corner of the globe, causing societal instability. The resultant coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) leads to fever, sore throat, cough, chest and muscle pain, dyspnoea, confusion, anosmia, ageusia and headache. These can progress to life-threatening respiratory insufficiency, also affecting the heart, kidney, liver and nervous systems. The diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is often confused with that of influenza and seasonal upper respiratory tract viral infections. Due to available treatment strategies and required containments, rapid diagnosis is mandated. This Review brings clarity to the rapidly growing body of available and in-development diagnostic tests, including nanomaterial-based tools. It serves as a resource guide for scientists, physicians, students and the public at large.}, }
@article {pmid33589377, year = {2020}, author = {Jaworski, JP}, title = {Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for COVID-19 treatment and prevention.}, journal = {Biomedical journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.bj.2020.11.011}, pmid = {33589377}, issn = {2320-2890}, abstract = {The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused unprecedented global health and economic crises. Several vaccine approaches and repurposed drugs are currently under evaluation for safety and efficacy. However, none of them have been approved for COVID-19 yet. Meanwhile, several nMAbs targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein are in different stages of development and clinical testing. Preclinical studies have shown that cocktails of potent nMAbs targeting the receptor binding site of SARS-CoV-2, as well as broad-nMAbs targeting conserved regions within the virus spike, might be effective for the treatment and prophylaxis of COVID-19. Currently, several clinical trials have started to test safety, tolerability, PKs and efficacy of these nMAbs. One paramount limitation for the use of nMAbs in clinical settings is the production of large amounts of MAbs and the high costs related to it. Cooperation among public and private institutions coupled with speed of development, rapid safety evaluation and efficacy, and early planning for scale-up and manufacture will be critical for the control of COVID-19 pandemic.}, }
@article {pmid33589177, year = {2020}, author = {Rattan, A and Ahmad, H}, title = {Can Quantitative RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 Help in Better Management of Patients and Control of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic.}, journal = {Indian journal of medical microbiology}, volume = {38}, number = {3-4}, pages = {284-287}, doi = {10.4103/ijmm.IJMM_20_380}, pmid = {33589177}, issn = {1998-3646}, abstract = {The emergence of SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), represents a public health emergency of unprecedented proportion. The global containment efforts have been focused on testing, tracing of contacts and treatment (isolation) of those found COVID-19 positive. Since the whole genome sequences of a number of strains of this novel RNA virus were available in the public domain by early January 2020, a number of real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) protocols were designed and used for diagnosis of this infection. Most RT-PCRs are designed for qualitative COVID-19 reporting (SARS-CoV-2 detected or not detected), but have been used for semi-quantitative estimation of viral load based on cycle threshold value. Our manuscript discusses the utility of quantitative PCR testing for COVID-19 and its patient management benefits.}, }
@article {pmid33589175, year = {2020}, author = {Das, RR and Behera, B and Mishra, B and Naik, SS}, title = {Effect of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine on COVID-19 Virological Outcomes: An Updated Meta-Analysis.}, journal = {Indian journal of medical microbiology}, volume = {38}, number = {3-4}, pages = {265-272}, doi = {10.4103/ijmm.IJMM_20_330}, pmid = {33589175}, issn = {1998-3646}, abstract = {As anti-malarial drugs have been found to inhibit Corona viruses in vitro, studies have evaluated the effect of these drugs inCOVID-19 infection. We conducted an updated meta-analysis of clinical trials and observational studies published till June 2020. Patients with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) infection were included. The drugs used in the intervention group are Chloroquine (CQ)/Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) with or without Azithromycin. The primary outcome is time to achieve virological cure. Of 1040 citations, 11 studies provided data of 1215 patients. Compared to control, CQ/HCQ has no significant effect on the time to negative COVID-19 RT-PCR results, neither in clinical trials (mean difference [MD] 1.55; 95% confidence interval [CI] - 0.7 to 3.79; P = 0.18; n = 180), nor in observational studies (MD 1.14; 95%CI - 11.98 to 14.26; P = 0.86, n = 407). CQ/HCQ did not affect the virological cure after day 3, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28; except after day 5, as shown by a single small non-randomised trial (odds ratio [OR] 9.33; 95% CI 1.51 to 57.65; P = 0.02, n = 30). Pooled data from 2 observational studies showed a significant effect of CQ/HCQ on virological cure by after day 10 (OR 7.86; 95% CI 4.4 to 14.04, P < 0.001, n = 373) and day 14 (OR 6.37; 95% CI 3.01 to 13.48, P < 0.001, n = 407). The GRADE evidence generated was of &quot;very low-quality/certainty&quot;. To conclude, CQ/HCQ does not affect the time to virological cure compared to usual/standard of care in COVID-19 infection. Recurrent infection in a smaller number of patients was noted in the CQ/HCQ group. As the evidence generated was of &quot;very low-quality/certainty)&quot;, large good quality studies are needed to confirm the present findings.}, }
@article {pmid33589174, year = {2020}, author = {Gupta, R and Beg, S and Jain, A and Bhatnagar, S}, title = {Paediatric COVID-19 and the GUT.}, journal = {Indian journal of medical microbiology}, volume = {38}, number = {3-4}, pages = {261-264}, doi = {10.4103/ijmm.IJMM_20_331}, pmid = {33589174}, issn = {1998-3646}, abstract = {Although children with novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) typically present with fever and respiratory symptoms, some children have reported gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms including vomiting and diarrhoea during the course of the disease. The continuous positive detection of the viral RNA from faeces in children even after nasopharyngeal swabs turned negative suggests that the GI tract may shed virus and a tentative faecal-oral transmission. The presence of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor and transmembrane serine protease 2, which are the key proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cell entry process, in the GI tract can explain the digestive symptoms in COVID-19. COVID-19 has implications for the management of children with chronic luminal diseases. There is increasing concern regarding the risk that children with inflammatory bowel disease being infected with SARS-CoV-2.}, }
@article {pmid33589173, year = {2020}, author = {Ranganathan, S and Iyer, RN}, title = {Convalescent Plasma - Is it Useful for Treating SARS Co-V2 infection?.}, journal = {Indian journal of medical microbiology}, volume = {38}, number = {3-4}, pages = {252-260}, doi = {10.4103/ijmm.IJMM_20_358}, pmid = {33589173}, issn = {1998-3646}, abstract = {The world is challenged with the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Although preventive measures such as social distancing, personal protective equipment and isolation would decrease the spread of the infection, a definitive treatment is still under way. Antivirals, immunisation, convalescent plasma (CP) and many more modalities are under trial, and there has been no definite answer to the management of COVID-19 infection. All patients so far have received the standard and symptomatic care. It is shown that the SARS-CoV 2 is a respiratory pathogen, and 80% of the infected patients would recover from the illness and it is the 20% of the infected patients require hospitalisation and even critical care. CP has been used to treat recent epidemic respiratory infections such as Middle East respiratory syndrome and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) infections with promising results. The CP of a recovered individual contains antibodies which neutralise the virus and decrease the viral replication in the patient. It is a classic adaptive immunotherapy and has been applied in the prevention and treatment of many infectious diseases. CP is plasma taken from a person who has recovered from an infection, which contains neutralising antibodies against the said infection. Giving CP to susceptible individuals or infected patients is a form of passive antibody therapy and in the case of SARS-CoV-2, is expected to provide protection by viral neutralisation and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity and phagocytosis. The adaptive response is to a specific antigen-binding array of molecules that are foreign to the host. The human response to viruses uses both the innate and the adaptive arms in its attempt to rid the host of the invading pathogen. The humoral response is a component of the adaptive immune response that allows for antibodies to bind to foreign invading pathogens, marks the pathogens and their toxins for phagocytosis and recruits further phagocytic cells to the site via the activation of the complement system and eventually prevents the pathogen from infecting target cells. Studies from Wuhan from various institutions during the research on COVID-19 infections during December 2019 have also shown promising results. Till date, randomised controlled studies for the use of CP in SARS-CoV-2 infection are lacking, and many countries have invited institutions to participate in clinical trials. The Indian Council of Medical research and the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation, Government of India, have allowed the use of CP as an investigational drug under a trial basis. Internationally, agencies such as the USFDA, American Association of Blood Banks, European Blood Safety and British Blood Transfusion Society have also come out with various guidelines for the use of CP in COVID-19 infection. This article will review the current guidelines for the use of CP and compare the various guidelines of different agencies.}, }
@article {pmid33589172, year = {2020}, author = {Pawar, SD and Kode, SS and Keng, SS and Tare, DS and Abraham, P}, title = {Steps, Implementation and Importance of Quality Management in Diagnostic Laboratories with Special Emphasis on Coronavirus Disease-2019.}, journal = {Indian journal of medical microbiology}, volume = {38}, number = {3-4}, pages = {243-251}, doi = {10.4103/ijmm.IJMM_20_353}, pmid = {33589172}, issn = {1998-3646}, abstract = {A well-established and functional quality management system is an integral part of any diagnostic laboratory. It assures the reliability and standards of the laboratory function. A pandemic situation such as that caused by the influenza H1N1 2009 virus or the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) increases the demands on the public health system, and the need to build, upgrade and expand the number of diagnostic laboratories. The Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 unleashed a public health emergency of an unprecedented scale. The need has been highlighted for the accreditation of tests relating to COVID-19 by the National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL) or any agencies approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) or Indian Council of Medical Research. The implementation of quality system in diagnostic laboratories would ensure accurate, reliable and efficient test results at par with the international standards. The functional aspects of a laboratory such as a well-defined organogram, standard operating procedures, good laboratory practices, quality controls, human resources, equipment management, reagents, inventory of records, proper communication need to be addressed to assure quality. Biosafety considerations should include the guidelines laid out by the WHO, the Institutional Biosafety Committee and the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India for carrying out diagnostic work in the laboratory. Currently, there are 1922 laboratories, operational for COVID-19 diagnosis in India. Considering the urgency of testing, the NABL has expedited the process of accreditation and issued accreditation to 818 laboratories. The adherence to the practicable aspects of quality described in this article would help in establishing quality in COVID-19 testing laboratories.}, }
@article {pmid33589146, year = {2019}, author = {Gupta, P and Goyal, K and Kanta, P and Ghosh, A and Singh, MP}, title = {Novel 2019-Coronavirus on New Year's Eve.}, journal = {Indian journal of medical microbiology}, volume = {37}, number = {4}, pages = {459-477}, doi = {10.4103/ijmm.IJMM_20_54}, pmid = {33589146}, issn = {1998-3646}, abstract = {An ongoing apocalyptic outbreak of a new virus causing pneumonia-like clusters in Wuhan city, China, has gleamed the world. The outbreak, confirmed on the New Year's Eve 2020, has known no boundaries since then. The number has surpassed that of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and is uninterruptedly escalating. Being an RNA virus, it has a propensity to mutate due to the low proofreading capacity of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Step-wise mutations have led to the gradual spillover of virus and after crossing the inter-species interface, the virus has adapted itself for a stable human-to-human transmission. The disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (CoV)-2 (SARS-CoV-2) can prove deadlier if the so-called 'super-spreading events' emerge with time. Recent research has shown the maximum homology of 99% of SARS-CoV-2 to pangolins associated coronavirus, owing to which these can serve as potential intermediate host. India is responding swiftly to the emergency situation, and the whole of the country is under lockdown since 25 March 2020, to ensure social distancing. All the international flights are padlocked and the travellers are being screened at airports and seaports via thermal sensors, and quarantine for a period of 14 days is recommended. Three hundred and forty-five patients across the country tested positive with six fatalities as of 22 March 2020. No specific anti-CoV drugs are currently available. Patients are being treated with protease drugs are inhibitors, remdesivir, chloroquine, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 inhibitors, ivermectin, sarilumab and tocilizumab, though none of these is Food and Drug Administration approved and are undergoing trials. Preventive measures such as social distancing, quarantine, cough etiquettes, proper hand washing, cleaning and decontaminating the surfaces are the mainstay for curbing the transmission of this virus. The present review highlights the update of novel SARS-CoV-2 in context to the Indian scenario.}, }
@article {pmid33589113, year = {2020}, author = {Chakravarti, A and Upadhyay, S and Bharara, T and Broor, S}, title = {Current Understanding, Knowledge Gaps and a Perspective on the Future of COVID-19 Infections: A Systematic Review.}, journal = {Indian journal of medical microbiology}, volume = {38}, number = {1}, pages = {1-8}, doi = {10.4103/ijmm.IJMM_20_138}, pmid = {33589113}, issn = {1998-3646}, abstract = {A novel coronavirus infection, which began as an outbreak of unusual viral pneumonia in Wuhan, a central city in China, has evolved into a global health crisis. The outbreak is an unembellished reminder of the hazard coronaviruses pose to public health. Government and researchers around the world have been taking swift measures to control the outbreak and conduct aetiological studies to understand the various facets of the outbreak. This review is an attempt at providing an insight about the current understanding, knowledge gaps and a perspective on the future of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections. All the authentic data published so far on COVID-19 has been systematically analysed. PubMed, NCBI, World Health Organisation, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India), and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention databases and bibliographies of relevant studies up to 22nd June 2020 have been included. The Wuhan outbreak is a stark reminder of the continuing threat posed by zoonotic diseases to global health. Despite an armamentarium of Government officials, researchers and medical fraternity working towards the containment of this novel coronavirus viral pneumonia continues to spread at an alarming rate infecting multitudes and claiming hundreds of lives.}, }
@article {pmid33589050, year = {2020}, author = {Angrup, A and Kanaujia, R and Ray, P and Biswal, M}, title = {Healthcare Facilities in Low- and Middle-Income Countries affected by COVID-19: Time to Upgrade Basic Infection Control and Prevention Practices.}, journal = {Indian journal of medical microbiology}, volume = {38}, number = {2}, pages = {139-143}, doi = {10.4103/ijmm.IJMM_20_125}, pmid = {33589050}, issn = {1998-3646}, abstract = {COVID-19 as a pandemic has spanned across all continents. With the increasing numbers in cases worldwide, even the countries with the best of healthcare facilities are reeling under the burden of the disease. Therefore, in countries with limited access to resources and poor healthcare infrastructure, the low and middle-income countries (LMICs), limiting spread becomes even more challenging. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are severely hit by any outbreak and pandemics and face the lack of infrastructure and problem of overcrowding. Health facilities are compromised and almost exhausted at the time of emergency. There is disruption of normal supply chain, and consumables are not in sufficient quantity. In the current situation, rationalized use of available supplies is important. This paper presents the perspective on the basis of current literature on gaps in various infection prevention and control (IPC) strategies that are being followed currently in LMICs and suggestions for bridging these gaps.}, }
@article {pmid33580768, year = {2021}, author = {Kurushina, OV and Barulin, AE}, title = {[Effects of COVID-19 on the central nervous system].}, journal = {Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova}, volume = {121}, number = {1}, pages = {92-97}, doi = {10.17116/jnevro202112101192}, pmid = {33580768}, issn = {1997-7298}, mesh = {*Brain Diseases ; *COVID-19 ; *Coronavirus Infections ; *Encephalitis ; Humans ; *Nervous System Diseases ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {This review examines the current data on central nervous system damage in cases of the new coronavirus infection caused by the COVID-19 virus. The pathogenetic mechanisms leading to damage to the brain and spinal cord are considered. The analysis of available research articles and meta-analyzes published up to fall 2020 is carried out. The authors provide the results of their own clinical observations of various forms of damage to the central nervous system in cases of COVID-19 virus disease. Particular attention is paid to certain common forms of damage to the central nervous system, such as encephalitis, cerebrovascular pathology, and headaches. A form of acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy is distinguished, which is a rather rare but fatal pathology, comorbid with the COVID-19 virus. The data of our own clinical case of acute necrotizing encephalopathy are presented. The importance of further studying the effect of coronavirus on the central nervous system and possible mechanisms of therapy and rehabilitation for this category of patients is emphasized.}, }
@article {pmid33568141, year = {2021}, author = {Fiest, KM and Parsons Leigh, J and Krewulak, KD and Plotnikoff, KM and Kemp, LG and Ng-Kamstra, J and Stelfox, HT}, title = {Experiences and management of physician psychological symptoms during infectious disease outbreaks: a rapid review.}, journal = {BMC psychiatry}, volume = {21}, number = {1}, pages = {91}, pmid = {33568141}, issn = {1471-244X}, support = {RN420046 - 439965//CIHR/Canada ; }, mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Depression/epidemiology/therapy ; Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; Humans ; *Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; *Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype ; *Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype ; Male ; Pandemics ; *Physicians ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Stress, Psychological ; }, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, physicians experienced unprecedented levels of burnout. The uncertainty of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic along with increased workload and difficult medical triage decisions may lead to a further decline in physician psychological health.<br><br>METHODS: We searched Medline, EMBASE, and PsycINFO for primary research from database inception (Medline [1946], EMBASE [1974], PsycINFO [1806]) to November 17, 2020. Titles and abstracts were screened by one of three reviewers and full-text article screening and data abstraction were conducted independently, and in duplicate, by three reviewers.<br><br>RESULTS: From 6223 unique citations, 480 articles were reviewed in full-text, with 193 studies (of 90,499 physicians) included in the final review. Studies reported on physician psychological symptoms and management during seven infectious disease outbreaks (severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS], three strains of Influenza A virus [H1N1, H5N1, H7N9], Ebola, Middle East respiratory syndrome [MERS], and COVID-19) in 57 countries. Psychological symptoms of anxiety (14.3-92.3%), stress (11.9-93.7%), depression (17-80.5%), post-traumatic stress disorder (13.2-75.2%) and burnout (14.7-76%) were commonly reported among physicians, regardless of infectious disease outbreak or country. Younger, female (vs. male), single (vs. married), early career physicians, and those providing direct care to infected patients were associated with worse psychological symptoms.<br><br>INTERPRETATION: Physicians should be aware that psychological symptoms of anxiety, depression, fear and distress are common, manifest differently and self-management strategies to improve psychological well-being exist. Health systems should implement short and long-term psychological supports for physicians caring for patients with COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33546680, year = {2021}, author = {Leeming, DJ and Genovese, F and Sand, JMB and Rasmussen, DGK and Christiansen, C and Jenkins, G and Maher, TM and Vestbo, J and Karsdal, MA}, title = {Can biomarkers of extracellular matrix remodelling and wound healing be used to identify high risk patients infected with SARS-CoV-2?: lessons learned from pulmonary fibrosis.}, journal = {Respiratory research}, volume = {22}, number = {1}, pages = {38}, pmid = {33546680}, issn = {1465-993X}, mesh = {Animals ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; COVID-19/diagnosis/*metabolism ; Extracellular Matrix/*metabolism ; Humans ; Lung/metabolism ; Pulmonary Fibrosis/diagnosis/*metabolism ; Wound Healing/*physiology ; }, abstract = {Pulmonary fibrosis has been identified as a main factor leading to pulmonary dysfunction and poor quality of life in post-recovery Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) survivor's consequent to SARS-Cov-2 infection. Thus there is an urgent medical need for identification of readily available biomarkers that in patients with SARS-Cov-2 infection are able to; (1) identify patients in most need of medical care prior to admittance to an intensive care unit (ICU), and; (2) identify patients post-infection at risk of developing persistent fibrosis of lungs with subsequent impaired quality of life and increased morbidity and mortality. An intense amount of research have focused on wound healing and Extracellular Matrix (ECM) remodelling of the lungs related to lung function decline in pulmonary fibrosis (PF). A range of non-invasive serological biomarkers, reflecting tissue remodelling, and fibrosis have been shown to predict risk of acute exacerbations, lung function decline and mortality in PF and other interstitial lung diseases (Sand et al. in Respir Res 19:82, 2018). We suggest that lessons learned from such PF studies of the pathological processes leading to lung function decline could be used to better identify patients infected with SARS-Co-V2 at most risk of acute deterioration or persistent fibrotic damage of the lung and could consequently be used to guide treatment decisions.}, }
@article {pmid33544784, year = {2020}, author = {Biţă, A and Scorei, IR and Mogoantă, L and Bejenaru, C and Mogoşanu, GD and Bejenaru, LE}, title = {Natural and semisynthetic candidate molecules for COVID-19 prophylaxis and treatment.}, journal = {Romanian journal of morphology and embryology = Revue roumaine de morphologie et embryologie}, volume = {61}, number = {2}, pages = {321-334}, pmid = {33544784}, issn = {2066-8279}, mesh = {Animals ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; COVID-19/*drug therapy/epidemiology/*prevention &amp; control ; Humans ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation &amp; purification ; }, abstract = {Coronaviruses (CoVs) represent a family of viruses that have numerous animal hosts, and they cause severe respiratory, as well as systemic and enteric infections, in humans. Currently, there are limited antiviral strategies for treating patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The lack of specific antiviral medicines and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines continues to aggravate the situation. Natural product-based antiviral drugs have been used in the two previous CoV outbreaks: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and the first SARS-CoV. This review emphasizes the role of natural and semisynthetic candidate molecules for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prophylaxis and treatment. The experimental evidence suggests that nature could offer huge possibilities for treatment of the COVID-19 pandemic.}, }
@article {pmid33539260, year = {2020}, author = {Bostan, M and Ataman, M and Bostan, IS and Bleotu, C}, title = {Targets and assay types for COVID-19 diagnosis.}, journal = {Journal of immunoassay &amp; immunochemistry}, volume = {41}, number = {6}, pages = {946-959}, doi = {10.1080/15321819.2020.1862866}, pmid = {33539260}, issn = {1532-4230}, mesh = {Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism ; Antibodies, Viral/analysis ; Antigens, Viral/analysis ; COVID-19/*diagnosis/*immunology ; *COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing ; *COVID-19 Serological Testing ; Genome, Viral ; Humans ; Immune System ; Immunoassay ; Mutation ; Open Reading Frames ; Pandemics ; *Protein Array Analysis ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; }, abstract = {The lack of complete information on the immune response dynamics to infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to the use of mainly molecular tests such as reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) to diagnose Coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19). Although remarkable progress has been made in developing effective RT-PCR kits, the lack of specific equipment required to perform this technique in all clinical laboratories limits its widespread use. In the case of COVID-19, these tests can be used for the triage of symptomatic patients, for testing the contacts of confirmed cases, and also for the analysis and monitoring of the situation. Along with molecular tests involving reverse transcription PCR, various laboratory tests can identify the specific anti-viral antibodies or viral antigens. This review seeks to describe the targets and diagnostic methods available or currently in development for SARS-CoV-2 infection, including reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), serologic immunoassays (SIA) and the protein microarray method (PMM). Knowing the specific targets and the sensitivity of each assay used for COVID-19 diagnosis can lead to more efficient detection of infected patients and it can provide better management of the pandemic status.}, }
@article {pmid33539214, year = {2021}, author = {Magnani, HN}, title = {Rationale for the Role of Heparin and Related GAG Antithrombotics in COVID-19 Infection.}, journal = {Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis}, volume = {27}, number = {}, pages = {1076029620977702}, doi = {10.1177/1076029620977702}, pmid = {33539214}, issn = {1938-2723}, mesh = {Autoantibodies/biosynthesis ; COVID-19/complications/*drug therapy/physiopathology ; Endothelium, Vascular/immunology/physiopathology/virology ; Female ; Fibrinolytic Agents/*therapeutic use ; Glycosaminoglycans/therapeutic use ; Hemorrhage/etiology ; Hemostatic Disorders/drug therapy/etiology/physiopathology ; Heparin/*therapeutic use ; Humans ; Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use ; Inflammation/drug therapy/etiology/physiopathology ; Male ; Pandemics ; Risk Factors ; SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity ; Thrombin/biosynthesis ; Thrombosis/etiology ; }, abstract = {The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has focused attention on prevention, restriction and treatment methods that are acceptable worldwide. This means that they should be simple and inexpensive. This review examines the possible role of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) antithrombotics in the treatment of COVID-19. The pathophysiology of this disease reveals a complex interplay between the hemostatic and immune systems that can be readily disrupted by SARS-CoV-2. Some of the GAG antithrombotics also possess immune-modulatory actions and since they are relatively inexpensive they could play an important role in the management of COVID-19 and its complications.}, }
@article {pmid33537824, year = {2021}, author = {Turrubiates-Hernández, FJ and Sánchez-Zuno, GA and González-Estevez, G and Hernández-Bello, J and Macedo-Ojeda, G and Muñoz-Valle, JF}, title = {Potential immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D in the prevention of severe coronavirus disease 2019: An ally for Latin America (Review).}, journal = {International journal of molecular medicine}, volume = {47}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3892/ijmm.2021.4865}, pmid = {33537824}, issn = {1791-244X}, mesh = {Bone and Bones ; COVID-19/*complications/*prevention &amp; control ; Dietary Supplements ; Humans ; Immunologic Factors/*therapeutic use ; Latin America ; Prevalence ; Renin-Angiotensin System ; Respiratory Tract Infections/*virology ; Vitamin D/*therapeutic use ; Vitamin D Deficiency/*complications ; }, abstract = {Currently, the world is under a pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2), responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19). This disease is characterized by a respiratory syndrome that can progress to an acute respiratory distress syndrome. To date, limited effective therapies are available for the prevention or treatment of COVID‑19; therefore, it is necessary to propose novel treatment options with immunomodulatory effects. Vitamin D serves functions in bone health and has been recently reported to exert protective effects against respiratory infections. Observational studies have demonstrated an association between vitamin D deficiency and a poor prognosis of COVID‑19; this is alarming as vitamin D deficiency is a global health problem. In Latin America, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is unknown, and currently, this region is in the top 10 according to the number of confirmed COVID‑19 cases. Supplementation with vitamin D may be a useful adjunctive treatment for the prevention of COVID‑19 complications. The present review provides an overview of the current knowledge of the potential immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D in the prevention of COVID‑19 and sets out vitamin D recommendations for the Latin American population.}, }
@article {pmid33537803, year = {2021}, author = {Du, Q and Zhang, D and Hu, W and Li, X and Xia, Q and Wen, T and Jia, H}, title = {Nosocomial infection of COVID‑19: A new challenge for healthcare professionals (Review).}, journal = {International journal of molecular medicine}, volume = {47}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3892/ijmm.2021.4864}, pmid = {33537803}, issn = {1791-244X}, mesh = {Asymptomatic Infections ; COVID-19/*epidemiology/*prevention &amp; control/transmission ; China ; Cross Infection/*epidemiology/*prevention &amp; control/transmission ; Disinfection ; Hand Hygiene ; *Health Personnel ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Medical Waste Disposal ; Personal Protective Equipment ; Quality of Life ; }, abstract = {Nosocomial infections, also known as hospital-acquired infections, pose a serious challenge to healthcare professionals globally during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) pandemic. Nosocomial infection of COVID‑19 directly impacts the quality of life of patients, as well as results in extra expenditure to hospitals. It has been shown that COVID‑19 is more likely to transmit via close, unprotected contact with infected patients. Additionally, current preventative and containment measures tend to overlook asymptomatic individuals and superspreading events. Since the mode of transmission and real origin of COVID‑19 in hospitals has not been fully elucidated yet, minimizing nosocomial infection in hospitals remains a difficult but urgent task for healthcare professionals. Healthcare professionals globally should form an alliance against nosocomial COVID‑19 infections. The fight against COVID‑19 may provide valuable lessons for the future prevention and control of nosocomial infections. The present review will discuss some of the key strategies to prevent and control hospital‑based nosocomial COVID‑19 infections.}, }
@article {pmid33528945, year = {2021}, author = {Muhammad, A and Ameer, H and Haider, SA and Ali, I}, title = {Detection of SARS-CoV-2 using real-time polymerase chain reaction in different clinical specimens: A critical review.}, journal = {Allergologia et immunopathologia}, volume = {49}, number = {1}, pages = {159-164}, pmid = {33528945}, issn = {1578-1267}, mesh = {Bronchoalveolar Lavage ; COVID-19/*diagnosis/physiopathology/virology ; *COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing ; Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/virology ; Humans ; Nasopharynx/virology ; *Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics/*isolation &amp; purification ; Saliva/virology ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/diagnosis/virology ; Sputum/virology ; }, abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by a new strain of coronavirus named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Globally, since the outbreak, more than seven million confirmed cases of COVID-19 have been reported. The rapid spread and increase in the number of new cases is due to person-to-person transmission. To further control its transmission, early laboratory diagnosis of both asymptomatic and symptomatic patients is crucial. Presently, the COVID-19 diagnosis of infected individuals is dependent on computed tomography scanning and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The latter is considered more sensitive and efficient for early diagnosis. In this review, general comparisons are made (cases, fatality rate, incubation period, clinical features, and reservoirs) and diagnostic laboratory procedures (specimens, extraction methods, and positive rates by real-time PCR) are compared between SARS, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, and SARS-2. In total, 8982 SARS-2 suspected patients specimen data were retrieved, in which 40.9% (n = 3678) were detected as positive by real-time PCR. The specimen-wise high detection rate was observed from bronchoalveolar lavage, followed by saliva, nasal swabs, and sputum. As the COVID-19 cases are persistently increasing, the selection of appropriate specimens and laboratory assay would help in rapid and timely diagnosis.}, }
@article {pmid33527783, year = {2021}, author = {Joshi, M and Gupta, L}, title = {Preparing Infographics for Post-publication Promotion of Research on Social Media.}, journal = {Journal of Korean medical science}, volume = {36}, number = {5}, pages = {e41}, pmid = {33527783}, issn = {1598-6357}, mesh = {Audiovisual Aids/*trends ; Biomedical Research/*methods ; COVID-19 ; Computer Graphics ; *Health Communication ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; Information Dissemination/*methods ; Pandemics ; *Social Media ; }, abstract = {Infographics are pictorial representations of information intended to disseminate information quickly and clearly. Their use has increased in the past decade due to wider and easy access to technology. Infographics are being increasingly used for public advisories, disseminating protocols for healthcare professionals, and post-publication promotion of research. Due to their potential to rapidly reach a vast audience, these have gained larger importance during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Two key aspects determine the quality of infographics, content and visual appeal. In this brief, the authors attempt to delineate the key aspects of designing an infographic, and the freeware that they may have at their disposal for creating informative, appealing, and useful infographics.}, }
@article {pmid33504412, year = {2021}, author = {Gronholm, PC and Nosé, M and van Brakel, WH and Eaton, J and Ebenso, B and Fiekert, K and Milenova, M and Sunkel, C and Barbui, C and Thornicroft, G}, title = {Reducing stigma and discrimination associated with COVID-19: early stage pandemic rapid review and practical recommendations.}, journal = {Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences}, volume = {30}, number = {}, pages = {e15}, doi = {10.1017/S2045796021000056}, pmid = {33504412}, issn = {2045-7979}, mesh = {COVID-19/*psychology ; *Discrimination, Psychological ; Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Public Health ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Social Discrimination ; *Social Stigma ; }, abstract = {AIMS: To develop recommendations for strategies and interventions to reduce stigma and discrimination related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), through reviewing and synthesising evidence in relation to COVID-19 and other disease outbreaks and infectious/stigmatised conditions from systematic reviews and primary studies and recommendations from additional materials.<br><br>METHODS: Rapid review, drawing on the World Health Organization's (WHO) methodology for developing interim guidelines during health emergencies. PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central and Campbell Collaboration searched up to mid-April 2020. Searches were supplemented by reference-searching and expert recommendations. Searches were designed to identify: (1) systematic reviews (<10 years), or (2) primary intervention studies (no date limit) reporting evidence on anti-stigma interventions (in relation to COVID-19 or other infectious/stigmatised conditions) or (3) additional relevant materials. Data were extracted on population, intervention, outcome and results. These data were compiled into evidence summary tables and narrative overviews. Recommendations on strategies for COVID-19 stigma-reduction were developed using the WHO 'Evidence to Decision' framework approach. The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO (registration ID: CRD42020177677).<br><br>RESULTS: The searches identified a total of 4150 potentially relevant records, from which 12 systematic reviews and 29 additional articles were included. Overarching considerations and specific recommendations focus on: (1) language/words used in relation to COVID-19 and affected people; (2) media/journalistic practices; (3) public health interventions; (4) targeted public health interventions for key groups and (5) involving communities and key stakeholders.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These recommendations represent the first consolidated evidence-based guidance on stigma and discrimination reduction in relation to COVID-19. Mitigating the impact of stigma is critical in reducing distress and negative experiences, and strengthening communities' resolve to work together during exceptional circumstances. Ultimately, reducing stigma helps addressing structural inequalities that drive marginalisation and exacerbate both health risks and the impact of stigma. Administrations and decision makers are urged to consider integrating these recommendations into the ongoing COVID-19 response.}, }
@article {pmid33393415, year = {2020}, author = {Anwar, MM}, title = {Immunotherapies and COVID-19 related Neurological manifestations: A Comprehensive Review Article.}, journal = {Journal of immunoassay &amp; immunochemistry}, volume = {41}, number = {6}, pages = {960-975}, doi = {10.1080/15321819.2020.1865400}, pmid = {33393415}, issn = {1532-4230}, mesh = {Brain/pathology ; COVID-19/complications/*immunology/*therapy ; Cladribine/therapeutic use ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/therapy/*virology ; Cytokines/immunology ; Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use ; Headache/virology ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/therapeutic use ; Immunotherapy/*methods ; Interferon-beta/immunology ; Interleukin-6/immunology ; Nervous System Diseases/*immunology/*therapy/virology ; Pandemics ; }, abstract = {In December 2019, an outbreak of pandemic severe respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) initially occurred in China, has spread the world resulted in serious threats to human public health. Uncommon neurological manifestations with pathophysiological symptoms were observed in infected patients including headache, seizures, and neuroimmunological disorders. Regardless of whether these neurological symptoms are direct or indirect casual infection relationship, this novel viral infection has a relevant impact on the neuroimmune system that requires a neurologist's careful assessment. Recently, the use of immunotherapy has been emerged in fighting against COVID-19 infection despite the uncertain efficiency in managing COVID-19 related disorders or even its proven failure by increasing its severity. Herein, the author is addressing the first approaches in using immunotherapies in controlling COVID-19 viral impact on the brain by highlighting their role in decreasing or increasing infection risks among subjects. This point of view review article supports the use of immunotherapies in managing COVID-19 neurological disorders but in optimal timing and duration to ensure the maximum therapeutic outcome by reducing morbidity and mortality rate. Based on recently published data, the current review article highlights the beneficial effects and drawbacks of using immunotherapies to combat COVID-19 and its neurological symptoms.}, }
@article {pmid33356860, year = {2020}, author = {Grigore, A and Cord, D and Tanase, C and Albulescu, R}, title = {Herbal medicine, a reliable support in COVID therapy.}, journal = {Journal of immunoassay &amp; immunochemistry}, volume = {41}, number = {6}, pages = {976-999}, doi = {10.1080/15321819.2020.1862867}, pmid = {33356860}, issn = {1532-4230}, mesh = {COVID-19/*drug therapy/*therapy ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Europe ; Humans ; Immune System/drug effects ; Lectins/chemistry ; Oils, Volatile/chemistry ; Phenols/chemistry ; Phytotherapy ; Plant Extracts/*therapeutic use ; Plant Preparations/*therapeutic use ; Plants, Medicinal/*chemistry ; SARS-CoV-2/*drug effects/physiology ; Saponins/chemistry ; Virus Internalization/drug effects ; Virus Replication/drug effects ; }, abstract = {At present, specific therapies for COVID-19 are not well established, being certain only that the immune system plays a decisive role in the initiation and progression of the disease. Plants have given and continue to give compounds with great efficiency and low toxicity, some of them being a starting point for extremely effective synthetic substances. Although herbal remedies are used mainly for preventive purposes, there are also guidelines issued by some countries that indicate the use of traditional remedies for different stages of COVID-19 disease.Europe has a long and strong tradition of using medicinal plants for therapeutic purposes, but clinical trials for this type of approach are scarce, compared to Asia. In this regard, a bridge between tradition and science, would have a strong impact on the capacity for prevention and treatment of COVID-19. The paper reviews compounds of plant origin that have previously proven effective in counteracting some coronaviruses but also some of their major effects - direct action on virus replicative apparatus (viral entry or replication, action on the viral enzymatic system), collateral action of natural compounds on the immune system and also the contribution of herbal medicine as vaccine adjuvants are tackled.}, }
