@article {pmid41185679,
year = {2025},
author = {Rostami Zarinabadi, C and Daliri, S and Rohani-Rasaf, M and Karimi, A and Zare, F},
title = {Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder after Disaster and Mass-Casualty Incidents in Developed and Developing Countries: A Meta-Analysis Study.},
journal = {Iranian journal of psychiatry},
volume = {20},
number = {3},
pages = {383-404},
pmid = {41185679},
issn = {1735-4587},
abstract = {Objective: Disasters impact global health, with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) being a significant early consequence. Countries differ in their response to disasters and health management, affecting PTSD prevalence. This study aims to compare PTSD prevalence in developed and developing countries and investigate its trends post-COVID-19 compared to other mass-casualty incidents. Method : This study was conducted using systematic review and meta-analysis methods regarding the prevalence of PTSD in the world. Accordingly, all the English language articles published from the beginning of 2010 to the end of 2024 were extracted from the Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases and were investigated. Data analysis was done by random effects model, meta-regression, I[2] index, and Egger test using the STATA (ver. 17) software. Results: One hundred and eight studies, with a total sample size of 498,796, were included in the meta-analysis. The prevalence of PTSD in developed countries at various intervals after exposure to disaster was as follows: 26.3% (1-3 months), 44.5% (4-6 months), 11.1% (7-12 months), 24.0% (13-24 months), and 22.0% (25-36 months). In developing countries, the corresponding prevalence rates were 26.0%, 25.2%, 30.4%, 21.4%, and 20.9%, respectively. PTSD prevalence in men was slightly higher in developing countries compared to developed countries, but the difference was minimal. Conclusion: More than one-fifth of disaster-exposed populations develop PTSD, with no significant prevalence difference between developed and developing countries. PTSD prevalence was higher in men from developing countries, but no significant gender differences were found otherwise. Prompt diagnostic and therapeutic interventions are essential globally to mitigate PTSD's impacts.},
}

@article {pmid41185579,
year = {2025},
author = {Park, YS and Schroeder, D and Kim, OJ},
title = {Research Ethics Challenges in Pandemic Korea and Their Implications for the Revised 2024 Declaration of Helsinki.},
journal = {Journal of Korean medical science},
volume = {40},
number = {42},
pages = {e281},
doi = {10.3346/jkms.2025.40.e281},
pmid = {41185579},
issn = {1598-6357},
support = {101058094//European Commission/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Helsinki Declaration ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; *Ethics, Research ; Informed Consent/ethics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; Biomedical Research/ethics ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The pandemic significantly impacted research ethics, vastly magnifying existing challenges. This study examines challenges for research ethics in Korea during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and their implications for the 2024 revised Declaration of Helsinki.

METHODS: As a literature search method, we applied the scoping review protocol using six databases, search keywords related to research ethics and COVID-19, then analyzed key themes against the revised Helsinki Declaration.

RESULTS: We reviewed the literature on research ethics during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Korea, identifying ten key themes: 1) participant safety; 2) national governance; 3) community engagement; 4) global cooperation; 5) reliable research; 6) rapid Institutional Review Board reviews; 7) consent adaptation; 8) fair inclusion of vulnerable groups; 9) ethics of human challenge trials; and 10) use of human materials without consent. The revised Helsinki Declaration of 2024 newly introduces: 1) ethical principles in public health emergencies; 2) meaningful community engagement; 3) scientific rigor; and the Declaration reframes 4) addressing vulnerability; and 5) informed consent for biological materials.

CONCLUSION: By analyzing the relevance and implications of the challenges identified in this literature review in relation to the revisions made to the Declaration of Helsinki in 2024, we demonstrate that the updated Declaration addresses most of the ethical challenges posed by research in pandemic Korea. This paper highlights that the 2024 revision underscores the significance of research ethics during pandemic situations and proposes approaches to enhance the research environment and ecosystem in the 21st century post-pandemic.},
}

Humans
*Helsinki Declaration
*COVID-19/epidemiology
Republic of Korea/epidemiology
*Ethics, Research
Informed Consent/ethics
SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics
Biomedical Research/ethics

@article {pmid41184276,
year = {2025},
author = {Kim, S and Shrestha, K and Cho, G},
title = {Towards practical point-of-care quick, ubiquitous, integrated, cost-efficient molecular diagnostic Kit (QUICK) PCR for future pandemic response.},
journal = {Microsystems & nanoengineering},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {204},
pmid = {41184276},
issn = {2055-7434},
support = {RS-2025-02263957//Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI)/ ; RS-2025-02263957//Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI)/ ; RS-2025-02263957//Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI)/ ; },
abstract = {In response to the ongoing threat of infectious disease outbreaks, such as coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, numerous technological advancements in nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) based point-of-care test (PoCT) have been introduced to enable simple, rapid, and accurate diagnostic tests. However, only a few innovations in NAAT methods have been successfully commercialized. In this review, the significant advancements in diagnostic technologies, focusing on sample preparation methods, rapid thermal cycling technologies, and integrated result readout methods, are summarized with their key limitations that have hindered the practical implementation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based PoCT, called a QUICK-PCR: quick, ubiquitous, integrated, cost-efficient molecular diagnostic kit based on PCR. In addition, the details of the core components to realize QUICK-PCR were prospectively suggested with a comparative overview for the PCR-based molecular diagnosis process, innovations in sample preparation using microfluidic chips, and direct PCR approaches. Especially, advancement in recent thermal cycling techniques that use Joule heating, thermoelectric heating, and plasmonic heating were highlighted while integrated readout methods that utilize fluorescence, colorimetry, and electrochemical techniques were examined. Based on analyzing key barriers in developing PCR-based PoCT, we highlight recent advancements in developing the PCR-based PoCT which can be implemented in the QUICK-PCR. The prospective QUICK-PCR will remove inequality in health care in resource-limited remote areas under the threatens of infectious diseases.},
}

@article {pmid41181159,
year = {2025},
author = {Li, J and Zhang, J and Li, SG and Guo, Q and Xu, J and Zhang, L and Zou, Y and Long, T and Yu, R and Zhang, Y},
title = {Rapidly progressive anti-GBM disease secondary to long-standing rheumatoid arthritis: a case report and literature review.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1661117},
pmid = {41181159},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *Arthritis, Rheumatoid/complications/immunology ; Male ; Aged ; *Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease/therapy/etiology/diagnosis ; COVID-19/complications ; Fatal Outcome ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use ; Disease Progression ; Plasma Exchange ; Plasmapheresis ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Long-standing rheumatoid arthritis (RA) complicated by anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease is exceptionally rare.

CASE: A 71-year-old man with long-standing seropositive RA developed a rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis due to anti-GBM disease, without any known drug triggers. Despite plasmapheresis (therapeutic plasma exchange), corticosteroids, and low-dose cyclophosphamide, he remained dialysis-dependent; RA activity was subsequently controlled with tocilizumab. Complications included Stenotrophomonas maltophilia pneumonia, COVID-19 and cytomegalovirus infection, and he died of pneumonia eight months after diagnosis.

CONCLUSION: This case highlights the need for early serological testing for anti-GBM disease in RA patients with unexplained hematuria/proteinuria and for immunosuppressive therapy mindful of infection risk. Additionally, our literature review identified only ten reported cases of RA with anti-GBM disease, highlighting the rarity of this condition.},
}

Humans
*Arthritis, Rheumatoid/complications/immunology
Male
Aged
*Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease/therapy/etiology/diagnosis
COVID-19/complications
Fatal Outcome
SARS-CoV-2
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
Disease Progression
Plasma Exchange
Plasmapheresis

@article {pmid41181142,
year = {2025},
author = {Hartnell, L and Agudelo-Romero, P and Montgomery, ST and Ben-Othman, R and Verhasselt, V and Stick, SM and Kollmann, TR},
title = {What goes up must come down: dynamics of type 1 interferon signaling across the lifespan.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1654604},
pmid = {41181142},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *Interferon Type I/immunology/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction/immunology ; Animals ; *Aging/immunology ; Virus Diseases/immunology ; *Longevity/immunology ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism/immunology ; Disease Susceptibility ; },
abstract = {Type 1 interferons (T1IFNs) are typically expressed in low concentrations under homeostatic conditions, but upon pathogenic insult or perturbation of the pathway, these critical immune signaling molecules can become either protectors from or drivers of pathology. While essential for initiating antiviral defense and modulating inflammation, dysregulation of T1IFN signaling can contribute to immunopathology, making it and its associated pathways prime targets for immune evasion and disruption by pathogens. This review focuses on the changes in T1IFN signaling across the lifespan, with particular emphasis on the role of the Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) pathway in autoimmune and infectious disease susceptibility, especially in the context of viral infections. Aging is associated with diminished T1IFN responsiveness, partially resulting from chronic stimulation of the STING pathway, which contributes to increased susceptibility and impaired viral clearance. Conversely, neonates and young children also show increased vulnerability to certain viral infections, but whether this is driven by T1IFN differences or another mechanism remains incompletely understood. Despite growing interest in T1IFN-based immunotherapies, pediatric and elderly populations remain underrepresented in clinical trials. Here, we advocate for a deeper molecular and systems understanding of how the interferon response evolves across the human lifespan, to inform age-tailored therapeutic approaches and more inclusive study designs, thereby improving outcomes in both the youngest and oldest patients.},
}

Humans
*Interferon Type I/immunology/metabolism
*Signal Transduction/immunology
Animals
*Aging/immunology
Virus Diseases/immunology
*Longevity/immunology
Membrane Proteins/metabolism/immunology
Disease Susceptibility

@article {pmid41180709,
year = {2025},
author = {Khan, A and Asghar, T and Yumn, L and Ishtiaq, S and Saeed, M and Ansari, RA and Fatima, M and Antar, M and Haider, MZ and Laghari, MA},
title = {Trends in hypertensive heart disease-related mortality among population with Alzheimer's in the United States: a 22-year nationwide analysis.},
journal = {Annals of medicine and surgery (2012)},
volume = {87},
number = {11},
pages = {7325-7333},
pmid = {41180709},
issn = {2049-0801},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, while hypertensive heart disease (HHD) is a major cardiovascular condition linked to chronic hypertension (HTN). HTN is common among patients with AD, significantly impacting mortality. This study explores trends in HHD-related mortality among patients with AD in the US from 1999 to 2020, utilizing the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (CDC WONDER) database.

METHODS: Data from the CDC WONDER database were used to extract mortality information for individuals aged ≥65 years, with AD and HHD as the underlying or contributing causes of death. Mortality rates were analyzed by age, sex, race/ethnicity, urban-rural classification, and region. Both crude- and age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) were calculated. Joinpoint regression was employed to identify significant trends and changes in mortality over time.