@article {pmid33249199, year = {2020}, author = {Scheen, AJ}, title = {DPP-4 inhibition and COVID-19: From initial concerns to recent expectations.}, journal = {Diabetes &amp; metabolism}, volume = {47}, number = {2}, pages = {101213}, doi = {10.1016/j.diabet.2020.11.005}, pmid = {33249199}, issn = {1878-1780}, abstract = {Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4is) have gained a key place in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) essentially because of their good safety profile even in the frail population. DPP-4, originally known as 'T-cell antigen CD26', is expressed in many immune cells and regulates their functions, so the initial concern over the use of DPP-4is was the possible increased susceptibility to infections. Furthermore, because of the high affinity between human DPP-4 and the spike (S) receptor-binding domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), it was suspected that this virus, responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), might be able to use the DPP-4 enzyme as a functional receptor to gain entry into the host. However, DPP-4is also exert anti-inflammatory effects, which could be beneficial in patients exposed to cytokine storms due to COVID-19. Yet, when observational (mostly retrospective) studies compared clinical outcomes in DPP-4i users vs non-users among diabetes patients with COVID-19, the overall results regarding the risk of progression towards more severe forms of the disease and mortality were heterogeneous, thereby precluding any definite conclusions. Nevertheless, new expectations have arisen following recent reports of significant reductions in admissions to intensive care units and mortality in DPP-4i users. However, given the limitations inherent in such observational studies, any available results should be considered, at best, as hypothetical and only suggestive of potentially substantial benefits with DPP-4is in diabetes patients with COVID-19. While the safe use of DPP-4is in COVID-19 patients appears to be an acceptable hypothesis, all such positive findings still need to be confirmed in randomized controlled trials (a few of which are currently ongoing) before any recommendations can be made for clinical practice.}, }
@article {pmid33220442, year = {2021}, author = {Van Nguyen, Q and Cao, DA and Nghiem, SH}, title = {Spread of COVID-19 and policy responses in Vietnam: An overview.}, journal = {International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases}, volume = {103}, number = {}, pages = {157-161}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijid.2020.11.154}, pmid = {33220442}, issn = {1878-3511}, mesh = {Adult ; COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention &amp; control/*transmission ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Public Health ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; Vietnam/epidemiology ; Young Adult ; }, abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Despite the proximity and high travel flows with China, Vietnam has been able to contain the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study describes the characteristics of COVID-19 infections in Vietnam and policy responses to identify potential factors contributing to the relative success of Vietnam in containing this pandemic.<br><br>METHODS: Narrative analyses were applied to describe the pandemic and policy responses. Descriptive statistics, generalized linear regression, and a susceptible-infected-recovered model were used to explore the effectiveness of Vietnamese policy responses to COVD-19.<br><br>RESULTS: To date, Vietnam is one of the few countries that have successfully control the spread of COVID-19. As of 26 October 2020, Vietnam has had 1169 cases of COVID-19, of which 1061 people recovered and 35 people died from the disease. COVID-19 infected patients in Vietnam were relatively younger than those in other countries with an average age of 36. Most of the infected cases were from international travels. Policy responses in Vietnam were implemented early and strictly.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Despite the proximity to China, where COVID-19 emerged, Vietnam has experienced a small number of COVID-19 infections and fatalities compared with other countries. Most infected patients were relatively young, and exposure was attributed to international travel. Early policy interventions were the main factors that contributed to the success of Vietnam to date.}, }
@article {pmid33104471, year = {2020}, author = {Skolarus, LE and Sharrief, A and Gardener, H and Jenkins, C and Boden-Albala, B}, title = {Considerations in Addressing Social Determinants of Health to Reduce Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Stroke Outcomes in the United States.}, journal = {Stroke}, volume = {51}, number = {11}, pages = {3433-3439}, pmid = {33104471}, issn = {1524-4628}, support = {U01 MD010579/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/United States ; }, mesh = {*African Americans ; COVID-19/ethnology ; Delivery of Health Care ; Ethnic Groups ; *Health Status Disparities ; Healthcare Disparities/*ethnology ; Humans ; *Racism ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Secondary Prevention ; *Social Determinants of Health ; Stroke/*prevention &amp; control/therapy ; United States ; }, abstract = {We write this article amid a global pandemic and a heightened awareness of the underlying structural racism in the United States, unmasked by the recent killing of George Floyd and multiple other unarmed Black Americans (Spring 2020). Our purpose is to highlight the role of social determinants of health (SDOH) on stroke disparities, to inspire dialogue, to encourage research to deepen our understanding of the mechanism by which SDOH impact stroke outcomes, and to develop strategies to address SDOH and reduce stroke racial/ethnic disparities. We begin by defining SDOH and health disparities in today's context; we then move to discussing SDOH and stroke, particularly secondary stroke prevention, and conclude with possible approaches to addressing SDOH and reducing stroke disparities. These approaches include (1) building on prior work; (2) enhancing our understanding of populations and subpopulations, including intersectionality, of people who experience stroke disparities; (3) prioritizing populations and points along the stroke care continuum when racial/ethnic disparities are most prominent; (4) understanding how SDOH impact stroke disparities in order to test SDOH interventions that contribute to the disparity; (5) partnering with communities; and (6) exploring technological innovations. By building on the prior work and expanding efforts to address SDOH, we believe that stroke disparities can be reduced.}, }
@article {pmid33587898, year = {2021}, author = {Inzaule, SC and Tessema, SK and Kebede, Y and Ogwell Ouma, AE and Nkengasong, JN}, title = {Genomic-informed pathogen surveillance in Africa: opportunities and challenges.}, journal = {The Lancet. Infectious diseases}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30939-7}, pmid = {33587898}, issn = {1474-4457}, abstract = {The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need to incorporate pathogen genomics for enhanced disease surveillance and outbreak management in Africa. The genomics of SARS-CoV-2 has been instrumental to the timely development of diagnostics and vaccines and in elucidating transmission dynamics. Global disease control programmes, including those for tuberculosis, malaria, HIV, foodborne pathogens, and antimicrobial resistance, also recommend genomics-based surveillance as an integral strategy towards control and elimination of these diseases. Despite the potential benefits, capacity remains low for many public health programmes in Africa. The COVID-19 pandemic presents an opportunity to reassess and strengthen surveillance systems and potentially integrate emerging technologies for preparedness of future epidemics and control of endemic diseases. We discuss opportunities and challenges for integrating pathogen genomics into public health surveillance systems in Africa. Improving accessibility through the creation of functional continent-wide networks, building multipathogen sequencing cores, training a critical mass of local experts, development of standards and policies to facilitate best practices for data sharing, and establishing a community of practice of genomics experts are all needed to use genomics for improved disease surveillance in Africa. Coordination and leadership are also crucial, which the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention seeks to provide through its institute for pathogen genomics.}, }
@article {pmid33587887, year = {2021}, author = {Wouters, OJ and Shadlen, KC and Salcher-Konrad, M and Pollard, AJ and Larson, HJ and Teerawattananon, Y and Jit, M}, title = {Challenges in ensuring global access to COVID-19 vaccines: production, affordability, allocation, and deployment.}, journal = {Lancet (London, England)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00306-8}, pmid = {33587887}, issn = {1474-547X}, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic is unlikely to end until there is global roll-out of vaccines that protect against severe disease and preferably drive herd immunity. Regulators in numerous countries have authorised or approved COVID-19 vaccines for human use, with more expected to be licensed in 2021. Yet having licensed vaccines is not enough to achieve global control of COVID-19: they also need to be produced at scale, priced affordably, allocated globally so that they are available where needed, and widely deployed in local communities. In this Health Policy paper, we review potential challenges to success in each of these dimensions and discuss policy implications. To guide our review, we developed a dashboard to highlight key characteristics of 26 leading vaccine candidates, including efficacy levels, dosing regimens, storage requirements, prices, production capacities in 2021, and stocks reserved for low-income and middle-income countries. We use a traffic-light system to signal the potential contributions of each candidate to achieving global vaccine immunity, highlighting important trade-offs that policy makers need to consider when developing and implementing vaccination programmes. Although specific datapoints are subject to change as the pandemic response progresses, the dashboard will continue to provide a useful lens through which to analyse the key issues affecting the use of COVID-19 vaccines. We also present original data from a 32-country survey (n=26 758) on potential acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines, conducted from October to December, 2020. Vaccine acceptance was highest in Vietnam (98%), India (91%), China (91%), Denmark (87%), and South Korea (87%), and lowest in Serbia (38%), Croatia (41%), France (44%), Lebanon (44%), and Paraguay (51%).}, }
@article {pmid33587270, year = {2021}, author = {Roller-Wirnsberger, R and Lindner, S and Kolosovski, L and Platzer, E and Dovjak, P and Flick, H and Tziraki, C and Illario, M}, title = {The role of health determinants in the influenza vaccination uptake among older adults (65+): a scope review.}, journal = {Aging clinical and experimental research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33587270}, issn = {1720-8319}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Although the burden of influenza infection is the highest in older adults, vaccination coverage remains low, despite this age group being more vulnerable than others.<br><br>AIMS: Given the current pandemic of SARS-CoV-2, it was the aim of this scope review to update knowledge on factors affecting seasonal influenza vaccine uptake among older adults to strengthen prevention approaches in the context of an overall burden of infectious diseases.<br><br>METHODS: We searched bibliographic databases from 2012 to 2019. All studies reviewed one or more social determinant of health listed by WHO, or factors affecting the decision-making process whether to accept influenza vaccine or not.<br><br>RESULTS: Overall, 44 studies were included, 41 determinants were extracted and summarized into six categories. Older age and constitutional factors including multiple chronic diseases as well as preventive lifestyle and frequent routine healthcare utilization positively affected vaccination uptake (VU). Living and working conditions are also researched determinants of influenza vaccine uptake. A small number of studies explored the role of social inclusion and system-based interventions.<br><br>DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: This scope review provides a comprehensive overview on factors affecting seasonal influenza vaccination uptake among older citizens. The review also clearly shows gaps for evidence on system-based level or political strategies to improve vaccination uptake.}, }
@article {pmid33587268, year = {2021}, author = {Shi, AC and Xie, X}, title = {Making sense of spike D614G in SARS-CoV-2 transmission.}, journal = {Science China. Life sciences}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33587268}, issn = {1869-1889}, abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, has evolved to adapt to human host and transmission over the past 12 months. One prominent adaptive mutation is the asparagine-to-glycine substitution at amino acid position 614 in the viral spike protein (D614G), which has become dominant in the currently circulating virus strains. Since spike protein determines host ranges, tissue tropism, and pathogenesis through binding to the cellular receptor of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the D614G mutation is hypothesized to enhance viral fitness in human host, leading to increased transmission during the global pandemic. Here we summarize the recent progress on the role of the D614G mutation in viral replication, pathogenesis, transmission, and vaccine and therapeutic antibody development. These findings underscore the importance in closely monitoring viral evolution and defining their functions to ensure countermeasure efficacy against newly emerging variants.}, }
@article {pmid33587232, year = {2021}, author = {Patel, B and Sharma, S and Nair, N and Majeed, J and Goyal, RK and Dhobi, M}, title = {Therapeutic opportunities of edible antiviral plants for COVID-19.}, journal = {Molecular and cellular biochemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33587232}, issn = {1573-4919}, abstract = {The pandemic of Serious Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that produces corona virus disease (COVID-19) has challenged the entire mankind by rapidly spreading globally in 210 countries affecting over 25 million people and about 1 million deaths worldwide. It continues to spread, afflicting the health system globally. So far there is no remedy for the ailment and the available antiviral regimens have been unsatisfactory for the clinical outcomes and the mode of treatment has been mainly supportive for the prevention of COVID-19-induced morbidity and mortality. From the time immortal the traditional plant-based ethno-medicines have provided the leads for the treatment of infectious diseases. Phytopharmaceuticals have provided potential and less toxic antiviral drugs as compared to conventional modern therapeutics which are associated with severe toxicities. The ethnopharmacological knowledge about plants has provided food supplements and nutraceuticals as a promise for prevention and treatment of the current pandemic. In this review article, we have attempted to comprehend the information about the edible medicinal plant materials with potential antiviral activity specifically against RNA virus which additionally possess property to improve immunity along with external and internal respiration and exhibit anti-inflammatory properties for the prevention and treatment of the disease. This will open an arena for the development of novel nutraceutical herbal formulations as an alternative therapy that can be used for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33587197, year = {2021}, author = {Gasparotto, M and Framba, V and Piovella, C and Doria, A and Iaccarino, L}, title = {Post-COVID-19 arthritis: a case report and literature review.}, journal = {Clinical rheumatology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33587197}, issn = {1434-9949}, abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) is the novel pathogen responsible for the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) outbreak. Researchers and clinicians are exploring the pathogenetic mechanisms of the viral-induced damage and growing interest is focusing on the short-term and long-term immune-mediated consequences triggered by the infection. We will focus on post-SARS-CoV2 infection arthritis which may arise as a new pathological condition associated with COVID-19. In this article, we describe a case of acute oligoarthritis occurring 13 days after a SARS-CoV2 severe pneumonia in a middle-aged Caucasian man and we go over a brief review of the current available literature. We hypothesize that molecular mimicry might be the basic immunological mechanism responsible for the onset of COVID-19-related arthritis based on the current knowledge of SARS-CoV2 and on the known pathogenetic mechanism of viral-induced arthritis.}, }
@article {pmid33587177, year = {2021}, author = {Shah, H and Khan, MSH and Dhurandhar, NV and Hegde, V}, title = {The triumvirate: why hypertension, obesity, and diabetes are risk factors for adverse effects in patients with COVID-19.}, journal = {Acta diabetologica}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33587177}, issn = {1432-5233}, abstract = {The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a pandemic. The cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry is the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, a membrane-bound homolog of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Henceforth, this has brought the attention of the scientific community to study the interaction between COVID-19 and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), as well as RAS inhibitors. However, these inhibitors are commonly used to treat hypertension, chronic kidney disorder, and diabetes. Obesity is a known risk factor for heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension, whereas diabetes and hypertension may be indirectly related to each other through the effects of obesity. Furthermore, people with hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and other related complications like cardiovascular and kidney diseases have a higher risk of severe COVID-19 infection than the general population and usually exhibit poor prognosis. This severity could be due to systemic inflammation and compromised immune response and RAS associated with these comorbid conditions. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop evidence-based treatment methods that do not affect the severity of COVID-19 infection and effectively manage these chronic diseases in people with COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33587164, year = {2021}, author = {Nakhlband, A and Fakhari, A and Azizi, H}, title = {Interferon-beta offers promising avenues to COVID-19 treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trial studies.}, journal = {Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33587164}, issn = {1432-1912}, abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 principally weakens the hosts' innate immune system by impairing the interferon function and production. Type I interferons (IFNs) especially IFN-β are best known for their antiviral activities. IFNs accompanied by the standard care protocols have opened up unique opportunities for treating the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The databases including PubMed, SCOPUS, EMBASE, and Google Scholar were searched up to October 30, 2020. The primary and secondary outcomes were considered discharge and mortality, respectively. The abovementioned outcomes of standard care protocol were compared with the standard care plus IFN-β in the confirmed COVID-19 patients. Out of 356 records identified, 12 randomized clinical trial studies were selected for full-text screening. Finally, 5 papers were included in the systematic review and 3 papers in the meta-analysis. The average mortality rate was reported as 6.195% and 18.02% in intervention and control groups, respectively. Likewise, the median days of hospitalization were lower in the intervention group (9 days) than the control group (12.25 days). According to meta-analysis, IFN-β was found to increase the overall discharge rate (RR = 3.05; 95% CI: 1.09-5.01). Our findings revealed that early administration of IFN-β in combination with antiviral drugs is a promising therapeutic strategy against COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33586302, year = {2021}, author = {Hakim, MS}, title = {SARS-CoV-2, Covid-19, and the debunking of conspiracy theories.}, journal = {Reviews in medical virology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e2222}, doi = {10.1002/rmv.2222}, pmid = {33586302}, issn = {1099-1654}, abstract = {The emergence of a novel human coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has engaged considerable awareness and attention around the world. The associated disease, coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), has now involved virtually all 200 countries. The total number of confirmed cases has been much more than in the two previous outbreaks of human coronaviruses, that is, SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. In line with the outbreak escalation, false information about SARS-CoV-2 and its associated disease disseminated globally, particularly through online and social media. Believers in conspiracy theories promote misinformation that the virus is not contagious, is the result of laboratory manipulation or is created to gain profit by distributing new vaccines. The most dangerous effect of this widely disseminated misinformation is it will negatively influence the attitudes and behaviours for preventive measures to contain the outbreak. In this review, I discuss common conspiracy theories associated with SARS-CoV-2 and Covid-19 and consider how we can address and counterbalance these issues based on scientific information and studies.}, }
@article {pmid33586189, year = {2021}, author = {van Eijk, LE and Binkhorst, M and Bourgonje, AR and Offringa, AK and Mulder, DJ and Bos, EM and Kolundzic, N and Abdulle, AE and van der Voort, PHJ and Olde Rikkert, MGM and van der Hoeven, JG and den Dunnen, WFA and Hillebrands, JL and van Goor, H}, title = {COVID-19: immunopathology, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment options.}, journal = {The Journal of pathology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/path.5642}, pmid = {33586189}, issn = {1096-9896}, abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), continues to spread globally despite the worldwide implementation of preventive measures to combat the disease. Although most COVID-19 cases are characterised by a mild, self-limiting disease course, a considerable subset of patients develop a more severe condition, varying from pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) to multi-organ failure (MOF). Progression of COVID-19 is thought to occur as a result of a complex interplay between multiple pathophysiological mechanisms, all of which may orchestrate SARS-CoV-2 infection and contribute to organ-specific tissue damage. In this respect, dissecting currently available knowledge of COVID-19 immunopathogenesis is crucially important, not only to improve our understanding of its pathophysiology, but also to fuel the rationale of both novel and repurposed treatment modalities. Various immune-mediated pathways during SARS-CoV-2 infection are relevant in this context, which relate to innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and autoimmunity. Pathological findings in tissue specimens of patients with COVID-19 provide valuable information with regard to our understanding of pathophysiology as well as the development of evidence-based treatment regimens. This review provides an updated overview of the main pathological changes observed in COVID-19 within the most commonly affected organ systems, with special emphasis on immunopathology. Current management strategies for COVID-19 include supportive care and the use of repurposed or symptomatic drugs, such as dexamethasone, remdesivir, and anticoagulants. Ultimately, prevention is key to combat COVID-19 and this requires appropriate measures to attenuate its spread and, above all, the development and implementation of effective vaccines. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.}, }
@article {pmid33586180, year = {2021}, author = {Kim, E and Lim, EK and Park, G and Park, C and Lim, JW and Lee, H and Na, W and Yeom, M and Kim, J and Song, D and Haam, S}, title = {Advanced Nanomaterials for Preparedness Against (Re-)Emerging Viral Diseases.}, journal = {Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e2005927}, doi = {10.1002/adma.202005927}, pmid = {33586180}, issn = {1521-4095}, support = {2020R1F1A1066247//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; //Basic Science Research Program/ ; NRF2018R1C1B6005424//NRF/ ; //Center for BioNano Health Guard/ ; //Ministry of Science and ICT/ ; 2014M3A6B2060507//H-GUARD/ ; //KRIBB/ ; //Research Initiative Program/ ; NRF-2019M3A9D5A01102797//Korea Mouse Phenotyping Project/ ; //Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning/ ; //National Research Foundation/ ; //Bio &amp; Medical Technology Development Programs/ ; NRF-2018M3A9H4056340//MSIT/ ; NRF-2018M3A9E2022819//MSIT/ ; //Nano Material Technology Development Program/ ; 2017M3A7B4041798//Ministry of Education, Science and Technology/ ; }, abstract = {While the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) accounts for the current global pandemic, the emergence of other unknown pathogens, named &quot;Disease X,&quot; remains a serious concern in the future. Emerging or re-emerging pathogens continue to pose significant challenges to global public health. In response, the scientific community has been urged to create advanced platform technologies to meet the ever-increasing needs presented by these devastating diseases with pandemic potential. This review aims to bring new insights to allow for the application of advanced nanomaterials in future diagnostics, vaccines, and antiviral therapies, thereby addressing the challenges associated with the current preparedness strategies in clinical settings against viruses. The application of nanomaterials has advanced medicine and provided cutting-edge solutions for unmet needs. Herein, an overview of the currently available nanotechnologies is presented, highlighting the significant features that enable them to control infectious diseases, and identifying the challenges that remain to be addressed for the commercial production of nano-based products is presented. Finally, to conclude, the development of a nanomaterial-based system using a &quot;One Health&quot; approach is suggested. This strategy would require a transdisciplinary collaboration and communication between all stakeholders throughout the entire process spanning across research and development, as well as the preclinical, clinical, and manufacturing phases.}, }
@article {pmid33586160, year = {2021}, author = {Cohn, CS and Estcourt, L and Grossman, BJ and Pagano, MB and Allen, ES and Bloch, EM and Casadevall, A and Devine, DV and Dunbar, NM and Foroutan, F and Gniadek, TJ and Goel, R and Gorlin, J and Joyner, MJ and Metcalf, RA and Raval, JS and Rice, TW and Shaz, BH and Vassallo, RR and Winters, JL and Beaudoin, G and Tobian, AAR}, title = {COVID-19 convalescent plasma: interim recommendations from the AABB.}, journal = {Transfusion}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/trf.16328}, pmid = {33586160}, issn = {1537-2995}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) has emerged as a potential treatment for COVID-19. However, efficacy data and recommendations for its use are limited.<br><br>METHODS: AABB commissioned a panel of experts to develop interim recommendations based on limited data to guide use of this scarce resource. The panel performed a literature review using the search terms &quot;COVID-19,&quot; &quot;SARS-CoV-2&quot; and &quot;convalescent plasma.&quot; The interim recommendations reflect a consensus of expert opinion. INTERIM RECOMMENDATION 1: When making risk benefit decisions, one should consider the risk of CCP as comparable to standard (SARS-CoV-2 non-immune) plasma. INTERIM RECOMMENDATION 2: CCP is optimally effective when transfused as close to symptom onset as possible. CCP is unlikely to provide benefit for patients with late-stage disease or on mechanical ventilation. INTERIM RECOMMENDATION 3: The effectiveness of CCP is related to the antibody quantity within a unit; high-titer CCP is superior to low-titer CCP. A single high-titer unit should be sufficient for most patients. INTERIM RECOMMENDATION 4: If group B or group AB CCP is unavailable, transfusion of group A or group O CCP with low anti-A/B titer may be acceptable for group B and group AB patients. INTERIM RECOMMENDATION 5: Additional randomized controlled trial (RCT) data are needed to fully assess CCP efficacy and to identify which specific patient populations and unit characteristics might confer the greatest benefit.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: These interim recommendations are based on the best-available evidence at the time of writing. Additional data from on-going RCTs will lead to clinical practice guidelines in the future.}, }
@article {pmid33586113, year = {2021}, author = {Jenner, WJ and Kanji, R and Mirsadraee, S and Gue, YX and Price, S and Prasad, S and Gorog, DA}, title = {Thrombotic complications in 2928 patients with COVID-19 treated in intensive care: a systematic review.}, journal = {Journal of thrombosis and thrombolysis}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33586113}, issn = {1573-742X}, abstract = {A prothrombotic state is reported with severe COVID-19 infection, which can manifest in venous and arterial thrombotic events. Coagulopathy is reflective of more severe disease and anticoagulant thromboprophylaxis is recommended in hospitalized patients. However, the prevalence of thrombosis on the intensive care unit (ICU) remains unclear, including whether this is sufficiently addressed by conventional anticoagulant thromboprophylaxis. We aimed to identify the rate of thrombotic complications in ICU-treated patients with COVID-19, to inform recommendations for diagnosis and management. A systematic review was conducted to assess the incidence of thrombotic complications in ICU-treated patients with COVID-19. Observational studies and registries reporting thrombotic complications in ICU-treated patients were included. Information extracted included patient demographics, use of thromboprophylaxis or anticoagulation, method of identifying thrombotic complications, and reported patient outcomes. In 28 studies including 2928 patients, thrombotic complications occurred in 34% of ICU-managed patients, with deep venous thrombosis reported in 16.1% and pulmonary embolism in 12.6% of patients, despite anticoagulant thromboprophylaxis, and were associated with high mortality. Studies adopting systematic screening for venous thrombosis with Duplex ultrasound reported a significantly higher incidence of venous thrombosis compared to those relying on clinical suspicion (56.3% vs. 11.0%, p < 0.001). Despite thromboprophylaxis, there is a very high incidence of thrombotic complications in patients with COVID-19 on the ICU. Systematic screening identifies many thrombotic complications that would be missed by relying on clinical suspicion and should be employed, with consideration given to increased dose anticoagulant thromboprophylaxis, whilst awaiting results of prospective trials of anticoagulation in this cohort.}, }
@article {pmid33586020, year = {2021}, author = {Andalib, S and Biller, J and Di Napoli, M and Moghimi, N and McCullough, LD and Rubinos, CA and O'Hana Nobleza, C and Azarpazhooh, MR and Catanese, L and Elicer, I and Jafari, M and Liberati, F and Camejo, C and Torbey, M and Divani, AA}, title = {Peripheral Nervous System Manifestations Associated with COVID-19.}, journal = {Current neurology and neuroscience reports}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, pages = {9}, pmid = {33586020}, issn = {1534-6293}, abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The present review discusses the peripheral nervous system (PNS) manifestations associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).<br><br>RECENT FINDINGS: Nerve pain and skeletal muscle injury, Guillain-Barré syndrome, cranial polyneuritis, neuromuscular junction disorders, neuro-ophthalmological disorders, neurosensory hearing loss, and dysautonomia have been reported as PNS manifestations in patients with COVID-19. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19. COVID-19 has shown syndromic complexity. Not only does SARS-CoV-2 affect the central nervous system but also it involves the PNS. The PNS involvement may be due to dysregulation of the immune system attributable to COVID-19. Here we review the broad spectrum of PNS involvement of COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33585823, year = {2021}, author = {Venkatesha, S and Reddy, KR and Chandavarkar, BR}, title = {Social Engineering Attacks During the COVID-19 Pandemic.}, journal = {SN computer science}, volume = {2}, number = {2}, pages = {78}, doi = {10.1007/s42979-020-00443-1}, pmid = {33585823}, issn = {2661-8907}, abstract = {The prevailing conditions surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic has shifted a variety of everyday activities onto platforms on the Internet. This has led to an increase in the number of people present on these platforms and also led to jump in the time spent by existing participants online. This increase in the presence of people on the Internet is almost never preceded by education about cyber-security and the various types of attacks that an everyday User of the Internet may be subjected to. This makes the prevailing situation a ripe one for cyber-criminals to exploit and the most common type of attacks made are Social Engineering Attacks. Social Engineering Attacks are a group of sophisticated cyber-security attacks that exploit the innate human nature to breach secure systems and thus have some of the highest rate of success. This paper delves into the particulars of how the COVID-19 pandemic has set the stage for an increase in Social Engineering Attacks, the consequences of this and some techniques to thwart such attacks.}, }
@article {pmid33585808, year = {2021}, author = {Deb, P and Molla, MMA and Rahman, KMS}, title = {An update to monoclonal antibody as therapeutic option against COVID-19.}, journal = {Biosafety and health}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.bsheal.2021.02.001}, pmid = {33585808}, issn = {2590-0536}, abstract = {With the number of COVID-19 cases soaring worldwide and limited vaccine availability for the general population in most countries, the monoclonal antibody (mAb) remains a viable therapeutic option to treat COVID-19 disease and its complications, especially in the elderly individuals. More than 50 monoclonal antibody-related clinical trials are being conducted in different countries around the world, with few of them nearing the completion of the third and fourth phase clinical trial. In view of recent emergency use authorization (EUA) from the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) of casirivimab and imdevimab, it is of importance that mAbs, already used to treat diseases such as Ebola and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), are discussed in scientific communities. This brief review discusses the mechanism of action and updates to clinical trials of different monoclonal antibodies used to treat COVID-19, with special attention paid to SARS-CoV-2 immune response in host cells, target viral structures, and justification of developing mAbs following the approval and administration of potential effective vaccine among vulnerable populations in different countries.}, }
@article {pmid33585798, year = {2021}, author = {Patchett, D and Yang, J and Northern, J and Salinas, M and Bauer, BA}, title = {Viral Respiratory Infections: An Ounce of Prevention Is Worth a Pound of Cure.}, journal = {Mayo Clinic proceedings. Innovations, quality &amp; outcomes}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2020.12.008}, pmid = {33585798}, issn = {2542-4548}, abstract = {The sudden outbreak and global spread of COVID-19 demanded a tremendous amount of attention for viral respiratory infections (VRIs) in modern times. Evidence accumulated over the past few decades increasingly suggests the importance of recognizing the background and context of lifestyle factors in the prevention of VRIs recurrence. The focus of attention has specifically been on how to optimize respiratory barrier function and immune function during the period of the pandemic outbreak. This viewpoint discusses the impact of a healthy lifestyle on VRIs and demonstrates a practical approach to preventing the occurrence of VRIs based on contemporary evidence.}, }
@article {pmid33585795, year = {2021}, author = {Guvener, O and Eyidogan, A and Oto, C and Huri, PY}, title = {Novel additive manufacturing applications for communicable disease prevention and control: focus on recent COVID-19 pandemic.}, journal = {Emergent materials}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-11}, doi = {10.1007/s42247-021-00172-y}, pmid = {33585795}, issn = {2522-574X}, abstract = {COVID-19 disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has had serious adverse effects globally in 2020 which are foreseen to extend in 2021, as well. The most important of these effects was exceeding the capacity of the healthcare infrastructures, and the related inability to meet the need for various medical equipment especially within the first months of the crisis following the emergence and rapid spreading of the virus. Urgent global demand for the previously unavailable personal protective equipment, sterile disposable medical supplies as well as the active molecules including vaccines and drugs fueled the need for the coordinated efforts of the scientific community. Amid all this confusion, the rapid prototyping technology, 3D printing, has demonstrated its competitive advantage by repositioning its capabilities to respond to the urgent need. Individual and corporate, amateur and professional all makers around the world with 3D printing capacity became united in effort to fill the gap in the supply chain until mass production is available especially for personal protective equipment and other medical supplies. Due to the unexpected, ever-changing nature of the COVID-19 pandemic-like all other potential communicable diseases-the need for rapid design and 3D production of parts and pieces as well as sterile disposable medical equipment and consumables is likely to continue to keep its importance in the upcoming years. This review article summarizes how additive manufacturing technology can contribute to such cases with special focus on the recent COVID-19 pandemic.}, }
@article {pmid33585793, year = {2021}, author = {Aydin, A and Demirtas, Z and Ok, M and Erkus, H and Cebi, G and Uysal, E and Gunduz, O and Ustundag, CB}, title = {3D printing in the battle against COVID-19.}, journal = {Emergent materials}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-24}, doi = {10.1007/s42247-021-00164-y}, pmid = {33585793}, issn = {2522-574X}, abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that is SARS-CoV-2, previously called 2019-nCoV, is a kind of human infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Based on the prompt increase of human infection rate, COVID-19 outbreak was distinguished as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). By 2020, COVID-19 becomes a major health problem all around the world. Due to the battle against COVID-19, there are some adversities that are encountered with. The most significant difficulty is the lack of equipment for the COVID-19 battle. Lately, there is not sufficient personal protective equipment (PPE) for hospital workers on the front lines in this terrifying time. All around the world, hospitals are overwhelmed by the volume of patients and the lack of personal protective equipment including face masks, gloves, eye protection and clothing. In addition, the lack of nasal swabs, which are necessary components, that are used for testing is another issue that is being faced. There are a small number of respirators, which are emergency devices that help patients breathe for a short period of time. To overcome the limited number of equipment available, the foremost solution can be 3D printing that allows three-dimensional renderings to be realized as physical objects with the use of a printer and that revolutionized prototyping. Low-cost desktop 3D printers allow economical 3D models and guides but have less quality approvals. 3D printing is already well integrated into the process of COVID-19 battle by manufacturing the equipment that are convenient. The goals of this review are to explore the techniques of 3D printing for the equipment that are used for COVID-19 battle and evaluate the materials that are used for manufacturing and the manufactured equipment. Lastly, the advantages and disadvantages of 3D printing are figured out.}, }
@article {pmid33585706, year = {2021}, author = {Nagoor Meeran, MF and Javed, H and Sharma, C and Goyal, SN and Kumar, S and Jha, NK and Ojha, S}, title = {Can Echinacea be a potential candidate to target immunity, inflammation, and infection - The trinity of coronavirus disease 2019.}, journal = {Heliyon}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {e05990}, doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e05990}, pmid = {33585706}, issn = {2405-8440}, abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an ongoing public health emergency. The pathogenesis and complications advanced with infection mainly involve immune-inflammatory cascade. Therefore, the therapeutic strategy relies on immune modulation, reducing infectivity and inflammation. Given the interplay of infection and immune-inflammatory axis, the natural products received attention for preventive and therapeutic usage in COVID-19 due to their potent antiviral and anti-immunomodulatory activities. Recently, Echinacea preparations, particularly E. purpurea, have been suggested to be an important antiviral agent to be useful in COVID-19 by modulating virus entry, internalization and replication. In principle, the immune response and the resultant inflammatory process are important for the elimination of the infection, but may have a significant impact on SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and may play a role in the clinical spectrum of COVID-19. Considering the pharmacological effects, therapeutic potential, and molecular mechanisms of Echinacea, we hypothesize that it could be a reasonably possible candidate for targeting infection, immunity, and inflammation in COVID-19 with recent recognition of cannabinoid-2 (CB2) receptors and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) mediated mechanisms of bioactive components that make them notable immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and antiviral agent. The plausible reason for our hypothesis is that the presence of numerous bioactive agents in different parts of plants that may synergistically exert polypharmacological actions in regulating immune-inflammatory axis in COVID-19. Our proposition is to scientifically contemplate the therapeutic perspective and prospect of Echinacea on infection, immunity, and inflammation with a potential in COVID-19 to limit the severity and progression of the disease. Based on the clinical usage for respiratory infections, and relative safety in humans, further studies for the evidence-based approach to COVID-19 are needed. We do hope that Echinacea could be a candidate agent for immunomodulation in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33585671, year = {2021}, author = {Senatore, V and Zarra, T and Buonerba, A and Choo, KH and Hasan, SW and Korshin, G and Li, CW and Ksibi, M and Belgiorno, V and Naddeo, V}, title = {Indoor versus outdoor transmission of SARS-COV-2: environmental factors in virus spread and underestimated sources of risk.}, journal = {Euro-Mediterranean journal for environmental integration}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {30}, doi = {10.1007/s41207-021-00243-w}, pmid = {33585671}, issn = {2365-7448}, abstract = {The first case of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in Europe was officially confirmed in February 2020. On 11 March 2020, after thousands of deaths from this disease had been reported worldwide, the WHO changed their classification of COVID-19 from a public health emergency of international concern to a pandemic. The SARS-CoV-2 virus has been shown to be much more resistant to environmental degradation than other coated viruses. Several studies have shown that environmental conditions can influence its viability and infectivity. This review summarizes current knowledge on the transmission pathways of the novel coronavirus, and directs attention towards potentially underestimated factors that affect its propagation, notably indoor spread and outdoor risk sources. The contributions of significant indoor factors such as ventilation systems to the spread of this virus need to be carefully ascertained. Outdoor risk sources such as aerosolized particles emitted during wastewater treatment and particulate matter (PM), both of which may act as virus carriers, should be examined as well. This study shows the influence of certain underestimated factors on the environmental behavior and survival of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. These aspects of coronavirus propagation need to be accounted for when devising actions to limit not only the current pandemic but also future outbreaks.}, }
@article {pmid33585668, year = {2021}, author = {Srinivas, G and Maanasa, R and Meenakshi, M and Adaikalam, JM and Seshayyan, S and Muthuvel, T}, title = {Ethical rationing of healthcare resources during COVID-19 outbreak: Review.}, journal = {Ethics, medicine, and public health}, volume = {16}, number = {}, pages = {100633}, doi = {10.1016/j.jemep.2021.100633}, pmid = {33585668}, issn = {2352-5525}, abstract = {While rationing of healthcare resources is inevitable even in the most developed economies, particularly on the wake of a pandemic, ethical basis of its implementation needs to be reviewed. With sudden and huge demand for drugs and medical supplies and equipments, the need for rationing arises and thus the concept becomes unavoidable. Thus, we aimed to review and analyse on the key ethical issues in the concept of healthcare rationing. Our search in various PubMed databases resulted articles explaining on the concept of strategizing the priorities based on universal ethical principles of justice, benevolence and ensuring equality rather than wealth, power, geographical location or other personal biases. Concrete and pragmatic regulations and guidelines for systematic rationing have to be framed and followed. In addition, physicians being sensitive and empowered on deciding bedside rationing in coordination with the recommendations of ethicists and healthcare officials, will ensure fair practice.}, }
@article {pmid33585577, year = {2020}, author = {Cameli, M and Pastore, MC and Mandoli, GE and D'Ascenzi, F and Focardi, M and Biagioni, G and Cameli, P and Patti, G and Franchi, F and Mondillo, S and Valente, S}, title = {COVID-19 and Acute Coronary Syndromes: Current Data and Future Implications.}, journal = {Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {593496}, doi = {10.3389/fcvm.2020.593496}, pmid = {33585577}, issn = {2297-055X}, abstract = {Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a global healthcare burden, characterized by high mortality and morbidity rates all over the world. During the outbreak period, the topic of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) has raised several clinical issues, due to the risks of COVID-19 induced myocardial injury and to the uncertainties about the management of these cardiologic emergency conditions, which should be organized optimizing the diagnostic and therapeutic resources and ensuring the maximum protection to healthcare personnel and hospital environment. COVID-19 status should be assessed as soon as possible. Moreover, considerably lower rates of hospitalization for ACS have been reported all over the world, due to patients' hesitations to refer to hospital and to missed diagnosis. As a result, short- and long-term complications of myocardial infarction are expected in the near future; therefore, great efforts of healthcare providers will be required to limit the effects of this issue. In the present review we discuss the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on ACS diagnosis and management, with possible incoming consequences, providing an overview of the available evidence and suggesting future changes in social and clinical approach to ACS.}, }
@article {pmid33585495, year = {2020}, author = {Gross, PL and Chan, NC}, title = {Thromboembolism in Older Adults.}, journal = {Frontiers in medicine}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {470016}, doi = {10.3389/fmed.2020.470016}, pmid = {33585495}, issn = {2296-858X}, abstract = {Arterial and venous thromboembolism are both more common in older adults. The use of anticoagulants, the mainstay to prevent thromboembolism, requires consideration of the balance between risk and benefit. Such consideration is even more important in the very elderly in whom the risk of anticoagulant-related bleeding and thrombosis are higher. This review will focus on the challenges of implementing and managing anticoagulant therapy in older patients in an era when the options for anticoagulants include not only vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), but also direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs).}, }
@article {pmid33585379, year = {2020}, author = {Bhanot, D and Singh, T and Verma, SK and Sharad, S}, title = {Stigma and Discrimination During COVID-19 Pandemic.}, journal = {Frontiers in public health}, volume = {8}, number = {}, pages = {577018}, doi = {10.3389/fpubh.2020.577018}, pmid = {33585379}, issn = {2296-2565}, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has been instrumental in creating a dramatic shift from people's need to live in mutual association toward a desire to stigmatize distinctive others. Pandemic seems to be causing othering. Stated simply, stigmatization is a social process set to exclude those who are perceived to be a potential source of disease and may pose threat to the effective social living in the society. Based on the secondary evidence collected from news published online or in print, the present article delves into stigma associated with the COVID-19 pandemic among different social groups in the Indian society and the mounting cases of prejudice based on race, class, and religion. It also presents insights into the varied manifestations, and the deleterious consequences of COVID-19 inspired othering brought to its potential targets in India.}, }
@article {pmid33585285, year = {2020}, author = {Stavropoulou, E and Kantartzi, K and Tsigalou, C and Konstantinidis, T and Voidarou, C and Konstantinidis, T and Bezirtzoglou, E}, title = {Unraveling the Interconnection Patterns Across Lung Microbiome, Respiratory Diseases, and COVID-19.}, journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {619075}, doi = {10.3389/fcimb.2020.619075}, pmid = {33585285}, issn = {2235-2988}, abstract = {Albeit the lungs were thought to be sterile, recent scientific data reported a microbial microbiota in the lungs of healthy individuals. Apparently, new developments in technological approachesincluding genome sequencing methodologies contributed in the identification of the microbiota and shed light on the role of the gut and lung microbiomes in the development of respiratory diseases. Moreover, knowledge of the human microbiome in health may act as a tool for evaluating characteristic shifts in the case of disease. This review paper discusses the development of respiratory disease linked to the intestinal dysbiosis which influences the lung immunity and microbiome. The gastrointestinal-lung dialogue provides interesting aspects in the pathogenesis of the respiratory diseases. Lastly, we were further interested on the role of this interconnection in the progression and physiopathology of newly emergedCOVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33585175, year = {2021}, author = {Kichloo, A and Albosta, M and Kumar, A and Aljadah, M and Mohamed, M and El-Amir, Z and Wani, F and Jamal, S and Singh, J and Kichloo, A}, title = {Emerging therapeutics in the management of COVID-19.}, journal = {World journal of virology}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {1-29}, doi = {10.5501/wjv.v10.i1.1}, pmid = {33585175}, issn = {2220-3249}, abstract = {The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19) pandemic has placed a tremendous burden on healthcare systems globally. Therapeutics for treatment of the virus are extremely inconsistent due to the lack of time evaluating drug efficacy in clinical trials. Currently, there is a deficiency of published literature that comprehensively discusses all therapeutics being considered for the treatment of COVID-19. A review of the literature was performed for articles related to therapeutics and clinical trials in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic. We used PubMed, Google Scholar, and Clinicaltrials.gov to search for articles relative to the topic of interest. We used the following keywords: &quot;COVID-19&quot;, &quot;therapeutics&quot;, &quot;clinical trials&quot;, &quot;treatment&quot;, &quot;FDA&quot;, &quot;ICU&quot;, &quot;mortality&quot;, and &quot;management&quot;. In addition, searches through the references of retrieved articles was also performed. In this paper, we have elaborated on the therapeutic strategies that have been hypothesized or trialed to-date, the mechanism of action of each therapeutic, the clinical trials finished or in-process that support the use of each therapeutic, and the adverse effects associated with each therapeutic. Currently, there is no treatment that has been proven to provide significant benefit in reducing morbidity and mortality. There are many clinical trials for numerous different therapeutic agents currently underway. By looking back and measuring successful strategies from previous pandemics in addition to carrying out ongoing research, we provide ourselves with the greatest opportunity to find treatments that are beneficial.}, }
@article {pmid33585136, year = {2021}, author = {Abbate Ford, O and Khurana, B and Sinha, I and Carty, MJ and Orgill, D}, title = {The Plastic Surgeon's Role in the COVID-19 Crisis: Regarding Domestic Violence.}, journal = {Cureus}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {e12650}, doi = {10.7759/cureus.12650}, pmid = {33585136}, issn = {2168-8184}, abstract = {Pandemics are associated with increased rates of intimate partner violence (IPV). IPV-related physical abuse is most commonly inflicted through craniofacial assault and upper extremity injury. Plastic surgeons are frequently consulted for recommendations in the management of head-and-neck and hand trauma, thereby are uniquely positioned to encounter patients who have experienced IPV. However, IPV training is not routinely offered in surgical education. We provide a review of the increasing prevalence of IPV during the COVID-19 pandemic and its pertinence to plastic surgery consultation in the emergency room. This article aims to increase providers' confidence in recognizing IPV-suspicious injuries and propose an educational, interactive tool for discussing IPV with patients.}, }
@article {pmid33585053, year = {2021}, author = {Fisk, RJ}, title = {Barriers to Vaccination for COVID-19 Control - Experience from the United States.}, journal = {Global health journal (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.glohj.2021.02.005}, pmid = {33585053}, issn = {2414-6447}, abstract = {To date, the United States (U.S.) has been the most heavily impacted country by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). By November 30, 2020, when this paper was written, 13.5 million cases were reported in the U.S. with over 268 000 deaths. Historically, vaccines have been one of the most effective and efficient technical tools for controlling a communicable disease. While the development of these vaccines has certainly been a challenge, it could be more challenging to achieve robust vaccine uptake because of many barriers. In this review, we focused on two types of barriers documented from long-term experience in the U.S.: structural and attitudinal. Structural barriers are systemic issues that impact one's ability to access a service, and they include time, transportation, cost, and clinic or outlet location; while attitudinal barriers are beliefs or perceptions that impact the willingness of at-risk individuals to seek out and/or accept a service. In the context of vaccination they include beliefs about the communicable disease, beliefs about vaccines, fear, and trust in healthcare and governmental agencies. Of the attitudinal barriers, public trust is a barrier that is of particular importance. In addition to affecting reception of vaccines, it may exacerbate disparities and reduce the likelihood of success of a vaccination program. Recommendations are made to overcome attitudinal barriers to help improve the effectiveness of vaccination programs for COVID-19 control in the U.S., such as building public support through bipartisan endorsements and leveraging social media platforms to promote vaccination.}, }
@article {pmid33585052, year = {2021}, author = {Olufadewa, II and Adesina, MA and Ekpo, MD and Akinloye, SJ and Iyanda, TO and Nwachukwu, P and Kodzo, LD}, title = {Lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic response in China, Italy, and the U.S.: a guide for Africa and low-and-middle-income countries.}, journal = {Global health journal (Amsterdam, Netherlands)}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.glohj.2021.02.003}, pmid = {33585052}, issn = {2414-6447}, abstract = {Africa can be &quot;left behind&quot; after other advanced continents recover from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic as reflected by the global pandemic of HIV/AIDS. In this paper, we summarize potentially adaptable, effective and innovative strategies from China, Italy, and the U.S. The purpose is to help African countries with weaker healthcare systems better respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. China, being the first to detect COVID-19 infection swiftly swung into anti-epidemic actions by the use of innovative risk communication and epidemic containment strategies. Italy and U.S., the next rapidly hit countries after China, however, experienced sustained infections and deaths due to delayed and ineffective response. Many African countries responded poorly to the COVID-19 pandemic as evidenced by the limited capacity for public health surveillance, poor leadership, low education and socioeconomic status, among others. Experience from China, Italy and U.S. suggests that a better response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa needs a strong public health leadership, proactive strategies, innovative risk communication about the pandemic, massive tests and isolation, and scaling-up community engagement. Lastly, African countries must collaborate with other countries to facilitate real-time information and experience exchange with other countries to avoid being left behind.}, }
@article {pmid33584847, year = {2021}, author = {Wang, C and Liu, M and Wang, Z and Li, S and Deng, Y and He, N}, title = {Point-of-care diagnostics for infectious diseases: From methods to devices.}, journal = {Nano today}, volume = {37}, number = {}, pages = {101092}, doi = {10.1016/j.nantod.2021.101092}, pmid = {33584847}, issn = {1748-0132}, abstract = {The current widespread of COVID-19 all over the world, which is caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, has again emphasized the importance of development of point-of-care (POC) diagnostics for timely prevention and control of the pandemic. Compared with labor- and time-consuming traditional diagnostic methods, POC diagnostics exhibit several advantages such as faster diagnostic speed, better sensitivity and specificity, lower cost, higher efficiency and ability of on-site detection. To achieve POC diagnostics, developing POC detection methods and correlated POC devices is the key and should be given top priority. The fast development of microfluidics, micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology, nanotechnology and materials science, have benefited the production of a series of portable, miniaturized, low cost and highly integrated POC devices for POC diagnostics of various infectious diseases. In this review, various POC detection methods for the diagnosis of infectious diseases, including electrochemical biosensors, fluorescence biosensors, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based biosensors, colorimetric biosensors, chemiluminiscence biosensors, surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based biosensors, and magnetic biosensors, were first summarized. Then, recent progresses in the development of POC devices including lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices, lab-on-a-disc (LOAD) devices, microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs), lateral flow devices, miniaturized PCR devices, and isothermal nucleic acid amplification (INAA) devices, were systematically discussed. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives for the design and development of POC detection methods and correlated devices were presented. The ultimate goal of this review is to provide new insights and directions for the future development of POC diagnostics for the management of infectious diseases and contribute to the prevention and control of infectious pandemics like COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33584752, year = {2020}, author = {Galieni, A and D'Ascenzo, N and Stagnari, F and Pagnani, G and Xie, Q and Pisante, M}, title = {Past and Future of Plant Stress Detection: An Overview From Remote Sensing to Positron Emission Tomography.}, journal = {Frontiers in plant science}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {609155}, doi = {10.3389/fpls.2020.609155}, pmid = {33584752}, issn = {1664-462X}, abstract = {Plant stress detection is considered one of the most critical areas for the improvement of crop yield in the compelling worldwide scenario, dictated by both the climate change and the geopolitical consequences of the Covid-19 epidemics. A complicated interconnection of biotic and abiotic stressors affect plant growth, including water, salt, temperature, light exposure, nutrients availability, agrochemicals, air and soil pollutants, pests and diseases. In facing this extended panorama, the technology choice is manifold. On the one hand, quantitative methods, such as metabolomics, provide very sensitive indicators of most of the stressors, with the drawback of a disruptive approach, which prevents follow up and dynamical studies. On the other hand qualitative methods, such as fluorescence, thermography and VIS/NIR reflectance, provide a non-disruptive view of the action of the stressors in plants, even across large fields, with the drawback of a poor accuracy. When looking at the spatial scale, the effect of stress may imply modifications from DNA level (nanometers) up to cell (micrometers), full plant (millimeters to meters), and entire field (kilometers). While quantitative techniques are sensitive to the smallest scales, only qualitative approaches can be used for the larger ones. Emerging technologies from nuclear and medical physics, such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography, are expected to bridge the gap of quantitative non-disruptive morphologic and functional measurements at larger scale. In this review we analyze the landscape of the different technologies nowadays available, showing the benefits of each approach in plant stress detection, with a particular focus on the gaps, which will be filled in the nearby future by the emerging nuclear physics approaches to agriculture.}, }
@article {pmid33584720, year = {2020}, author = {Reza-Zaldívar, EE and Hernández-Sapiéns, MA and Minjarez, B and Gómez-Pinedo, U and Márquez-Aguirre, AL and Mateos-Díaz, JC and Matias-Guiu, J and Canales-Aguirre, AA}, title = {Infection Mechanism of SARS-COV-2 and Its Implication on the Nervous System.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {621735}, doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2020.621735}, pmid = {33584720}, issn = {1664-3224}, abstract = {In late December 2019, multiple atypical pneumonia cases resulted in severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by a pathogen identified as a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. The most common coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms are pneumonia, fever, dry cough, and fatigue. However, some neurological complications following SARS-CoV-2 infection include confusion, cerebrovascular diseases, ataxia, hypogeusia, hyposmia, neuralgia, and seizures. Indeed, a growing literature demonstrates that neurotropism is a common feature of coronaviruses; therefore, the infection mechanisms already described in other coronaviruses may also be applicable for SARS-CoV-2. Understanding the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms in the nervous system infection and the neurological involvement is essential to assess possible long-term neurological alteration of COVID-19. Here, we provide an overview of associated literature regarding possible routes of COVID-19 neuroinvasion, such as the trans-synapse-connected route in the olfactory pathway and peripheral nerve terminals and its neurological implications in the central nervous system.}, }
@article {pmid33584697, year = {2020}, author = {Suryavanshi, SV and Kovalchuk, I and Kovalchuk, O}, title = {Cannabinoids as Key Regulators of Inflammasome Signaling: A Current Perspective.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {613613}, doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2020.613613}, pmid = {33584697}, issn = {1664-3224}, abstract = {Inflammasomes are cytoplasmic inflammatory signaling protein complexes that detect microbial materials, sterile inflammatory insults, and certain host-derived elements. Inflammasomes, once activated, promote caspase-1-mediated maturation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, leading to pyroptosis. Current advances in inflammasome research support their involvement in the development of chronic inflammatory disorders in contrast to their role in regulating innate immunity. Cannabis (marijuana) is a natural product obtained from the Cannabis sativa plant, and pharmacologically active ingredients of the plant are referred to as cannabinoids. Cannabinoids and cannabis extracts have recently emerged as promising novel drugs for chronic medical conditions. Growing evidence indicates the potent anti-inflammatory potential of cannabinoids, especially Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and synthetic cannabinoids; however, the mechanisms remain unclear. Several attempts have been made to decipher the role of cannabinoids in modulating inflammasome signaling in the etiology of chronic inflammatory diseases. In this review, we discuss recently published evidence on the effect of cannabinoids on inflammasome signaling. We also discuss the contribution of various cannabinoids in human diseases concerning inflammasome regulation. Lastly, in the milieu of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, we confer available evidence linking inflammasome activation to the pathophysiology of COVID-19 suggesting overall, the importance of cannabinoids as possible drugs to target inflammasome activation in or to support the treatment of a variety of human disorders including COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33584667, year = {2020}, author = {Fraga-Silva, TFC and Maruyama, SR and Sorgi, CA and Russo, EMS and Fernandes, APM and de Barros Cardoso, CR and Faccioli, LH and Dias-Baruffi, M and Bonato, VLD}, title = {COVID-19: Integrating the Complexity of Systemic and Pulmonary Immunopathology to Identify Biomarkers for Different Outcomes.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {599736}, doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2020.599736}, pmid = {33584667}, issn = {1664-3224}, abstract = {In the last few months, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected millions of people worldwide and has provoked an exceptional effort from the scientific community to understand the disease. Clinical evidence suggests that severe COVID-19 is associated with both dysregulation of damage tolerance caused by pulmonary immunopathology and high viral load. In this review article, we describe and discuss clinical studies that show advances in the understanding of mild and severe illness and we highlight major points that are critical for improving the comprehension of different clinical outcomes. The understanding of pulmonary immunopathology will contribute to the identification of biomarkers in an attempt to classify mild, moderate, severe and critical COVID-19 illness. The interface of pulmonary immunopathology and the identification of biomarkers are critical for the development of new therapeutic strategies aimed to reduce the systemic and pulmonary hyperinflammation in severe COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33584661, year = {2020}, author = {Pathak, L and Das, B}, title = {Initiation of Post-Primary Tuberculosis of the Lungs: Exploring the Secret Role of Bone Marrow Derived Stem Cells.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {594572}, doi = {10.3389/fimmu.2020.594572}, pmid = {33584661}, issn = {1664-3224}, abstract = {Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative organism of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) now infects more than half of the world population. The efficient transmission strategy of the pathogen includes first remaining dormant inside the infected host, next undergoing reactivation to cause post-primary tuberculosis of the lungs (PPTBL) and then transmit via aerosol to the community. In this review, we are exploring recent findings on the role of bone marrow (BM) stem cell niche in Mtb dormancy and reactivation that may underlie the mechanisms of PPTBL development. We suggest that pathogen's interaction with the stem cell niche may be relevant in potential inflammation induced PPTBL reactivation, which need significant research attention for the future development of novel preventive and therapeutic strategies for PPTBL, especially in a post COVID-19 pandemic world. Finally, we put forward potential animal models to study the stem cell basis of Mtb dormancy and reactivation.}, }
@article {pmid33584597, year = {2020}, author = {Piret, J and Boivin, G}, title = {Pandemics Throughout History.}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {631736}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2020.631736}, pmid = {33584597}, issn = {1664-302X}, abstract = {The emergence and spread of infectious diseases with pandemic potential occurred regularly throughout history. Major pandemics and epidemics such as plague, cholera, flu, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have already afflicted humanity. The world is now facing the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Many infectious diseases leading to pandemics are caused by zoonotic pathogens that were transmitted to humans due to increased contacts with animals through breeding, hunting and global trade activities. The understanding of the mechanisms of transmission of pathogens to humans allowed the establishment of methods to prevent and control infections. During centuries, implementation of public health measures such as isolation, quarantine and border control helped to contain the spread of infectious diseases and maintain the structure of the society. In the absence of pharmaceutical interventions, these containment methods have still been used nowadays to control COVID-19 pandemic. Global surveillance programs of water-borne pathogens, vector-borne diseases and zoonotic spillovers at the animal-human interface are of prime importance to rapidly detect the emergence of infectious threats. Novel technologies for rapid diagnostic testing, contact tracing, drug repurposing, biomarkers of disease severity as well as new platforms for the development and production of vaccines are needed for an effective response in case of pandemics.}, }
@article {pmid33584343, year = {2021}, author = {Lopes-Pacheco, M and Silva, PL and Cruz, FF and Battaglini, D and Robba, C and Pelosi, P and Morales, MM and Caruso Neves, C and Rocco, PRM}, title = {Pathogenesis of Multiple Organ Injury in COVID-19 and Potential Therapeutic Strategies.}, journal = {Frontiers in physiology}, volume = {12}, number = {}, pages = {593223}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2021.593223}, pmid = {33584343}, issn = {1664-042X}, abstract = {Severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, formerly 2019-nCoV) is a novel coronavirus that has rapidly disseminated worldwide, causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. As of January 6th, 2021, there were over 86 million global confirmed cases, and the disease has claimed over 1.87 million lives (a ∼2.2% case fatality rate). SARS-CoV-2 is able to infect human cells by binding its spike (S) protein to angiotensin-conversing enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is expressed abundantly in several cell types and tissues. ACE2 has extensive biological activities as a component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and plays a pivotal role as counter-regulator of angiotensin II (Ang II) activity by converting the latter to Ang (1-7). Virion binding to ACE2 for host cell entry leads to internalization of both via endocytosis, as well as activation of ADAM17/TACE, resulting in downregulation of ACE2 and loss of its protective actions in the lungs and other organs. Although COVID-19 was initially described as a purely respiratory disease, it is now known that infected individuals can rapidly progress to a multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. In fact, all human structures that express ACE2 are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or to the downstream effects of reduced ACE2 levels, namely systemic inflammation and injury. In this review, we aim to summarize the major features of SARS-CoV-2 biology and the current understanding of COVID-19 pathogenesis, as well as its clinical repercussions in the lung, heart, kidney, bowel, liver, and brain. We also highlight potential therapeutic targets and current global efforts to identify safe and effective therapies against this life-threatening condition.}, }
@article {pmid33584335, year = {2020}, author = {Santos, JC and Ribeiro, ML and Gambero, A}, title = {The Impact of Polyphenols-Based Diet on the Inflammatory Profile in COVID-19 Elderly and Obese Patients.}, journal = {Frontiers in physiology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {612268}, doi = {10.3389/fphys.2020.612268}, pmid = {33584335}, issn = {1664-042X}, abstract = {The World Health Organization declared the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-associated disease (coronavirus disease 2019 - COVID-19) as a pandemic in March 2020. COVID-19 is characterized by cytokine storm, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and systemic inflammation-related pathology and already kills more than 1.5 million of people worldwide. Since aged and obese COVID-19 patients exhibit an enhanced inflammatory status, they represent a high-risk cluster for rapidly progressive clinical deterioration. These individuals present comorbid disorders and immunosenescence that may promote viral-induced cytokine storm and expression of molecules acting as virus receptor as angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and CD26 (dipeptidyl-peptidase 4), resulting in respiratory failure and increased morbidity and mortality. A better knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 infection in inflammatory-associated high-risk population is essential in order to develop the therapies needed to combat or prevent severe COVID-19. Here, we review the pathogenesis and clinical implications of inflammatory disorders and disease markers associated to senescence in COVID-19 patients and the emerging evidence to argue that a high intake of polyphenols may have a protective effect on SARS-CoV-2 illness severity.}, }
@article {pmid33584306, year = {2020}, author = {Poloznikov, AA and Nersisyan, SA and Hushpulian, DM and Kazakov, EH and Tonevitsky, AG and Kazakov, SV and Vechorko, VI and Nikulin, SV and Makarova, JA and Gazaryan, IG}, title = {HIF Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitors for COVID-19 Treatment: Pros and Cons.}, journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {621054}, doi = {10.3389/fphar.2020.621054}, pmid = {33584306}, issn = {1663-9812}, abstract = {The review analyzes the potential advantages and problems associated with using HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors as a treatment for COVID-19. HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors are known to boost endogenous erythropoietin (Epo) and activate erythropoiesis by stabilizing and activating the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF). Recombinant Epo treatment has anti-inflammatory and healing properties, and thus, very likely, will be beneficial for moderate to severe cases of COVID-19. However, HIF PHD inhibition may have a significantly broader effect, in addition to stimulating the endogenous Epo production. The analysis of HIF target genes reveals that some HIF-targets, such as furin, could play a negative role with respect to viral entry. On the other hand, HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors counteract ferroptosis, the process recently implicated in vessel damage during the later stages of COVID-19. Therefore, HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors may serve as a promising treatment of COVID-19 complications, but they are unlikely to aid in the prevention of the initial stages of infection.}, }
@article {pmid33584278, year = {2020}, author = {Micera, A and Balzamino, BO and Di Zazzo, A and Dinice, L and Bonini, S and Coassin, M}, title = {Biomarkers of Neurodegeneration and Precision Therapy in Retinal Disease.}, journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {601647}, doi = {10.3389/fphar.2020.601647}, pmid = {33584278}, issn = {1663-9812}, abstract = {Vision-threatening retinal diseases affect millions of people worldwide, representing an important public health issue (high social cost) for both technologically advanced and new-industrialized countries. Overall RD group comprises the retinitis pigmentosa, the age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the diabetic retinopathy (DR), and idiopathic epiretinal membrane formation. Endocrine, metabolic, and even lifestyles risk factors have been reported for these age-linked conditions that represent a &quot;public priority&quot; also in this COVID-19 emergency. Chronic inflammation and neurodegeneration characterize the disease evolution, with a consistent vitreoretinal interface impairment. As the vitreous chamber is significantly involved, the latest diagnostic technologies of imaging (retina) and biomarker detection (vitreous) have provided a huge input at both medical and surgical levels. Complement activation and immune cell recruitment/infiltration as well as detrimental intra/extracellular deposits occur in association with a reactive gliosis. The cell/tissue aging route shows a specific signal path and biomolecular profile characterized by the increased expression of several glial-derived mediators, including angiogenic/angiostatic, neurogenic, and stress-related factors (oxidative stress metabolites, inflammation, and even amyloid formation). The possibility to access vitreous chamber by collecting vitreous reflux during intravitreal injection or obtaining vitreous biopsy during a vitrectomy represents a step forward for an individualized therapy. As drug response and protein signature appear unique in each single patient, therapies should be individualized. This review addresses the current knowledge about biomarkers and pharmacological targets in these vitreoretinal diseases. As vitreous fluids might reflect the early stages of retinal sufferance and/or late stages of neurodegeneration, the possibility to modulate intravitreal levels of growth factors, in combination to anti-VEGF therapy, would open to a personalized therapy of retinal diseases.}, }
@article {pmid33584268, year = {2020}, author = {Sun, B and Huang, S and Zhou, J}, title = {Perspectives of Antidiabetic Drugs in Diabetes With Coronavirus Infections.}, journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {592439}, doi = {10.3389/fphar.2020.592439}, pmid = {33584268}, issn = {1663-9812}, abstract = {Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk of viral infections especially during the period of poor glycemic controls. Emerging evidence has reported that DM is one of the most common comorbidities in the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) infection, also referred to as COVID-19. Moreover, the management and therapy are complex for individuals with diabetes who are acutely unwell with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. Here, we review the role of antidiabetic agents, mainly including insulin, metformin, pioglitazone, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists in DM patients with coronavirus infection, addressing the clinical therapeutic choices for these subjects.}, }
@article {pmid33584265, year = {2020}, author = {Ren, W and Ma, Y and Wang, R and Liang, P and Sun, Q and Pu, Q and Dong, L and Mazhar, M and Luo, G and Yang, S}, title = {Research Advance on Qingfei Paidu Decoction in Prescription Principle, Mechanism Analysis and Clinical Application.}, journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {589714}, doi = {10.3389/fphar.2020.589714}, pmid = {33584265}, issn = {1663-9812}, abstract = {Since the sudden epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine immediately organized experts to formulate and screen the effective prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine according to the characteristics of the novel coronavirus infection. Qingfei Paidu decoction (QFPDD) has been proven to be effective in multi-provincial clinical trials, and has been selected as a general prescription for the treatment of COVID-19 in different stages that was later promoted to be used nationwide. This review highlights the latest advances of QFPDD, focusing on the TCM theory, mechanism analysis, clinical application of QFPDD and its future perspectives. Moreover, an in-depth discussion of some valuable issues and possible development for future research on QFPDD is also discussed, aiming to provide a novel guide to combat the global epidemic COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33584148, year = {2021}, author = {Zhu, F and Ang, JY}, title = {2021 Update on the Clinical Management and Diagnosis of Kawasaki Disease.}, journal = {Current infectious disease reports}, volume = {23}, number = {3}, pages = {3}, doi = {10.1007/s11908-021-00746-1}, pmid = {33584148}, issn = {1523-3847}, abstract = {Purpose of Review: Provide an updated review of the clinical management and diagnosis of Kawasaki disease with inclusion of potential diagnostic difficulties with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) given the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.<br><br>Recent Findings: Adjunctive corticosteroid therapy has been shown to reduce the rate of coronary artery dilation in children at high risk for IVIG resistance in multiple Japanese clinical studies (most notably RAISE study group). Additional adjunctive therapies (etanercept, infliximab, cyclosporin) may also provide limited benefit, but data is limited to single studies and subgroups of patients with cardiac abnormalities. The efficacy of other agents (atorvastatin, doxycycline) is currently being investigated. MIS-C is a clinically distinct entity from KD with broad clinical manifestations and multiorgan involvement (cardiac, GI, hematologic, dermatologic, respiratory, renal). MIS-C with Kawasaki manifestations is more commonly seen in children < 5 years of age.<br><br>Summary: The 2017 American Heart Association (AHA) treatment guidelines have included changes in aspirin dosing (including both 80-100 mg/kg/day and 30-50 mg/kg/day treatment options), consideration of the use of adjuvant corticosteroid therapy in patients at high risk of IVIG resistance, and the change in steroid regimen for refractory KD to include both pulse-dose IVMP and longer course of prednisolone with an oral taper. A significant proportion of children diagnosed with MIS-C, a post-infectious syndrome of SARS-CoV-2 infection, meet criteria for Kawasaki disease. Further investigation is warranted to further delineate these conditions and optimize treatment of these conditions given the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.}, }
@article {pmid33584076, year = {2021}, author = {Hagymási, K}, title = {The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine-2020.}, journal = {Structural chemistry}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-5}, doi = {10.1007/s11224-021-01731-z}, pmid = {33584076}, issn = {1040-0400}, abstract = {At the time of COVID-19 coronavirus pandemia, the Nobel Prize of Physiology or Medicine 2020 was awarded jointly to three researchers Harvey J. Alter, Charles M. Rice, and Michael Houghton for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus. Their works contributed to the isolation of the blood-borne virus, causing chronic hepatitis in 80% of infected person, resulting in cirrhosis, and in elevated risk of liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma formation. Their results created the basis of HCV screening of blood, and blood products, achieving more than 95% cure of infected people without nearly side effects with direct-acting antiviral agents, supporting the goal of the WHO targeting the elimination of viral hepatitis by 2030.}, }
@article {pmid33584070, year = {2021}, author = {Cichoż-Lach, H and Michalak, A}, title = {Liver injury in the era of COVID-19.}, journal = {World journal of gastroenterology}, volume = {27}, number = {5}, pages = {377-390}, doi = {10.3748/wjg.v27.i5.377}, pmid = {33584070}, issn = {2219-2840}, abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has undoubtedly revolutionized the whole globe and given a new point of view on respiratory tract infections. Nevertheless, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cannot be perceived as a disease limited only to pneumonia with diverse severity. More and more reports have demonstrated a wide range of possible systemic symptoms, including hepatic complications. Liver injury has been observed in a significant proportion of patients, especially in those with a severe or critical illness. COVID-19 might provoke a deterioration of liver function in patients with already diagnosed chronic liver diseases and without pre-existing liver disorders. The deterioration of liver function worsens the prognosis, increases the risk of a severe course of SARS-CoV-2 infection and prolongs the hospital stay. In general, patients who develop liver dysfunction in COVID-19 are mainly males, elderly people, and those with higher body mass index. The underlying mechanisms for hepatic failure in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 are still unclear, nevertheless liver damage appears to be directly connected with virus-induced cytopathic effects. A liver injury observed during hospitalization might be simultaneously caused by the use of potentially hepatotoxic drugs, mainly antiviral agents. This minireview focuses on a possible relationship between COVID-19 and the liver, potential molecular mechanisms of liver damage, the characteristics of liver injury and suggested factors predisposing to hepatic manifestations in COVID-19 patients.}, }
@article {pmid33583997, year = {2021}, author = {Kramer, P and Bressan, P}, title = {Infection threat shapes our social instincts.}, journal = {Behavioral ecology and sociobiology}, volume = {75}, number = {3}, pages = {47}, doi = {10.1007/s00265-021-02975-9}, pmid = {33583997}, issn = {0340-5443}, abstract = {We social animals must balance the need to avoid infections with the need to interact with conspecifics. To that end we have evolved, alongside our physiological immune system, a suite of behaviors devised to deal with potentially contagious individuals. Focusing mostly on humans, the current review describes the design and biological innards of this behavioral immune system, laying out how infection threat shapes sociality and sociality shapes infection threat. The paper shows how the danger of contagion is detected and posted to the brain; how it affects individuals' mate choice and sex life; why it strengthens ties within groups but severs those between them, leading to hostility toward anyone who looks, smells, or behaves unusually; and how it permeates the foundation of our moral and political views. This system was already in place when agriculture and animal domestication set off a massive increase in our population density, personal connections, and interaction with other species, amplifying enormously the spread of disease. Alas, pandemics such as COVID-19 not only are a disaster for public health, but, by rousing millions of behavioral immune systems, could prove a threat to harmonious cohabitation too.}, }
@article {pmid33583765, year = {2021}, author = {Amirfarzan, H and Cereda, M and Gaulton, TG and Leissner, KB and Cortegiani, A and Schumann, R and Gregoretti, C}, title = {Use of Helmet CPAP in COVID-19 - A practical review.}, journal = {Pulmonology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.pulmoe.2021.01.008}, pmid = {33583765}, issn = {2531-0437}, abstract = {Helmet CPAP (H-CPAP) has been recommended in many guidelines as a noninvasive respiratory support during COVID-19 pandemic in many countries around the world. It has the least amount of particle dispersion and air contamination among all noninvasive devices and may mitigate the ICU bed shortage during a COVID surge as well as a decreased need for intubation/mechanical ventilation. It can be attached to many oxygen delivery sources. The MaxVenturi setup is preferred as it allows for natural humidification, low noise burden, and easy transition to HFNC during breaks and it is the recommended transport set-up. The patients can safely be proned with the helmet. It can also be used to wean the patients from invasive mechanical ventilation. Our article reviews in depth the pathophysiology of COVID-19 ARDS, provides rationale of using H-CPAP, suggests a respiratory failure algorithm, guides through its setup and discusses the issues and concerns around using it.}, }