RESULTS: HHD-associated mortality among patients with AD showed a significant upward trend, with deaths rising from 710 in 1999 to 3263 in 2020. The AAMR increased from 2.08 per 100 000 in 1999 to 6.26 per 100 000 in 2020, a threefold increase. Female patients had higher mortality rates than males throughout the study period. The highest mortality rates were observed in the age group of 85+ years, with notable regional disparities, particularly in the South and Midwest. The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 contributed to a marked spike in mortality.

CONCLUSION: A concerning rise in HHD-related mortality among patients with AD, particularly in the last decade is observed. Significant disparities exist across demographic groups and regions. These findings highlight the need for public health interventions and policies to address the dual burden of AD and HHD.},
}

@article {pmid41180683,
year = {2025},
author = {Abbasher Hussien Mohamed Ahmed, K and Kalool Fadlalla Ahmad, T and Ismail Abdu Ismail, M and Elgadi, AT and Hassan Salih Elhaj, E and Mustafa Ahmed, GE and Khan, F and Mohammed, MBH and Manhal, GAA and Daffalla Mussaad Mohammed, A and Ali, MMI and Abdullah Mohammed, MEA and Meshref, M and Hussien, A},
title = {Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 and its vaccines: an updated comprehensive review with an insight into pathophysiology.},
journal = {Annals of medicine and surgery (2012)},
volume = {87},
number = {11},
pages = {7346-7355},
pmid = {41180683},
issn = {2049-0801},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has had a significant global impact on the respiratory system and multiple organ systems, including the nervous system. Neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19 infection and its vaccines have been increasingly recognized, ranging from problems with smell and taste to more severe conditions such as encephalitis, stroke, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. This narrative review critically evaluates the neurological manifestations of COVID-19 infection and its vaccines, providing insights into potential pathophysiological mechanisms. A comprehensive literature search was conducted, and data were retrieved from various databases. The prevalence, types, and severity of neurological symptoms in COVID-19 patients were discussed. The possible mechanisms of neurological injury in COVID-19 were explored, including direct viral invasion, hypoxic brain injury, immune-mediated damage, and cerebrovascular injury. Furthermore, the review addressed the neurological complications associated with COVID-19 vaccination. While severe vaccine-related adverse effects remain rare, understanding their occurrence is essential for risk assessment and public health interventions. In conclusion, COVID-19 can affect the nervous system in various ways, leading to various neurological symptoms. Further research is necessary to enhance our understanding of these manifestations and develop effective preventive and treatment strategies to manage this global health crisis.},
}

@article {pmid41180339,
year = {2025},
author = {Sedrak, P and Dounaevskaia, V and Mancini, GBJ and Zieroth, S and McKelvie, RS and Chiu, W and Bewick, D and Ducharme, A and Mansour, S and Lepage, S and Pearson, GJ and Welsh, RC and Udell, JA and Connelly, KA},
title = {Vaccination in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease: A Case-Based Approach and Contemporary Review.},
journal = {CJC open},
volume = {7},
number = {10},
pages = {1375-1388},
pmid = {41180339},
issn = {2589-790X},
abstract = {Vaccination is a crucial preventative strategy, particularly in individuals with cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD). People living with CVD are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality from vaccine-preventable infections such as influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome-corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), and pneumococcal disease. These infections also have been associated with downstream CV complications, including ischemic events and myocarditis. Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that influenza vaccination reduces major adverse CV events and all-cause mortality, especially in people with CVD. The same has been observed in registry analyses during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Pooling of data from observational and cohort studies also has shown significant benefit of vaccination against RSV, VZV, and pneumococcal disease in older populations and those with CV comorbidities. Despite recommendations from national public health guidelines and immunization programs, vaccination uptake in patients with CVD remains suboptimal. This low uptake is influenced by lack of vaccine information, access issues, and mistrust in the healthcare system, all summarized in the term "vaccine hesitancy." Vaccination promotion should focus on addressing these gaps in communication and access barriers at the provider, community, and public health levels. Healthcare providers including cardiologists are reminded, through this review, of the importance of emphasizing vaccination recommendations during clinical encounters. Addressing patient misconceptions and providing patient decision aids strongly improves acceptance rates. Continued efforts at the community and public health levels should address barriers to access and advance surveillance methods to target improved clinical outcomes for groups at risk.},
}

@article {pmid41179760,
year = {2025},
author = {Yang, F and Huang, X and Huang, W and Jiang, T},
title = {Development and testing of a public health emergency intelligence analysis system based on text analysis and NLP analysis.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1677306},
pmid = {41179760},
issn = {2296-2565},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Public Health ; China/epidemiology ; *Natural Language Processing ; Logistic Models ; *Emergencies ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To tackle challenges including delayed information support and inefficient decision-making in public health emergency response, this study develops an intelligence analysis system for public health emergencies based on emergency information management theory from library and information science.

METHODS: Using 1,026 text data items such as government reports and flow survey records from the COVID-19 epidemic in Shijiazhuang City (1,033 confirmed cases), multimodal analysis methods were integrated, including logistic regression, C5.0 decision tree, TransH-based knowledge graph, and chi-square test. The BIO tagging scheme was adopted with annotations performed by three epidemiology professionals, achieving an inter-annotator agreement (Kappa) of 0.78.

RESULTS: Key transmission sites were identified by chi-square test (χ [2] = 87.32, p < 0.001). Risk factors such as advanced age (OR = 3.15) and village clinic visits (OR = 4.72) were identified through logistic regression. A case-place-time network was constructed using the TransH algorithm (accuracy 0.89). The C5.0 decision tree classified high-risk areas (AUC = 0.91), and Apriori association rules revealed patterns such as "wedding banquet → family gathering" (confidence 0.86). A Python-based system improved intelligence extraction efficiency by 47.8%.

CONCLUSION: The study successfully establishes an interdisciplinary framework integrating library informatics, epidemiology, and AI. It identifies churches and wedding banquets as key transmission nodes, and village clinics as amplifiers due to delays in identification and reporting. The developed software tool enhances response efficiency, supporting rapid contact tracing and control strategy formulation.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
*Public Health
China/epidemiology
*Natural Language Processing
Logistic Models
*Emergencies
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid41178423,
year = {2025},
author = {Limami, Y and Wahnou, H and Ndayambaje, M and Hba, S and Chgari, O and Ammara, M and El Kebbaj, R and Naya, A and Oudghiri, M and Duval, RE},
title = {SARS-CoV-2: A Liver Brief.},
journal = {WIREs mechanisms of disease},
volume = {17},
number = {6},
pages = {e70005},
doi = {10.1002/wsbm.70005},
pmid = {41178423},
issn = {2692-9368},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/virology/pathology/immunology ; *SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity ; *Liver Diseases/virology/pathology ; *Liver/virology/pathology/immunology/metabolism ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism ; Virus Internalization ; },
abstract = {The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has revealed the virus's ability to induce multi-organ damage, including significant liver injury. The molecular mechanisms of liver dysfunction in COVID-19 patients are explored, focusing on direct viral infection, immune-mediated damage, and the gut-liver axis. SARS-CoV-2 enters liver cells through the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) and Transmembrane Serine Protease 2 (TMPRSS2) receptors, but alternative pathways, such as CD209/Dendritic Cell-Specific Intercellular adhesion molecule-3-Grabbing Non-integrin (DC-SIGN) and AXL receptors, can also contribute to viral entry. Additionally, immune responses, particularly the cytokine storm, exacerbate liver inflammation, leading to hepatocyte damage. Pre-existing liver conditions, such as metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), alcohol-related liver disease (ALD), and liver fibrosis, heighten the risk of severe outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Post-COVID-19 liver complications, including fibrosis progression and persistent liver damage, have been reported, with emerging evidence suggesting chronic inflammation, viral persistence, and autoimmune reactions as potential contributors. Furthermore, Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) from COVID-19 treatments remains a concern, highlighting the need for careful management. Consequently, understanding the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and the liver is critical for improving patient outcomes and developing targeted therapies to mitigate liver-related complications in both acute and Long COVID-19 phases. This article is categorized under: Infectious Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/virology/pathology/immunology
*SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
*Liver Diseases/virology/pathology
*Liver/virology/pathology/immunology/metabolism
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
Virus Internalization

@article {pmid41177982,
year = {2025},
author = {Xu, Q and Zhao, T and Cai, X and Wang, M and Ao, L and Wei, T and Yang, H and Zhang, S and Zhang, X and Jin, S and Wang, X and Feng, X and Zhao, J and Wu, Y and Yang, J and Cui, F},
title = {Global Hesitancy of COVID-19 Vaccine Among Vulnerable Population From 2020 to 2023: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Reviews in medical virology},
volume = {35},
number = {6},
pages = {e70079},
doi = {10.1002/rmv.70079},
pmid = {41177982},
issn = {1099-1654},
support = {22BGL246//National Social Science Foundation of China/ ; L222028//Haidian Original Innovation/ ; L222029//Haidian Original Innovation/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology ; *Vaccination Hesitancy/statistics & numerical data/psychology ; *Vulnerable Populations/psychology ; Vaccination/psychology ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Global Health ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; },
abstract = {Vaccination is an effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic, but vaccine hesitancy is a major challenge. This study aims to explore the pooled prevalence and factors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. We searched the studies published from January 2020 to December 2023 in PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase. The studies with complete start time of the study and national information were included in the generalised additive model to explore the factors affecting the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy rate by calculating OR and 95%CI. A total of 629 studies were included. The pooled global hesitancy rates of COVID-19 vaccine were 34.6% (95% CI: 31.2%-38.1%) in vulnerable population and 33.2% (95% CI: 31.7%-34.8%) in general populations. The regression model showed that the hesitancy rate of COVID-19 vaccine was correlated with the duration of the epidemic, the monthly governmental stringency index, the monthly incidence and mortality of COVID-19, SDI, geographical location, and health status. Local governments should pay special attention to vaccination of vulnerable population and encourage vaccination to cope with the next possible wave of pandemic as incidence declines and restrictions are eased. The international community should timely provide vaccines for low economy countries.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
*COVID-19/prevention & control/epidemiology
*Vaccination Hesitancy/statistics & numerical data/psychology
*Vulnerable Populations/psychology
Vaccination/psychology
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Global Health
Pandemics/prevention & control

@article {pmid41176818,
year = {2025},
author = {Anang, V and Kumar, P and Pracha, J and Nho, RS and Mora, AL and Rojas, M and Gowdy, K and Yount, JS and Bednash, JS and Horowitz, JC and Soni, S and Mebratu, YA},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 innate immune recognition and implications for respiratory health.},
journal = {Cytokine & growth factor reviews},
volume = {86},
number = {},
pages = {167-180},
doi = {10.1016/j.cytogfr.2025.10.008},
pmid = {41176818},
issn = {1879-0305},
abstract = {The ongoing global health impact of SARS-CoV-2, particularly on lung and respiratory health, underscores the critical need to decipher the intricate interplay between the virus and the host innate immune system. This review provides an analysis of the key pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) involved in SARS-CoV-2 recognition within the lung, including toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). We discuss how the engagement of these innate sentinels triggers crucial downstream consequences, ranging from protective antiviral interferon (IFN) responses to detrimental hyperinflammation characteristic of severe COVID-19. Numerous studies have identified sophisticated mechanisms employed by SARS-CoV-2 to evade or suppress early IFN induction, contributing to unchecked viral replication and subsequent immunopathology. We explore how this aberrant innate immune response drives the "cytokine storm", leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and long-term sequelae. Furthermore, this review critically assesses current and emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating innate immunity, including TLR agonists/antagonists, RIG-I/MDA5 modulators, NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors, and IFN-based therapies, highlighting their potential and associated challenges. Finally, we identify key research gaps, emphasizing the need for cell-type-specific PRR studies, comprehensive mapping of viral evasion mechanisms, and the development of precision immunotherapies to enhance protective responses and mitigate pathogenic inflammation for future respiratory viral threats.},
}

@article {pmid41176483,
year = {2025},
author = {Galiza, EP and Nakebembe, E and Mboizi, R and Okek, E and Le Doare, K},
title = {Maternal vaccination to prevent neonatal infections and combat antimicrobial resistance.},
journal = {Seminars in fetal & neonatal medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {101680},
doi = {10.1016/j.siny.2025.101680},
pmid = {41176483},
issn = {1878-0946},
abstract = {Maternal vaccination during pregnancy is emerging as a powerful strategy in protecting newborns from infectious diseases, improving neonatal outcomes, and potentially reducing antimicrobial use and resistance. Maternal immunisation works by eliciting protective antibodies in the mother that are transferred to the fetus transplacentally and through breastmilk postnatally to provide the infant with passive immunity during the first vulnerable months of life. There is sufficient evidence to support the role of maternal vaccination in averting many neonatal infections that would otherwise require medical intervention. By preventing infections in mothers and their newborn, maternal vaccination also holds significant potential for reducing antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance. Fewer neonatal infections translate to a reduced need for antimicrobial use in the neonatal period and in postpartum women, therefore lowering the selective pressure for drug-resistant bacteria. Routine maternal vaccines (tetanus, diphtheria, acellular pertussis (Tdap), influenza, COVID-19, respiratory syncytial virus) already confer measurable antibiotic-sparing benefits by preventing infections that typically trigger antimicrobial therapy in mothers and neonates. Pipeline candidates (Group B Streptococcus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli) could further lower neonatal sepsis burden, reducing broad-spectrum antimicrobial use in neonatal intensive care units to help slow antimicrobial resistance. Integrated with antibiotic stewardship and infection-prevention measures, maternal immunisation offers a practical, scalable practice to limit perinatal antibiotic exposure.},
}

@article {pmid40590080,
year = {2025},
author = {Goh, DY and Lam, WC and Zhong, LLD},
title = {Effect of interventions for the management of sleep disturbances in patients with long COVID: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.},
journal = {Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine},
volume = {21},
number = {11},
pages = {1993-2005},
doi = {10.5664/jcsm.11782},
pmid = {40590080},
issn = {1550-9397},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications ; *Sleep Wake Disorders/therapy/etiology ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Quality of Life ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {STUDY OBJECTIVES: Long COVID presents with symptoms that persist for weeks or months postinfection, with sleep disturbances that significantly affect quality of life. The diverse approaches to managing sleep disturbances highlight the need for comparing treatment effectiveness to improve patient outcomes. This study systematically reviews and conducts a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to assess the effectiveness of current interventions for sleep disturbances in patients with long COVID and explores the underlying mechanisms and promising treatments.

METHODS: Relevant studies were identified through a comprehensive literature search across Embase, Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Data databases. The included studies focused on interventions aimed at managing patients with long COVID with sleep disturbances. Data extraction and analysis were performed, followed by a meta-analysis of comparable studies. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool (RoB 2.0) and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system.

RESULTS: Out of 3,352 retrieved studies, 14 were included in the systematic review and 2 in the meta-analysis. Interventions were categorized as pharmacological and nonpharmacological. Whereas most studies indicated improved sleep quality measured by standardized scales, some did not demonstrate significant benefits. The quality of evidence varied from low to moderate.

CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that sleep disturbances in patients with long COVID result from a complex interplay of physiological, psychological, and neurological factors. Both pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions show potential in managing these disturbances, with nonpharmacological approaches showing particular promise. To establish more robust evidence, more high-quality, large-scale randomized controlled trials are necessary in future research.

CITATION: Goh DY, Lam WC, Zhong LLD. Effect of interventions for the management of sleep disturbances in patients with long COVID: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Sleep Med. 2025;21(11):1993-2005.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications
*Sleep Wake Disorders/therapy/etiology
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Quality of Life
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid39404761,
year = {2025},
author = {Choi, Y and Lee, JS and Choe, YJ and Lee, H and Yoon, Y and Shin, SH and Hwang, MJ and Choi, H and Na, S and Kim, JH and Kang, HM and Ahn, B and Seo, K and Park, S},
title = {Myocarditis and Pericarditis are Temporally Associated with BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine in Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.},
journal = {Pediatric cardiology},
volume = {46},
number = {8},
pages = {2193-2206},
pmid = {39404761},
issn = {1432-1971},
mesh = {Humans ; *Myocarditis/epidemiology/etiology ; *Pericarditis/epidemiology/etiology ; Adolescent ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; *BNT162 Vaccine/adverse effects ; Incidence ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Male ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects ; },
abstract = {The incidence of myocarditis and pericarditis has been documented in adolescents after COVID-19 vaccinations. This study aims to assess the risk of myopericarditis in adolescents following COVID-19 vaccination, using a meta-analysis of the published cases. We performed a comprehensive literature search of the following databases on July 5, 2023: MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library. We performed a meta-analysis using a random-effects model to estimate the incidence of myopericarditis per million of administered COVID-19 vaccine doses or COVID-19 infections. A total of 33 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The incidence of myopericarditis per million COVID-19 infections (1583.9 cases, 95% CI 751.8-2713.8) was approximately 42 times higher than that for COVID-19 vaccine administrations (37.6 cases, 95% CI 24.2-53.8). The risk of myopericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination was particularly high among the 16-19 age group (39.5 cases per million, 95% CI 25.8-56.0), males (43.1 cases per million, 95% CI 21.6-71.9), and those who received the second dose (47.7 cases per million, 95% CI 22.2-82.2). There were no significant differences in the incidence of myopericarditis per million COVID-19 vaccine administrations between Europe, the Western Pacific, and the Americas (p = 0.51). Adolescents faced a potential risk of myopericarditis after COVID-19 vaccination, but this risk is less harmful than that of myopericarditis following COVID-19 infection.},
}

Humans
*Myocarditis/epidemiology/etiology
*Pericarditis/epidemiology/etiology
Adolescent
*COVID-19/prevention & control
*BNT162 Vaccine/adverse effects
Incidence
SARS-CoV-2
Male
*COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects

@article {pmid41176395,
year = {2025},
author = {Mayer, KH and Beyrer, C and Cohen, MS and El-Sadr, WM and Grinsztejn, B and Head, JM and Keuroghlian, AS and Miller, V and Phanuphak, N and Rees, H and Reid, M and Starrs, A and Warren, M and Bekker, LG},
title = {Challenges and opportunities in developing integrated sexual and reproductive health programmes.},
journal = {Lancet (London, England)},
volume = {406},
number = {10515},
pages = {2168-2190},
doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01246-2},
pmid = {41176395},
issn = {1474-547X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Reproductive Health Services/organization & administration ; *Reproductive Health ; *Sexual Health ; Female ; *Delivery of Health Care, Integrated/organization & administration ; Male ; },
abstract = {Sexual and reproductive health and rights are fundamental to both human and societal wellbeing and sustainable development, and encompass a broad array of sociocultural and clinical issues that affect all people across the life course. In 2018, the Guttmacher-Lancet Commission described sexual and reproductive health as a state of physical, emotional, mental, and social wellbeing in relation to all aspects of sexuality and reproduction, not merely the absence of disease, dysfunction, or infirmity. The Commission advocated for a positive approach to sexuality and reproduction that recognises the role of pleasurable sexual relationships, trust, and communication in promoting self-esteem and overall wellbeing. The Commission also stipulated that people have a right to make decisions governing their bodies and to access services that support that right. In light of recent sociocultural changes, biomedical advances that have impacted sexual and reproductive health and rights, and the key findings of the Guttmacher-Lancet Commission, we bring together themes from this Lancet Series to discuss the new scientific developments and sociopolitical changes that affect the programmatic integration of sexual and reproductive health services. As people who present for one sexual and reproductive health service frequently have other unmet sexual and reproductive health-related needs, there are often benefits to interventions and services that address multiple connected sexual and reproductive health issues during one clinical encounter (eg, family planning visits, including testing for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections), which supports the rationale for an integrated approach. Historically, key components of sexual and reproductive health have been managed separately, partly because of siloed and inadequate funding streams and structural limitations (eg, separate location of service delivery or insufficient staff cross-training). Vertical methods have also evolved from the need for different approaches to reach key populations, who might be reluctant to seek care from primary health care clinics. We build on the findings of the papers in this Series to discuss the rationale for sexual and reproductive health programmatic integration, which has the potential to better engage patients in care by meeting their preferences, simplify the user experience, and save resources when implemented in a thoughtful, culturally tailored manner. However, wide-scale sexual and reproductive health programmatic integration faces multiple challenges, requiring broadly trained health-care providers, a range of clinical and outreach channels, and well-resourced health systems. Programmatic integration might be further constrained by societal norms and regulations (eg, punitive laws, institutional homophobia, legal restrictions on access to safe abortion, and opposition to sexual and reproductive rights). Notably, the Trump Administration's withdrawal of support from various sexual and reproductive health programmes in January, 2025, is a major threat to continued progress. This Series paper provides a call to action based on the key findings from this Series that delineates the steps needed to better integrate programmes to optimise sexual and reproductive health outcomes.},
}