@article {pmid33583721, year = {2021}, author = {Eber, E and Goussard, P}, title = {Bronchoscopy precautions and recommendations in the COVID-19 pandemic.}, journal = {Paediatric respiratory reviews}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.prrv.2021.01.001}, pmid = {33583721}, issn = {1526-0550}, abstract = {As the airways of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients contain a high viral load, bronchoscopy is associated with increased risk of patient to health care worker transmission due to aerosolised viral particles and contamination of surfaces during bronchoscopy. Bronchoscopy is not appropriate for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infection and, as an aerosol generating procedure involving a significant risk of transmission, has a very limited role in the management of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients including children. During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic rigid bronchoscopy should be avoided due to the increased risk of droplet spread. Flexible bronchoscopy should be performed first in SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals or in unknown cases, to determine if rigid bronchoscopy is indicated. When available single-use flexible bronchoscopes may be considered for use; devices are available with a range of diameters, and improved image quality and degrees of angulation. When rigid bronchoscopy is necessary, jet ventilation must be avoided and conventional ventilation be used to reduce the risk of aerosolisation. Adequate personal protection equipment is key, as is training of health care workers in correct donning and doffing. Modified full face masks are a practical and safe alternative to filtering facepieces for use in bronchoscopy. When anaesthetic and infection prevention control protocols are strictly adhered to, bronchoscopy can be performed in SARS-CoV-2 positive children.}, }
@article {pmid33583712, year = {2021}, author = {Capaccione, KM and Yang, H and West, E and Patel, H and Ma, H and Patel, S and Frauhoff, A and Loeb, G and Maddocks, A and Borowski, A and Lala, S and Nguyen, P and Lignelli, A and D'souza, B and Desperito, E and Ruzal-Shapiro, C and Salvatore, MM}, title = {Pathophysiology and Imaging Findings of COVID-19 Infection: An Organ-system Based Review.}, journal = {Academic radiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.acra.2021.01.022}, pmid = {33583712}, issn = {1878-4046}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: COVID-19 commonly presents with upper respiratory symptoms; however, studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 infection affects multiple organ systems. Here, we review the pathophysiology and imaging characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection in organ systems throughout the body and explore commonalities.<br><br>OBJECTIVE: Familiarity with the underlying pathophysiology and imaging characteristics is essential for the radiologist to recognize these findings in patients with COVID-19 infection. Though pulmonary findings are the most prevalent presentation, COVID-19 may have multiple manifestations and recognition of the extrapulmonary manifestations is especially important because of the potential serious and long-term effects of COVID-19 on multiple organ systems.}, }
@article {pmid33583675, year = {2021}, author = {Vance, D and Shah, P and Sataloff, RT}, title = {COVID-19: Impact on the Musician and Returning to Singing; A Literature Review.}, journal = {Journal of voice : official journal of the Voice Foundation}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.12.042}, pmid = {33583675}, issn = {1873-4588}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to review current literature of the impact of COVID-19 on musicians and returning to singing.<br><br>METHODS: A comprehensive search of peer-review articles was completed using PubMed, GoogleScholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search was completed using many key terms including voice, hoarseness, dysphonia, aphonia, cough, singers, and public speakers. The bibliography from each article found was searched to find additional articles. The search process revealed 56 peer-reviewed articles, 18 primary articles, ranging from the years 2019 to 2020.<br><br>CONCLUSION: COVID-19 has had a major impact on singers and other musicians worldwide. It can affect the voice and can lead to paresis/paralysis of laryngeal nerves to long-term changes in respiratory function. There is a risk from aerosolization/droplet formation transmission with singing, and with playing wind and brass instruments that can be mitigated by following COVID-19 guidelines. Ways to reduce possible transmission during singing and instrument play include virtual rehearsals or performances, mask-wearing, instrument covers, smaller choirs, performing outside, excellent ventilation being socially distanced, shorter rehearsals, regularly cleaning commonly touched surfaces and washing hands, avoiding contact with others, and temperature screening.}, }
@article {pmid33583673, year = {2021}, author = {Serazin, NA and Edem, B and Williams, SR and Ortiz, JR and Kawade, A and Das, MK and Šubelj, M and Edwards, KM and Parida, SK and Wartel, TA and Munoz, FM and Bastero, P}, title = {Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) as an adverse event following immunization: Case definition &amp; guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data.}, journal = {Vaccine}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.053}, pmid = {33583673}, issn = {1873-2518}, abstract = {This is a Brighton Collaboration Case Definition of the term &quot;Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome - ARDS&quot; to be utilized in the evaluation of adverse events following immunization. The Case Definition was developed by a group of experts convened by the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) in the context of active development of vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and other emerging pathogens. The case definition format of the Brighton Collaboration was followed to develop a consensus definition and defined levels of certainty, after an exhaustive review of the literature and expert consultation. The document underwent peer review by the Brighton Collaboration Network and by selected Expert Reviewers prior to submission. The comments of the reviewers were taken into consideration and edits incorporated in this final manuscript.}, }
@article {pmid33583651, year = {2021}, author = {Winograd, DM and Fresquez, CL and Egli, M and Peterson, EK and Lombardi, AR and Megale, A and Tineo, YAC and Verile, MG and Phillips, AL and Breland, JY and Santos, S and McAndrew, LM}, title = {Rapid review of virus risk communication interventions: Directions for COVID-19.}, journal = {Patient education and counseling}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.pec.2021.01.024}, pmid = {33583651}, issn = {1873-5134}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: In response to COVID-19, we conducted a rapid review of risk communication interventions to mitigate risk from viruses to determine if such interventions are efficacious.<br><br>METHODS: We searched for risk communication interventions in four databases: Medline, PsycInfo, the ProQuest Coronavirus Research Database, and CENTRAL. The search produced 1572 articles. Thirty-one articles were included in the final review.<br><br>RESULTS: Results showed risk communication interventions can produce cognitive and behavior changes around viruses. Results were more consistently positive for interventions focused on HIV/AIDS as compared to influenza. There was no consistent best intervention approach when comparing peer health, audio/visual, and intensive multi-media interventions. Tailoring risk communication toward a target population, in comparison to not tailoring, was related to better outcomes.<br><br>CONCLUSION: The results suggest that risk communication interventions can be efficacious at reducing risk from viruses. They also highlight the complexity of risk communication interventions. Additional research is needed to understand the mechanisms that lead risk communication to reduce risk from viruses.<br><br>PRACTICAL VALUE: Results support risk communication interventions to reduce risk from viruses.}, }
@article {pmid33583576, year = {2021}, author = {Wolfe, J and Safdar, B and Madsen, TE and Sethuraman, KN and Becker, B and Greenberg, MR and McGregor, AJ}, title = {Sex- or Gender-specific Differences in the Clinical Presentation, Outcome, and Treatment of SARS-CoV-2.}, journal = {Clinical therapeutics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.01.015}, pmid = {33583576}, issn = {1879-114X}, abstract = {This review describes the sex and gender differences in COVID-19 presentation, treatment, and outcomes. We discuss the differences between the sexes in susceptibility to infection, the role of sex chromosomes on the body's immunologic response and the influence of hormones on the body's response to the virus. Additionally, the sex differences in clinical and laboratory presentation, complications of infection and outcomes, as well as differences in response to treatment and prevention are reviewed.}, }
@article {pmid33583045, year = {2021}, author = {Huang, W and Zhou, H and Hodgkinson, C and Montero, A and Goldman, D and Chang, SL}, title = {Network Meta-analysis on the Mechanisms Underlying Alcohol Augmentation of COVID-19 Pathologies.}, journal = {Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/acer.14573}, pmid = {33583045}, issn = {1530-0277}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a worldwide crisis caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Many COVID-19 patients present with fever in the early phase, with some progressing to a hyperinflammatory phase. Ethanol (EtOH) exposure may lead to systemic inflammation. Network meta-analysis was conducted to examine possible relationships between EtOH consumption and COVID-19 pathologies.<br><br>METHODS: Molecules affected by EtOH exposure were identified by analysis with QIAGEN Knowledge Base. Molecules affected by COVID-19 were identified from studies in MEDLINE, bioRxiv, and medRxiv reporting gene expression profiles in COVID-19 patients, QIAGEN Coronavirus Network Explorer, and analysis of the RNA-Sequencing data of autopsied lungs of COVID-19 patients retrieved from the GEO database. Network meta-analysis was then conducted on these molecules using QIAGEN Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA).<br><br>RESULTS: Twenty-eight studies reporting significant gene expression changes in COVID-19 patients were identified. One RNA-Sequencing dataset on autopsied lungs of COVID-19 patients was retrieved from GEO. Our network meta-analysis suggests that EtOH exposure may augment the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on hepatic fibrosis signaling pathway, cellular metabolism and homeostasis, inflammation, and neuroinflammation, and that EtOH may enhance the activity of key meditators including cytokines, such as IL1β, IL6, and TNF, and transcription factors, such as JUN and STAT, while inhibiting the activity of anti-inflammatory mediators including glucocorticoid receptor. Furthermore, IL1β, IL6, TNF, JUN, and STAT were mapped to ten pathways predicted to associate with SARS-CoV-2 proteins, including HMGB1, IL1, and IL6 signaling pathways.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analyses demonstrate that EtOH exposure may augment SARS-CoV-2-induced inflammation by altering the activity of key inflammatory mediators. Medical records of COVID-19 patients are sparse for drinking history. Our findings suggest the importance to caution against alcohol consumption, which has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, and facilitate further investigation into how alcohol exposure may affect viral infections.}, }
@article {pmid33583003, year = {2021}, author = {Piticchio, T and Le Moli, R and Tumino, D and Frasca, F}, title = {Relationship between betacoronaviruses and the endocrine system: a new key to understand the COVID-19 pandemic-A comprehensive review.}, journal = {Journal of endocrinological investigation}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33583003}, issn = {1720-8386}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: A new harmful respiratory disease, called COVID-19 emerged in China in December 2019 due to the infection of a novel coronavirus, called SARS-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which belongs to the betacoronavirus genus, including SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV. SARS-CoV-2 shares almost 80% of the genome with SARS-CoV-1 and 50% with MERS-CoV. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 proteins share a high degree of homology (approximately 95%) with SARS-CoV-1 proteins. Hence, the mechanisms of SARS-Cov-1 and SARS-Cov-2 infection are similar and occur via binding to ACE2 protein, which is widely distributed in the human body, with a predominant expression in endocrine tissues including testis, thyroid, adrenal and pituitary.<br><br>PURPOSE: On the basis of expression pattern of the ACE2 protein among different tissues, similarity between SARS-Cov-1 and SARS-Cov-2 and the pathophysiology of COVID-19 disease, we aimed at discussing, after almost one-year pandemic, about the relationships between COVID-19 infection and the endocrine system. First, we discussed the potential effect of hormones on the susceptibility to COVID-19 infection; second, we examined the evidences regarding the effect of COVID-19 on the endocrine system. When data were available, a comparative discussion between SARS and COVID-19 effects was also performed.<br><br>METHODS: A comprehensive literature search within Pubmed was performed. This review has been conducted according to the PRISMA statements.<br><br>RESULTS: Among 450, 100 articles were selected. Tissue and vascular damages have been shown on thyroid, adrenal, testis and pituitary glands, with multiple alterations of endocrine function.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Hormones may affect patient susceptibility to COVID-19 infection but evidences regarding therapeutic implication of these findings are still missing. SARS and COVID-19 may affect endocrine glands and their dense vascularization, impairing endocrine system function. A possible damage of endocrine system in COVID-19 patients should be investigated in both COVID-19 acute phase and recovery to identify both early and late endocrine complications that may be important for patient's prognosis and well-being after COVID-19 infection.}, }
@article {pmid33582936, year = {2021}, author = {Moretti, M and Malhotra, A and Visonà, SD and Finley, SJ and Osculati, AMM and Javan, GT}, title = {The roles of medical examiners in the COVID-19 era: a comparison between the United States and Italy.}, journal = {Forensic science, medicine, and pathology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33582936}, issn = {1556-2891}, abstract = {Italy and the United States are two of the countries most affected by SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), with more than 240,760 confirmed cases in Italy and 2,699,658 in the United States (as of July 2, 2020). The current COVID-19 pandemic has led to substantial changes in many fields of medicine, specifically in the forensic discipline. Medicolegal activities related to conducting autopsies have been largely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Postmortem examinations are generally discouraged by government regulations due to the risk of spreading the disease further through the handling and dissection of bodies from patients who succumbed to COVID-19 infection. There is a paucity of data regarding the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in bodies, as well as concerning the reliability of swabbing methods in human remains. On the other hand, the autopsy is an essential tool to provide necessary information about the pathophysiology of the disease that presents useful clinical and epidemiological insights. On this basis, we aim to address issues concerning general medical examiner/coroner organization, comparing the Italian and American systems. We also discuss the pivotal roles of forensic pathologists in informing infectious disease surveillance. Finally, we focus on the impact of COVID-19 emergency on medicolegal practices in Italy and the United States, as well as the responses of the forensic scientific community to the emerging concerns related to the pandemic. We believe that stronger efforts by authorities are necessary to facilitate completing postmortem examinations, as data derived from such assessments are expected to be paramount to improving patient management and disease prevention.}, }
@article {pmid33582905, year = {2021}, author = {Xiang, X and Wang, ZH and Ye, LL and He, XL and Wei, XS and Ma, YL and Li, H and Chen, L and Wang, XR and Zhou, Q}, title = {Co-infection of SARS-COV-2 and Influenza A Virus: A Case Series and Fast Review.}, journal = {Current medical science}, volume = {41}, number = {1}, pages = {51-57}, pmid = {33582905}, issn = {2523-899X}, abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) occurs in the influenza season and has become a global pandemic. The present study aimed to examine severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) co-infection with influenza A virus (IAV) in an attempt to provide clues for the antiviral interventions of co-infected patients. We described two patients who were co-infected with SARS-CoV-2 and IAV treated at Wuhan Union Hospital, China. In addition, we performed a review in PubMed, Web of Science and CNKI (from January 1 up to November 1, 2020) with combinations of the following key words: &quot;COVID-19, SARS-COV-2, influenza A and co-infection&quot;. A total of 28 co-infected patients were enrolled in the analysis. Of the 28 patients, the median age was 54.5 years (IQR, 34.25-67.5) and 14 cases (50.0%) were classified as severe types. The most common symptoms were fever (85.71%), cough (82.14%) and dyspnea (60.71%). Sixteen patients had lymphocytopenia on admission and 23 patients exhibited abnormal radiological changes. The median time from symptom onset to hospital admission was 4 days (IQR, 3-6), and the median time of hospital stay was 14 days (IQR, 8.5-16.75). In conclusion, patients with SARS-COV-2 and IAV co-infection were similar to those infected with SARS-COV-2 alone in symptoms and radiological images. SARS-COV-2 co-infection with IAV could lead to more severe clinical condition but did not experience longer hospital stay compared with patients infected with SARS-COV-2 alone.}, }
@article {pmid33582547, year = {2021}, author = {Wang, N and Qin, L and Ma, L and Yan, H}, title = {Effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) on reproductive system.}, journal = {Stem cell research}, volume = {52}, number = {}, pages = {102189}, doi = {10.1016/j.scr.2021.102189}, pmid = {33582547}, issn = {1876-7753}, abstract = {Since the emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in December 2019, it has rapidly spread across many countries and it has become a crucial global health concern. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 infection not only effect on respiratory system, but on reproductive system of human. However, there has been not any review described the transmission paths and effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on human reproductive system, systematically. In order to describe the transmission paths of SARS-CoV-2, effect on the male/female reproductive system of SARS-CoV-2 and some successful prevention measures. We would like to review effect of SARS-CoV-2 on reproductive system. To conclude, SARS-CoV-2 infection might damage to male reproductive system via ACE2 receptor mediating and male patients were reportedly slightly more affected than women by SARS-CoV-2 infections.}, }
@article {pmid33582450, year = {2021}, author = {Mehrabadi, ME and Hemmati, R and Tashakor, A and Homaei, A and Yousefzadeh, M and Hemati, K and Hosseinkhani, S}, title = {Induced dysregulation of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2 plays a key role in COVID-19 severity.}, journal = {Biomedicine &amp; pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine &amp; pharmacotherapie}, volume = {137}, number = {}, pages = {111363}, doi = {10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111363}, pmid = {33582450}, issn = {1950-6007}, abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of COVID-19, is reported to increase the rate of mortality worldwide. COVID-19 is associated with acute respiratory symptoms as well as blood coagulation in the vessels (thrombosis), heart attack and stroke. Given the requirement of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells, here we discuss how the downregulation of ACE2 in the COVID-19 patients and virus-induced shift in ACE2 catalytic equilibrium, change the concentrations of substrates such as angiotensin II, apelin-13, dynorphin-13, and products such as angiotensin (1-7), angiotensin (1-9), apelin-12, dynorphin-12 in the human body. Substrates accumulation ultimately induces inflammation, angiogenesis, thrombosis, neuronal and tissue damage while diminished products lead to the loss of the anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic and anti-angiogenic responses. In this review, we focus on the viral-induced imbalance between ACE2 substrates and products which exacerbates the severity of COVID-19. Considering the roadmap, we propose multiple therapeutic strategies aiming to rebalance the products of ACE2 and to ameliorate the symptoms of the disease.}, }
@article {pmid33582230, year = {2021}, author = {Dedoncker, J and Vanderhasselt, MA and Ottaviani, C and Slavich, GM}, title = {MENTAL HEALTH DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND BEYOND: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE VAGUS NERVE FOR BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL RESILIENCE.}, journal = {Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.010}, pmid = {33582230}, issn = {1873-7528}, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has led to widespread increases in mental health problems, including anxiety and depression. The development of these and other psychiatric disorders may be related to changes in immune, endocrine, autonomic/physiological, cognitive, and affective processes induced by a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Interestingly, many of these same changes can be triggered by psychosocial stressors such as social isolation and rejection, which have become increasingly common due to public policies aimed at reducing the spread of SARS-CoV-2. The present review aims to shed light on these issues by describing how viral infections and stress affect mental health. First, we describe the multi-level mechanisms linking viral infection and life stress exposure with risk for psychopathology. Then, we summarize how resilience can be enhanced by targeting vagus nerve function by, for example, applying transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation and targeting lifestyle factors, such as exercise. With these biopsychosocial insights in mind, researchers and healthcare professionals will be better equipped to reduce risk for psychopathology and increase resilience during this challenging pandemic period and beyond.}, }
@article {pmid33581962, year = {2021}, author = {Thatrimontrichai, A and Weber, DJ and Apisarnthanarak, A}, title = {Mental health among healthcare personnel during COVID-19 in Asia: A systematic review.}, journal = {Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.jfma.2021.01.023}, pmid = {33581962}, issn = {0929-6646}, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with an insidious wave of psychological stress among healthcare personnel (HCP) in Asia. Mental exhaustion, burnout, fear, depression, anxiety, insomnia, and psychological stress among HCPs have intensified a daunting challenge during the COVID-19 pandemic. The consequences of such stress may negatively impact patient and HCP safety. This review article reports the associations of mental health status attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic among HCP and their impact on patient safety, and infection prevention and control practices during pandemics.}, }
@article {pmid33581594, year = {2021}, author = {Gupta, Y and Goyal, A and Kubihal, S and Golla, KK and Tandon, N}, title = {A guidance on diagnosis and management of hyperglycemia at COVID care facilities in India.}, journal = {Diabetes &amp; metabolic syndrome}, volume = {15}, number = {1}, pages = {407-413}, pmid = {33581594}, issn = {1878-0334}, abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Diabetes and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) share a bidirectional relationship. Hyperglycemia occurring in the setting of either previously diagnosed or undiagnosed diabetes is known to be associated with poor outcomes. Here, we aim to provide a simple and practical guidance on the diagnosis and management of hyperglycemia in admitted patients with COVID-19.<br><br>METHODS: The guidance is formulated based on experience of authors and relevant literature on the subject searched using Pubmed.<br><br>RESULTS: Every patient admitted to a COVID care facility should be investigated for hyperglycemia using a combination of tests including capillary blood glucose, fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c. Oral glucose lowering drugs can be considered in patients with mild COVID illness who have mild hyperglycemia [pre-meal blood glucose of <180 mg/dl (10 mmol/L) and post-meal blood glucose of <250 mg/dl (13.9 mmol/L)] and no contraindication to the use of these agents.. All patients with moderate-severe disease and/or hyperglycemia of greater severity should be initiated on insulin therapy. Hyperglycemia should be aggressively screened for and managed in patients receiving systemic glucocorticoids.<br><br>CONCLUSION: This document provides a broad overview on the diagnosis and management of hyperglycemia at COVID care facilities and should be useful to a wide range of healthcare personnel involved in care of patients with COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33581526, year = {2021}, author = {Rowan, NJ and Moral, RA}, title = {Disposable face masks and reusable face coverings as non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 variants that cause coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Role of new sustainable NPI design innovations and predictive mathematical modelling.}, journal = {The Science of the total environment}, volume = {772}, number = {}, pages = {145530}, pmid = {33581526}, issn = {1879-1026}, abstract = {Best-published evidence supports the combined use of vaccines with non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), to reduce the relative risk of contracting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19; this will enable a safe transition to achieving herd immunity. Albeit complex, the strategic public health goal is to bundle NPIs to keep the basic reproduction number R0 below one. However, validation of these NPIs is conducted using random clinical trials, which is challenging in a swiftly moving pandemic given the need for recruiting large participant cohort over a longitudinal analysis period. This review highlights emerging innovations for potentially improving the design, functionality and improved waste management of disposable face masks such as filtering facepiece (FFPs) respirators, medical masks, and reusable face coverings to help prevent COVID-19. It describes use of different mathematical models under varying scenarios to inform efficacy of single and combined use of NPIs as important counter-measures to break the cycle of COVID-19 infection including new SARS-CoV-2 variants. Demand for face masks during COVID-19 pandemic keeps increasing, especially for FFPs worn by medical workers. Collaborative and well-conducted randomised controlled trials across borders are required to generate robust data to inform common and consistent policies for COVID-19 and future pandemic planning and management; however, current use of systematic reviews of best available evidence can be considered to guide interim policies.}, }
@article {pmid33581501, year = {2021}, author = {Masoomikarimi, M and Garmabi, B and Alizadeh, J and Kazemi, E and Azari Jafari, A and Mirmoeeni, S and Dargahi, M and Taheri, N and Jafari, R}, title = {Advances in immunotherapy for COVID-19: A comprehensive review.}, journal = {International immunopharmacology}, volume = {93}, number = {}, pages = {107409}, pmid = {33581501}, issn = {1878-1705}, abstract = {COVID-19 is an acute respiratory syndrome caused by SARS-COV-2 which has now become a huge pandemic worldwide. The immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 has been established that increased serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and reduction of the CD4+ and the CD8+ T lymphocyte populations, are the most reported immunological findings in these patients. High levels of other inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as IL-2 and IL-8 with an increased number of neutrophils and eosinophils may induce immune abnormalities in patients with COVID-19. There is growing evidence to obtain a deeper understanding of the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 which will lay the foundation for the development of new potential therapies. However, specific and non-specific immunotherapies such as convalescent plasma (CP) are widely performed to treat patients with severe COVID-19, there is no definitive evidence to suggest the effectiveness of these treatments. Hence, this review aimed to highlight the current and most recent studies to identify the new immunotherapeutics for COVID-19 disease.}, }
@article {pmid33581491, year = {2021}, author = {Detti, B and Ingrosso, G and Becherini, C and Lancia, A and Olmetto, E and Alì, E and Marani, S and Teriaca, MA and Francolini, G and Sardaro, A and Aristei, C and Filippi, AR and Sanguineti, G and Livi, L}, title = {Management of prostate cancer radiotherapy during the COVID-19 pandemic: A necessary paradigm change.}, journal = {Cancer treatment and research communications}, volume = {27}, number = {}, pages = {100331}, pmid = {33581491}, issn = {2468-2942}, abstract = {PURPOSE: To adapt the management of prostate malignancy in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.<br><br>METHODS: In according to the recommendations of the European Association of Urology, we have developed practical additional document on the treatment of prostate cancer.<br><br>RESULTS: Low-Risk Group Watchful Waiting should be offered to patients >75 years old, with a limited life expectancy and unfit for local treatment. In Active Surveillance (AS) patients re-biopsy, PSA evaluation and visits should be deferred for up to 6 months, preferring non-invasive multiparametric-MRI. The active treatment should be delayed for 6-12 months. Intermediate-Risk Group AS should be offered in favorable-risk patients. Short-course neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) combined with ultra-hypo-fractionation radiotherapy should be used in unfavorable-risk patients. High-Risk Group Neoadjuvant ADT combined with moderate hypofractionation should be preferred. Whole-pelvis irradiation should be offered to patients with positive lymph nodes in locally advanced setting. ADT should be initiated if PSA doubling time is < 12 months in radio-recurrent patients, as well as in low priority/low volume of metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer. If radiotherapy cannot be delayed, hypo-fractionated regimens should be preferred. In high priority class metastatic disease, treatment with androgen receptor-targeted agents should be offered. When palliative radiotherapy for painful bone metastasis is required, single fraction of 8 Gy should be offered.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: In Covid-19 Era, the challenge should concern a correct management of the oncologic patient, reducing the risk of spreading the virus without worsening tumor prognosis.}, }
@article {pmid33581321, year = {2021}, author = {Bailly, C and Vergoten, G}, title = {A new horizon for the old antibacterial drug clofoctol.}, journal = {Drug discovery today}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.drudis.2021.02.004}, pmid = {33581321}, issn = {1878-5832}, abstract = {The synthetic antibacterial drug clofoctol (CFT) has long been used to treat respiratory tract infections in Europe. In recent years, the drug was found to target two biologically important proteins, the Cdc7/Dbf4 protein kinase complex and the mRNA-binding protein cold shock domain containing E1 (CSDE1), also known as upstream-of-N-Ras protein (UNR). These interactions are at the origin of the antitumor activity of CFT, recently evidenced in prostate cancer and neuroglioma. Drug-protein binding models provide a structural basis to guide the design of more potent anticancer compounds. A renewed interest in CFT can be anticipated for the treatment of cancers, and possibly Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19).}, }
@article {pmid33581061, year = {2021}, author = {Barlow, P and van Schalkwyk, MC and McKee, M and Labonté, R and Stuckler, D}, title = {COVID-19 and the collapse of global trade: building an effective public health response.}, journal = {The Lancet. Planetary health}, volume = {5}, number = {2}, pages = {e102-e107}, doi = {10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30291-6}, pmid = {33581061}, issn = {2542-5196}, abstract = {The scale of the COVID-19 pandemic is a consequence of international trade and globalisation, with the virus spreading along established trade and travel routes. However, the pandemic also affects international trade through reductions in both supply and demand. In this Viewpoint we describe the many implications for health and propose ways to mitigate them. Problems include reduced access to medical supplies (in particular, personal protective equipment and tests), budgetary shortfalls as a result of reduced tariffs and taxes, and a general decline in economic activity-leading, in many cases, to recessions, threats to social safety nets, and to increased precariousness of income, employment, and food security. However, in exceptional cases, the pandemic has also brought some transient benefits, including to the environment. Looking ahead, there will be great pressure to further liberalise rules on trade to encourage economic recovery, but it is essential that trade policy be informed by its many consequences for health to ensure that the benefits are maximised and threats are minimised through active identification and mitigation.}, }
@article {pmid33581046, year = {2021}, author = {Cefalu, WT and Rodgers, GP}, title = {COVID-19 and metabolic diseases: a heightened awareness of health inequities and a renewed focus for research priorities.}, journal = {Cell metabolism}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33581046}, issn = {1932-7420}, abstract = {Chronic metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity are major public health issues in the United States. However, significant disparities in their prevalence and incidence place a greater burden on US racial and ethnic minority groups, contributing to worse COVID-19 outcomes in many. Improving treatment and prevention of diabetes and obesity is critical to the NIDDK. In this Perspective, we will review the burden of metabolic diseases in the United States, the observed disparities for metabolic diseases in relation to COVID-19, and research opportunities to address underlying causes of metabolic diseases, their associated health disparities, and COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33580917, year = {2021}, author = {Vasques da Costa, A and Purcell Goes, C and Gama, P}, title = {Breastfeeding importance and its therapeutic potential against SARS-CoV-2.}, journal = {Physiological reports}, volume = {9}, number = {3}, pages = {e14744}, doi = {10.14814/phy2.14744}, pmid = {33580917}, issn = {2051-817X}, support = {//Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior/ ; 2018/07409-5//Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo OR Sao Paulo Foundation Research (FAPESP)/ ; 2020/02888-2//Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo OR Sao Paulo Foundation Research (FAPESP)/ ; }, abstract = {During postnatal development, colostrum and breastmilk are sequentially the first sources of nutrition with protein components and bioactive molecules that confer protection and immunostimulatory function to the gut. Caseins, whey proteins, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), mucins, tryptophan, and growth factors are among milk-borne elements that are directly important in the control of mucosa development and protection. Consequently, breastfeeding is associated with the low incidence of gastrointestinal inflammation and with the decrease in respiratory diseases during postnatal period. The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) binds to angiotensin II-converting enzyme (ACE2) on the cell membrane, allowing virus entrance, replication, and host commitment. ACE2 is expressed by different cell types, which include ciliated cells in the lungs and enterocytes in the intestine. Such cells are highly active in metabolism, as they internalize molecules to be processed and used by the organism. The disruption of ACE2 impairs leads to intestinal inflammation and decreased synthesis of serotonin, affecting motility. By reviewing the effects of SARS-CoV-2 in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts in infants, and gut responses to breastfeeding interruption, we suggest that it is important to maintain breastfeeding during SARS-CoV-2 infection, as it might be essential to protect newborns from gastrointestinal-associated disorders and relieve disease symptoms.}, }
@article {pmid33580823, year = {2021}, author = {Klimek, L and Eckrich, J and Hagemann, J and Casper, I and Huppertz, J}, title = {[Allergic reactions to COVID-19 vaccines: evidence and practice-oriented approach].}, journal = {Der Internist}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33580823}, issn = {1432-1289}, abstract = {Less than a year after the first detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), vaccines have been approved for routine use in numerous countries and have already been used in mass vaccination programs. Vaccines include the mRNA BNT162b2 and mRNA 1273. Allergic reactions and anaphylaxis account for a substantial proportion of the adverse reactions to these vaccines observed to date, but overall they are rare. The incidence of anaphylaxis in the context of SARS-CoV‑2 vaccination with the mRNA vaccines appears to be approximately 10-fold higher than with previous vaccines, at approximately 1 per 100,000 vaccine injections. One focus of the present article is a systematic review of the components of mRNA vaccines against &quot; coronavirus disease 2019 &quot; (COVID-19). Differences from established vaccines are addressed and the allergic potential of liposomes, polyethylene glycol, tromethamine/trometamol, and mRNA are discussed. Another focus is on the clinical presentation and course of allergic reactions to the COVID-19 vaccines. This is followed by a discussion of the therapeutic approach to anaphylactic reactions, as well as the drugs and medical supplies required to treat them. It is important to note that any vaccinee may be affected by anaphylaxis, regardless of whether or not allergic diseases are already known. Therefore, every vaccination site and every vaccinator must be prepared to recognize and treat severe allergic reactions.}, }
@article {pmid33580566, year = {2020}, author = {Clark, IA}, title = {Background to new treatments for COVID-19, including its chronicity, through altering elements of the cytokine storm.}, journal = {Reviews in medical virology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e2210}, doi = {10.1002/rmv.2210}, pmid = {33580566}, issn = {1099-1654}, abstract = {Anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) biologicals, Dexamethasone and rIL-7 are of considerable interest in treating COVID-19 patients who are in danger of, or have become, seriously ill. Yet reducing sepsis mortality by lowering circulating levels of TNF lost favour when positive endpoints in earlier simplistic models could not be reproduced in well-conducted human trials. Newer information with anti-TNF biologicals has encouraged reintroducing this concept for treating COVID-19. Viral models have had encouraging outcomes, as have the effects of anti-TNF biologicals on community-acquired COVID-19 during their long-term use to treat chronic inflammatory states. The positive outcome of a large scale trial of dexamethasone, and its higher potency late in the disease, harmonises well with its capacity to enhance levels of IL-7Rα, the receptor for IL-7, a cytokine that enhances lymphocyte development and is increased during the cytokine storm. Lymphoid germinal centres required for antibody-based immunity can be harmed by TNF, and restored by reducing TNF. Thus the IL-7- enhancing activity of dexamethasone may explain its higher potency when lymphocytes are depleted later in the infection, while employing anti-TNF, for several reasons, is much more logical earlier in the infection. This implies dexamethasone could prove to be synergistic with rIL-7, currently being trialed as a COVID-19 therapeutic. The principles behind these COVID-19 therapies are consistent with the observed chronic hypoxia through reduced mitochondrial function, and also the increased severity of this disease in ApoE4-positive individuals. Many of the debilitating persistent aspects of this disease are predictably susceptible to treatment with perispinal etanercept, since they have cerebral origins.}, }
@article {pmid33580080, year = {2020}, author = {Wolf, J and Bruno, S and Eichberg, M and Jannat, R and Rudo, S and VanRheenen, S and Coller, BA}, title = {Applying lessons from the Ebola vaccine experience for SARS-CoV-2 and other epidemic pathogens.}, journal = {NPJ vaccines}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {51}, pmid = {33580080}, issn = {2059-0105}, abstract = {The world is experiencing an unprecedented global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Development of new vaccines and therapeutics are important to achieve long-term prevention and control of the virus. Experience gained in the development of vaccines for Ebola virus disease provide important lessons in the regulatory, clinical, and manufacturing process that can be applied to SARS-CoV-2 and other epidemic pathogens. This report outlines the main lessons learned by Merck Sharp &amp; Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck &amp; Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA (MSD) during development of an Ebola Zaire vaccine (ERVEBO®) and looks ahead to critical lessons beyond vaccine development. It highlights focus areas for public-private partnership and regulatory harmonization that can be directly applied to current vaccine development efforts for SARS-CoV-2, while drawing attention to the need for parallel consideration of issues beyond development that are equally important to achieve global preparedness and response goals.}, }
@article {pmid33580049, year = {2020}, author = {Kaslow, DC}, title = {Certainty of success: three critical parameters in coronavirus vaccine development.}, journal = {NPJ vaccines}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {42}, pmid = {33580049}, issn = {2059-0105}, support = {OPP1180199//Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation)/ ; }, abstract = {Vaccines for 17 viral pathogens have been licensed for use in humans. Previously, two critical biological parameters of the pathogen and the host-pathogen interaction-incubation period and broadly protective, relative immunogenicity-were proposed to account for much of the past successes in vaccine development, and to be useful in estimating the &quot;certainty of success&quot; of developing an effective vaccine for viral pathogens for which a vaccine currently does not exist. In considering the &quot;certainty of success&quot; in development of human coronavirus vaccines, particularly SARS-CoV-2, a third, related critical parameter is proposed-infectious inoculum intensity, at an individual-level, and force of infection, at a population-level. Reducing the infectious inoculum intensity (and force of infection, at a population-level) is predicted to lengthen the incubation period, which in turn is predicted to reduce the severity of illness, and increase the opportunity for an anamnestic response upon exposure to the circulating virus. Similarly, successfully implementing individual- and population-based behaviors that reduce the infectious inoculum intensity and force of infection, respectively, while testing and deploying COVID-19 vaccines is predicted to increase the &quot;certainty of success&quot; of demonstrating vaccine efficacy and controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection, disease, death, and the pandemic itself.}, }
@article {pmid33580031, year = {2020}, author = {Durand, N and Mallea, J and Zubair, AC}, title = {Insights into the use of mesenchymal stem cells in COVID-19 mediated acute respiratory failure.}, journal = {NPJ Regenerative medicine}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {17}, pmid = {33580031}, issn = {2057-3995}, abstract = {The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) at the end of 2019 in Hubei province China, is now the cause of a global pandemic present in over 150 countries. COVID-19 is a respiratory illness with most subjects presenting with fever, cough and shortness of breath. In a subset of patients, COVID-19 progresses to hypoxic respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), both of which are mediated by widespread inflammation and a dysregulated immune response. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), multipotent stromal cells that mediate immunomodulation and regeneration, could be of potential benefit to a subset of COVID-19 subjects with acute respiratory failure. In this review, we discuss key features of the current COVID-19 outbreak, and the rationale for MSC-based therapy in this setting, as well as the limitations associated with this therapeutic approach.}, }
@article {pmid33580029, year = {2020}, author = {Fairlie, R and Loyalka, P}, title = {Schooling and Covid-19: lessons from recent research on EdTech.}, journal = {NPJ science of learning}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {13}, doi = {10.1038/s41539-020-00072-6}, pmid = {33580029}, issn = {2056-7936}, abstract = {The wide-scale global movement of school education to remote instruction due to Covid-19 is unprecedented. The use of educational technology (EdTech) offers an alternative to in-person learning and reinforces social distancing, but there is limited evidence on whether and how EdTech affects academic outcomes. Recently, we conducted two large-scale randomized experiments, involving ~10,000 primary school students in China and Russia, to evaluate the effectiveness of EdTech as a substitute for traditional schooling. In China, we examined whether EdTech improves academic outcomes relative to paper-and-pencil workbook exercises of identical content. We found that EdTech was a perfect substitute for traditional learning. In Russia, we further explored how much EdTech can substitute for traditional learning. We found that EdTech substitutes only to a limited extent. The findings from these large-scale trials indicate that we need to be careful about using EdTech as a full-scale substitute for the traditional instruction received by schoolchildren.}, }
@article {pmid33579872, year = {2021}, author = {Shalash, A and Spindler, M and Cubo, E}, title = {Global Perspective on Telemedicine for Parkinson's Disease.}, journal = {Journal of Parkinson's disease}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3233/JPD-202411}, pmid = {33579872}, issn = {1877-718X}, abstract = {Telemedicine programs are particularly suited to evaluating patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and other movement disorders, primarily because much of the physical exam findings are visual. Telemedicine uses information and communication technologist to overcome geographical barriers and increase access to healthcare services, and it is particularly beneficial for rural and underserved communities, groups that traditionally suffer from lack of access to healthcare. There is a growing evidence of the feasibility of telemedicine, cost and time savings, patients' and physicians' satisfaction, and its outcome and impact on patients' morbidity and quality of life. In addition, given the unusual current situation with the COVID-19 pandemic, telemedicine has offered the opportunity to address the ongoing healthcare needs of patients with PD, to reduce in-person clinic visits, and human exposures (among healthcare workers and patients) to a range of infectious diseases including COVID-19. However, there are still several challenges to widespread implementation of telemedicine including the limited performance of parts of the neurological exam, limited technological savvy, fear of loss of a personal connection, or uneasiness about communicating sensitive information. On the other hand, while we are facing the new wave of COVID-19 pandemic, patients and clinicians are gaining increasing experience with telemedicine, facilitating equity of access to specialized multidisciplinary care for PD. This article summarizes and reviews the current state and future directions of telemedicine from a global perspective.}, }
@article {pmid33579813, year = {2021}, author = {Ross Eckard, A and Borow, KM and Mack, EH and Burke, E and Atz, AM}, title = {Remestemcel-L Therapy for COVID-19-Associated Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children.}, journal = {Pediatrics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1542/peds.2020-046573}, pmid = {33579813}, issn = {1098-4275}, }
@article {pmid33579695, year = {2021}, author = {Tonkins, M and Miles, J and O'Keeffe, C and Forero, SJ and Goodacre, S}, title = {Emergency Medicine Journal COVID-19 monthly top five.}, journal = {Emergency medicine journal : EMJ}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1136/emermed-2021-211203}, pmid = {33579695}, issn = {1472-0213}, }
@article {pmid33579329, year = {2021}, author = {Zhou, T and Yuan, Z and Weng, J and Pei, D and Du, X and He, C and Lai, P}, title = {Challenges and advances in clinical applications of mesenchymal stromal cells.}, journal = {Journal of hematology &amp; oncology}, volume = {14}, number = {1}, pages = {24}, pmid = {33579329}, issn = {1756-8722}, support = {2017YFE0131600//National Key Research and Development Project of China/ ; 81870121//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 81671585//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82070176//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 81700825//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2019B151502006//Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province/ ; 2019B020236004//Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province/ ; 201906010076//Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou/ ; 201803040005//Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou/ ; 2017B020230004//Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province/ ; }, abstract = {Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), also known as mesenchymal stem cells, have been intensely investigated for clinical applications within the last decades. However, the majority of registered clinical trials applying MSC therapy for diverse human diseases have fallen short of expectations, despite the encouraging pre-clinical outcomes in varied animal disease models. This can be attributable to inconsistent criteria for MSCs identity across studies and their inherited heterogeneity. Nowadays, with the emergence of advanced biological techniques and substantial improvements in bio-engineered materials, strategies have been developed to overcome clinical challenges in MSC application. Here in this review, we will discuss the major challenges of MSC therapies in clinical application, the factors impacting the diversity of MSCs, the potential approaches that modify MSC products with the highest therapeutic potential, and finally the usage of MSCs for COVID-19 pandemic disease.}, }
@article {pmid33578979, year = {2021}, author = {Imran, S and Ahmadi, S and Kerman, K}, title = {Electrochemical Biosensors for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viruses.}, journal = {Micromachines}, volume = {12}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/mi12020174}, pmid = {33578979}, issn = {2072-666X}, abstract = {The last few decades have been plagued by viral outbreaks that present some of the biggest challenges to public safety. The current coronavirus (COVID-19) disease pandemic has exponentiated these concerns. Increased research on diagnostic tools is currently being implemented in order to assist with rapid identification of the virus, as mass diagnosis and containment is the best way to prevent the outbreak of the virus. Accordingly, there is a growing urgency to establish a point-of-care device for the rapid detection of coronavirus to prevent subsequent spread. This device needs to be sensitive, selective, and exhibit rapid diagnostic capabilities. Electrochemical biosensors have demonstrated these traits and, hence, serve as promising candidates for the detection of viruses. This review summarizes the designs and features of electrochemical biosensors developed for some past and current pandemic or epidemic viruses, including influenza, HIV, Ebola, and Zika. Alongside the design, this review also discusses the detection principles, fabrication techniques, and applications of the biosensors. Finally, research and perspective of biosensors as potential detection tools for the rapid identification of SARS-CoV-2 is discussed.}, }
@article {pmid33578926, year = {2021}, author = {Moreb, NA and Albandary, A and Jaiswal, S and Jaiswal, AK}, title = {Fruits and Vegetables in the Management of Underlying Conditions for COVID-19 High-Risk Groups.}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/foods10020389}, pmid = {33578926}, issn = {2304-8158}, abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus, which is the cause of the current pandemic with 107,411,561 infections and 2,351,195 death worldwide so far. There are multiple symptoms that are linked with the infection of COVID-19 such as coughing, shortness of breath, congestion together with fatigue, fever, loss of taste or smell, headaches, diarrhea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. The lack of or early stage of development of a cure for COVID-19 illness, there is need for insuring the best possible position of health to be able to fight the virus naturally through a robust immune system to limit severe complication. In this article, we have discussed the role of fruits and vegetables consumption to boost the immune system and major emphasis has been given to high risk group. We have taken into consideration a number of underlying conditions such as people with cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, hemoglobin disorder such as sickle cell disease, weakened immune system due to organ transplant. Furthermore, factors to improve the immune system, risks associated with quarantine and lifestyle and food handling during COVID-19 has been discussed.}, }
@article {pmid33578849, year = {2021}, author = {Fratta Pasini, AM and Stranieri, C and Cominacini, L and Mozzini, C}, title = {Potential Role of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Therapies to Prevent Severe SARS-Cov-2 Complications.}, journal = {Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/antiox10020272}, pmid = {33578849}, issn = {2076-3921}, abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Here, we review the molecular pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and its relationship with oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation. Furthermore, we analyze the potential role of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapies to prevent severe complications. OS has a potential key role in the COVID-19 pathogenesis by triggering the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome and nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB). While exposure to many pro-oxidants usually induces nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor2 (NRF2) activation and upregulation of antioxidant related elements expression, respiratory viral infections often inhibit NRF2 and/or activate NF-kB pathways, resulting in inflammation and oxidative injury. Hence, the use of radical scavengers like N-acetylcysteine and vitamin C, as well as of steroids and inflammasome inhibitors, has been proposed. The NRF2 pathway has been shown to be suppressed in severe SARS-CoV-2 patients. Pharmacological NRF2 inducers have been reported to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, the inflammatory response, and transmembrane protease serine 2 activation, which for the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the host cells through the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor. Thus, NRF2 activation may represent a potential path out of the woods in COVID-19 pandemic.}, }
@article {pmid33578829, year = {2021}, author = {Ling, GHT and Md Suhud, NAB and Leng, PC and Yeo, LB and Cheng, CT and Ahmad, MHH and Ak Matusin, AMR}, title = {Factors Influencing Asia-Pacific Countries' Success Level in Curbing COVID-19: A Review Using a Social-Ecological System (SES) Framework.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph18041704}, pmid = {33578829}, issn = {1660-4601}, abstract = {Little attention has been paid to the impacts of institutional-human-environment dimensions on the outcome of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) abatement. Through the diagnostic social-ecological system (SES) framework, this review paper aimed to investigate what and how the multifaceted social, physical, and governance factors affected the success level of seven selected Asia-Pacific countries (namely, South Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Indonesia, and New Zealand) in combatting COVID-19. Drawing on statistical data from the Our World In Data website, we measured the COVID-19 severity or abatement success level of the countries on the basis of cumulative positive cases, average daily cases, and mortality rates for the period of 1 February 2020 to 30 June 2020. A qualitative content analysis using three codes, i.e., present (P), partially present (PP), and absent (A) for each SES attribute, as well as score calculation and rank ordering for government response effectiveness and the abatement success level across the countries, was undertaken. Not only did the standard coding process ensure data comparability but the data were deemed substantially reliable with Cohen's kappa of 0.76. Among 13 attributes of the SES factors, high facility adequacy, comprehensive COVID-19 testing policies, strict lockdown measures, imposition of penalty, and the high trust level towards the government seemed to be significant in determining the COVID-19 severity in a country. The results show that Vietnam (ranked first) and New Zealand (ranked second), with a high presence of attributes/design principles contributing to high-level government stringency and health and containment indices, successfully controlled the virus, while Indonesia (ranked seventh) and Japan (ranked sixth), associated with the low presence of design principles, were deemed least successful. Two lessons can be drawn: (i) having high number of P for SES attributes does not always mean a panacea for the pandemic; however, it would be detrimental to a country if it lacked them severely, and (ii) some attributes (mostly from the governance factor) may carry higher weightage towards explaining the success level. This comparative study providing an overview of critical SES attributes in relation to COVID-19 offers novel policy insights, thus helping policymakers devise more strategic, coordinated measures, particularly for effective country preparedness and response in addressing the current and the future health crisis.}, }
@article {pmid33578448, year = {2021}, author = {Lu, W and Kelley, W and Fang, DC and Joshi, S and Kim, Y and Paroder, M and Tanhehco, Y and Tran, MH and Pham, HP}, title = {The use of therapeutic plasma exchange as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019: A critical appraisal of the current evidence.}, journal = {Journal of clinical apheresis}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/jca.21883}, pmid = {33578448}, issn = {1098-1101}, abstract = {The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to a major pandemic. While vaccine development moves forward, optimal treatment continues to be explored. Efforts include an ever-expanding number of clinical trials along with newly proposed experimental and off-label investigational therapies; one of which is therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). There have been a number of publications on TPE use as adjunctive therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but no prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been completed. This article critically appraises the current available evidence on TPE as a treatment modality for SARS-CoV-2 infection.}, }
@article {pmid33578447, year = {2021}, author = {Goel, R and Bloch, EM and Pirenne, F and Al-Riyami, AZ and Crowe, E and Dau, L and Land, K and Townsend, M and Jecko, T and Rahimi-Levene, N and Patidar, G and Josephson, CD and Arora, S and Vermeulen, M and Vrielink, H and Montemayor, C and Oreh, A and Hindawi, S and van den Berg, K and Serrano, K and So-Osman, C and Wood, E and Devine, DV and Spitalnik, SL and , }, title = {ABO blood group and COVID-19: a review on behalf of the ISBT COVID-19 working group.}, journal = {Vox sanguinis}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/vox.13076}, pmid = {33578447}, issn = {1423-0410}, abstract = {Growing evidence suggests that ABO blood group may play a role in the immunopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, with group O individuals less likely to test positive and group A conferring a higher susceptibility to infection and propensity to severe disease. The level of evidence supporting an association between ABO type and SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 ranges from small observational studies, to genome-wide-association-analyses and country-level meta-regression analyses. ABO blood group antigens are oligosaccharides expressed on red cells and other tissues (notably endothelium). There are several hypotheses to explain the differences in SARS-CoV-2 infection by ABO type. For example, anti-A and/or anti-B antibodies (e.g. present in group O individuals) could bind to corresponding antigens on the viral envelope and contribute to viral neutralization, thereby preventing target cell infection. The SARS-CoV-2 virus and SARS-CoV spike (S) proteins may be bound by anti-A isoagglutinins (e.g. present in group O and group B individuals), which may block interactions between virus and angiotensin-converting-enzyme-2-receptor, thereby preventing entry into lung epithelial cells. ABO type-associated variations in angiotensin-converting enzyme-1 activity and levels of von Willebrand factor (VWF) and factor VIII could also influence adverse outcomes, notably in group A individuals who express high VWF levels. In conclusion, group O may be associated with a lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and group A may be associated with a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection along with severe disease. However, prospective and mechanistic studies are needed to verify several of the proposed associations. Based on the strength of available studies, there are insufficient data for guiding policy in this regard.}, }
@article {pmid33578223, year = {2021}, author = {Gulcebi, MI and Bartolini, E and Lee, O and Lisgaras, CP and Onat, F and Mifsud, J and Striano, P and Vezzani, A and Hildebrand, MS and Jimenez-Jimenez, D and Junck, L and Lewis-Smith, D and Scheffer, IE and Thijs, RD and Zuberi, SM and Blenkinsop, S and Fowler, HJ and Foley, A and Sisodiya, SM and , }, title = {Climate change and epilepsy: Insights from clinical and basic science studies.}, journal = {Epilepsy &amp; behavior : E&amp;B}, volume = {116}, number = {}, pages = {107791}, doi = {10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.107791}, pmid = {33578223}, issn = {1525-5069}, abstract = {Climate change is with us. As professionals who place value on evidence-based practice, climate change is something we cannot ignore. The current pandemic of the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has demonstrated how global crises can arise suddenly and have a significant impact on public health. Global warming, a chronic process punctuated by acute episodes of extreme weather events, is an insidious global health crisis needing at least as much attention. Many neurological diseases are complex chronic conditions influenced at many levels by changes in the environment. This review aimed to collate and evaluate reports from clinical and basic science about the relationship between climate change and epilepsy. The keywords climate change, seasonal variation, temperature, humidity, thermoregulation, biorhythm, gene, circadian rhythm, heat, and weather were used to search the published evidence. A number of climatic variables are associated with increased seizure frequency in people with epilepsy. Climate change-induced increase in seizure precipitants such as fevers, stress, and sleep deprivation (e.g. as a result of more frequent extreme weather events) or vector-borne infections may trigger or exacerbate seizures, lead to deterioration of seizure control, and affect neurological, cerebrovascular, or cardiovascular comorbidities and risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Risks are likely to be modified by many factors, ranging from individual genetic variation and temperature-dependent channel function, to housing quality and global supply chains. According to the results of the limited number of experimental studies with animal models of seizures or epilepsy, different seizure types appear to have distinct susceptibility to seasonal influences. Increased body temperature, whether in the context of fever or not, has a critical role in seizure threshold and seizure-related brain damage. Links between climate change and epilepsy are likely to be multifactorial, complex, and often indirect, which makes predictions difficult. We need more data on possible climate-driven altered risks for seizures, epilepsy, and epileptogenesis, to identify underlying mechanisms at systems, cellular, and molecular levels for better understanding of the impact of climate change on epilepsy. Further focussed data would help us to develop evidence for mitigation methods to do more to protect people with epilepsy from the effects of climate change.}, }
@article {pmid33578206, year = {2021}, author = {Sharifian-Dorche, M and Sahraian, MA and Fadda, G and Osherov, M and Sharifian-Dorche, A and Karaminia, M and Saveriano, AW and La Piana, R and Antel, JP and Giacomini, PS}, title = {COVID-19 and disease-modifying therapies in patients with demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system: A systematic review.}, journal = {Multiple sclerosis and related disorders}, volume = {50}, number = {}, pages = {102800}, doi = {10.1016/j.msard.2021.102800}, pmid = {33578206}, issn = {2211-0356}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to expand across the world. This pandemic has had a significant impact on patients with chronic diseases. Among patients with demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS) or Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD), concerns remain about the potential impact of COVID-19 on these patients given their treatment with immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory therapies. In this study, we review the existing literature investigating the impact of disease-modifying therapies(DMT) on COVID-19 risks in this group of patients.<br><br>METHOD: For this systematic review, we searched PubMed from January 1, 2020, to December 3, 2020. The following keywords were used: &quot;COVID-19&quot; AND &quot;Multiple Sclerosis&quot; OR &quot;Neuromyelitis Optica.&quot; Articles evaluating COVID-19 in patients with demyelinating diseases of CNS were included. This study evaluates the different aspects of the DMTs in these patients during the COVID-19 era.<br><br>RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 262 articles were found. After eliminating duplicates and unrelated research papers, a total of 84 articles met the final inclusion criteria in our study. Overall, the experiences of 2493 MS patients and 37 NMOSD patients with COVID-19 were included in this review. Among them, 46(1.8%) MS patients died(the global death-to-case ratio of Covid-19 was reported about 2.1%). Among DMTs, Rituximab had the highest mortality rate (4%). Despite controversies, especially concerning anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapies, a relation between DMT-use and COVID-19 disease- course was not found in many studies. This observation reinforces the recommendation of not stopping current DMTs. Other variables such as age, higher expanded disability status scale (EDSS) scores, cardiac comorbidities, and obesity were independent risk factors for severe COVID-19. Despite the risks of infection, most patients were willing to continue their DMT during the pandemic because of more significant concern about the risk of relapse or worsening MS symptoms. After the infection, an immune response's attenuation was seen in the patients on Fingolimod and anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies. This may be a critical finding in future vaccinations.}, }
@article {pmid33578007, year = {2021}, author = {Darbandi, A and Asadi, A and Ghanavati, R and Afifirad, R and Emamie, AD and Kakanj, M and Talebi, M}, title = {The Effect of Probiotics on Respiratory Tract Infection with Special Emphasis on COVID-19: A Periodic Review during 2010-2020.}, journal = {International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.011}, pmid = {33578007}, issn = {1878-3511}, abstract = {To evaluate the effects of probiotic on patient's respiratory tract infection (RTI), a systematic review was conducted on randomized controlled trials (RCTs). PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, Scopus, Clinicaltrials.gov, and International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) databases were systematically searched for the following keywords from January 2010 to January 2020: including respiratory tract infection, probiotics, viral infection, COVID-19, and clinical trial. A total of 27 clinical trials conducted on 9,433 patients with RTI and 10 ongoing clinical studies of probiotics intervention in COVID-19 were reviewed. In this systematic review, were attempted to study the potency of probiotics for the hindrance and/or treatment of RTI diseases extensively, which may be practical to conflict the new coronavirus (COVID-19). Overall, probiotics could significantly increase the plasma levels of cytokines, the effect of influenzae vaccine, and quality of life as well as reducing the titre of viruses and the incidence and duration of respiratory infections. These antiviral and immune-modulating activities and their ability to stimulate interferon production recommended that to use probiotics as adjunctive therapy to prevent COVID-19. The rapid spread of the virus has affected the entire world socially and economically. Given this extensive research on RCTs, were expected probiotics to be a rational complementary treatment for RTI disease and a viable option for faster recovery.}, }
@article {pmid33577841, year = {2021}, author = {de Melo, IS and Sabino-Silva, R and Cunha, TM and Goulart, LR and Reis, WL and Jardim, ACG and Shetty, AK and de Castro, OW}, title = {Hydroelectrolytic Disorder in COVID-19 patients: Evidence Supporting the Involvement of Subfornical Organ and Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus.}, journal = {Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33577841}, issn = {1873-7528}, support = {R01 NS106907/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/United States ; }, }
@article {pmid33577820, year = {2021}, author = {Shamsi, A and Mohammad, T and Anwar, S and Amani, S and Khan, MS and Husain, FM and Rehman, MT and Islam, A and Hassan, MI}, title = {Potential drug targets of SARS-CoV-2: From genomics to therapeutics.}, journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33577820}, issn = {1879-0003}, abstract = {The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) from China has become a global threat due to the continuous rise in cases of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The problem with COVID-19 therapeutics is due to complexity of the mechanism of the pathogenesis of this virus. In this review, an extensive analysis of genome architecture and mode of pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 with an emphasis on therapeutic approaches is performed. SARS-CoV-2 genome consists of a single, ~29.9 kb long RNA having significant sequence similarity to BAT-CoV, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV genome. Two-third part of SARS-Cov-2 genome comprises of ORF (ORF1ab) resulting in the formation of 2 polyproteins, pp1a and pp1ab, later processed into 16 smaller non-structural proteins (NSPs). The four major structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 are the spike surface glycoprotein (S), a small envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. S protein helps in receptor binding and membrane fusion and hence plays the most important role in the transmission of CoVs. Priming of S protein is done by serine 2 transmembrane protease and thus plays a key role in virus and host cell fusion. This review highlights the possible mechanism of action of SARS-CoV-2 to search for possible therapeutic options.}, }
@article {pmid33577115, year = {2021}, author = {Singh, R and Kang, A and Luo, X and Jeyanathan, M and Gillgrass, A and Afkhami, S and Xing, Z}, title = {COVID-19: Current knowledge in clinical features, immunological responses, and vaccine development.}, journal = {FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology}, volume = {35}, number = {3}, pages = {e21409}, doi = {10.1096/fj.202002662R}, pmid = {33577115}, issn = {1530-6860}, support = {/CAPMC/CIHR/Canada ; }, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has unfolded to be the most challenging global health crisis in a century. In 11 months since its first emergence, according to WHO, the causative infectious agent SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 100 million people and claimed more than 2.15 million lives worldwide. Moreover, the world has raced to understand the virus and natural immunity and to develop vaccines. Thus, within a short 11 months a number of highly promising COVID-19 vaccines were developed at an unprecedented speed and are now being deployed via emergency use authorization for immunization. Although a considerable number of review contributions are being published, all of them attempt to capture only a specific aspect of COVID-19 or its therapeutic approaches based on ever-expanding information. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview to conceptually thread together the latest information on global epidemiology and mitigation strategies, clinical features, viral pathogenesis and immune responses, and the current state of vaccine development.}, }
@article {pmid33576511, year = {2021}, author = {Teo, WL}, title = {The &quot;Maskne&quot; microbiome - pathophysiology and therapeutics.}, journal = {International journal of dermatology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/ijd.15425}, pmid = {33576511}, issn = {1365-4632}, abstract = {&quot;Maskne&quot; is a new term coined during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. It refers to a subset of acne mechanica, deserving consideration in view of widespread reusable fabric mask-wearing to control the pandemic worldwide. Understanding of underlying pathophysiology directly relates to the novel skin microenvironment and textile-skin friction created by mask-wearing, distinct from nontextile-related acne mechanica previously linked to wearing of headgear. Specifically, the occlusive microenvironment leads to microbiome dysbiosis, which is linked to various dermatological conditions. Additional textile-skin interactions include factors such as breathability, stickiness sensations, moisture saturation, and hygiene maintenance. Increased skin temperatures can trigger sweat/heat-related dermatoses, and ear loops potentially trigger pressure-induced dermatoses. Important therapeutic considerations include increased skin irritation potential of conventional acne treatments under occlusion, exacerbation of chronic dermatoses, that is, perioral dermatitis, rosacea, and eczema, and susceptibility of these same patient groups to heightened discomfort with mask-wearing. Cotton, as the traditional fabric of choice for dermatology patients, has limited benefits in the context of face masks - increased subjective discomfort relates to increased moisture saturation and stickiness, inevitable because of high biofluid load of the nasal and oral orifices. Prolonged textile-skin contact time, directly proportional to the risk of maskne, can be an opportunity for the application of biofunctional textiles.}, }
@article {pmid33576014, year = {2021}, author = {Salehi, M and Khajavirad, N and Seifi, A and Salahshour, F and Jahanbin, B and Kazemizadeh, H and Hashemi, SJ and Dehghan Manshadi, SA and Kord, M and Verweij, PE and Khodavaisy, S}, title = {Proven Aspergillus flavus pulmonary aspergillosis in a COVID-19 patient; A case report and review of the literature.}, journal = {Mycoses}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/myc.13255}, pmid = {33576014}, issn = {1439-0507}, abstract = {Severe COVID-19 patients complicated with aspergillosis are increasingly reported. We present a histopathological proven case of fatal COVID-19 associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA), due to Aspergillus flavus. This report and existing published literature indicate diagnostic challenges and poor outcomes of CAPA in ICU-patients.}, }
@article {pmid33575887, year = {2021}, author = {Haslbauer, JD and Matter, MS and Stalder, AK and Tzankov, A}, title = {[Histomorphological patterns of regional lymph nodes in COVID-19 lungs].}, journal = {Der Pathologe}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33575887}, issn = {1432-1963}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: A dysregulated immune response is considered one of the major factors leading to severe COVID-19. Previously described mechanisms include the development of a cytokine storm, missing immunoglobulin class switch, antibody-mediated enhancement, and aberrant antigen presentation.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: To understand the heterogeneity of immune response in COVID-19, a thorough investigation of histomorphological patterns in regional lymph nodes was performed.<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lymph nodes from the cervical, mediastinal, and hilar regions were extracted from autopsies of patients with lethal COVID-19 (n = 20). Histomorphological characteristics, SARS-CoV‑2 qRT-PCR, and gene expression profiling on common genes involved in immunologic response were analyzed.<br><br>RESULTS: Lymph nodes displayed moderate to severe capillary stasis and edema, an increased presence of extrafollicular plasmablasts, mild to moderate plasmacytosis, a dominant population of CD8+ T‑cells, and CD11c/CD68+ histiocytosis with hemophagocytic activity. Out of 20 cases, 18 presented with hypoplastic or missing germinal centers with a decrease of follicular dendritic cells and follicular T‑helper cells. A positive viral load was detected by qRT-PCR in 14 of 20 cases, yet immunohistochemistry for SARS-CoV-2 N-antigen revealed positivity in sinus histiocytes of only one case. Gene expression analysis revealed an increased expression of STAT1, CD163, granzyme B, CD8A, MZB1, and PAK1, as well as CXCL9.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our findings imply a dysregulated immune response in lethal COVID-19. The absence/hypoplasia of germinal centers and increased presence of plasmablasts implies a transient B‑cell response, implying an impaired development of long-term immunity against SARS-CoV‑2 in such occasions.}, }
@article {pmid33575886, year = {2021}, author = {Lax, SF and Skok, K and Zechner, PM and Setaffy, L and Kessler, HH and Kaufmann, N and Vander, K and Cokić, N and Maierhofer, U and Bargfrieder, U and Trauner, M}, title = {[Systemic consequences and clinical aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection].}, journal = {Der Pathologe}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33575886}, issn = {1432-1963}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: COVID-19 is considered a systemic disease. A severe course with fatal outcome is possible and unpredictable.<br><br>OBJECTIVES: Which organ systems are predominantly involved? Which diseases are predisposed for a fatal course? Which organ changes are found with lethal outcome?<br><br>MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from published autopsy studies (28 cases by our group) with respect to organ changes and possible cause of death.<br><br>RESULTS: The most severe alterations are found in the lungs by diffuse alveolar damage as a symptom of an acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), in part with fibrosis. Thrombosis of small- to mid-sized pulmonary arteries is associated with hemorrhagic lung infarction. Frequent complications are bacterial pneumonias and less frequently fungal pneumonias by aspergillus. Pulmonary thromboembolism is found in 20-30% of lethal courses, also in the absence of deep venous thrombosis. Intestinal involvement of COVID-19 can be associated with intestinal ischemia, caused by shock or local thrombosis. In most cases, the kidneys display acute tubular injury reflecting acute renal failure, depletion of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes and spleen, and hyperplastic adrenal glands. The liver frequently reveals steatosis, liver cell necrosis, portal inflammation, and proliferation of Kupffer cells. Important preexisting diseases in autopsy studies are arterial hypertension with hypertensive and ischemic cardiomyopathy and diabetes mellitus but large population-based studies reveal increased risk of mortality only for diabetes mellitus not for arterial hypertension.<br><br>CONCLUSIONS: Alterations of the pulmonary circulation with pulmonary arterial thrombosis, infarction, and bacterial pneumonia are important and often lethal complications of COVID-19-associated ARDS. Findings from autopsy studies have influenced therapy and prophylaxis.}, }
@article {pmid33575849, year = {2021}, author = {Varadan, B and Shankar, A and Rajakumar, A and Subramanian, S and Sathya, AC and Hakeem, AR and Kalyanasundaram, S}, title = {Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis in a COVID-19 patient-a case report with literature review.}, journal = {Neuroradiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33575849}, issn = {1432-1920}, abstract = {PURPOSE: Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis (AHLE) is a rare and severe form of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). Only a few reports of AHLE in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients have been described to date. We report a case of COVID-19-related AHLE along with a literature review describing salient clinical and imaging characteristics.<br><br>METHODS: A literature search was performed on Medline (2020-present), PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and Google scholar on 28 January 2021 for all articles published using MeSH terms &quot;COVID-19&quot; or &quot;SARS-CoV-2&quot; with &quot;Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis&quot; or &quot;Acute hemorrhagic encephalitis.&quot; Relevant case reports and case series describing clinical and imaging features of AHLE associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection were included, data compiled, and critically reviewed.<br><br>RESULTS: Acute onset encephalopathy and rapidly deteriorating neurological status is the common clinical presentation in AHLE. CSF analysis reveals elevated proteins and lymphocytic pleocytosis. Typical neuroimaging features include multifocal, variable-sized, poorly defined cerebral white matter lesions with cortical sparing. Involvement of the brainstem, cerebellar peduncles, and deep grey matter can also occur, although rarely. Lesions are hyperintense on T2-weighted (T2W) and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images, hypointense on T1W images, and show microhemorrhages, variable diffusion restriction, and post-contrast enhancement. Extensive microhemorrhages, brainstem involvement, and gross hemorrhage often portend a poor prognosis.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Heightened awareness about the clinical and imaging presentation of COVID-19-related AHLE can positively alter the outcome in a select few by enabling early diagnosis and aggressive management.}, }
@article {pmid33575845, year = {2021}, author = {de Araújo Andrade, T and Nascimento Junior, JAC and Santos, AM and Borges, LP and Quintans-Júnior, LJ and Walker, CIB and Frank, LA and Serafini, MR}, title = {Technological Scenario for Masks in Patent Database During Covid-19 Pandemic.}, journal = {AAPS PharmSciTech}, volume = {22}, number = {2}, pages = {72}, pmid = {33575845}, issn = {1530-9932}, abstract = {Since January 2020, the World Health Organization announces COVID-19 outbreak a case of public health emergency of international interest, and declaring it a pandemic on March. Due to the high transmission of this disease, rate precautions have been implemented, such as the use of masks by the population, personal protective equipment (PPE), and safety protocols, mainly to health workers. Thus, we performed a patent review to evaluate the current patents related to the protective mask. The review was carried out in the patent database in the period of May 2019 to May 2020. After the process of screening and eligibility, 563 patents were selected for our analysis according to the aim of the study which used masks such as a PPE against dust particles and pathogens, mostly when it is about airborne transmission, such as viruses and bacteria. Here, an overview of the main materials used in the mask manufacturing and their efficiency was described. The results of the review showed that most of the masks used cotton, nylon, silver fiber fabrics, among others as fabrics to develop the masks. It also makes an analysis of masks composed of nanotechnology which provide high filtration efficiency. Moreover, the review also brought possibilities of masking the population, which already have been done in countries such as China and Korea and ways of sterilization for reuse of PPE during COVID-19 outbreak. Thus, this review can further researchers in the developing of masks to decrease the spread of a pandemic disease. Graphical abstract.}, }
@article {pmid33575836, year = {2021}, author = {Liu, S and Heinz, A and Haucke, MN and Heinzel, S}, title = {[The global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the care provision for people with mental health problems].}, journal = {Der Nervenarzt}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33575836}, issn = {1433-0407}, abstract = {There are increasingly comprehensive data on recognition of the psychological impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) pandemic on global populations. In most regions of the world, the economic and psychological burden on the general population and persons with mental disorders has risen sharply over the course of the pandemic. Beyond anxieties regarding severe acute respiratory syndromes due to coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections, in many countries the measures for containing the pandemic also led to psychological burdens. It was shown that social distancing and contact restrictions were risk factors for the development or deterioration of mental health problems on a global scale. Simultaneously, the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted or reduced mental health services in many countries. Thus, there is a substantial need for low threshold offers of assistance and for coping strategies. Current studies could show that certain coping strategies, such as virtual social contacts and physical activity, appear to be useful in counteracting the negative psychological sequelae of the pandemic; however, in order to improve care provision for people with psychological burden and mental illness in the medium term, it is necessary to offer targeted treatment, such as online psychotherapy in particular. Collaborative research tackles poverty, social isolation and loneliness.}, }
@article {pmid33575497, year = {2021}, author = {Tjan, LH and Nagano, T and Furukawa, K and Nishimura, M and Arii, J and Fujinaka, S and Iwata, S and Sano, S and Tohma, Y and Nishimura, Y and Mori, Y}, title = {The Neutralizing Antibody Response against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 and the Cytokine/Chemokine Release in Patients with Different Levels of Coronavirus Diseases 2019 Severity: Cytokine Storm Still Persists Despite Viral Disappearance in Critical Patients.}, journal = {JMA journal}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {1-7}, pmid = {33575497}, issn = {2433-3298}, abstract = {Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exhibit a wide clinical spectrum ranging from mild respiratory symptoms to critical and fatal diseases, and older individuals are known to be more severely affected. The underlying mechanism of this phenomenon is unknown. A neutralizing antibody against viruses is known to be important to eliminate the virus. In addition, this antibody is induced at high levels in patients with severe COVID-19, followed by a termination of virus replication. Severe COVID-19 patients exhibit high levels of cytokines/chemokines, even after the disappearance of the virus. This indicates that cytokines/chemokines play significant roles in disease severity. These findings also suggest that antiviral therapy (monoclonal antibody and/or convalescent plasma therapy) should be administered early to eliminate the virus, followed by steroid treatment after viral genome disappearance, especially in patients with severe symptoms.}, }