Humans
*Reproductive Health Services/organization & administration
*Reproductive Health
*Sexual Health
Female
*Delivery of Health Care, Integrated/organization & administration
Male

@article {pmid41176336,
year = {2025},
author = {Farjami, Z and Moradi, M and Ebrahimi, N and Akbarin, MM},
title = {COVID-19: Understanding the Granulocyte Response and Exploring Their Therapeutic Interventions.},
journal = {Viral immunology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1177/08828245251391816},
pmid = {41176336},
issn = {1557-8976},
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has led to a global health crisis by triggering extensive systemic and immune dysregulation. Granulocytes, including neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, are critical components of the innate immune system that play dual roles in protection and pathogenesis during infection. In this review, we examine the multifaceted roles of granulocytes in COVID-19 and their impact on disease severity through excessive inflammation, cytokine storm, and tissue damage. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and the overactivation of neutrophil subtypes contribute to the development of thrombosis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. In contrast, eosinophils and basophils modulate T helper 2-type and allergic responses that may influence recovery or disease progression. We further summarize the therapeutic strategies targeting granulocyte activation and signaling pathways, including IL-1, IL-6, IL-17, IL-5 receptor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor inhibitors, and antihistamines, emphasizing their clinical outcomes, approval status, and the global regions in which they are studied. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of granulocyte activation and inhibition provides new insights into COVID-19 immunopathology and opens pathways for targeted immunomodulatory therapy. These findings underscore the importance of balancing protective immune functions with controlled anti-inflammatory interventions to mitigate the severe complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
}

@article {pmid41176228,
year = {2025},
author = {Salvaggio, MR and McCloskey, C and Siegrist, E},
title = {Syphilis in the Post-Covid-19 Pandemic World.},
journal = {The American journal of the medical sciences},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.amjms.2025.10.025},
pmid = {41176228},
issn = {1538-2990},
abstract = {Syphilis, an ancient malady, remains clinically relevant. Recent increases in syphilis cases, especially congenital syphilis, should increase the clinician's index of suspicion when presented with one of the protean clinical syndromes associated with syphilis. Diagnosis and monitoring of response to treatment remain reliant on testing modalities with varying degrees of sensitivity and specificity, requiring clinical discernment. Penicillin remains the recommended treatment in most syphilis cases. New treatment options may be available soon.},
}

@article {pmid41176175,
year = {2025},
author = {Sawangjit, R and Sadoyu, S and Manosanthipaibul, S and Teerawattanapong, N and Puttarak, P and Wanaratna, K and Charoensup, R and Hiransai, P and Meetam, T and Chaiyakunapruk, N},
title = {Effectiveness and Safety of Turmeric for the Treatment of COVID-19: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.},
journal = {Complementary therapies in medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {103295},
doi = {10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103295},
pmid = {41176175},
issn = {1873-6963},
abstract = {We conducted a comprehensive and updated systematic review and meta-analysis (SR-MA) to determine the effectiveness and safety of turmeric in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Multiple databases were searched from inception to July 31, 2024, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing turmeric in mild to severe COVID-19. This SR-MA uniquely includes recent trials conducted alongside modern antiviral-based regimens and explores effect modifiers by disease severity, comorbidity, formulation, and treatment duration. Twenty-three RCTs with 1,407 participants were included, making this the largest synthesis to date. Most studies (17/23, 73.9%) enrolled hospitalized patients; over half involved mild to moderate cases. The most common intervention was nano-curcumin 160-240mg/day (39%), used as an adjunct to standard care. Nine studies were rated high risk of bias (ROB). Meta-analysis showed turmeric significantly reduced all-cause mortality (Relative risk (RR) = 0.39; 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.23-0.67; I[2] = 0%; n = 8 RCTs; moderate certainty), suggesting a 61% reduction in risk of death. It also reduced the need for intubation/mechanical ventilation (RR = 0.35; 95%CI: 0.17-0.72) and clinical deterioration (RR=0.36; 95%CI: 0.22-0.59), while improving overall symptom resolution (RR = 1.36; 95%CI: 1.16-1.59). These results remained robust after excluding high ROB studies. Adverse events, mostly mild gastrointestinal symptoms, were comparable to placebo. In conclusion, turmeric, particularly bioavailability-enhanced nano-curcumin, provides meaningful clinical benefits and favorable safety profile as adjunctive therapy for COVID-19. Further large-scale, high-quality, multicenter RCTs are warranted to confirm its therapeutic potential, particularly in resource-limited settings.},
}

@article {pmid41175359,
year = {2025},
author = {Thiriveedi, M and Patel, H and Curran, C and Patel, S and Baddam, S and ElBeblawy, R and Reddy, PJ},
title = {Post-COVID-19-Associated Asymptomatic Sarcoidosis with Hypercalcemia and Renal Dysfunction: A Case Report and Literature Review.},
journal = {The American journal of case reports},
volume = {26},
number = {},
pages = {e950045},
doi = {10.12659/AJCR.950045},
pmid = {41175359},
issn = {1941-5923},
mesh = {Humans ; Female ; *COVID-19/complications ; *Hypercalcemia/etiology/diagnosis ; Middle Aged ; *Sarcoidosis/diagnosis/etiology/complications ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; *Coronavirus Infections/complications ; *Pneumonia, Viral/complications ; Betacoronavirus ; *Renal Insufficiency/etiology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown etiology that often presents with nonspecific symptoms and lacks a definitive diagnostic test. Diagnosis can be particularly challenging in atypical cases without hallmark features such as bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy or cutaneous lesions. The recent literature suggests that post-COVID-19 immune dysregulation may act as a novel trigger for sarcoidosis. CASE REPORT We present the case of a 60-year-old Black woman with hypertension, osteoarthritis, and a recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection complicated by persistent anosmia. Routine laboratory testing revealed hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency, and anemia. Despite discontinuing over-the-counter supplements, her hypercalcemia persisted, although she remained otherwise asymptomatic. Diagnostic workup showed normal 25-hydroxy vitamin D, suppressed parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, and elevated 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D. Imaging revealed nonspecific pulmonary nodules without hilar lymphadenopathy. Biopsy of a supraclavicular lymph node demonstrated non-caseating granulomas, establishing the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Treatment with oral prednisone led to improvement of biochemical abnormalities and radiographic findings. CONCLUSIONS This case underscores the diagnostic challenges of sarcoidosis in the absence of classic pulmonary features and highlights the importance of recognizing hypercalcemia and elevated 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D as key diagnostic clues. Notably, to the best of our knowledge, no prior reports have described asymptomatic sarcoidosis in the post-COVID-19 setting, making this case a unique contribution to the emerging literature. However, as this is a single-patient observation, causality cannot be inferred, and larger studies are needed to explore this potential association.},
}

Humans
Female
*COVID-19/complications
*Hypercalcemia/etiology/diagnosis
Middle Aged
*Sarcoidosis/diagnosis/etiology/complications
SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics
*Coronavirus Infections/complications
*Pneumonia, Viral/complications
Betacoronavirus
*Renal Insufficiency/etiology

@article {pmid41174728,
year = {2025},
author = {Salami, B and Tulli-Shah, M and Ali, I and Zwaigenbaum, J and Tate, SA and Tseng, HH and Ogawa, R and Gahagan, J and Perrier, M and Maduforo, AN},
title = {A scoping review of intersectional health research related to the COVID-19 pandemic in North America: key findings.},
journal = {BMC public health},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {3716},
pmid = {41174728},
issn = {1471-2458},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; North America/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; Health Services Accessibility ; *Healthcare Disparities ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: This scoping review maps the key findings of intersectional research related to the COVID-19 pandemic in North America. Intersectional approaches highlight how overlapping systems of oppression shape health and social outcomes.

METHODS: A total of 21 studies were included, comprising 10 quantitative, 8 qualitative, and 3 mixed-methods designs. Studies were reviewed to assess the use of intersectional research methods and to identify common findings across the literature.

RESULTS: Intersectional research methods are increasingly utilized in pandemic-related studies in North America. Thematic analysis revealed five key themes: deepening disparities in health care systems, barriers to accessing social services, changes to working conditions across economic sectors, impacts of lockdown restrictions, and impacts on mental health. This review also found that interruptions to community connections influenced access to resources, shaping life chances for some populations. Importantly, intersectional research related to the pandemic has often decentralized race, which contrasts with broader non-intersectional studies.

CONCLUSIONS: Findings underscore the need for public health policies informed by intersectional frameworks. Inequities related to class, race, and gender highlight the importance of disaggregated data collection as standard practice. Targeted interventions, such as workplace protections for racialized women in precarious jobs, are critical to addressing compounded vulnerabilities and ensuring equity in pandemic responses.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
North America/epidemiology
Pandemics
Health Services Accessibility
*Healthcare Disparities
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid41174501,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhou, S and Gao, S and Fang, Y and Zhang, N and Ma, G},
title = {Efficacy of vitamin C in COVID-19 management: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {BMC infectious diseases},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {1463},
pmid = {41174501},
issn = {1471-2334},
mesh = {Humans ; *Ascorbic Acid/therapeutic use ; *COVID-19/mortality ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; Hospital Mortality ; Intensive Care Units ; Treatment Outcome ; Length of Stay ; Dietary Supplements ; Respiration, Artificial ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has posed a global burden, with vitamin C considered a potential treatment due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. However, its efficacy remains uncertain. This study aims to evaluate the impact of vitamin C supplementation on COVID-19 patients.

METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, CBMdisc, WanFang Data, and CNKI from October 26, 2012, to October 1, 2023. The primary outcomes were 28-day mortality and in-hospital mortality, and the secondary outcomes were intensive care units (ICU) length of stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, length of vasopressor use, changes in SOFA score, and PaO2/FiO2 ratio. Random-effects models were employed to analyze the study outcomes. The Cochrane Systematic Review Guidelines and the GRADE system were utilized evaluated the risk of bias and the quality of evidence.

RESULTS: A total of thirteen studies were included with sample of 12,062. Most of these included studies exhibited low to indeterminate bias risk. The quality of evidence ranged from very low to moderate across in included studies. The overall results indicated that non-substantial favorable impacts were observed in short-term mortality (risk ratio [RR]: 0.92, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.72 to 1.17, P = 0.415) and in hospital mortality (RR: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.95 to 1.16, P = 0.286), nor other secondary clinical outcomes.