@article {pmid33575413, year = {2021}, author = {Umakanthan, S and Chattu, VK and Ranade, AV and Das, D and Basavarajegowda, A and Bukelo, M}, title = {A rapid review of recent advances in diagnosis, treatment and vaccination for COVID-19.}, journal = {AIMS public health}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {137-153}, pmid = {33575413}, issn = {2327-8994}, abstract = {COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2, which originated in Wuhan, Hubei province, Central China, in December 2019 and since then has spread rapidly, resulting in a severe pandemic. The infected patient presents with varying non-specific symptoms requiring an accurate and rapid diagnostic tool to detect SARS-CoV-2. This is followed by effective patient isolation and early treatment initiation ranging from supportive therapy to specific drugs such as corticosteroids, antiviral agents, antibiotics, and the recently introduced convalescent plasma. The development of an efficient vaccine has been an on-going challenge by various nations and research companies. A literature search was conducted in early December 2020 in all the major databases such as Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar search engines. The findings are discussed in three main thematic areas namely diagnostic approaches, therapeutic options, and potential vaccines in various phases of development. Therefore, an effective and economical vaccine remains the only retort to combat COVID-19 successfully to save millions of lives during this pandemic. However, there is a great scope for further research in discovering cost-effective and safer therapeutics, vaccines and strategies to ensure equitable access to COVID-19 prevention and treatment services.}, }
@article {pmid33575399, year = {2020}, author = {Gathiya, N and Kumar, S}, title = {Psychosocial implication of quarantine and lockdown during COVID-19 pandemic in India.}, journal = {Journal of education and health promotion}, volume = {9}, number = {}, pages = {363}, pmid = {33575399}, issn = {2277-9531}, abstract = {Negative psychological outcomes have been consistently associated with quarantine measure and lockdown. This article tries to look at the psychological implications of quarantine and lockdown and then touches upon how social aspects lead to psychological effects unaddressed for various communities of the people surviving in vulnerable conditions. The objective of this study was to review the psychosocial implication of quarantine and lockdown among Indian community who are facing a double burden of mental and economic crisis. Databases for relevant studies were searched in PubMed and Google Scholar with key term &quot;quarantine,&quot; &quot;mental health,&quot; &quot;lockdown,&quot; and &quot;psychosocial.&quot; Few newspaper reports related to quarantine and psychosocial implication have also incorporated. Home and facility quarantine were imposed on people in order to control and check the spread of this infectious disease. This strict imposition not just led to various other counter effects that were negative in nature, but it is predicted to have long-lasting social, economic, and psychological effects too. As social diversities lead to varied mental health adversities, a broader umbrella needs to be created in order to protect every community dealing with mental health issues due to the pandemic. In order to address the mental issues of the vulnerable classes, the issue still remains untouched, and this leaves us with a question of are we doing enough for each individual. A team of clinical psychologist, psychiatrist, and sociologist come forward to combat this mental health impact of COVID-19 outbreaks and make this quarantine tolerable for the public with appropriate solutions.}, }
@article {pmid33575003, year = {2021}, author = {Cavalcante-Leão, BL and de Araujo, CM and Basso, IB and Schroder, AG and Guariza-Filho, O and Ravazzi, GC and Gonçalves, FM and Zeigelboim, BS and Santos, RS and Stechman-Neto, J}, title = {Is there scientific evidence of the mouthwashes effectiveness in reducing viral load in Covid-19? A systematic review.}, journal = {Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {e179-e189}, pmid = {33575003}, issn = {1989-5488}, abstract = {Background: The aim of this research is to verify whether there is evidence in the literature regarding the decrease in viral load present in saliva after using three types of mouthwashes.<br><br>Material and Methods: Clinical and/or in vitro experimental studies that have used mouthwashes as a form of intervention to reduce the viral load in saliva were included. Combinations of words and appropriate truncations were adapted for each of the seven selected electronic bases including grey literature.<br><br>Results: The selection of articles was carried out in two phases by two independent reviewers. After removing duplicate articles, 1245 references were maintained, and 2 articles were included in the Systematic Review. Both studies were performed in vitro and tested the virucidal action of the PVP-I solution for mouthwash at two different concentrations, 1% without dilution and 7% with 1:30 dilution, on the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV viruses. Both showed a viral reduction of ≥ 99.99% with 15 s exposure.<br><br>Conclusions: Based on the evidence currently available in the literature, PVP-I, at concentrations of 1 and 7%, appears to be the most effective mouthwash for reducing the viral load of COVID-19 present in human saliva. However, the guidelines for dental care refer to the use of hydrogen peroxide but there is insufficient scientific evidence to support this recommendation. Key words:COVID-19, Coronavirus, Mouthwash, Chlorhexidine, Hydrogen Peroxide, PVP-I.}, }
@article {pmid33574991, year = {2021}, author = {Shankar, A and Varadan, B and Ethiraj, D and Sudarsanam, H and Hakeem, AR and Kalyanasundaram, S}, title = {Systemic arterio-venous thrombosis in COVID-19: A pictorial review.}, journal = {World journal of radiology}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {19-28}, pmid = {33574991}, issn = {1949-8470}, abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Systemic complications include cardiovascular, neurological, hepatic, renal and altered coagulation. Derangements in haemostasis with SARS-CoV-2 infection have been termed COVID-19 associated coagulopathy (CAC). CAC is postulated to be one of the significant causes for sudden deaths in this pandemic, with infection of endothelial cells and subsequent endotheliitis through angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptors playing a key role in the pathogenesis. In this pictorial review, we describe the imaging findings in a multitude of extrapulmonary arterial (aorta, cerebral, mesenteric, renal and peripheral arterial system) and venous thrombotic phenomena detected on contrast-enhanced computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of COVID-19 patients which could not be attributed to any other causes. Knowledge of incidence of these complications, lowering the threshold for diagnostic imaging in symptomatic patients and timely radiological detection can play a vital role in subsequent management of these critically ill patients.}, }
@article {pmid33574990, year = {2021}, author = {Al-Bari, MAA and Hossain, S and Zahan, MK}, title = {Exploration of sex-specific and age-dependent COVID-19 fatality rate in Bangladesh population.}, journal = {World journal of radiology}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {1-18}, pmid = {33574990}, issn = {1949-8470}, abstract = {Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), a respiratory tract infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global health emergency and a threat the entire world. The COVID-19 shows a wide spectrum of clinical presentations, severity, and fatality rates. Although the fatal outcomes of the COVID-19 pandemic are evident in all age groups, the most devastating impact on the health consequences and death from COVID-19 are associated with older adults, especially older men. COVID-19 pandemic is affecting different countries in the world especially in the 65+ years age male group. In fact, several genes involved into the regulation of the immune system are strategically placed on the X-chromosome and trigger a gendered mediated antiviral fight. The aim of this study is to explore and exploit whether a relationship exists between male sex and COVID-19 mortality and the relationship is age dependent. Herein we discuss the possible role of physiological and immunological sex differences into the higher morbidity and mortality of SARS-CoV-2 between females and males. Deciphering gender differences in COVID-19 offers a window into the principles of immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection and this information on ageing dependent gender disparity might contribute to our current understanding of COVID-19 infection and disease treatment.}, }
@article {pmid33574819, year = {2020}, author = {Lakota, K and Perdan-Pirkmajer, K and Hočevar, A and Sodin-Semrl, S and Rotar, Ž and Čučnik, S and Žigon, P}, title = {COVID-19 in Association With Development, Course, and Treatment of Systemic Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {611318}, pmid = {33574819}, issn = {1664-3224}, abstract = {Autoimmune diseases and infections are often closely intertwined. Patients with autoimmune diseases are more susceptible to infections due to either active autoimmune disease or the medications used to treat them. Based on infections as environmental triggers of autoimmunity, an autoimmune response would also be expected in COVID-19. Although some studies have shown the occurance of autoantibodies and the possible development of autoimmune diseases after SARS-CoV-2 infection, current data suggest that the levels of autoantibodies following SARS-CoV-2 infection is comparable to that of some other known infections and that the autoantibodies might only be transient. The risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with a systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease (SARD) appears slightly higher compared to the general population and the course of COVID-19 disease does not seem to be very different, however, specific therapies such as glucocorticoids and anti-TNF might modulate the risk of hospitalization/death. Cytokine release syndrome is a severe complication in COVID-19. Many drugs used for the treatment of SARD are directly or indirectly targeting cytokines involved in the cytokine release syndrome, therefore it has been suggested that they could also be effective in COVID-19, but more evidence on the use of these medications for the treatment of COVID-19 is currently being collected.}, }
@article {pmid33574768, year = {2020}, author = {Meunier, N and Briand, L and Jacquin-Piques, A and Brondel, L and Pénicaud, L}, title = {COVID 19-Induced Smell and Taste Impairments: Putative Impact on Physiology.}, journal = {Frontiers in physiology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {625110}, pmid = {33574768}, issn = {1664-042X}, abstract = {Smell and taste impairments are recognized as common symptoms in COVID 19 patients even in an asymptomatic phase. Indeed, depending on the country, in up to 85-90% of cases anosmia and dysgeusia are reported. We will review briefly the main mechanisms involved in the physiology of olfaction and taste focusing on receptors and transduction as well as the main neuroanatomical pathways. Then we will examine the current evidences, even if still fragmented and unsystematic, explaining the disturbances and mode of action of the virus at the level of the nasal and oral cavities. We will focus on its impact on the peripheral and central nervous system. Finally, considering the role of smell and taste in numerous physiological functions, especially in ingestive behavior, we will discuss the consequences on the physiology of the patients as well as management regarding food intake.}, }
@article {pmid33574756, year = {2020}, author = {Yuan, C and Li, R and Liu, G and Pan, Y}, title = {Potential of Immune-Related Therapy in COVID-19.}, journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {609212}, pmid = {33574756}, issn = {1663-9812}, abstract = {At the beginning of 2020, a sudden outbreak of new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), infections led to anxiety, panic, and crisis among people worldwide. The outbreak first occurred in Wuhan, China, in late December 2019 and then spread rapidly across the globe, thus becoming a major public health emergency. Although the current epidemic situation in China tends to be stable, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to spread globally. At present, no specific therapeutic drugs and vaccines are available against COVID-19. Also, the pathogenesis of the SARS-CoV-2 is not fully clear. Human immunity is important in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Studies have shown that excessive inflammation caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection and subsequent induced uncontrolled cytokine storm are the main causes of disease deterioration and death of severe patients. Therefore, immune-related research is of great significance for the prevention, control, and prognosis of COVID-19. This study aimed to review the latest research on immune-related treatment of COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33574654, year = {2021}, author = {Franchini, M and Liumbruno, GM}, title = {Convalescent Plasma for the Treatment of Severe COVID-19.}, journal = {Biologics : targets &amp; therapy}, volume = {15}, number = {}, pages = {31-38}, pmid = {33574654}, issn = {1177-5475}, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 is one of the worst catastrophic events in human history. Several non-specific antiviral drugs have been tried to defeat the SARS-CoV-2, with mixed results. Convalescent plasma from patients who have recovered from COVID-19 is one of the specific biologic therapies being considered to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection. Preliminary studies have shown that convalescent plasma, containing antibodies able to neutralize SARS-CoV-2, is promising in blocking viral replication and improving patients' clinical symptoms. The results of several ongoing randomized controlled trials are, however, keenly awaited to definitively elucidate the safety and efficacy of this blood component in COVID-19. In this narrative review, we summarize the current evidence from the literature on the treatment of severe COVID-19 with convalescent plasma. A concise overview of the hypothesized mechanisms of action is also presented.}, }
@article {pmid33574335, year = {2021}, author = {Monrad, JT and Sandbrink, JB and Cherian, NG}, title = {Promoting versatile vaccine development for emerging pandemics.}, journal = {NPJ vaccines}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {26}, pmid = {33574335}, issn = {2059-0105}, abstract = {The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the importance of rapid and versatile development of emergency medical countermeasures such as vaccines. We discuss the role of platform vaccines and prototype pathogen research in modern vaccine development, and outline how previous pathogen-specific funding approaches can be improved to adequately promote vaccine R&amp;D for emerging pandemics. We present a more comprehensive approach to financing vaccine R&amp;D, which maximises biomedical pandemic preparedness by promoting flexible vaccine platforms and translatable research into prototype pathogens. As the numerous platform-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines show, funders can accelerate pandemic vaccine development by proactively investing in versatile platform technologies. For certain emerging infectious diseases, where vaccine research can translate to other related pathogens with pandemic potential, investment decisions should reflect the full social value of increasing overall preparedness, rather than just the value of bringing a vaccine to market for individual pathogens.}, }
@article {pmid33574316, year = {2020}, author = {Sulzer, D and Antonini, A and Leta, V and Nordvig, A and Smeyne, RJ and Goldman, JE and Al-Dalahmah, O and Zecca, L and Sette, A and Bubacco, L and Meucci, O and Moro, E and Harms, AS and Xu, Y and Fahn, S and Ray Chaudhuri, K}, title = {COVID-19 and possible links with Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism: from bench to bedside.}, journal = {NPJ Parkinson's disease}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {18}, pmid = {33574316}, issn = {2373-8057}, abstract = {This Viewpoint discusses insights from basic science and clinical perspectives on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)/severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the brain, with a particular focus on Parkinson's disease. Major points include that neuropathology studies have not answered the central issue of whether the virus enters central nervous system neurons, astrocytes or microglia, and the brain vascular cell types that express virus have not yet been identified. Currently, there is no clear evidence for human neuronal or astrocyte expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the major receptor for viral entry, but ACE2 expression may be activated by inflammation, and a comparison of healthy and infected brains is important. In contrast to the 1918 influenza pandemic and avian flu, reports of encephalopathy in COVID-19 have been slow to emerge, and there are so far no documented reports of parkinsonism apart from a single case report. We recommend consensus guidelines for the clinical treatment of Parkinson's patients with COVID-19. While a role for the virus in causing or exacerbating Parkinson's disease appears unlikely at this time, aggravation of specific motor and non-motor symptoms has been reported, and it will be important to monitor subjects after recovery, particularly for those with persisting hyposmia.}, }
@article {pmid33574271, year = {2020}, author = {Takahashi, T and Luzum, JA and Nicol, MR and Jacobson, PA}, title = {Pharmacogenomics of COVID-19 therapies.}, journal = {NPJ genomic medicine}, volume = {5}, number = {1}, pages = {35}, pmid = {33574271}, issn = {2056-7944}, support = {R01AI140303//U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/ ; K08AI134262//U.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/ ; }, abstract = {A new global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in high mortality and morbidity. Currently numerous drugs are under expedited investigations without well-established safety or efficacy data. Pharmacogenomics may allow individualization of these drugs thereby improving efficacy and safety. In this review, we summarized the pharmacogenomic literature available for COVID-19 drug therapies including hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, azithromycin, remdesivir, favipiravir, ribavirin, lopinavir/ritonavir, darunavir/cobicistat, interferon beta-1b, tocilizumab, ruxolitinib, baricitinib, and corticosteroids. We searched PubMed, reviewed the Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase (PharmGKB®) website, Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) pharmacogenomics information in the product labeling, and the FDA pharmacogenomics association table. We found several drug-gene variant pairs that may alter the pharmacokinetics of hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine (CYP2C8, CYP2D6, SLCO1A2, and SLCO1B1); azithromycin (ABCB1); ribavirin (SLC29A1, SLC28A2, and SLC28A3); and lopinavir/ritonavir (SLCO1B1, ABCC2, CYP3A). We also identified other variants, that are associated with adverse effects, most notable in hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine (G6PD; hemolysis), ribavirin (ITPA; hemolysis), and interferon β -1b (IRF6; liver toxicity). We also describe the complexity of the risk for QT prolongation in this setting because of additive effects of combining more than one QT-prolonging drug (i.e., hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine and azithromycin), increased concentrations of the drugs due to genetic variants, along with the risk of also combining therapy with potent inhibitors. In conclusion, although direct evidence in COVID-19 patients is lacking, we identified potential actionable genetic markers in COVID-19 therapies. Clinical studies in COVID-19 patients are deemed warranted to assess potential roles of these markers.}, }
@article {pmid33574179, year = {2021}, author = {Sakr, R and Ghsoub, C and Rbeiz, C and Lattouf, V and Riachy, R and Haddad, C and Zoghbi, M}, title = {COVID-19 detection by dogs: from physiology to field application-a review article.}, journal = {Postgraduate medical journal}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-139410}, pmid = {33574179}, issn = {1469-0756}, abstract = {For years, the dog, man's best friend, was the most widely employed scent-detector tool for civilian and military purposes. Recently, many studies highlighted the role of canine olfactory ability in the medical field, specifically in detecting different infectious, metabolic and neoplastic conditions. The objective of this literature review is to clarify the rationale behind dog's ability to detect diseases, to assess the possible application for COVID-19 detection and to discuss the evidence available on the matter. Available evidence shows that properly trained disease-detector dogs are an efficient tool for identification of specific disease-associated volatile organic compounds marker profiles for a particular disease. And since COVID-19 positive persons have a specific volatilome different from non-infected persons, they can be recognised by the dogs, by sniffing different body fluids consequently aiding in the diagnosis of COVID-19. Possible applications of dogs as COVID-19 detectors will be an easy real-time mobile diagnostic aid with low cost and good performance. More evidence is needed to be able to describe standardised measures concerning the best fluid to test, testing procedure, time of possible detection according to disease evolution, risks associated with the dog exposure and to translate the good results in study setting into the real-life operational one.}, }
@article {pmid33574027, year = {2021}, author = {Kyeremateng, R and Oguda, L and Asemota, O and , }, title = {COVID-19 pandemic: health inequities in children and youth.}, journal = {Archives of disease in childhood}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1136/archdischild-2020-320170}, pmid = {33574027}, issn = {1468-2044}, }
@article {pmid33573850, year = {2021}, author = {Coperchini, F and Chiovato, L and Ricci, G and Croce, L and Magri, F and Rotondi, M}, title = {The cytokine storm in COVID-19: Further advances in our understanding the role of specific chemokines involved.}, journal = {Cytokine &amp; growth factor reviews}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33573850}, issn = {1879-0305}, abstract = {SARS-COV-2 infection represents the greatest pandemic of the world, counting daily increasing number of subjects positive to the virus and, sadly, increasing number of deaths. Current studies reported that the cytokine/chemokine network is crucial in the onset and maintenance of the &quot;cytokine storm&quot;, the event occurring in those patients in whom the progression of COVID-19 will progress, in most cases, to a very severe and potentially threatening disease. Detecting a possible &quot;immune signature&quot; in patients, as assessed by chemokines status in patients with COVID-19, could be helpful for individual risk stratification for developing a more or less severe clinical course of the disease. The present review is specifically aimed at overviewing current evidences provided by in vitro and in vivo studies addressing the issue of which chemokines seems to be involved, at least at present, in COVID-19. Currently available experimental and clinical studies regarding those chemokines more deeply studied in COVID-19, with a specific focus on their role in the cytokine storm and ultimately with their ability to predict the clinical course of the disease, will be taken into account. Moreover, similarities and differences between chemokines and cytokines, which both contribute to the onset of the pro-inflammatory loop characterizing SARS-COV-2 infection, will be briefly discussed. Future studies will rapidly accumulate in the next months and their results will hopefully provide more insights as to the complex physiopathology of COVID-19-related cytokine storm. This will likely make the present review somehow &quot;dated&quot; in a short time, but still the present review provides an overview of the scenario of the current knowledge on this topic.}, }
@article {pmid33573790, year = {2021}, author = {Rogan, SC and Beigi, RH}, title = {Management of Viral Complications of Pregnancy: Pharmacotherapy to Reduce Vertical Transmission.}, journal = {Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America}, volume = {48}, number = {1}, pages = {53-74}, doi = {10.1016/j.ogc.2020.12.001}, pmid = {33573790}, issn = {1558-0474}, abstract = {Viral infections are common complications of pregnancy. Although some infections have maternal sequelae, many viral infections can be perinatally transmitted to cause congenital or chronic infection in fetuses or infants. Treatments of such infections are geared toward reducing maternal symptoms and complications and toward preventing maternal-to-child transmission of viruses. The authors review updates in the treatment of herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B and C viruses, human immunodeficiency virus, and COVID-19 during pregnancy.}, }
@article {pmid33573324, year = {2021}, author = {Sun, H and Su, X and Huang, L and Mu, D and Qu, Y}, title = {Research Progress on the Cardiac Injury from ACE2 Targeting in SARS-CoV-2 Infection.}, journal = {Biomolecules}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biom11020196}, pmid = {33573324}, issn = {2218-273X}, abstract = {The epidemic due to the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is now a global concern, posing a severe threat to the health of populations. At present, all countries in the world are stepping up the development of vaccines and antiviral agents to prevent the infection and further transmission of SARS-CoV-2. An in-depth investigation of the target organs and pathogenesis regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection will be beneficial for virus therapy. Besides pulmonary injury, SARS-CoV-2 also causes cardiac injury, but the exact mechanisms are unclear. This review summarizes the essential structural characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), describes the cardiac manifestations following SARS-CoV-2 infection, and explores the mechanisms of cardiac injury targeting ACE2 after the viral invasion. We aim to help the timely detection of related symptoms and implementation of therapeutic measures by clinicians for SARS-CoV-2 infection.}, }
@article {pmid33573318, year = {2021}, author = {Sytar, O and Brestic, M and Hajihashemi, S and Skalicky, M and Kubeš, J and Lamilla-Tamayo, L and Ibrahimova, U and Ibadullayeva, S and Landi, M}, title = {COVID-19 Prophylaxis Efforts Based on Natural Antiviral Plant Extracts and Their Compounds.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {26}, number = {3}, pages = {}, pmid = {33573318}, issn = {1420-3049}, support = {VEGA 1/0589/19//Vedecká Grantová Agentúra MŠVVaŠ SR a SAV/ ; }, abstract = {During the time of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, it has been crucial to search for novel antiviral drugs from plants and well as other natural sources as alternatives for prophylaxis. This work reviews the antiviral potential of plant extracts, and the results of previous research for the treatment and prophylaxis of coronavirus disease and previous kinds of representative coronaviruses group. Detailed descriptions of medicinal herbs and crops based on their origin native area, plant parts used, and their antiviral potentials have been conducted. The possible role of plant-derived natural antiviral compounds for the development of plant-based drugs against coronavirus has been described. To identify useful scientific trends, VOSviewer visualization of presented scientific data analysis was used.}, }
@article {pmid33573221, year = {2021}, author = {Sui, Y and Bekele, Y and Berzofsky, JA}, title = {Potential SARS-CoV-2 Immune Correlates of Protection in Infection and Vaccine Immunization.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/pathogens10020138}, pmid = {33573221}, issn = {2076-0817}, abstract = {Both SARS-CoV-2 infections and vaccines induce robust immune responses. Current data suggested that high neutralizing antibody titers with sustained Th1 responses might correlate with protection against viral transmission and disease development and severity. In addition, genetic and innate immune factors, including higher levels of type I interferons, as well as the induction of trained immunity and local mucosal immunity also contribute to lower risk of infection and amelioration of disease severity. The identification of immune correlates of protection will facilitate the development of effective vaccines and therapeutics strategies.}, }
@article {pmid33573173, year = {2021}, author = {Pastor, N and Collado, MC and Manzoni, P}, title = {Phytonutrient and Nutraceutical Action against COVID-19: Current Review of Characteristics and Benefits.}, journal = {Nutrients}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/nu13020464}, pmid = {33573173}, issn = {2072-6643}, abstract = {The trend toward using phytonutrients and/or nutraceuticals (P/Ns) with the aim of impacting immune health has increased in recent years. The main reason is that properties of P/Ns are associated with possible immunomodulating effects in the prevention and complementary treatment of viral diseases, including COVID-19 and other respiratory infections. In the present review, we assess the scientific plausibility of specific P/Ns for this purpose of preventative and therapeutic interventions against COVID-19, with an emphasis on safety, validity, and evidence of efficacy against other viruses. Five potential candidates have been identified after reviewing available studies (in silico, in vitro, and in vivo) in which certain flavonoids have demonstrated a potential for use as adjuvant therapeutic agents against viral infections, including COVID-19. As these are often better tolerated than pharmacological treatments, their use could be more widely considered if additional detailed studies can validate the existing evidence.}, }
@article {pmid33573169, year = {2021}, author = {Detopoulou, P and Demopoulos, CA and Antonopoulou, S}, title = {Micronutrients, Phytochemicals and Mediterranean Diet: A Potential Protective Role against COVID-19 through Modulation of PAF Actions and Metabolism.}, journal = {Nutrients}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/nu13020462}, pmid = {33573169}, issn = {2072-6643}, abstract = {The new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an emerging situation with high rates of morbidity and mortality, in the pathophysiology of which inflammation and thrombosis are implicated. The disease is directly connected to the nutritional status of patients and a well-balanced diet is recommended by official sources. Recently, the role of platelet activating factor (PAF) was suggested in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. In the present review several micronutrients (vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin D, selenium, omega-3 fatty acids, and minerals), phytochemicals and Mediterranean diet compounds with potential anti-COVID activity are presented. We further underline that the well-known anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic actions of the investigated nutrients and/or holistic dietary schemes, such as the Mediterranean diet, are also mediated through PAF. In conclusion, there is no single food to prevent coronavirus Although the relationship between PAF and COVID-19 is not robust, a healthy diet containing PAF inhibitors may target both inflammation and thrombosis and prevent the deleterious effects of COVID-19. The next step is the experimental confirmation or not of the PAF-COVID-19 hypothesis.}, }
@article {pmid33572883, year = {2021}, author = {Maugeri, G and Musumeci, G}, title = {Adapted Physical Activity to Ensure the Physical and Psychological Well-Being of COVID-19 Patients.}, journal = {Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology}, volume = {6}, number = {1}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/jfmk6010013}, pmid = {33572883}, issn = {2411-5142}, abstract = {The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been responsible for a global pandemic involving massive increases in the daily numbers of cases and deaths. Due to the emergency caused by the pandemic, huge efforts have been made to develop COVID-19 vaccines, the first of which were released in December 2020. Effective vaccines for COVID-19 are needed to protect the population, especially healthcare professionals and fragile individuals, such as older people or chronic-disease-affected patients. Physical exercise training generally has health benefits and assists in the prevention of several chronic diseases. Moreover, physical activity improves mental health by reducing anxiety, depression, and negative mood and improving self-esteem. Therefore, the present review aims to provide a detailed view of the literature, presenting updated evidence on the beneficial effects of adapted physical activity, based on personalized and tailor-made exercise, in preventing, treating, and counteracting the consequences of COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33572857, year = {2021}, author = {Sharma, A and Ahmad Farouk, I and Lal, SK}, title = {COVID-19: A Review on the Novel Coronavirus Disease Evolution, Transmission, Detection, Control and Prevention.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/v13020202}, pmid = {33572857}, issn = {1999-4915}, abstract = {Three major outbreaks of the coronavirus, a zoonotic virus known to cause respiratory disease, have been reported since 2002, including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and the most recent 2019-nCoV, or more recently known as SARS-CoV-2. Bats are known to be the primary animal reservoir for coronaviruses. However, in the past few decades, the virus has been able to mutate and adapt to infect humans, resulting in an animal-to-human species barrier jump. The emergence of a novel coronavirus poses a serious global public health threat and possibly carries the potential of causing a major pandemic outbreak in the naïve human population. The recent outbreak of COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China has infected over 36.5 million individuals and claimed over one million lives worldwide, as of 8 October 2020. The novel virus is rapidly spreading across China and has been transmitted to 213 other countries/territories across the globe. Researchers have reported that the virus is constantly evolving and spreading through asymptomatic carriers, further suggesting a high global health threat. To this end, current up-to-date information on the coronavirus evolution and SARS-CoV-2 modes of transmission, detection techniques and current control and prevention strategies are summarized in this review.}, }
@article {pmid33572760, year = {2021}, author = {Adivitiya,  and Kaushik, MS and Chakraborty, S and Veleri, S and Kateriya, S}, title = {Mucociliary Respiratory Epithelium Integrity in Molecular Defense and Susceptibility to Pulmonary Viral Infections.}, journal = {Biology}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/biology10020095}, pmid = {33572760}, issn = {2079-7737}, abstract = {Mucociliary defense, mediated by the ciliated and goblet cells, is fundamental to respiratory fitness. The concerted action of ciliary movement on the respiratory epithelial surface and the pathogen entrapment function of mucus help to maintain healthy airways. Consequently, genetic or acquired defects in lung defense elicit respiratory diseases and secondary microbial infections that inflict damage on pulmonary function and may even be fatal. Individuals living with chronic and acute respiratory diseases are more susceptible to develop severe coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) illness and hence should be proficiently managed. In light of the prevailing pandemic, we review the current understanding of the respiratory system and its molecular components with a major focus on the pathophysiology arising due to collapsed respiratory epithelium integrity such as abnormal ciliary movement, cilia loss and dysfunction, ciliated cell destruction, and changes in mucus rheology. The review includes protein interaction networks of coronavirus infection-manifested implications on the molecular machinery that regulates mucociliary clearance. We also provide an insight into the alteration of the transcriptional networks of genes in the nasopharynx associated with the mucociliary clearance apparatus in humans upon infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2.}, }
@article {pmid33572734, year = {2021}, author = {Rueda Ruzafa, L and Cedillo, JL and Hone, AJ}, title = {Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Involvement in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Interactions with Gut Microbiota.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph18031189}, pmid = {33572734}, issn = {1660-4601}, abstract = {The gut-brain axis describes a complex interplay between the central nervous system and organs of the gastrointestinal tract. Sensory neurons of dorsal root and nodose ganglia, neurons of the autonomic nervous system, and immune cells collect and relay information about the status of the gut to the brain. A critical component in this bi-directional communication system is the vagus nerve which is essential for coordinating the immune system's response to the activities of commensal bacteria in the gut and to pathogenic strains and their toxins. Local control of gut function is provided by networks of neurons in the enteric nervous system also called the 'gut-brain'. One element common to all of these gut-brain systems is the expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. These ligand-gated ion channels serve myriad roles in the gut-brain axis including mediating fast synaptic transmission between autonomic pre- and postganglionic neurons, modulation of neurotransmitter release from peripheral sensory and enteric neurons, and modulation of cytokine release from immune cells. Here we review the role of nicotinic receptors in the gut-brain axis with a focus on the interplay of these receptors with the gut microbiome and their involvement in dysregulation of gut function and inflammatory bowel diseases.}, }
@article {pmid33572702, year = {2021}, author = {Pérez-Galarza, J and Prócel, C and Cañadas, C and Aguirre, D and Pibaque, R and Bedón, R and Sempértegui, F and Drexhage, H and Baldeón, L}, title = {Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Obesity and T2D: Literature Review.}, journal = {Vaccines}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/vaccines9020102}, pmid = {33572702}, issn = {2076-393X}, abstract = {In December 2019, a novel coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2 was first detected in Wuhan, China, causing outbreaks of the coronavirus disease COVID-19 that has now spread globally. For this reason, The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a public health emergency in March 2020. People living with pre-existing conditions such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and chronic kidney and lung diseases, are prone to develop severe forms of disease with fatal outcomes. Metabolic diseases such as obesity and T2D alter the balance of innate and adaptive responses. Both diseases share common features characterized by augmented adiposity associated with a chronic systemic low-grade inflammation, senescence, immunoglobulin glycation, and abnormalities in the number and function of adaptive immune cells. In obese and T2D patients infected by SARS-CoV-2, where immune cells are already hampered, this response appears to be stronger. In this review, we describe the abnormalities of the immune system, and summarize clinical findings of COVID-19 patients with pre-existing conditions such as obesity and T2D as this group is at greater risk of suffering severe and fatal clinical outcomes.}, }
@article {pmid33572589, year = {2021}, author = {Toon, K and Bentley, EM and Mattiuzzo, G}, title = {More Than Just Gene Therapy Vectors: Lentiviral Vector Pseudotypes for Serological Investigation.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/v13020217}, pmid = {33572589}, issn = {1999-4915}, abstract = {Serological assays detecting neutralising antibodies are important for determining the immune responses following infection or vaccination and are also often considered a correlate of protection. The target of neutralising antibodies is usually located in the Envelope protein on the viral surface, which mediates cell entry. As such, presentation of the Envelope protein on a lentiviral particle represents a convenient alternative to handling of a potentially high containment virus or for those viruses with no established cell culture system. The flexibility, relative safety and, in most cases, ease of production of lentiviral pseudotypes, have led to their use in serological assays for many applications such as the evaluation of candidate vaccines, screening and characterization of anti-viral therapeutics, and sero-surveillance. Above all, the speed of production of the lentiviral pseudotypes, once the envelope sequence is published, makes them important tools in the response to viral outbreaks, as shown during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. In this review, we provide an overview of the landscape of the serological applications of pseudotyped lentiviral vectors, with a brief discussion on their production and batch quality analysis. Finally, we evaluate their role as surrogates for the real virus and possible alternatives.}, }
@article {pmid33572570, year = {2021}, author = {Zanza, C and Racca, F and Longhitano, Y and Piccioni, A and Franceschi, F and Artico, M and Abenavoli, L and Maiese, A and Passaro, G and Volonnino, G and La Russa, R}, title = {Risk Management and Treatment of Coagulation Disorders Related to COVID-19 Infection.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {18}, number = {3}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph18031268}, pmid = {33572570}, issn = {1660-4601}, abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease. Bilateral pneumonia, acute respiratory failure, systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and coagulation activation are key features of severe COVID-19. Fibrinogen and D-dimer levels are typically increased. The risk for venous thromboembolism is markedly increased, especially in patients in the intensive care unit despite prophylactic dose anticoagulation. Pulmonary microvascular thrombosis has also been described and the risk for arterial thrombotic diseases also appears to be increased while bleeding is less common than thrombosis, but it can occur. Evaluation for venous thromboembolism may be challenging because symptoms of pulmonary embolism overlap with COVID-19, and imaging studies may not be feasible in all cases. The threshold for evaluation or diagnosis of thromboembolism should be low given the high frequency of these events. Management and treatment are new challenges due to the paucity of high-quality evidence regarding efficacy and safety of different approaches to prevent or treat thromboembolic complications of the disease. All inpatients should receive thromboprophylaxis unless contraindicated. Some institutional protocols provide more aggressive anticoagulation with intermediate or even therapeutic dose anticoagulation for COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU. Therapeutic dose anticoagulation is always appropriate to treat deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, unless contraindicated. This article reviews evaluation and management of coagulation abnormalities in individuals with COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33572531, year = {2021}, author = {Pedreira, A and Taşkın, Y and García, MR}, title = {A Critical Review of Disinfection Processes to Control SARS-CoV-2 Transmission in the Food Industry.}, journal = {Foods (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/foods10020283}, pmid = {33572531}, issn = {2304-8158}, support = {RTI2018-093560-J-I00//Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades/ ; IN606A-2020/028//Xunta de Galicia/ ; }, abstract = {Industries of the food sector have made a great effort to control SARS-CoV-2 indirect transmission, through objects or surfaces, by updating cleaning and disinfection protocols previously focused on inactivating other pathogens, as well as food spoilage microorganisms. The information, although scarce at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, has started to be sufficiently reliable to avoid over-conservative disinfection procedures. This work reviews the literature to propose a holistic view of the disinfection process where the decision variables, such as type and concentration of active substances, are optimised to guarantee the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 and other usual pathogens and spoilage microorganisms while minimising possible side-effects on the environment and animal and human health.}, }