CONCLUSION: Although the current application of vitamin C in COVID treatment and management, our findings revealed that vitamin C did not significantly improve COVID outcomes. More high-quality and multicenter trials are required to further elucidate the association between vitamin C and COVID-19.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registration of systematic reviews: This study was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), under the registration number CRD42024527599.},
}

Humans
*Ascorbic Acid/therapeutic use
*COVID-19/mortality
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
Hospital Mortality
Intensive Care Units
Treatment Outcome
Length of Stay
Dietary Supplements
Respiration, Artificial

@article {pmid41173399,
year = {2025},
author = {Han, S and Liu, Y and Xing, B and Yang, Y and Liu, Z and Li, Y and Wang, X and Yu, J and Ping, F and Li, W and Xu, L and Qi, T and Zhang, Y and Li, Y and Zhang, H},
title = {Association of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Use with Risk of Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.},
journal = {The Journal of infection},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {106645},
doi = {10.1016/j.jinf.2025.106645},
pmid = {41173399},
issn = {1532-2742},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To assess whether GLP-1 RA treatment influences infection risk in randomized clinical trials (RCTs).

METHODS: Systematic searches were conducted across PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science (inception to September 24, 2024), and reference lists of eligible articles. RCTs comparing GLP-1 RA treatment with placebo or non-GLP-1 RA treatments were included. Dual reviewer resolved disagreements by consensus. Two reviewers independently extracted data following PRISMA recommendations and assessed risk of bias via Cochrane tool.

RESULTS: A total of 136 RCTs (n = 164,322) were included. GLP-1 RA treatment was associated with a significant reduction in serious infections (RR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.86-0.93; absolute risk difference, -30 per 10,000 persons/year; I² = 0%), non-serious (RR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.85-0.97; I² = 77%), and total infections (RR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.84-0.94; I² = 77%). Reductions were observed for serious respiratory (RR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.79-0.90), skin and subcutaneous (RR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.68-0.87), musculoskeletal (RR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.65-0.97), vascular (RR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.47-0.90), and COVID-19 infections (RR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.72-0.92), all with I² = 0%. Meta-regression showed greater weight loss (β = -0.011; P =.045), hemoglobin A1c reduction (β = -0.229; P =.026), and higher GLP-1 RA doses (RR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.83-0.92) were associated with lower risk.

CONCLUSION: GLP-1 RA use was associated with reduced risk of serious infections, particularly in respiratory, skin, musculoskeletal, vascular systems and COVID-19, partially explained by weight loss and improved glycemic control.},
}

@article {pmid41173166,
year = {2025},
author = {Mousavinejad, SN and Lachouri, R and Bahadorzadeh, M and Khatami, SH},
title = {Artificial intelligence for arterial blood gas interpretation.},
journal = {Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry},
volume = {579},
number = {},
pages = {120691},
doi = {10.1016/j.cca.2025.120691},
pmid = {41173166},
issn = {1873-3492},
abstract = {Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis is a fundamental diagnostic tool in clinical medicine, offering critical insights into a patient's respiratory and metabolic status. However, interpreting ABG results can be complex and time-sensitive, necessitating accurate and rapid analysis. With the advancement of artificial intelligence (AI), new avenues have emerged to enhance the interpretation and application of ABG data. This review explores the role of AI in ABG analysis, highlighting how machine learning algorithms and natural language models such as ChatGPT can aid in the systematic interpretation of complex physiological data. We examine the mechanisms through which AI systems analyze ABG parameters, including pH, PaCO2, and HCO3[-], and provide diagnostic recommendations. Specific applications, such as AI-driven models, in the detection of COVID-19 severity and pulmonary hypertension via ABG data are discussed, demonstrating the expanding clinical utility of AI technologies. Additionally, we explore the potential of 3D animated computer models as educational and diagnostic tools for interpreting blood gas data. The integration of AI into ABG interpretation holds promise for improving diagnostic accuracy, clinical decision-making, and patient outcomes, signaling a transformative shift in modern healthcare diagnostics.},
}

@article {pmid41173090,
year = {2025},
author = {Rizzo, M and Tubassum, R and Kaplan, CA and Konde, M and Martin, L and Gigase, F and de Witte, L and Bergink, V and Rommel, AS},
title = {Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: The Associations of Prenatal Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Vaccination With Child Neurodevelopment.},
journal = {Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jaac.2025.10.018},
pmid = {41173090},
issn = {1527-5418},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: We aimed to systematically review and meta-analyze evidence on the associations between prenatal exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccination and child neurodevelopmental outcomes.

METHOD: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane CENTRAL for original research on neurodevelopmental outcomes in children prenatally exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination published in any language before November 8, 2024. We performed meta-analyses on any outcome reported in ≥3 controlled studies.

RESULTS: Seventy studies were identified on neurological (n = 7), neuroimaging (n = 12), motor (n = 3), audiological (n = 29) and neurodevelopmental (n = 35) assessments, and neurodevelopmental disorders (n = 2) with median sample sizes of N = 117 (IQR: 44-340) and follow-up ≤36 months. Meta-analyses of neonatal auditory screenings (n = 10), Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ-3) (n = 9), and ASQ Social-Emotional (ASQ-SE) (n = 3) data suggested a higher risk of transient hearing impairment [RR = 2.01, 95% CI, 1.39-2.91] and delays in fine motor [RR = 1.55, 95% CI, 1.14-2.10] and problem-solving [RR = 1.32, 95% CI, 1.01-1.74] skills in children prenatally exposed to SARS-CoV-2 compared to unexposed children.

CONCLUSION: Prenatal SARS-CoV-2 exposure was associated with early impairments in hearing, fine motor, and problem-solving skills, which appear to resolve with time. No associations were identified with atypical neurological or neuroimaging outcomes. No adverse neurodevelopmental effects were reported in the two studies that examined prenatal COVID-19 vaccination. Study quality was generally moderate, with small sample sizes, inappropriate control groups, and unmeasured confounding. Taken together, the current body of research does not support a causal relationship between prenatal exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccination and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid41171518,
year = {2025},
author = {Mallouli, SZ and Munblit, D and Iakovleva, E and Winkler, AS and Fornari, A and Helbok, R and Struhal, W and Beretta, S and De Groote, W and Curatoli, C and Lanza, M and Ericka, F and Crivelli, L and Giussani, G and Wasay, M and Chakroun Walha, O and Safi, F and Leonardi, M and Allegri, R and Guekht, A and Triki, CC},
title = {Persistent neurological sequelae in children and adolescents after SARS-CoV-2: a scoping review.},
journal = {Infection},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41171518},
issn = {1439-0973},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: For the past five years, COVID-19 has not only been a priority for health planning but also a hotspot for clinical research. Yet, the weight of the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic arises from the critical phase consequences due to the onset of acute disease, associated containment measures, and documented ongoing disabling symptoms. Investigating the global longitudinal effects on children and adolescents will inform future health directives tailored to this population's needs. This review aimed to report the spectrum of persistent neurological sequelae in children and adolescents following SARS-CoV-2 infection.

METHODS: Hence, we conducted a scoping review following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). We included the peer-reviewed articles from PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and WHO COVID database to identify relevant literature on long-COVID-19 neurological signs/symptoms among children and adolescents. The search covered the period between September 2020 and September 2024.

RESULTS: The results of our analysis of 33 studies found long-COVID-19-related neurological signs/symptoms were predominantly: pain and sensory problems (N = 74,612/91,543; 81.5%), followed by sleep disturbances (N = 14,630/91,543; 15.9%), and cognitive difficulties (N = 2274/91,543; 2.4%). The global prevalence of long COVID-19 neurological signs/symptoms was estimated between 0.4% (20/5032; 95% CI = 2.1-3%) and 34% (27/79) based on data obtained through online questionnaire; while it varied between 1.8% (4/215) and 83.14% (74/89; 95%CI =   -  0.12; 0.30) based on patient assessment. Long-COVID-19-related neurological signs/symptoms were more common in the 11-16 age group. Children with immunocompetent profiles were at higher risk of developing long-COVID-19-related neurological signs/symptoms.

CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate a considerable burden of COVID-19-related persistent neurological signs/symptoms in children and adolescents, which should be taken into consideration in healthcare decision-making.},
}

@article {pmid41145167,
year = {2025},
author = {Woolf, SH},
title = {The Youth Mental Health Crisis in the United States: Epidemiology, Contributors, and Potential Solutions.},
journal = {Pediatrics},
volume = {156},
number = {5},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1542/peds.2025-070849},
pmid = {41145167},
issn = {1098-4275},
mesh = {Humans ; Adolescent ; United States/epidemiology ; Child ; Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology ; Young Adult ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Mental Disorders/epidemiology/therapy ; Male ; Female ; Risk Factors ; Suicidal Ideation ; *Mental Health ; Suicide/statistics & numerical data ; Child, Preschool ; Mood Disorders/epidemiology ; Suicide, Attempted/statistics & numerical data ; Infant ; },
abstract = {The mental health of US children and adolescents is in crisis. This narrative review takes a fresh look at current epidemiologic data-with a focus on mood disorders, suicidality, and substance use among youth aged 1 to 19 years-and reviews demographic and geographic risk factors, potential contributors to the crisis, and interventions available to communities, clinicians, and policymakers. The data are worrying. In 2023, almost 40% of high school students were reporting persistent sadness or hopelessness, 18% had experienced major depression, and 10% had attempted suicide. The suicide rate at ages 10 to 19 years increased by 85.3% between 2007 and 2017. Deaths from drug overdoses at ages 15 to 19 years surged during the COVID-19 pandemic, largely because of fentanyl.Mood disorders, substance use, and suicidal behaviors are more common among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer (LGBTQ+; especially transgender) youth; rural and American Indian/Alaska Native youth; and those who have experienced poverty, disabilities, or involvement with foster care or juvenile justice systems. Female youth exhibit greater morbidity rates from mood disorders, suicidal ideation, and substance use, but male youth are more likely to die of suicide and drug overdose. Potential contributors to the crisis include decreased social connections; school-related stress; access to lethal agents (eg, firearms), smartphones, and social media; cyberbullying; racism and homophobia; and inadequate access to behavioral health care. Primary, secondary, and tertiary preventive interventions may offer solutions, but the supporting evidence is uneven. Although the crisis calls for greater investment in research, training, and support for youth, the federal government is currently defunding research and eliminating programs.},
}

Humans
Adolescent
United States/epidemiology
Child
Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology
Young Adult
COVID-19/epidemiology
*Mental Disorders/epidemiology/therapy
Male
Female
Risk Factors
Suicidal Ideation
*Mental Health
Suicide/statistics & numerical data
Child, Preschool
Mood Disorders/epidemiology
Suicide, Attempted/statistics & numerical data
Infant

@article {pmid40967275,
year = {2026},
author = {Renard, M and Bell, Z and Jamshidvand, M and Mai, Z and McCloat, A and Mooney, E and Hollywood, L and Lavelle, F},
title = {Domestic cooking and food behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic and the cost-of-living crisis: A scoping review.},
journal = {Appetite},
volume = {216},
number = {},
pages = {108311},
doi = {10.1016/j.appet.2025.108311},
pmid = {40967275},
issn = {1095-8304},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/economics/epidemiology ; *Cooking/economics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; Family Characteristics ; *Feeding Behavior ; Consumer Behavior ; United Kingdom ; },
abstract = {This scoping review examined how the COVID-19 pandemic and cost-of-living crisis have influenced domestic cooking and food-related behaviours. Following PRISMA-ScR, a systematic search across five databases and grey literature sources identified 4955 records. After screening, 98 studies published between 2020 and 2024 were included. Most studies were conducted in the UK (22.4 %) and USA (18.4 %) and employed cross-sectional (94.9 %) and quantitative (73.5 %) methods. The review identified widespread increases in home cooking, with 50-78 % of participants reporting greater cooking frequency. Changes in food shopping were also prominent, including reduced in-person visits (reported by 40-74 % of participants) and increased online grocery use (25-61.8 %). Budgeting behaviours adapted to financial constraints, with many households reducing the quality and quantity of food purchased, substituting fresh with shelf-stable options. Improvements in hand hygiene were widely reported (74-90 %); however, unsafe practices such as consuming expired foods or mishandling leftovers, remained common. Only 4.1 % of studies received a positive quality rating, with frequent use of non-validated tools and self-reported measures. Future research should employ longitudinal designs to assess the sustainability of these behaviours. Structural policy actions are needed to ensure access to affordable, nutritious foods and support sustainable food practices during ongoing economic challenges.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/economics/epidemiology
*Cooking/economics
SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics
Family Characteristics
*Feeding Behavior
Consumer Behavior
United Kingdom

@article {pmid41170424,
year = {2025},
author = {Horstink, N and Lassing, K and Knoester, M and Vermeulen, LC and Rossen, JWA and Voss, A and Lokate, M},
title = {Host factors associated with respiratory particle emission and virus presence within respiratory particles: a systematic review.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1652124},
pmid = {41170424},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Understanding host factor-related mechanisms that drive variability in respiratory particle emission and virus presence in exhaled particles is essential to assess transmission risk and potentially identify individuals with elevated infectiousness.

METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of human observational studies examining associations between host factors and either respiratory particle emission or virus presence in exhaled particles. Searches in PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science covered studies up to September 2024. Risk of bias was assessed using STROBE-based criteria. Findings were synthesized narratively, grouped by host factor and outcome type.

RESULTS: Forty-four studies met inclusion criteria: 34 assessed host factors in relation to particle emission, and 11 examined viral presence in exhaled particles. Fine particle emission (<5 μm) was most consistently associated with older age (n = 16), physical exercise (n = 6), and active infection (n = 6). No consistent associations were found for sex (n = 21), body mass index (BMI; n = 10), or smoking (n = 6). Viral presence-mainly influenza and SARS-CoV-2-was more strongly associated with time since symptom onset (n = 8) and lower respiratory symptoms (n = 3), based largely on genomic detection. Associations with other factors, including upper respiratory symptoms (n = 6), swab viral load (n = 11), age (n = 6), sex (n = 6), and BMI (n = 2), were inconsistent or absent. Physical exercise was not evaluated in relation to viral presence.

DISCUSSION: Fine respiratory particles (<5 μm) were the predominant size fraction detected and often contained higher concentrations of viral RNA. Age, physical exercise, and active infection were consistently associated with increased emission of these particles. The presence of respiratory viruses in exhaled air was more strongly linked to infection-related factors such as early symptom onset and lower respiratory involvement. These patterns suggest distinct mechanisms contributing to airborne transmission. Interpretation was limited by methodological heterogeneity and predominant reliance on PCR. Still, consistent associations with host factors suggest their potential as indicators for transmission risk. As evidence focused mainly on influenza and SARS-CoV-2, generalizability is limited. Standardized methods and further research are needed to strengthen outbreak preparedness.},
}

@article {pmid41170359,
year = {2025},
author = {Qiao, Y and Rong, L and Chen, H and Guo, J and Li, G and Wang, Q and Bi, H and Wei, L and Gao, T},
title = {Gut microbiota, nutrients, and depression.},
journal = {Frontiers in nutrition},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {1581848},
pmid = {41170359},
issn = {2296-861X},
abstract = {In the post-COVID-19 era, depression incidence has risen sharply, and a healthy diet is confirmed to lower this risk. However, two critical gaps remain: it is unclear whether nutrients alleviate depressive symptoms by improving the gut microbiota, and existing evidence has notable limitations. This study aimed to address these by exploring how deficiencies in key nutrients (protein, lipids, sugars, vitamins, and minerals) affect gut microbiota diversity-potentially a driver of early depression-and systematically evaluating clinical/basic research on nutrients' role in gut microbiota-mediated depression intervention. Results showed nutrients enhance gut microbiota abundance and diversity, regulate the gut-brain axis to boost short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and neurotransmitter synthesis, and reduce inflammation, thereby alleviating depression. Thus, a healthy anti-inflammatory diet (rich in vegetables, fruits, fish) may lower depressive symptom risk. Three key research gaps were identified: 1. Mechanistic evidence relies heavily on animal studies (e.g., mouse neurotransmitter experiments) with insufficient large-scale human randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to confirm causality; 2. Conflicting findings exist [e.g., alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) has no antidepressant effect in some human cohorts]; 3. The dose-response relationship (e.g., fiber needed to elevate SCFAs to antidepressant levels) is unquantified. Future studies should quantify dietary patterns and target gut microbiota metabolism to advance early depression prevention and deepen understanding of diet-microbiota-depression links.},
}

@article {pmid41170164,
year = {2025},
author = {Sun, N and Lu, Y and Li, C and Jiang, A and Liu, L and Guo, J},
title = {Genetic Risk of Different Populations in COVID-19 Susceptibility and Severity.},
journal = {Infection and drug resistance},
volume = {18},
number = {},
pages = {5499-5505},
pmid = {41170164},
issn = {1178-6973},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created challenges by threatening public health and triggering the largest global economic crisis in recent history. While environmental factors and social activities influence the clinical outcome of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exposure and COVID-19 severity, the host genetic background and variants are increasingly recognized as vital players in individual susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, ranging from asymptomatic infection to lethal COVID-19. A plethora of genome-wide association meta-analyses have been provided and will continue to provide genetic determinants of the heterogeneity of COVID-19 outcomes. Such discoveries undoubtedly deepen our understanding of the biological underpinnings of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease, paving the way for the development of more efficient SARS-CoV-2 prevention strategies and drug repurposing. Here, we provide a brief overview of studies regarding host susceptibility to COVID-19 and its clinical outcomes, focusing on the identification of genome-wide significant loci from different ancestral populations.},
}

@article {pmid41169390,
year = {2025},
author = {Cheng, Y and Zheng, X},
title = {Characteristics and mechanisms of liver injury caused by emerging infectious diseases.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1647517},
pmid = {41169390},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *Communicable Diseases, Emerging/complications/virology/immunology ; *Liver Diseases/virology/etiology ; Animals ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress ; *Liver/pathology/virology ; COVID-19/complications ; },
abstract = {Abnormal liver function has become a common phenomenon in emerging infectious diseases caused by viruses, with incidence rates ranging from 2.5% to 98.6% across different pathogens. This review summarized the characteristics of liver injury caused by SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, H7N9, SFTSV, DENV, and EBOV viruses. Viral infection initiates liver injury through direct attack, ischemia, and microthrombosis, triggering an exaggerated immune response often exacerbated by drug toxicity. Core mechanisms involve interconnected mitochondrial dysfunction (causing energy failure, ROS/mt-DNA release), endoplasmic reticulum stress (with dual roles in adaptation and apoptosis), and aberrant inflammation. These pathways form a vicious cycle, culminating in hepatocyte death, metabolic disruption, and severe hepatic damage. An in-depth exploration of the causes and mechanisms of liver injury also provides diversified strategies for treating and preventing these infectious diseases.},
}

Humans
*Communicable Diseases, Emerging/complications/virology/immunology
*Liver Diseases/virology/etiology
Animals
SARS-CoV-2
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
*Liver/pathology/virology
COVID-19/complications

@article {pmid41168795,
year = {2025},
author = {Gartmann, J and Sturm, C and Bökel, A},
title = {Physiotherapy interventions in post- and long-COVID-19: a scoping review of the literature up to February 2023.},
journal = {BMC health services research},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {1425},
pmid = {41168795},
issn = {1472-6963},
}

@article {pmid41168772,
year = {2025},
author = {Palotino-Ferreira, BM and Rocha, SV and Nunes-Silva, A and Souza-Gomes, AF and Rodrigues, F and Coelho, P and Bachi, ALL and de Oliveira, RA and de Barros, MP and Furtado, GE},
title = {The influence of structured physical activity on vaccination response from adults to older individuals: a systematic review on the Immunoinflammatory crosstalk of COVID-19.},
journal = {Immunity & ageing : I & A},
volume = {22},
number = {1},
pages = {44},
pmid = {41168772},
issn = {1742-4933},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Amidst the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, understanding factors that influence vaccine efficacy is crucial, particularly in older adults. Regular physical exercise and/or structured physical activity (SPA) has emerged as a potential modulator of immune responses, enhancing vaccine effectiveness. This systematic review aims to consolidate current evidence on the impact of SPA/exercise on both immune and inflammatory responses to COVID-19 vaccination in adults and older individuals.

METHODS: Most relevant studies were extracted from indexed databases using health subject terms in English, Portuguese, and Spanish. Studies that examined the impact of regular exercise or SPA on inflammatory and/or immunological responses in relation to COVID-19 immunization were selected. In particular, all chosen studies included individuals who received vaccinations either prior to or following the exercise regimen or SPA, and the main goal was to evaluate these effects on immunological and/or inflammatory reactions induced by vaccination.

RESULTS: Among the 7 studies included (n = 1149), the effects of regular exercise or PA on vaccine-induced immune responses while concurrently assessing inflammatory markers were examined. The findings suggest that moderate to high-intensity structured physical activity (50-70% of maximum heart rate for aerobic exercise and 60-80% of 1RM for resistance training), performed 3-5 times per week, was able to enhance immune responses to COVID-19 vaccination, particularly by mitigating chronic low-grade inflammation. Acute exercise can transiently boost immunity, whilst engagement in moderate SPA over a period of six months may contribute to sustained improvements in immune function, especially in older adults. However, these findings should be interpreted with caution due to variability in study design, sample characteristics, and potential confounding factors.