@article {pmid33572452, year = {2021}, author = {Pascolo, S}, title = {Synthetic Messenger RNA-Based Vaccines: from Scorn to Hype.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/v13020270}, pmid = {33572452}, issn = {1999-4915}, abstract = {In the race for a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the synthetic mRNA format has been shown to be the fastest one and proved to be safe and highly efficient, even at the very low dose of a few µg per injection. The mRNA vaccines are not new: vaccines that are based on attenuated mRNA viruses, such as Mumps, Measles, and Rubella, immunize by delivering their mRNAs into the cells of the vaccinated individual, who produces the viral proteins that then prime the immune response. Synthetic mRNA in liposomes can be seen as a modern, more refined, and thereby a safer version of those live attenuated RNA viruses. The anti-COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (coding the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein) is the third synthetic RNA therapeutic being approved. It follows the aptamer Macugen® (which neutralizes VEGF) and the siRNA Onpattro® (which destroys the transthyretin-coding mRNA). Remarkably, the 30 µg of mRNA that are contained in the first approved anti-COVID-19 vaccine are sufficient for generating high levels of neutralizing antibodies against the virus in all injected volunteers (including participants over 65 years old). The efficacy and safety data are stunning. The distribution of these vaccines throughout the world will bring a halt to the coronavirus pandemic.}, }
@article {pmid33572274, year = {2021}, author = {Choi, HM and Moon, SY and Yang, HI and Kim, KS}, title = {Understanding Viral Infection Mechanisms and Patient Symptoms for the Development of COVID-19 Therapeutics.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms22041737}, pmid = {33572274}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {2018R1D1A1B07048706//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; }, abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has become a worldwide pandemic. Symptoms range from mild fever to cough, fatigue, severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and organ failure, with a mortality rate of 2.2%. However, there are no licensed drugs or definitive treatment strategies for patients with severe COVID-19. Only antiviral or anti-inflammatory drugs are used as symptomatic treatments based on clinician experience. Basic medical researchers are also trying to develop COVID-19 therapeutics. However, there is limited systematic information about the pathogenesis of COVID-19 symptoms that cause tissue damage or death and the mechanisms by which the virus infects and replicates in cells. Here, we introduce recent knowledge of time course changes in viral titers, delayed virus clearance, and persistent systemic inflammation in patients with severe COVID-19. Based on the concept of drug reposition, we review which antiviral or anti-inflammatory drugs can effectively treat COVID-19 patients based on progressive symptoms and the mechanisms inhibiting virus infection and replication.}, }
@article {pmid33571819, year = {2021}, author = {Alamri, RD and Elmeligy, MA and Albalawi, GA and Alquayr, SM and Alsubhi, SS and El-Ghaiesh, SH}, title = {Leflunomide an immunomodulator with antineoplastic and antiviral potentials but drug-induced liver injury: A comprehensive review.}, journal = {International immunopharmacology}, volume = {93}, number = {}, pages = {107398}, doi = {10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107398}, pmid = {33571819}, issn = {1878-1705}, abstract = {Leflunomide (LF) represents the prototype member of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) enzyme inhibitors. DHODH is a mitochondrial inner membrane enzyme responsible for catalytic conversion of dihydroorotate into orotate, a rate-limiting step in the de novo synthesis of the pyrimidine nucleotides. LF produces cellular depletion of pyrimidine nucleotides required for cell growth and proliferation. Based on the affected cells the outcome can be attainable as immunosuppression, antiproliferative, and/or the recently gained attention of the antiviral potentials of LF and its new congeners. Also, protein tyrosine kinase inhibition is an additional mechanistic benefit of LF, which inhibits immunological events such as cellular expansion and immunoglobulin production with an enhanced release of immunosuppressant cytokines. LF is approved for the treatment of autoimmune arthritis of rheumatoid and psoriatic pathogenesis. Also, LF has been used off-label for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. However, LF antiviral activity is repurposed and under investigation with related compounds under a phase-I trial as a SARS CoV-2 antiviral in cases with COVID-19. Despite success in improving patients' mobility and reducing joint destruction, reported events of LF-induced liver injury necessitated regulatory precautions. LF should not be used in patients with hepatic impairment or in combination with drugs elaborating a burden on the liver without regular monitoring of liver enzymes and serum bilirubin as safety biomarkers. This study aims to review the pharmacological and safety profile of LF with a focus on the LF-induced hepatic injury from the perspective of pathophysiology and possible protective agents.}, }
@article {pmid33571745, year = {2021}, author = {Mohammad, MHS}, title = {Immune response scenario and vaccine development for SARS-CoV-2 infection.}, journal = {International immunopharmacology}, volume = {94}, number = {}, pages = {107439}, doi = {10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107439}, pmid = {33571745}, issn = {1878-1705}, abstract = {COVID-19 pandemic has started in December 2019 in China and quickly extended to become a worldwide health and economic emergency issue. It is caused by the novel coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 patients' clinical presentations vary from asymptomatic infection or flu like symptoms to serious pneumonia which could be associated with multiple organ failure possibly leading to death. It is understood that the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 includes all elements of the immune system which could altogether succeed in viral elimination and complete cure. Meanwhile, this immune response may also lead to disease progression and could be responsible for the patient's death. Many trials have been done recently to create therapies and vaccines against human coronavirus infections such as MERS or SARS, however, till now, there is some controversy about the effectiveness and safety of antiviral drugs and vaccines which have been developed to treat and prevent this disease and its management depends mainly on supportive care. The spike glycoprotein or protein S of SARS-CoV-2 is the main promoter that induces development of neutralizing antibodies; hence, many attempts of vaccines and antiviral drugs development have been designed to be directed specifically against this protein. While some of these attempts have been proved to be efficient in in vitro settings, only few of them have been proceeded to randomized animal trials and human studies which makes COVID-19 prevention an ongoing challenge. This review describes the natural immune response scenario during COVID-19 and the vaccines development trials to create efficient vaccines thus helping to build more effective approaches for prophylaxis and management.}, }
@article {pmid33571742, year = {2021}, author = {Forestieri, S and Pintus, R and Marcialis, MA and Pintus, MC and Fanos, V}, title = {COVID-19 and developmental origins of health and disease.}, journal = {Early human development}, volume = {155}, number = {}, pages = {105322}, doi = {10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2021.105322}, pmid = {33571742}, issn = {1872-6232}, abstract = {From the moment of the identification of SARS-CoV-2 as an etiological agent of the severe clinical pictures of pneumonia that were being slowly observed all over the world, numerous studies have been conducted to increase the knowledge about what was an unknown virus until then. The efforts were mainly aimed to acquire epidemiological, microbiological, pathogenetic, clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive information in order to increase the available weapons to fight an infection which was rapidly taking on the characteristics of the pandemic. Given the topicality of the problem, not everything has yet been fully understood and clarified, especially in the maternal-fetal‑neonatal field, where we are beginning to question what could be the outcomes of newborn babies born to mothers who contracted SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. Thus, the aim of this review is to analyze the long-term outcomes of this infection that could affect the offspring, regardless of a possible maternal-fetal transmission, focusing on, above all, the role of maternal immune activation and the expression of the Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in particular at the placental level.}, }
@article {pmid33571702, year = {2021}, author = {Chaabene, H and Prieske, O and Herz, M and Moran, J and Höhne, J and Kliegl, R and Ramirez-Campillo, R and Behm, DG and Hortobágyi, T and Granacher, U}, title = {Home-based exercise programmes improve physical fitness of healthy older adults: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis with relevance for COVID-19.}, journal = {Ageing research reviews}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {101265}, doi = {10.1016/j.arr.2021.101265}, pmid = {33571702}, issn = {1872-9649}, abstract = {This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the effects of home-based exercise programmes on measures of physical-fitness in healthy older adults. Seventeen randomized-controlled trials were included with a total of 1,477 participants. Results indicated small effects of home-based training on muscle strength (between-study standardised-mean-difference [SMD] = 0.30), muscle power (SMD = 0.43), muscular endurance (SMD = 0.28), and balance (SMD = 0.28). We found no statistically significant effects for single-mode strength vs. multimodal training (e.g., combined balance, strength, and flexibility exercises) on measures of muscle strength and balance. Single-mode strength training had moderate effects on muscle strength (SMD = 0.51) and balance (SMD = 0.65) while multimodal training had no statistically significant effects on muscle strength and balance. Irrespective of the training type, >3 weekly sessions produced larger effects on muscle strength (SMD = 0.45) and balance (SMD = 0.37) compared with ≤3 weekly sessions (muscle strength: SMD = 0.28; balance: SMD = 0.24). For session-duration, only ≤30 min per-session produced small effects on muscle strength (SMD = 0.35) and balance (SMD = 0.34). No statistically significant differences were observed between all independently-computed single-training factors. Home-based exercise appears effective to improve components of health- (i.e., muscle strength and muscular endurance) and skill-related (i.e., muscle power, balance) physical-fitness. Therefore, in times of restricted physical activity due to pandemics, home-based exercises constitute an alternative to counteract physical inactivity and preserve/improve the health and fitness of healthy older adults aged 65-to-83 years.}, }
@article {pmid33571544, year = {2021}, author = {Casari, I and Manfredi, M and Metharom, P and Falasca, M}, title = {Dissecting lipid metabolism alterations in SARS-CoV-2.}, journal = {Progress in lipid research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {101092}, pmid = {33571544}, issn = {1873-2194}, abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic that has infected over sixteen million people globally. There have been more than two million deaths recorded worldwide, with no end in sight until a vaccine is developed. Current research has centred on different aspects of the virus interaction with cell surface receptors, but more needs to be done to further understand its mechanism of action in order to develop a targeted therapy and a method to control the spread of the virus. Lipids play a crucial role throughout the viral life cycle, and viruses are known to exploit lipid signalling and synthesis to affect host cell lipidome. Emerging studies using untargeted metabolomic and lipidomic approaches are providing new insight into the host response to COVID-19 infection. Indeed, metabolomic and lipidomic approaches have identified numerous circulating lipids that directly correlate to the severity of the disease, making lipid metabolism a potential therapeutic target. Circulating lipids play a key function in the pathogenesis of the virus and exert an inflammatory response. A better knowledge of lipid metabolism in the host-pathogen interaction will provide valuable insights into viral pathogenesis and to develop novel therapeutic targets.}, }
@article {pmid33571463, year = {2021}, author = {Moghimi, SM}, title = {Allergic Reactions and Anaphylaxis to LNP-Based COVID-19 Vaccines.}, journal = {Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33571463}, issn = {1525-0024}, }
@article {pmid33570681, year = {2021}, author = {Govender, R and Moodley, J and Naicker, T}, title = {The COVID-19 Pandemic: an Appraisal of its Impact on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Pre-Eclampsia.}, journal = {Current hypertension reports}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {9}, pmid = {33570681}, issn = {1534-3111}, abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is profound, with distressing consequences on many individuals, especially those with co-morbidities. Pregnant women are one such group of individuals who are at in increased risk of contracting COVID-19, due to their immunocompromised state. In South Africa, HIV infection and pre-eclampsia are the leading causes of maternal morbidity and mortality, with South Africa being the HIV epicentre of the world. The relationship between COVID-19 superimposed on HIV infection and preeclampsia is complex and uncertain due to their different immune responses, and therefore requires further research.<br><br>RECENT FINDINGS: Notably evidence suggests that pregnant women with chronic comorbidities (HIV and pre-eclampsia) may be at a greater risk of contracting or encountering complications from COVID-19. Maternal stress, during a pandemic, as well as home delivery have become potential options for pregnant woman. Nonetheless there is currently a paucity of information on the combined effect of COVID-19 in HIV-associated preeclampsia. Understanding the pathogenesis of COVID-19 could potentially aid in developing effective treatment strategies for COVID-19 in HIV associated preeclampsia. This review article presents a comprehensive analysis of the current data in relation to COVID-19 and its effect on pregnant women, including symptoms, pathogenesis and the possible risk of vertical transmission. This paper also reviews its' interactions and effects on preeclamptic and HIV positive pregnant women with suspected or confirmed COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33569904, year = {2021}, author = {Philips, AM and Khan, N}, title = {Amino acid sensing pathway: A major check point in the pathogenesis of obesity and COVID-19.}, journal = {Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {e13221}, doi = {10.1111/obr.13221}, pmid = {33569904}, issn = {1467-789X}, support = {34/11/2019-T/F/NANO/BMS//Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)/ ; DBT/04/0401/2019/01546//Department of Biotechnology-Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (DBT-BIRAC)/ ; UoH/IoE/RC1/RC1-20-017//Institutions of Eminence (IoE)/ ; }, abstract = {Obesity and obesogenic comorbidities have been associated with COVID-19 susceptibility and mortality. However, the mechanism of such correlations requires an in-depth understanding. Overnutrition/excess serum amino acid profile during obesity has been linked with inflammation and reprogramming of translational machinery through hyperactivation of amino acid sensor mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which is exploited by SARS-CoV-2 for its replication. Conversely, we have shown that the activation of general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2)-dependent amino acid starvation sensing pathway suppresses intestinal inflammation by inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). While activation of GCN2 has shown to mitigate susceptibility to dengue infection, GCN2 deficiency increases viremia and inflammation-associated pathologies. These findings reveal that the amino acid sensing pathway plays a significant role in controlling inflammation and viral infections. The current fact is that obesity/excess amino acids/mTOR activation aggravates COVID-19, and it might be possible that activation of amino acid starvation sensor GCN2 has an opposite effect. This article focuses on the amino acid sensing pathways through which host cells sense the availability of amino acids and reprogram the host translation machinery to mount an effective antiviral response. Besides, how SARS-CoV-2 hijack and exploit amino acid sensing pathway for its replication and pathogenesis is also discussed.}, }
@article {pmid33569392, year = {2020}, author = {Yu, M and Zhang, T and Zhang, W and Sun, Q and Li, H and Li, JP}, title = {Elucidating the Interactions Between Heparin/Heparan Sulfate and SARS-CoV-2-Related Proteins-An Important Strategy for Developing Novel Therapeutics for the COVID-19 Pandemic.}, journal = {Frontiers in molecular biosciences}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {628551}, pmid = {33569392}, issn = {2296-889X}, abstract = {Owing to the high mortality and the spread rate, the infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 has become a major threat to public health and social economy, leading to over 70 million infections and 1. 6 million deaths to date. Since there are currently no effective therapeutic or widely available vaccines, it is of urgent need to look for new strategies for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection diseases. Binding of a viral protein onto cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) is generally the first step in a cascade of interaction that is required for viral entry and the initiation of infection. Meanwhile, interactions of selectins and cytokines (e.g., IL-6 and TNF-α) with HS expressed on endothelial cells are crucial in controlling the recruitment of immune cells during inflammation. Thus, structurally defined heparin/HS and their mimetics might serve as potential drugs by competing with cell surface HS for the prevention of viral adhesion and modulation of inflammatory reaction. In this review, we will elaborate coronavirus invasion mechanisms and summarize the latest advances in HS-protein interactions, especially proteins relevant to the process of coronavirus infection and subsequent inflammation. Experimental and computational techniques involved will be emphasized.}, }
@article {pmid33569389, year = {2020}, author = {Sumon, TA and Hussain, MA and Hasan, MT and Hasan, M and Jang, WJ and Bhuiya, EH and Chowdhury, AAM and Sharifuzzaman, SM and Brown, CL and Kwon, HJ and Lee, EW}, title = {A Revisit to the Research Updates of Drugs, Vaccines, and Bioinformatics Approaches in Combating COVID-19 Pandemic.}, journal = {Frontiers in molecular biosciences}, volume = {7}, number = {}, pages = {585899}, pmid = {33569389}, issn = {2296-889X}, abstract = {A new strain of coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was first detected in the city of Wuhan in Hubei province, China in late December 2019. To date, more than 1 million deaths and nearly 57 million confirmed cases have been recorded across 220 countries due to COVID-19, which is the greatest threat to global public health in our time. Although SARS-CoV-2 is genetically similar to other coronaviruses, i.e., SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), no confirmed therapeutics are yet available against COVID-19, and governments, scientists, and pharmaceutical companies worldwide are working together in search for effective drugs and vaccines. Repurposing of relevant therapies, developing vaccines, and using bioinformatics to identify potential drug targets are strongly in focus to combat COVID-19. This review deals with the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and its clinical symptoms in humans including the most recent updates on candidate drugs and vaccines. Potential drugs (remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, dexamethasone) and vaccines [mRNA-1273; measles, mumps and rubella (MMR), bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)] in human clinical trials are discussed with their composition, dosage, mode of action, and possible release dates according to the trial register of US National Library of Medicines (clinicaltrials.gov), European Union (clinicaltrialsregister.eu), and Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (chictr.org.cn) website. Moreover, recent reports on in silico approaches like molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, network-based identification, and homology modeling are included, toward repurposing strategies for the use of already approved drugs against newly emerged pathogens. Limitations of effectiveness, side effects, and safety issues of each approach are also highlighted. This review should be useful for the researchers working to find out an effective strategy for defeating SARS-CoV-2.}, }
@article {pmid33569328, year = {2021}, author = {Casaluce, F and Gridelli, C}, title = {Narrative review of lung cancer treatment at the time of COVID-19 pandemia: pitfall and issues.}, journal = {Translational lung cancer research}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {475-482}, pmid = {33569328}, issn = {2218-6751}, abstract = {The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, has caused disruption in cancer care and research, changing daily management approach of cancer patients, above all for those affected by lung cancer disease. Unfortunately, its length and severity beyond today is still uncertain. This emerged viral pandemic has produced severe illness to overwhelm healthcare infrastructure, with worse impact on public health system and on providers of essential community services, and needing to ration medical equipment and interventions. Several data from across the world highlighted the susceptibility of patients affected by tumors to high severe infection and mortality from COVID-19. Lung cancer patients emerged as &quot;frail&quot; subgroup, mainly attributable to their immunosuppression, co-existing medical conditions and underlying pulmonary compromise. So, the lung cancer care was confounded by urgent need for intervention for most patients and the competing risk of life-threatening COVID-19 infection, and also influenced by competing needs for personnel, beds and equipment for urgent COVID-19 care. Clearly, no one model of care is possible during all pandemic phases or in all medical environments. In this review we will discuss on available data and their impact on prioritizing the individual management for lung cancer patients, with aim to protect them from COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33569082, year = {2021}, author = {Rodriguez-Guerra, M and Jadhav, P and Vittorio, TJ}, title = {Current treatment in COVID-19 disease: a rapid review.}, journal = {Drugs in context}, volume = {10}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33569082}, issn = {1745-1981}, abstract = {The world has faced the most challenging pandemic of the modern era, that of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, causing coronavirus disease and affecting over 35 million people globally. The wide range of clinical manifestations associated with this viral disease is thought to be related to the overexpression of inflammatory markers. Due to a dysregulated host response, the most severe form involves multi-organ failure and thromboembolic complications. Immunomodulatory therapies may help prevent its progression and anticoagulation has been shown to reduce the risk of thrombotic complications. As this is a new entity for the medical world, there are no known therapeutic options nor has the prevention of complications been established. Anti-inflammatory agents, antimicrobial therapy, and vitamin supplements are short of clear benefits, but there is limited data to review. Other agents, such as convalescent plasma, eculizumab, immunoglobulins, neutralizing IgG1 monoclonal antibodies, remdesivir, steroids, and tocilizumab, have shown a possible impact on inpatient length of stay and mortality rate. This review aims to assess the efficacy and safety of these available therapies in light of current evidence. We compare these treatment options based on their impact on symptom management, inpatient length of stay, and overall morbidity and mortality.}, }
@article {pmid33569065, year = {2020}, author = {Municio, C and Criado, G}, title = {Therapies Targeting Trained Immune Cells in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases.}, journal = {Frontiers in immunology}, volume = {11}, number = {}, pages = {631743}, pmid = {33569065}, issn = {1664-3224}, abstract = {The concept of trained immunity has recently emerged as a mechanism contributing to several immune mediated inflammatory conditions. Trained immunity is defined by the immunological memory developed in innate immune cells after a primary non-specific stimulus that, in turn, promotes a heightened inflammatory response upon a secondary challenge. The most characteristic changes associated to this process involve the rewiring of cell metabolism and epigenetic reprogramming. Under physiological conditions, the role of trained immune cells ensures a prompt response. This action is limited by effective resolution of inflammation and tissue repair in order to restore homeostasis. However, unrestrained activation of innate immune cells contributes to the development of chronic inflammation and tissue destruction through the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, proteases and growth factors. Therefore, interventions aimed at reversing the changes induced by trained immunity provide potential therapeutic approaches to treat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We review cellular approaches that target metabolism and the epigenetic reprogramming of dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, and other trained cells in the context of autoimmune inflammatory diseases.}, }
@article {pmid33568961, year = {2021}, author = {Bordea, IR and Candrea, S and Sălăgean, T and Pop, ID and Lucaciu, O and Ilea, A and Manole, M and Băbțan, AM and Sirbu, A and Hanna, R}, title = {Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Healthcare Professionals and Oral Care Operational Services: A Systemic Review.}, journal = {Risk management and healthcare policy}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {453-463}, pmid = {33568961}, issn = {1179-1594}, abstract = {The unprecedented climate of the COVID-19 pandemic has some restrictions on oral care operational services, which heavily impacted the delivery of aerosol generating procedures (AGPs). This led the health authorities to set up guidelines and policies that should be followed to minimize the virus spread and ensure safe and effective dental care delivery. This systemic review aimed to evaluate the current guidelines and strategies in providing safe dental services and ensuring efficacy of the current universal personal preventive and protective measures, as well the impact that this outbreak might have on practicing the dental profession in full scope. The review focus questions were as follows: are the current guidelines and measures in literature mitigated enough to ensure safe and effective oral care delivery to patients during the COVID-19 pandemic? Is it possible to highlight the essential and fundamental cross-infection control measures and policies? Twenty articles were chosen out of 180,248 after the inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied in the period between January 1st and August 1st 2020. Our results highlighted effective safety measures that can be implanted in protecting healthcare professionals and patients and ensuring optimal dental care delivery in a safe and healthy environment, taking into consideration the risk assessment and management of AGPs. In conclusion, informative updated standardized policies and protocols are required when more knowledge on the virus behavior keeps evolving. Moreover, there is a need for evidence-based protective measures to be modified on a regular basis to be followed, until a safe vaccine is produced.}, }
@article {pmid33568956, year = {2021}, author = {Asrani, P and Hussain, A and Nasreen, K and AlAjmi, MF and Amir, S and Sohal, SS and Hassan, MI}, title = {Guidelines and Safety Considerations in the Laboratory Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Prerequisite Study for Health Professionals.}, journal = {Risk management and healthcare policy}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {379-389}, pmid = {33568956}, issn = {1179-1594}, abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging challenging area for the researchers to buckle up against the spread and control of the virus. Since earlier times, the diagnosis has been an important procedure in estimating the fate of epidemics by indicating the extent to which disease has been spread and to the extent, further disease prognosis would occur. The absence of anti-viral therapies and vaccines for COVID-19 at present suggests early diagnosis and isolation of the patients as the only smart approach available as of now. Presently, the increasing death rates, faster rates of transmission, non-availability of vaccines, and treatment have over-pressurized the researchers, health professionals, and government officials to develop effective clinical strategies in diagnosis and to come up with guidelines to be followed during conduction of each diagnostic procedure for maintaining healthcare systems. Since the incubation period of this virus is 2-14 days, a patient can transmit the infection without showing symptoms. Therefore, early diagnosis and isolation of susceptible individuals are the only way to limit the spread of the virus. Significance of diagnosis and triaging, information on specimen collection, safety considerations while handling, transport, and storage of samples have been highlighted in this paper to make people more aware and develop better clinical strategies in the future.}, }
@article {pmid33568930, year = {2021}, author = {Mahesh, G and Anil Kumar, K and Reddanna, P}, title = {Overview on the Discovery and Development of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: Should the Focus Be on Synthesis or Degradation of PGE2?.}, journal = {Journal of inflammation research}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {253-263}, pmid = {33568930}, issn = {1178-7031}, abstract = {Inflammation is a protective response that develops against tissue injury and infection. Chronic inflammation, on the other hand, is the key player in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory disorders including cancer. The cytokine storm, an inflammatory response flaring out of control, is mostly responsible for the mortality in COVID-19 patients. Anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit cyclooxygenases (COX), which are involved in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins that promote inflammation. The conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are associated with gastric and renal side-effects, as they inhibit both the constitutive COX-1 and the inducible COX-2. The majority of selective COX-2 inhibitors (COXIBs) are without gastric side-effects but are associated with cardiac side-effects on long-term use. The search for anti-inflammatory drugs without side-effects, therefore, has become a dream and ongoing effort of the Pharma companies. As PGE2 is the key mediator of inflammatory disorders, coming up with a strategy to reduce the levels of PGE2 alone without affecting other metabolites may form a better choice for the development of next generation anti-inflammatory drugs. In this direction the options being explored are on synthesis of PGE2-mPGES-1; PGE2 degradation through a specific PG dehydrogenase, 15-PGDH, and by blocking its activity mediated through a specific PGE receptor, EP4. As leukotrienes formed via the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) pathway also play an important role in the mediation of inflammation, efforts are also being made to target both COX and LOX pathways. This review focuses on addressing the following three points: 1) How NSAIDs and COXIBs are associated with gastric, renal and cardiac side-effects; 2) Should the focus be on the targets upstream or downstream of PGE2; and 3) the status of alternative targets being explored for the discovery and development of anti-inflammatory drugs without side-effects.}, }
@article {pmid33568618, year = {2020}, author = {Janakiram, C and Nayar, S and Varma, B and Ramanarayanan, V and Mathew, A and Suresh, R and Puttaiah, R}, title = {Dental Care Implications in Coronavirus Disease-19 Scenario: Perspectives.}, journal = {The journal of contemporary dental practice}, volume = {21}, number = {8}, pages = {935-941}, pmid = {33568618}, issn = {1526-3711}, mesh = {*COVID-19 ; Dental Care ; Humans ; Infection Control ; *Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; }, abstract = {AIM: The aim of this review is to discuss the implications of COVID-19 on various aspects of dental care.<br><br>BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic had suspended dental practice globally for over 3 months. While dental practice is being resumed cautiously, standard infection control protocols that were traditionally overlooked are now being strictly implemented. Post-COVID-19, dental care is expected to see a drastic change in the way it is practiced.<br><br>REVIEW RESULTS: With a view on the natural history and disease dynamics of COVID-19, this review reports various aspects of dental care, viz., patient triaging, engineering and work practice controls, and administrative, financial, and ethical aspects of dental care during and after COVID-19 pandemic. Current evidence-based recommendations with regard to infection-control practices are discussed. A call for universal oral health care with suggestions regarding integration of medical and health care is also proposed.<br><br>CONCLUSION: COVID-19 is expected to be a watershed moment in the field of dentistry. While we expect to see positive changes in safe delivery of dental care, an increase in cost of availing care is imminent.<br><br>CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The practice of dentistry and dental infection control has undergone dimensional changes due to bloodborne infectious diseases such as hepatitis B virus infections and human immunodeficiency virus epidemic. Due to these pandemics, many regulatory organizations have provided safety recommendations and guidelines that impact the dental practice. Currently, we are faced with a highly infective disease with a high mortality rate among people with comorbidities and of predominantly droplet transmission and no concrete safety recommendations and guidelines. This manuscript addresses multiple issues, gaps, and pragmatic solutions in controlling transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in dental settings, during and after the pandemic.}, }
@article {pmid33568525, year = {2021}, author = {Bourdrel, T and Annesi-Maesano, I and Alahmad, B and Maesano, CN and Bind, MA}, title = {The impact of outdoor air pollution on COVID-19: a review of evidence from in vitro, animal, and human studies.}, journal = {European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society}, volume = {30}, number = {159}, pages = {}, pmid = {33568525}, issn = {1600-0617}, support = {DP5 OD021412/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {Studies have pointed out that air pollution may be a contributing factor to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, the specific links between air pollution and severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 infection remain unclear. Here we provide evidence from in vitro, animal and human studies from the existing literature. Epidemiological investigations have related various air pollutants to COVID-19 morbidity and mortality at the population level, however, those studies suffer from several limitations. Air pollution may be linked to an increase in COVID-19 severity and lethality through its impact on chronic diseases, such as cardiopulmonary diseases and diabetes. Experimental studies have shown that exposure to air pollution leads to a decreased immune response, thus facilitating viral penetration and replication. Viruses may persist in air through complex interactions with particles and gases depending on: 1) chemical composition; 2) electric charges of particles; and 3) meteorological conditions such as relative humidity, ultraviolet (UV) radiation and temperature. In addition, by reducing UV radiation, air pollutants may promote viral persistence in air and reduce vitamin D synthesis. Further epidemiological studies are needed to better estimate the impact of air pollution on COVID-19. In vitro and in vivo studies are also strongly needed, in particular to more precisely explore the particle-virus interaction in air.}, }
@article {pmid33567790, year = {2021}, author = {Akatsu, H}, title = {Exploring the Effect of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Postbiotics in Strengthening Immune Activity in the Elderly.}, journal = {Vaccines}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/vaccines9020136}, pmid = {33567790}, issn = {2076-393X}, support = {grant #20-5//the Research Funding for Longevity Sciences from the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (NCGG)/ ; }, abstract = {Vaccination is the easiest way to stimulate the immune system to confer protection from disease. However, the inefficacy of vaccination in the elderly, especially those under nutritional control such as individuals receiving artificial nutrition after cerebral infarction or during dementia, has led to the search for an adjuvant to augment the acquired immune response in this population. The cross-talk between the gut microbiota and the host immune system is gaining attention as a potential adjuvant for vaccines. Probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics, which are commonly used to modulate gut health, may enhance the immune response and the effectiveness of vaccination in the elderly. This review summarizes the use of these gut modulators as adjuvants to boost both the innate and acquired immune responses in the elderly under nutritional control. Although the clinical evidence on this topic is limited and the initial findings await clarification through future studies with large sample sizes and proper study designs, they highlight the necessity for additional research in this field, especially in light of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which is disproportionately affecting the elderly.}, }
@article {pmid33567748, year = {2021}, author = {Bernal-Utrera, C and Anarte-Lazo, E and Gonzalez-Gerez, JJ and De-La-Barrera-Aranda, E and Saavedra-Hernandez, M and Rodriguez-Blanco, C}, title = {Could Physical Therapy Interventions Be Adopted in the Management of Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19? A Scoping Review.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph18041627}, pmid = {33567748}, issn = {1660-4601}, abstract = {As part of COVID-19 consequences, it has been estimated that 5% of patients affected by this disease will require admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), and physical therapy techniques have been implemented in patients with other conditions admitted to ICU. The aim of the present study is to summarize all the available information about the implementation of physical therapy management in critically ill patients. From three clinical guidelines already published, we performed a search in PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and CINAHL, including systematic reviews, clinical guidelines, and randomized controlled trials, among others. Data extraction was performed independently by two reviewers. Quality assessment was developed through the AMSTAR-2 tool and PEDro Scale. A narrative synthesis was performed and 29 studies were included. The information extracted has been classified into four folders: ICU environment in COVID-19 (security aspects and management of the patient), respiratory physiotherapy (general indications and contraindications, spontaneously breathing and mechanically ventilated patient approaches), positional treatment, and exercise therapy (safety aspects and progression). The implementation of physiotherapy in patients affected with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU is a necessary strategy that prevents complications and contributes to the stabilization of patients in critical periods, facilitating their recovery.}, }
@article {pmid33567746, year = {2021}, author = {Mehmood, I and Ijaz, M and Ahmad, S and Ahmed, T and Bari, A and Abro, A and Allemailem, KS and Almatroudi, A and Tahir Ul Qamar, M}, title = {SARS-CoV-2: An Update on Genomics, Risk Assessment, Potential Therapeutics and Vaccine Development.}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health}, volume = {18}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph18041626}, pmid = {33567746}, issn = {1660-4601}, abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a great threat to public health, being a causative pathogen of a deadly coronavirus disease (COVID-19). It has spread to more than 200 countries and infected millions of individuals globally. Although SARS-CoV-2 has structural/genomic similarities with the previously reported SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, the specific mutations in its genome make it a novel virus. Available therapeutic strategies failed to control this virus. Despite strict standard operating procedures (SOPs), SARS-CoV-2 has spread globally and it is mutating gradually as well. Diligent efforts, special care, and awareness are needed to reduce transmission among susceptible masses particularly elder people, children, and health care workers. In this review, we highlighted the basic genome organization and structure of SARS-CoV-2. Its transmission dynamics, symptoms, and associated risk factors are discussed. This review also presents the latest mutations identified in its genome, the potential therapeutic options being used, and a brief explanation of vaccine development efforts against COVID-19. The effort will not only help readers to understand the deadly SARS-CoV-2 virus but also provide updated information to researchers for their research work.}, }
@article {pmid33567739, year = {2021}, author = {D'Amico, S and Tempora, P and Lucarini, V and Melaiu, O and Gaspari, S and Algeri, M and Fruci, D}, title = {ERAP1 and ERAP2 Enzymes: A Protective Shield for RAS against COVID-19?.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms22041705}, pmid = {33567739}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {IG 18495 and IG 24345//Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro/ ; PE-2011-02351866//Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco, Ministero della Salute/ ; }, abstract = {Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have a wide variety of clinical outcomes ranging from asymptomatic to severe respiratory syndrome that can progress to life-threatening lung lesions. The identification of prognostic factors can help to improve the risk stratification of patients by promptly defining for each the most effective therapy to resolve the disease. The etiological agent causing COVID-19 is a new coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that enters cells via the ACE2 receptor. SARS-CoV-2 infection causes a reduction in ACE2 levels, leading to an imbalance in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), and consequently, in blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance. ERAP1 and ERAP2 are two RAS regulators and key components of MHC class I antigen processing. Their polymorphisms have been associated with autoimmune and inflammatory conditions, hypertension, and cancer. Based on their involvement in the RAS, we believe that the dysfunctional status of ERAP1 and ERAP2 enzymes may exacerbate the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection, aggravating the symptomatology and clinical outcome of the disease. In this review, we discuss this hypothesis.}, }