CONCLUSION: Regular exercise and SPA play a significant role in improving immune/inflammatory responses to COVID-19 vaccination. Older adults, in particular, may benefit from regular SPA and exercise as a strategy to counteract immunosenescence and optimize vaccine efficacy. However, further research is needed to better refine exercise protocols and determine long-term benefits in different populations.},
}

@article {pmid41165505,
year = {2025},
author = {Ishola, AA and Ahmed, IA and Mikail, MA},
title = {Molecular Roadmap of COVID-19: From Viral Entry to Therapeutic Targets.},
journal = {Chemistry & biodiversity},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e01534},
doi = {10.1002/cbdv.202501534},
pmid = {41165505},
issn = {1612-1880},
abstract = {Although the global emergency of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has subsided, the pandemic is not over, making the development of effective therapeutics crucial to reduce mortality and restore patient health. Identifying host molecular pathways targeted by the virus is essential for drug discovery, whether through repurposing existing drugs or developing new ones. This review examines the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, including signaling pathways, therapeutic targets, viral entry and replication strategies, and associated clinical features. It also discusses current global infection and mortality trends, clinical management, and prospects for drug development. Data were sourced from major scientific databases. Given the virus's high mutation rate and ongoing impact, multidisciplinary collaboration is needed. Plant-derived compounds and herbal medicines show promise as potential antiviral interventions against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The information and data on COVID-19 were collated from various resources and literature databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Wiley, Springer, Taylor and Francis, Scopus, Inflibnet, Google, and Google Scholar.},
}

@article {pmid41028928,
year = {2025},
author = {Creswell, L and Pandya, P and Stott, D and Peebles, D and Attilakos, G and Nastouli, E and Alchin, H and Baruteau, KP and Napolitano, R},
title = {Parvovirus: Conservative management of fetal anemia and hydrops.},
journal = {Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica},
volume = {104},
number = {11},
pages = {2028-2037},
doi = {10.1111/aogs.70055},
pmid = {41028928},
issn = {1600-0412},
mesh = {Humans ; *Hydrops Fetalis/therapy/virology/diagnosis ; Female ; Pregnancy ; *Parvoviridae Infections/therapy/complications/diagnosis/congenital ; Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine ; *Anemia/therapy/virology ; *Conservative Treatment/methods ; Parvovirus B19, Human ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Fetal Diseases/therapy/virology ; *Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/therapy/virology ; Ultrasonography, Prenatal ; },
abstract = {Following the COVID-19 pandemic, Northwestern Europe has experienced a marked increase in congenital parvovirus infections. This rise is attributed to social distancing measures which disrupted the usual seasonal variation of parvovirus B19. Fetal infection may cause severe anemia, thrombocytopenia, and hydrops fetalis, with significant risk of intrauterine death. Therefore, when acute parvovirus B19 infection is confirmed by maternal serology, serial ultrasound surveillance of the middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity is recommended. Intrauterine transfusion remains the only established therapeutic option for cases of suspected fetal anemia or hydrops but carries risks of fetal loss and procedural-related complications including fetal hemorrhage and exsanguination. This review critically examines current literature on diagnosis, management, perinatal outcomes, and long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae following congenital parvovirus infection and intrauterine transfusion. Additionally, we report our tertiary fetal medicine center's experience during the 2024 epidemic, highlighting a novel conservative management approach for fetuses with parvovirus-related anemia and hydrops fetalis.},
}

Humans
*Hydrops Fetalis/therapy/virology/diagnosis
Female
Pregnancy
*Parvoviridae Infections/therapy/complications/diagnosis/congenital
Blood Transfusion, Intrauterine
*Anemia/therapy/virology
*Conservative Treatment/methods
Parvovirus B19, Human
COVID-19/epidemiology
*Fetal Diseases/therapy/virology
*Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/therapy/virology
Ultrasonography, Prenatal

@article {pmid40900154,
year = {2025},
author = {Kuuwill, A and Kimengsi, JN and Giessen, L},
title = {Change in Formal and Informal Forest Management Institutions Induced by Health Shocks-A Global Systematic Review.},
journal = {Environmental management},
volume = {75},
number = {12},
pages = {3565-3585},
pmid = {40900154},
issn = {1432-1009},
support = {437116427//Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)/ ; },
mesh = {*Forestry ; *Forests ; Humans ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Africa ; },
abstract = {Studies on the impact of health shocks in (re)shaping forest management institutions exist, albeit fragmented. Similarly, significant knowledge gaps exist regarding conceptualizing health shocks, the mechanisms and outcomes of forest-linked institutional change, and the methods used so far. We review regional variations in conceptualizing forest management institutions and institutional change that are linked to health shocks. Further, we studied the mechanism of institutional change and outcome in the context of health shocks and evaluated the yet-to-be-filled methodological gaps. Using the critical eco-health approach and an institutional analysis framework, we systematically review 70 empirically conducted studies. Descriptive and directed content analysis was employed in the data analysis. First, we found that health shocks are predominantly conceptualized as pandemics in Asia and epidemic in Africa. Forest management institutions are viewed through the process dimension lens, with informal processes more prevalent in Africa and formal processes dominant in other regions. Second, health shocks have primarily induced new formal forest management institutions while eroding informal ones in Asia and Africa. Thirdly, these institutional changes are linked with negative ecological and economic outcomes in the developing subregions, particularly in Asia, followed by Africa and Latin America. Finally, most studies employed the qualitative and single case study approaches, potentially limiting the findings' generalizability. Our study establishes a gap in understanding the power dynamics and political process of institutional change in the context of health shocks. Future studies should use a multiple-case study approach, mixed methods, and actor-centred analysis of forest management institutional compliance during health shocks.},
}

*Forestry
*Forests
Humans
*Conservation of Natural Resources
Africa

@article {pmid41165245,
year = {2025},
author = {Akhmetzhanov, AR and Cheng, HY and Cheng, G and Dushoff, J},
title = {Consolidating Estimates of the Incubation Period for Omicron Subvariants From the Literature and Their Comparison to the Estimate From Taiwan: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, September 2024.},
journal = {Influenza and other respiratory viruses},
volume = {19},
number = {11},
pages = {e70171},
doi = {10.1111/irv.70171},
pmid = {41165245},
issn = {1750-2659},
support = {YK1120 60//Taiwan Centers for Disease Control/ ; 113-2314-B-002-181-MY3//National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; Taiwan/epidemiology ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/virology/transmission ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; *Infectious Disease Incubation Period ; Pandemics ; Contact Tracing ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic was characterized by waves driven by distinct viral variants, including the Omicron variant, which emerged in October 2021. To formulate effective public health strategies and understand disease spread, accurate estimates of the incubation periods of these variants are important. Existing estimates often conflict due to biases caused by epidemic dynamics and selective inclusion of cases. Using data from Taiwan, where disease incidence remained low and contact tracing was comprehensive during the first months of the Omicron outbreak, this study aims to accurately estimate the incubation period of the Omicron (BA.1) variant incubation period.

METHODS: We reviewed the first 100 Omicron BA.1 symptomatic cases reported in Taiwan's contact-tracing records (between December 2021 and January 2022). Of these, 69 had usable information. Data on exposure and symptom onset dates were fitted with the generalized gamma. A systematic search and meta-analysis on incubation periods for Omicron BA.1/2/4/5 subvariants was then conducted to derive pooled mean estimates for the incubation periods of each subvariant.

RESULTS: The mean incubation period was estimated at 3.5 days (95% credible interval: 3.0-4.0 days), with no clear differences based on vaccination status or age. This estimate aligned closely with the pooled mean of 3.7 days (3.3-4.0 days) for Omicron BA.1 and of 3.7 days (2.3-5.1 days) for all considered Omicron variants BA.1/2 and BA.5.

CONCLUSIONS: Omicron subvariants have a relatively shorter incubation period compared to previous SARS-CoV-2 variants. A continuous update of incubation period estimates, based on available data, is necessary to develop guidelines that can reduce the socioeconomic costs associated with COVID-19.},
}

Humans
Taiwan/epidemiology
*COVID-19/epidemiology/virology/transmission
*SARS-CoV-2
*Infectious Disease Incubation Period
Pandemics
Contact Tracing

@article {pmid41164170,
year = {2025},
author = {Raveendran, VV and AlQattan, S and AlMutairy, E},
title = {A review on clinical implications of S100 proteins in lung diseases.},
journal = {Frontiers in medicine},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {1618772},
pmid = {41164170},
issn = {2296-858X},
abstract = {The S100 family of proteins plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of lung diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), pulmonary fibrosis, lung cancers, acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, COVID-19, and lung transplantation. This review comprehensively examines the contributions of S100 proteins to the progression of these disorders, focusing on their potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as therapeutic targets. S100A protein-mediated key molecular mechanisms that influence inflammation, airway remodeling, fibrosis, and tumorigenesis in the lungs are discussed. The importance of their normal function is evident from the observation that simultaneous mutations in S100A3 and S100A13 predispose individuals to early-onset pulmonary fibrosis, underscoring their critical role in lung health. Furthermore, sustained S100 protein elevation is explored in the context of long COVID, shedding light on its role in chronic inflammation. These proteins act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), activating immune pathways via receptors like TLR4 and RAGE, thereby driving inflammation and immune cell recruitment. Notably, in lung transplantation, elevated levels of S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12 serve as early biomarkers of graft rejection and complications such as graft-vs.-host disease, which indicates their role in mediating immune responses and transplant outcomes. While promising, the clinical application of S100 proteins faces challenges, including disease-specific variability and the need for robust validation across diverse populations. This narrative review underscores the dual potential of S100 proteins as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in respiratory medicine while emphasizing the importance of overcoming current limitations through targeted research and clinical trials.},
}

@article {pmid41163691,
year = {2025},
author = {Basu, T and Upadhyay, AK},
title = {In silico approaches to identify therapeutic drug targets against COVID-19: a detailed review with a case study.},
journal = {In silico pharmacology},
volume = {13},
number = {3},
pages = {162},
pmid = {41163691},
issn = {2193-9616},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, primarily affects the respiratory system, has impacted millions worldwide and resulted in significant morbidity and mortality. The development of effective therapies for treatment is crucial to reduce the burden of the disease, as the current treatments are mainly supportive. Therefore, identifying therapeutic drug targets for COVID-19 is of utmost importance. Overall, identifying and validating drug targets for COVID-19 is an active area of research. Advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying SARS-CoV-2 infection and the host response to the virus will continue to inform the development of effective therapies for COVID-19. Computational biology has played a crucial role in developing therapeutics for COVID-19, such as drug discovery, vaccine development, understanding viral evolution, predicting drug resistance, and repurposing existing drugs. In this review, we will discuss the details of the different drug targets and their mode of action. Computational biology has been an essential tool in the fight against COVID-19, helping researchers develop new treatments and vaccines and understand the behaviour and evolution of the virus. We demonstrate a case study on the in-silico identification of natural compounds as potential IL-6 inhibitors, highlighting their relevance in managing COVID-19-associated cytokine storms.},
}