@article {pmid33567598, year = {2021}, author = {Hedman, HD and Krawczyk, E and Helmy, YA and Zhang, L and Varga, C}, title = {Host Diversity and Potential Transmission Pathways of SARS-CoV-2 at the Human-Animal Interface.}, journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/pathogens10020180}, pmid = {33567598}, issn = {2076-0817}, abstract = {Emerging infectious diseases present great risks to public health. The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has become an urgent public health issue of global concern. It is speculated that the virus first emerged through a zoonotic spillover. Basic research studies have suggested that bats are likely the ancestral reservoir host. Nonetheless, the evolutionary history and host susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 remains unclear as a multitude of animals has been proposed as potential intermediate or dead-end hosts. SARS-CoV-2 has been isolated from domestic animals, both companion and livestock, as well as in captive wildlife that were in close contact with human COVID-19 cases. Currently, domestic mink is the only known animal that is susceptible to a natural infection, develop severe illness, and can also transmit SARS-CoV-2 to other minks and humans. To improve foundational knowledge of SARS-CoV-2, we are conducting a synthesis review of its host diversity and transmission pathways. To mitigate this COVID-19 pandemic, we strongly advocate for a systems-oriented scientific approach that comprehensively evaluates the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 at the human and animal interface.}, }
@article {pmid33567520, year = {2021}, author = {Fomsgaard, A and Liu, MA}, title = {The Key Role of Nucleic Acid Vaccines for One Health.}, journal = {Viruses}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/v13020258}, pmid = {33567520}, issn = {1999-4915}, abstract = {The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has highlighted both the importance of One Health, i.e., the interactions and transmission of pathogens between animals and humans, and the potential power of gene-based vaccines, specifically nucleic acid vaccines. This review will highlight key aspects of the development of plasmid DNA Nucleic Acid (NA) vaccines, which have been licensed for several veterinary uses, and tested for a number of human diseases, and will explain how an understanding of their immunological and real-world attributes are important for their efficacy, and how they helped pave the way for mRNA vaccines. The review highlights how combining efforts for vaccine development for both animals and humans is crucial for advancing new technologies and for combatting emerging diseases.}, }
@article {pmid33567446, year = {2021}, author = {Bousquet, J and Czarlewski, W and Zuberbier, T and Mullol, J and Blain, H and Cristol, JP and De La Torre, R and Pizarro Lozano, N and Le Moing, V and Bedbrook, A and Agache, I and Akdis, CA and Canonica, GW and Cruz, AA and Fiocchi, A and Fonseca, JA and Fonseca, S and Gemicioğlu, B and Haahtela, T and Iaccarino, G and Ivancevich, JC and Jutel, M and Klimek, L and Kraxner, H and Kuna, P and Larenas-Linnemann, DE and Martineau, A and Melén, E and Okamoto, Y and Papadopoulos, NG and Pfaar, O and Regateiro, FS and Reynes, J and Rolland, Y and Rouadi, PW and Samolinski, B and Sheikh, A and Toppila-Salmi, S and Valiulis, A and Choi, HJ and Kim, HJ and Anto, JM}, title = {Potential Interplay between Nrf2, TRPA1, and TRPV1 in Nutrients for the Control of COVID-19.}, journal = {International archives of allergy and immunology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-15}, doi = {10.1159/000514204}, pmid = {33567446}, issn = {1423-0097}, abstract = {In this article, we propose that differences in COVID-19 morbidity may be associated with transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) and/or transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) activation as well as desensitization. TRPA1 and TRPV1 induce inflammation and play a key role in the physiology of almost all organs. They may augment sensory or vagal nerve discharges to evoke pain and several symptoms of COVID-19, including cough, nasal obstruction, vomiting, diarrhea, and, at least partly, sudden and severe loss of smell and taste. TRPA1 can be activated by reactive oxygen species and may therefore be up-regulated in COVID-19. TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels can be activated by pungent compounds including many nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2) (Nrf2)-interacting foods leading to channel desensitization. Interactions between Nrf2-associated nutrients and TRPA1/TRPV1 may be partly responsible for the severity of some of the COVID-19 symptoms. The regulation by Nrf2 of TRPA1/TRPV1 is still unclear, but suggested from very limited clinical evidence. In COVID-19, it is proposed that rapid desensitization of TRAP1/TRPV1 by some ingredients in foods could reduce symptom severity and provide new therapeutic strategies.}, }
@article {pmid33567126, year = {2021}, author = {Khalsa, RK and Khashkhusha, A and Zaidi, S and Harky, A and Bashir, M}, title = {Artificial intelligence and cardiac surgery during COVID-19 era.}, journal = {Journal of cardiac surgery}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/jocs.15417}, pmid = {33567126}, issn = {1540-8191}, abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has increased the burden on hospital staff world-wide. Through the redistribution of scarce resources to these high-priority cases, the cardiac sector has fallen behind. In efforts to reduce transmission, reduction in direct patient-physician contact has led to a backlog of cardiac cases. However, this accumulation of postponed or cancelled nonurgent cardiac care seems to be resolvable with the assistance of technology. From telemedicine to artificial intelligence (AI), technology has transformed healthcare systems nationwide. Telemedicine enables patient monitoring from a distance, while AI unveils a whole new realm of possibilities in clinical practice, examples include: traditional systems replacement with more efficient and accurate processing machines; automation of clerical process; and triage assistance through risk predictions. These possibilities are driven by deep and machine learning. The two subsets of AI are explored and limitations regarding &quot;big data&quot; are discussed. The aims of this review are to explore AI: the advancements in methodology; current integration in cardiac surgery or other clinical scenarios; and potential future roles, which are innately nearing as the COVID-19 era urges alternative approaches for care.}, }
@article {pmid33566457, year = {2021}, author = {Costagliola, G and Spada, E and Consolini, R}, title = {Age-related differences in the immune response could contribute to determine the spectrum of severity of COVID-19.}, journal = {Immunity, inflammation and disease}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1002/iid3.404}, pmid = {33566457}, issn = {2050-4527}, abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), can present with a wide spectrum of severity. Elderly patients with cardiac, pulmonary and metabolic comorbidities are more likely to develop the severe manifestations of COVID-19, which are observed in less than 5% of the pediatric patients. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is able to induce an immune impairment and dysregulation, finally resulting in the massive release of inflammatory mediators, strongly contributing to the pulmonary and systemic manifestations in COVID-19. In children, the immune dysregulation following SARS-CoV-2 can also be responsible of a severe disease phenotype defined as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. As the immune system undergoes a complex process of maturation from birth to adult age, differences in the immune and inflammatory response could have a significant impact in determining the spectrum of severity of COVID-19. Indeed, children show a higher ability to respond to viral infections and a reduced baseline pro-inflammatory state compared with elderly patients. Age and comorbidities contribute to disease severity through immune-mediated mechanisms, since they are associated with a chronic increase of pro-inflammatory mediators, and cause an enhanced susceptibility to develop an immune dysregulation following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Also the expression of ACE2, the receptor of SARS-CoV-2, varies with age, and is linked to the immune and inflammatory response through a complex, and not completely elucidated, network. This paper reviews the peculiar immunopathogenic aspects of COVID-19, with a focus on the differences between adult and pediatric patients.}, }
@article {pmid33565127, year = {2021}, author = {Pan, Y and Gao, F and Zhao, S and Han, J and Chen, F}, title = {Role of the SphK-S1P-S1PRs pathway in invasion of the nervous system by SARS-CoV-2 Infection.}, journal = {Clinical and experimental pharmacology &amp; physiology}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1111/1440-1681.13483}, pmid = {33565127}, issn = {1440-1681}, abstract = {Global spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still ongoing. Before an effective vaccine is available, the development of potential treatments for resultant coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is crucial. One of disease hallmarks is hyper-inflammatory responses, which usually leads to a severe lung disease. Patients with COVID-19 also frequently suffered from neurological symptoms such as acute diffuse encephalomyelitis, brain injury and psychiatric complications. The metabolic pathway of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a dynamic regulator of various cell types and disease processes, including the nervous system. It has been demonstrated that S1P and its metabolic enzymes, regulating neuroinflammation and neurogenesis, exhibit important functions during viral infection. S1P receptor 1 (S1PR1) analogs including AAL-R and RP-002 inhibit pathophysiological responses at the early stage of H1N1 virus infection and then play a protective role. Fingolimod (FTY720) is an S1P receptor modulator and is being tested for treating COVID-19. Our review provides an overview of SARS-CoV-2 infection and critical role of the SphK-S1P-SIPR pathway in invasion of SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly in the central nervous system (CNS). This may help design therapeutic strategies based on the S1P-mediated signal transduction, and the adjuvant therapeutic effects of S1P analogs to limit or prevent the interaction between the host and SARS-CoV-2, block the spread of the SARS-CoV-2, and consequently treat related complications in the CNS.}, }
@article {pmid33564974, year = {2021}, author = {Williamson, J and Black, L and Black, A and Koduri, G and Kelly, C}, title = {There are similarities between rheumatic disease with lung involvement and COVID-19 pneumonia.}, journal = {Irish journal of medical science}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33564974}, issn = {1863-4362}, abstract = {INTRODUCTION: There is considerable overlap between the clinical manifestations of covid-19 pneumonia and the acute interstitial lung disease seen in certain rheumatic disorders. In addition, pulmonary fibrosis is increasingly recognised as a potentially serious consequence of both.<br><br>METHODS: This review explores this overlap of clinical features, risk factors and causation, offering insights into the immune mechanisms that contribute to both sets of disorders.<br><br>RESULTS: The therapeutic role of immunosuppression and biologic agents in the treatment of covid-19 is explained in the light of this.<br><br>DISCUSSION: We propose how lessons learned from the insights recently gained into each disorder can improve our insight into immunological mechanisms and application of therapeutic interventions in the other.}, }
@article {pmid33564896, year = {2021}, author = {Loss, J and Boklage, E and Jordan, S and Jenny, MA and Weishaar, H and El Bcheraoui, C}, title = {[Risk communication in the containment of the COVID-19 pandemic: challenges and promising approaches].}, journal = {Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33564896}, issn = {1437-1588}, abstract = {Risk communication plays a central role in public health emergencies: it must enable informed decisions, promote protective or life-sustaining behaviour, and maintain trust in public institutions. In addition, uncertainties in knowledge must be named transparently; irrational fears and rumours must be refuted. Success factors for risk communication are the participation of citizens as well as the continuous recording of risk perception and risk competence in population groups. The current COVID-19 (corona virus disease 2019) pandemic poses specific challenges for risk communication.The state of knowledge on many important aspects concerning COVID-19 was and is often uncertain or preliminary, e.g. on transmission, symptoms, long-term effects and immunity. Communication is characterised by scientific language and an array of figures and statistics, which can render the content difficult to understand. Alongside the official announcements and statements by experts, COVID-19 is widely communicated on social media, spreading misinformation and speculation; this &quot;infodemic&quot; can complicate risk communication.Various national and international scientific projects will help tailor risk communication on COVID-19 to target groups and thereby render it more effective. These projects include explorative studies on how people deal with COVID-19-related information; the COVID-19 Snapshot Monitoring (COSMO) project, a regularly conducted online survey on risk perception and protective behaviour; and an interdisciplinary qualitative study that compares the design, implementation and effectiveness of risk communication strategies in four countries.}, }
@article {pmid33564894, year = {2021}, author = {Abdelkader, HA}, title = {Dermatopathology practice in the era of COVID-19.}, journal = {Archives of dermatological research}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33564894}, issn = {1432-069X}, abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected almost all aspects of our life including health care services. A lot of dermatopathology laboratories have stopped working during this pandemic. This article aims at reviewing the challenges and effects of COVID-19 on the practice of dermatopathology in view of the current guidelines.}, }
@article {pmid33564683, year = {2021}, author = {Ansariniya, H and Seifati, SM and Zaker, E and Zare, F}, title = {Comparison of Immune Response between SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 Infection, Perspective on Vaccine Design and Development.}, journal = {BioMed research international}, volume = {2021}, number = {}, pages = {8870425}, pmid = {33564683}, issn = {2314-6141}, mesh = {Adaptive Immunity ; Animals ; COVID-19/*immunology/prevention &amp; control ; COVID-19 Vaccines/*immunology ; Coronavirus Infections/*immunology/prevention &amp; control ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/*immunology ; SARS Virus/*immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/*immunology ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/*immunology/prevention &amp; control ; }, abstract = {Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections are the three epidemiological diseases caused by the Coronaviridae family. Perceiving the immune responses in these infections and the escape of viruses could help us design drugs and vaccines for confronting these infections. This review investigates the innate and adaptive immune responses reported in the infections of the three coronaviruses SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Moreover, the present study can trigger researchers to design and develop new vaccines and drugs based on immune system responses. In conclusion, due to the need for an effective and efficient immune stimulation against coronavirus, a combination of several strategies seems necessary for developing the vaccine.}, }
@article {pmid33564599, year = {2021}, author = {Bhardwaj, P and Kleiber, GM and Baker, SB and Fan, KL}, title = {Applying to Residency in the COVID-19 Era: Virtual Interview Tips for Success.}, journal = {Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open}, volume = {9}, number = {1}, pages = {e3389}, pmid = {33564599}, issn = {2169-7574}, }
@article {pmid33564281, year = {2021}, author = {Ontong, P and Prachayasittikul, V}, title = {Unraveled roles of hyaluronan in severe COVID-19.}, journal = {EXCLI journal}, volume = {20}, number = {}, pages = {117-125}, pmid = {33564281}, issn = {1611-2156}, abstract = {Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic viral pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Most of the severe COVID-19 patients come up with trouble breathing, persistent pressure in the chest and developing to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with a high mortality rate. Infected lung brings about uncontrolled inflammation followed by the fluid leakage and accumulation of extracellular matrix. Hyaluronan (HA) is an essential component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and plays crucial roles in both biological and pathological states. It is also primarily located within the respiratory airways and is uprising during COVID-19 infection. Hitherto, the association between COVID-19 pathophysiology and HA is still unclear. Herein, we provide an overview of the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection in conjunction with the involvement of HA and the diminution of HA for therapeutic potential of COVID-19. For severe patients, HA depletion may be beneficial for preventing ARDS while monitoring and managing HA level in lung may improve survival rate of patients.}, }
@article {pmid33564258, year = {2021}, author = {Hailemichael, W and Kiros, M and Akelew, Y and Getu, S and Andualem, H}, title = {Neopterin: A Promising Candidate Biomarker for Severe COVID-19.}, journal = {Journal of inflammation research}, volume = {14}, number = {}, pages = {245-251}, pmid = {33564258}, issn = {1178-7031}, abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has rapidly spread across the world since its first emergence in China in late 2019. It is a major public health concern with no effective treatct 3ments. The immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2 is associated with an excessive inflammatory response. Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is also associated with the severity of the disease in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. Neopterin is a macrophage activation marker produced by monocytes and macrophages upon activation by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Neopterin is a well-established marker in a variety of diseases, and recent evidence indicates that it could be helpful in early prediction of the severity of COVID-19 disease and serve as a prognostic marker. Here, we outline the role of macrophage activation syndrome in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and suggest that neopterin could be used as a biomarker for progression of COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33564223, year = {2021}, author = {Ibrahim Fouad, G}, title = {A proposed insight into the anti-viral potential of metallic nanoparticles against novel coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19).}, journal = {Bulletin of the National Research Centre}, volume = {45}, number = {1}, pages = {36}, pmid = {33564223}, issn = {2522-8307}, abstract = {Background: Over the last ten months since December 2019, the world has faced infectious emerging novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks that had a massive global impact affecting over 185 countries.<br><br>Main body: Emerging novel COVID-19 is a global health emergency on a pandemic scale that represents a terror to human health through its ability to escape anti-viral measures. Such viral infections impose a great socioeconomic burden, besides global health challenges. This imposes a pressing need for the development of anti-viral therapeutic agents and diagnostic tools that demonstrate multifunctional, target-specific, and non-toxic properties. Nanotheranostics is regarded as a promising approach for the management of different viral infections. Nanotheranostics facilitates targeted drug-delivery of anti-viral therapeutics as well as contributing to the development of diagnostic systems. Multifunctional metallic nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as innovative theranostic agents that enable sustainable treatment and effective diagnosis. Here we have reviewed current advances in the use of theranostic metallic NPs to fight against COVID-19, and discussed the application as well as limitations associated with nanotechnology-based theranostic approaches.<br><br>Conclusion: This review verified the potential use of some metal-based NPs as anti-viral nanotheranostic agents. Metal-based NPs could act as carriers that enable the sustainable and targeted delivery of active anti-viral molecules, or as diagnostic agents that allow rapid and sensitive diagnosis of viral infections.}, }
@article {pmid33564213, year = {2021}, author = {Rahimi, I and Chen, F and Gandomi, AH}, title = {A review on COVID-19 forecasting models.}, journal = {Neural computing &amp; applications}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {1-11}, pmid = {33564213}, issn = {0941-0643}, abstract = {The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has spread to more than 200 countries worldwide, leading to more than 36 million confirmed cases as of October 10, 2020. As such, several machine learning models that can forecast the outbreak globally have been released. This work presents a review and brief analysis of the most important machine learning forecasting models against COVID-19. The work presented in this study possesses two parts. In the first section, a detailed scientometric analysis presents an influential tool for bibliometric analyses, which were performed on COVID-19 data from the Scopus and Web of Science databases. For the above-mentioned analysis, keywords and subject areas are addressed, while the classification of machine learning forecasting models, criteria evaluation, and comparison of solution approaches are discussed in the second section of the work. The conclusion and discussion are provided as the final sections of this study.}, }
@article {pmid33564102, year = {2021}, author = {Hodgkins, M and Barron, M and Jevaji, S and Lloyd, S}, title = {Physician requirements for adoption of telehealth following the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.}, journal = {NPJ digital medicine}, volume = {4}, number = {1}, pages = {19}, pmid = {33564102}, issn = {2398-6352}, abstract = {It took the advent of SARS-CoV-2, a &quot;black swan event&quot;, to widely introduce telehealth, remote care, and virtual house calls. Prior to the epidemic (2019), the American Medical Association (AMA) conducted a routine study to compare physicians' adoption of emerging technologies to a similar survey in 2016. Most notable was a doubling in the adoption of telehealth/virtual technology to 28% and increases in the use of remote monitoring and management for improved care (13-22%). These results may now seem insignificant when compared to the unprecedented surge in telehealth visits because of SARS-CoV-2. Even as this surge levels off and begins to decline, many observers believe we will continue to see a persistent increase in the use of virtual visits compared to face-to-face care. The requirements for adoption communicated by physicians in both the 2016 and 2019 surveys are now more relevant than ever: Is remote care as effective as in-person care and how best to determine when to use these modalities? How do I safeguard my patients and my practice from liability and privacy concerns? How do I optimize using these technologies in my practice and, especially integration with my EHR and workflows to improve efficiency? And how will a mix of virtual and in-person visits affect practice revenue and sustainability? Consumers have also expressed concerns about payment for virtual visits as well as privacy and quality of care. If telehealth and remote care are here to stay, continuing to track their impact during the current public health emergency is critically important to address so that policymakers and insurers will take necessary steps to ensure that the &quot;new normal&quot; will reflect a health care delivery model that can provide comparable or improved results today and into the future.}, }
@article {pmid33563771, year = {2021}, author = {He, Y and Vinci, RJ}, title = {Uncertainty in the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Art of Medicine.}, journal = {Pediatrics}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1542/peds.2020-042937}, pmid = {33563771}, issn = {1098-4275}, }
@article {pmid33563595, year = {2021}, author = {Bijlsma, JW}, title = {EULAR December 2020 View points on SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with RMDs.}, journal = {Annals of the rheumatic diseases}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, doi = {10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-219773}, pmid = {33563595}, issn = {1468-2060}, }
@article {pmid33563543, year = {2021}, author = {Opdenakker, G and Van Damme, J}, title = {Interferons and other cytokines, genetics and beyond in COVID-19 and autoimmunity.}, journal = {Cytokine &amp; growth factor reviews}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33563543}, issn = {1879-0305}, abstract = {Interferons are the best antiviral agents in vitro against SARS-CoV-2 so far and genetic defects in their signaling cascade or neutralization of alfa-interferons by autoantibodies come with more severe COVID-19. However, there is more, as the SARS-CoV-2 dysregulates not only innate immune mechanisms but also T and B cell repertoires. Most genetic, hematological and immunological studies in COVID-19 are at present phenomenological. However, these and antecedent studies contain the seed grains to resolve many unanswered questions and a whole range of testable hypotheses. What are the links, if existing, between genetics and the occurrence of interferon-neutralizing antibodies? Are NAGGED (neutralizing and generated by gene defect) antibodies involved or not? Is the autoimmune process cause or consequence of virus infection? What are the roles played by cytokine posttranslational modifications, such as proteolysis, glycosylation, citrullination and others? How is systemic autoimmunity linked with type 1 interferons? These questions place cytokines and growth factors at pole positions as keys to unlock basic mechanisms of infection and (auto)immunity. Related to cytokine research, (1) COVID-19 patients develop neutralizing autoantibodies, mainly against alpha interferons and it is not yet established whether this is the consequence or cause of virus replication. (2) The glycosylation of recombinant interferon-beta protects against breaking tolerance and the development of neutralizing antibodies. (3) SARS-CoV-2 induces severe inflammation and release of extracellular proteases leading to remnant epitopes, e.g. of cytokines. (4) In the rare event of homozygous cytokine gene segment deletions, observed neutralizing antibodies may be named NAGGED antibodies. (5) Severe cytolysis releases intracellular content into the extracellular milieu and leads to regulated degradation of intracellular proteins and selection of antibody repertoires, similar to those observed in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. (6) Systematic studies of novel autoimmune diseases on single cytokines will complement the present picture about interferons. (7) Interferon neutralization in COVID-19 constitutes a preamble of more studies about cytokine-regulated proteolysis in the control of autoimmunity. Here we reformulate these seven conjectures into testable questions for future research.}, }
@article {pmid33562759, year = {2021}, author = {Golpour, A and Patriki, D and Hanson, PJ and McManus, B and Heidecker, B}, title = {Epidemiological Impact of Myocarditis.}, journal = {Journal of clinical medicine}, volume = {10}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/jcm10040603}, pmid = {33562759}, issn = {2077-0383}, abstract = {Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart muscle with a wide range of potential etiological factors and consequently varying clinical patterns across the world. In this review, we address the epidemiology of myocarditis. Myocarditis was considered a rare disease until intensified research efforts in recent decades revealed its true epidemiological importance. While it remains a challenge to determine the true prevalence of myocarditis, studies are underway to obtain better approximations of the proportions of this disease. Nowadays, the prevalence of myocarditis has been reported from 10.2 to 105.6 per 100,000 worldwide, and its annual occurrence is estimated at about 1.8 million cases. This wide range of reported cases reflects the uncertainty surrounding the true prevalence and a potential underdiagnosis of this disease. Since myocarditis continues to be a significant public health issue, particularly in young adults in whom myocarditis is among the most common causes of sudden cardiac death, improved diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are necessary. This manuscript aims to summarize the current knowledge on the epidemiology of myocarditis, new diagnostic approaches and the current epidemiological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.}, }
@article {pmid33562645, year = {2021}, author = {Bonilauri, P and Rugna, G}, title = {Animal Coronaviruses and SARS-COV-2 in Animals, What Do We Actually Know?.}, journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/life11020123}, pmid = {33562645}, issn = {2075-1729}, abstract = {Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a well-known group of viruses in veterinary medicine. We currently know four genera of Coronavirus, alfa, beta, gamma, and delta. Wild, farmed, and pet animals are infected with CoVs belonging to all four genera. Seven human respiratory coronaviruses have still been identified, four of which cause upper-respiratory-tract diseases, specifically, the common cold, and the last three that have emerged cause severe acute respiratory syndromes, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. In this review we briefly describe animal coronaviruses and what we actually know about SARS-CoV-2 infection in farm and domestic animals.}, }
@article {pmid33562472, year = {2021}, author = {Anderson, G and Carbone, A and Mazzoccoli, G}, title = {Tryptophan Metabolites and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Pathophysiology.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms22041597}, pmid = {33562472}, issn = {1422-0067}, abstract = {The metabolism of tryptophan is intimately associated with the differential regulation of diverse physiological processes, including in the regulation of responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection that underpins the COVID-19 pandemic. Two important products of tryptophan metabolism, viz kynurenine and interleukin (IL)4-inducible1 (IL41)-driven indole 3 pyruvate (I3P), activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), thereby altering the nature of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. AhR activation dysregulates the initial pro-inflammatory cytokines production driven by neutrophils, macrophages, and mast cells, whilst AhR activation suppresses the endogenous antiviral responses of natural killer cells and CD8+ T cells. Such immune responses become further dysregulated by the increased and prolonged pro-inflammatory cytokine suppression of pineal melatonin production coupled to increased gut dysbiosis and gut permeability. The suppression of pineal melatonin and gut microbiome-derived butyrate, coupled to an increase in circulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS) further dysregulates the immune response. The AhR mediates its effects via alterations in the regulation of mitochondrial function in immune cells. The increased risk of severe/fatal SARS-CoV-2 infection by high risk conditions, such as elderly age, obesity, and diabetes are mediated by these conditions having expression levels of melatonin, AhR, butyrate, and LPS that are closer to those driven by SARS-CoV-2 infection. This has a number of future research and treatment implications, including the utilization of melatonin and nutraceuticals that inhibit the AhR, including the polyphenols, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and resveratrol.}, }
@article {pmid33562240, year = {2021}, author = {Fröhlich, E}, title = {Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Products in Lung Diseases-Intravenous Administration versus Inhalation.}, journal = {Pharmaceutics}, volume = {13}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/pharmaceutics13020232}, pmid = {33562240}, issn = {1999-4923}, abstract = {The number of publications studying the therapeutic use of stem cells has steadily increased since 2000. Compared to other applications, there has been little interest in the evaluation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and MSC-derived products (mostly extracellular vesicles) for the treatment of respiratory diseases. Due to the lack of efficient treatments for acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the action of MSCs has also been studied. This review describes mode of action and use of MSCs and MSC-derived products in the treatment of lung diseases including the respective advantages and limitations of the products. Further, issues related to standardized production are addressed. Administration by inhalation of MSCs, compared to intravenous injection, could decrease cell damage by shear stress, eliminate the barrier to reach target cells in the alveoli, prevent thrombus formation in the pulmonary vasculature and retention in filter for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. There is more feasible to deliver extracellular vesicles than MSCs with inhalers, offering the advantage of non-invasive and repeated administration by the patient. Major obstacles for comparison of results are heterogeneity of the products, differences in the treatment protocols and small study cohorts.}, }
@article {pmid33562210, year = {2021}, author = {Cusenza, F and Davino, G and D'Alvano, T and Argentiero, A and Fainardi, V and Pisi, G and Principi, N and Esposito, S}, title = {Silence of the Lambs: The Immunological and Molecular Mechanisms of COVID-19 in Children in Comparison with Adults.}, journal = {Microorganisms}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/microorganisms9020330}, pmid = {33562210}, issn = {2076-2607}, abstract = {Children infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can suffer from severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, compared to adults and the elderly, susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection in children seems to be lower; when infection does develop, most infected children remain asymptomatic or develop a mild disease. Understanding why children seem generally protected from severe COVID-19 and only rarely develop clinical conditions that can cause hospitalization, admission to the pediatric intensive care unit and death can be important. More details on the mechanism of action of SARS-CoV-2 could be defined. Moreover, the role played by children in virus diffusion should be better analyzed, and the development of effective preventive and therapeutic measures against COVID-19 could be favored. The main aim of this paper is to discuss the present knowledge on immunological and molecular mechanisms that could explain differences in COVID-19 clinical manifestations between children and adults. Literature analysis showed that although most children are clearly protected from the development of severe COVID-19, the reasons for this peculiarity are not fully understood. Developmental variations in immune system function together with the potential role of repeated antigen stimulation in the first periods of life on innate immunity are widely studied. As the few children who develop the most severe form of pediatric COVID-19 have certain alterations in the immune system response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, studies about the relationships between SARS-CoV-2 and the immune system of the host are essential to understand the reasons for the age-related differences in the severity of COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33562203, year = {2021}, author = {Mu, Z and Haynes, BF and Cain, DW}, title = {HIV mRNA Vaccines-Progress and Future Paths.}, journal = {Vaccines}, volume = {9}, number = {2}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/vaccines9020134}, pmid = {33562203}, issn = {2076-393X}, support = {UM1AI144371//Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD)/ ; }, abstract = {The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic introduced the world to a new type of vaccine based on mRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Instead of delivering antigenic proteins directly, an mRNA-based vaccine relies on the host's cells to manufacture protein immunogens which, in turn, are targets for antibody and cytotoxic T cell responses. mRNA-based vaccines have been the subject of research for over three decades as a platform to protect against or treat a variety of cancers, amyloidosis and infectious diseases. In this review, we discuss mRNA-based approaches for the generation of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines to HIV. We examine the special immunological hurdles for a vaccine to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies and effective T cell responses to HIV. Lastly, we outline an mRNA-based HIV vaccination strategy based on the immunobiology of broadly neutralizing antibody development.}, }
@article {pmid33562193, year = {2021}, author = {Seeherman, S and Suzuki, YJ}, title = {Viral Infection and Cardiovascular Disease: Implications for the Molecular Basis of COVID-19 Pathogenesis.}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {22}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/ijms22041659}, pmid = {33562193}, issn = {1422-0067}, support = {R21AI142649, R03AG059554, R03AA026516/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; }, abstract = {The current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). While this respiratory virus only causes mild symptoms in younger healthy individuals, elderly people and those with cardiovascular diseases such as systemic hypertension are susceptible to developing severe conditions that can be fatal. SARS-CoV-2 infection is also associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial injury, acute coronary syndrome, and thromboembolism. Understanding the mechanisms of the effects of this virus on the cardiovascular system should thus help develop therapeutic strategies to reduce the mortality and morbidity associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Since this virus causes severe and fatal conditions in older individuals with cardiovascular comorbidities, effective therapies targeting specific populations will likely contribute to ending this pandemic. In this review article, the effects of various viruses-including other coronaviruses, influenza, dengue, and human immunodeficiency virus-on the cardiovascular system are described to help provide molecular mechanisms of pathologies associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. The goal is to provide mechanistic information from the biology of other viral infections in relation to cardiovascular pathologies for the purpose of developing improved vaccines and therapeutic agents effective in preventing and/or treating the acute and long-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19.}, }
@article {pmid33562030, year = {2021}, author = {Giordo, R and Zinellu, A and Eid, AH and Pintus, G}, title = {Therapeutic Potential of Resveratrol in COVID-19-Associated Hemostatic Disorders.}, journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)}, volume = {26}, number = {4}, pages = {}, doi = {10.3390/molecules26040856}, pmid = {33562030}, issn = {1420-3049}, support = {L.R.7-2017 #RASSR82005//Fondo di Sviluppo e Coesione 2014-2020, Patto per lo Sviluppo della Regione Sardegna,/ ; }, abstract = {Coagulation disorders, endotheliopathy and inflammation are the most common hallmarks in SARS-CoV-2 infection, largely determining COVID-19's outcome and severity. Dysfunctions of endothelial cells and platelets are tightly linked in contributing to the systemic inflammatory response that appears to be both a cause and a consequence of COVID-19-associated coagulation disorders and thrombotic events. Indeed, elevated levels of circulating inflammatory cytokines are often associated with abnormal coagulation parameters in COVID-19 patients. Although treatments with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) have shown beneficial effects in decreasing patient mortality with severe COVID-19, additional therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Utilizing the anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic properties of natural compounds may provide alternative therapeutic approaches to prevent or reduce the risk factors associated with pre-existing conditions and comorbidities that can worsen COVID-19 patients' outcomes. In this regard, resveratrol, a natural compound found in several plants and fruits such as grapes, blueberries and cranberries, may represent a promising coadjuvant for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. By virtue of its anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory properties, resveratrol would be expected to lower COVID-19-associated mortality, which is well known to be increased by thrombosis and inflammation. This review analyzes and discusses resveratrol's ability to modulate vascular hemostasis at different levels targeting both primary hemostasis (interfering with platelet activation and aggregation) and secondary hemostasis (modulating factors involved in coagulation cascade).}, }
@article {pmid33561753, year = {2021}, author = {Lewis, A and Frontera, J and Placantonakis, DG and Lighter, J and Galetta, S and Balcer, L and Melmed, KR}, title = {Cerebrospinal fluid in COVID-19: A systematic review of the literature.}, journal = {Journal of the neurological sciences}, volume = {421}, number = {}, pages = {117316}, doi = {10.1016/j.jns.2021.117316}, pmid = {33561753}, issn = {1878-5883}, abstract = {OBJECTIVE: We sought to review the literature on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) testing in patients with COVID-19 for evidence of viral neuroinvasion by SARS-CoV-2.<br><br>METHODS: We performed a systematic review of Medline and Embase between December 1, 2019 and November 18, 2020 to identify case reports or series of patients who had COVID-19 diagnosed based on positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or serologic testing and had CSF testing due to a neurologic symptom.<br><br>RESULTS: We identified 242 relevant documents which included 430 patients with COVID-19 who had acute neurological symptoms prompting CSF testing. Of those, 321 (75%) patients had symptoms that localized to the central nervous system (CNS). Of 303 patients whose CSF was tested for SARS-CoV-2 PCR, there were 16 (5%) whose test was positive, all of whom had symptoms that localized to the central nervous system (CNS). The majority (12/16, 75%) of these patients were admitted to the hospital because of neurological symptoms. Of 58 patients whose CSF was tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibody, 7 (12%) had positive antibodies with evidence of intrathecal synthesis, all of whom had symptoms that localized to the CNS. Of 132 patients who had oligoclonal bands evaluated, 3 (2%) had evidence of intrathecal antibody synthesis. Of 72 patients tested for autoimmune antibodies in the CSF, 4 (6%) had positive findings.<br><br>CONCLUSION: Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in CSF via PCR or evaluation for intrathecal antibody synthesis appears to be rare. Most neurological complications associated with SARS- CoV-2 are unlikely to be related to direct viral neuroinvasion.}, }
@article {pmid33561453, year = {2021}, author = {Hwang, W and Lei, W and Katritsis, NM and MacMahon, M and Chapman, K and Han, N}, title = {Current and prospective computational approaches and challenges for developing COVID-19 vaccines.}, journal = {Advanced drug delivery reviews}, volume = {}, number = {}, pages = {}, pmid = {33561453}, issn = {1872-8294}, abstract = {SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, was first identified in humans in late 2019 and is a coronavirus which is zoonotic in origin. As it spread around the world there has been an unprecedented effort in developing effective vaccines. Computational methods can be used to speed up the long and costly process of vaccine development. Antigen selection, epitope prediction, and toxicity and allergenicity prediction are areas in which computational tools have already been applied as part of reverse vaccinology for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development. However, there is potential for computational methods to assist further. We review approaches which have been used and highlight additional bioinformatic approaches and PK modelling as in silico approaches which may be useful for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine design but remain currently unexplored. As more novel viruses with pandemic potential are expected to arise in future, these techniques are not limited to application to SARS-CoV-2 but also useful to rapidly respond to novel emerging viruses.}, }
@article {pmid33560530, year = {2021}, author = {Vergara-Merino, L and Meza, N and Couve-Pérez, C and Carrasco, C and Ortiz-Muñoz, L and Madrid, E and Bohorquez-Blanco, S and Pérez-Bracchiglione, J}, title = {Maternal and perinatal outcomes related to CO