@article {pmid41163572,
year = {2025},
author = {Liao, C and Zhao, X and Wang, Q},
title = {Design and Development of Small-Molecule Drugs Targeting Enzymes Utilizing Two-Metal-Ion Catalytic Mechanisms.},
journal = {Medicinal research reviews},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/med.70023},
pmid = {41163572},
issn = {1098-1128},
abstract = {The active sites of numerous metalloproteins feature two metal ion cofactors-either identical or distinct-that are positioned in close proximity, typically around 3.8 Å apart. This two-metal-ion catalytic mechanism (TCM) endows these enzymes with a remarkable catalytic efficiency. Enzymes employing TCM play vital biological roles in both humans and pathogenic organisms, with some identified as validated therapeutic targets. Various rational drug design approaches, including nucleoside analogs, prodrugs, metal-binding group design, bioisosteres, pharmacophore modeling, scaffold hopping, tautomerism, and structure-based drug design, have been successfully applied to several enzymes with TCMs, thus yielding the development and approval of many small-molecule drugs for the treatment of several diseases, including certain catastrophic illnesses, such as hepatitis C infection, coronavirus disease 2019, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Additionally, drug repurposing has proven to be a critical strategy in the development of therapeutics targeting TCM enzymes. This article reviews the significant achievements in design and development of small-molecule drugs targeting several enzymes with TCMs, including RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, HIV-1 integrase, influenza virus cap-dependent endonuclease, and phosphodiesterase, hoping to offer valuable insights and guidance to facilitate future drug discovery efforts focused on these enzymes and related molecular targets.},
}

@article {pmid41163324,
year = {2025},
author = {Cardoso, MR and Sánchez, ODR and Greenwald, M and Surita, FG and Goodman, A},
title = {Intersectionality and Intimate Partner Violence: Risk Factors and Vulnerabilities During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Other Humanitarian Emergencies.},
journal = {Trauma, violence & abuse},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {15248380251367411},
doi = {10.1177/15248380251367411},
pmid = {41163324},
issn = {1552-8324},
abstract = {Intimate partner violence (IPV) presents significant global health, human rights, and protection challenges, particularly during emergencies. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic exacerbated preexisting social inequalities, including those related to gender, race/ethnicity, and class, and led to an increase in IPV due to lockdown measures and economic stressors. This study aims to examine risk factors contributing to increased IPV among women and girls during COVID-19 mitigation strategies, explore the intersectional vulnerabilities of Black women in this setting, and compare IPV prevalence during the pandemic with other crises such as natural disasters and conflict settings. The review synthesized existing research to answer two primary questions. A comprehensive search was conducted across 11 databases. Eligible studies were peer-reviewed, published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish, and included women aged 15 years or older. Data extraction and quality assessments were performed by independent reviewers using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. The findings revealed that IPV rates increased during the COVID-19 pandemic due to risk factors such as economic stress, social isolation, and lack of access to healthcare. Vulnerabilities were particularly pronounced for women and girls from marginalized groups, including Black women, who experienced compounded effects of race, class, and gender. The analysis also found similar patterns of increased IPV during other emergencies, including natural disasters and humanitarian crises. Key barriers to protection from IPV included limited access to resources, social and community support, and discrimination at a societal level. The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions that address the specific needs of women experiencing IPV during crises, with a particular focus on marginalized groups. Recommendations include strengthening support systems, improving access to healthcare and protection networks, promoting anti-racist and equity-focused policies, and enhancing data collection methodologies. Addressing the intersectional nature of vulnerabilities is crucial to developing effective, culturally appropriate solutions to protect women and girls during crises.},
}

@article {pmid41163310,
year = {2025},
author = {Mundt, C and Yusufoğlu, B and Kudenko, D and Mertoğlu, K and Esatbeyoglu, T},
title = {AI-Driven Personalized Nutrition: Integrating Omics, Ethics, and Digital Health.},
journal = {Molecular nutrition & food research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e70293},
doi = {10.1002/mnfr.70293},
pmid = {41163310},
issn = {1613-4133},
abstract = {Personalized nutrition (PN) aims to prevent and manage chronic diseases by providing individualized dietary guidance based on genetic, metabolic, and lifestyle data. Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a key enabler in PN by analyzing large-scale, multiomics datasets in obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal disorders, where digital twins and health knowledge graphs support personalized interventions. Current findings demonstrate that AI models can guide microbiome-based dietary interventions, and support obesity management, thereby extending the scope of conventional nutritional strategies as supported by deepened bibliometric analyses. This study highlights the global increase in AI-based PN studies, accelerated by digital health demands and the COVID-19 pandemic, and the expansion of traditional nutrition strategies through machine learning approaches with the integration of microbiome-based models and omics. However, challenges such as algorithmic bias, limited generalizability, and data privacy remain. To overcome these issues, diverse datasets, explainable AI approaches, and standardized multicenter validation protocols are proposed. These steps are critical for transforming AI-supported PN from a conceptual potential into a fair, reliable, and clinically applicable structure. The growing consensus in the literature highlights that AI can support individual and societal health goals by transforming nutrition science through predictive, adaptive, and ethically based approaches.},
}

@article {pmid41163220,
year = {2025},
author = {Kelsen, SG and Maurer, M and Waters, M and Dash, A and Fong, A and Mohan, D and Theess, W and Yang, X and Alvaro, G and Brightling, CE},
title = {Safety and tolerability of astegolimab, an anti-ST2 monoclonal antibody: a narrative review.},
journal = {Respiratory research},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {302},
pmid = {41163220},
issn = {1465-993X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/drug therapy/immunology ; *Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; *Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein/antagonists & inhibitors/immunology/metabolism ; COVID-19/immunology ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Asthma/drug therapy/immunology ; },
abstract = {Chronic inflammation is an underlying feature of respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Novel therapies that target the inflammatory mechanisms driving acute exacerbations of COPD are required. The ST2 receptor, which binds the alarmin interleukin (IL)-33 to initiate an inflammatory response, is a potential target. Astegolimab, a fully human immunoglobulin G2 monoclonal antibody, which binds with high affinity to ST2 to prevent binding of IL-33, is a potential therapy for COPD. However, targeting inflammatory pathways that form part of the immune system may have unintended consequences, such as implications for the response to infection and cardiovascular function. Therefore, an understanding of astegolimab's safety profile in clinical use is essential. This narrative review summarizes clinical safety data from published clinical trials of astegolimab with a focus on adverse events of interest, including infections and cardiac events. Astegolimab was shown to be well tolerated in > 580 patients with asthma, atopic dermatitis, COPD, and severe COVID-19 pneumonia who took part in Phase II trials. The frequency of adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs was similar between the astegolimab and placebo arms in each trial (AEs: 41-81% vs. 58-77%; serious AEs: 3-29% vs. 0-41%, respectively). The number of deaths was similar between treatment arms and there were no astegolimab-related deaths. Astegolimab did not increase the risk of infection or major adverse cardiac events. Ongoing Phase IIb and Phase III trials of astegolimab in patients with COPD who have a history of frequent acute exacerbation(s) of COPD will provide a future opportunity to confirm the safety profile of astegolimab.},
}

Humans
*Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/drug therapy/immunology
*Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects/therapeutic use
*Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein/antagonists & inhibitors/immunology/metabolism
COVID-19/immunology
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Asthma/drug therapy/immunology

@article {pmid41163029,
year = {2025},
author = {Zheng, S and Lowe, DM},
title = {Current infectious disease management challenges in inborn errors of immunity.},
journal = {Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials},
volume = {24},
number = {1},
pages = {60},
pmid = {41163029},
issn = {1476-0711},
mesh = {Humans ; Disease Management ; Virus Diseases ; *Communicable Diseases/therapy/diagnosis ; },
abstract = {Inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) are a frequently underdiagnosed group of disorders, with infectious complications posing significant clinical challenges. Recognizing atypical presentations of common infections and the presence of rare opportunistic pathogens can be critical in suspecting an underlying IEI. Among the infectious complications, chronic viral infections are particularly difficult to manage due to limited evidence-based guidelines. Intra-host viral evolution in these patients can lead to treatment resistance and the emergence of novel viral strains, raising concerns about their potential role as reservoirs for mutant viruses. Novel pathogens such as Aichivirus have been identified as significant causes of infection in individuals with IEIs. Furthermore, infections such as talaromycosis, tuberculosis, BCG-related disease, leishmaniasis, and melioidosis may be underrecognized in certain groups of patients with IEIs, largely due to differences in geographic exposure and environmental risk factors. The effects of emerging infections, such as mpox and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, on individuals with IEIs remain largely unknown. Management strategies for infections in this population include vaccinations, immunoglobulin replacement, and antimicrobial prophylaxis. However, newer higher valency conjugate pneumococcal vaccines may limit the utility of traditional pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines in assessing immune function. While immunoglobulin replacement is cost-effective, it can interfere with serological diagnostics. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance is a growing issue, emphasizing the need for improved empiric antibiotic strategies and research into optimal treatment durations. This review highlights the key challenges faced by infectious disease clinicians in the care of patients with IEIs.},
}

Humans
Disease Management
Virus Diseases
*Communicable Diseases/therapy/diagnosis

@article {pmid41161981,
year = {2025},
author = {Vishnu, P and Aboulafia, DM},
title = {Hemostatic Disorders Following Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection, COVID-19 Vaccination, and Long-COVID Syndrome: Current Evidence and Controversies in Clinical Practice.},
journal = {Clinics in laboratory medicine},
volume = {45},
number = {4},
pages = {643-655},
doi = {10.1016/j.cll.2025.07.008},
pmid = {41161981},
issn = {1557-9832},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/prevention & control ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects ; *Hemostatic Disorders/etiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Vaccination/adverse effects ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has presented profound global health challenges. Beyond acute illness, a substantial proportion of individuals experience persistent symptoms including fatigue, brain fog, and post-exertional malaise, collectively known as Long-COVID. Among the complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, hemostatic disorders ranging from mild platelet dysfunction to severe thromboembolic events, and rare but serious coagulation-related adverse effects, such as vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia, have emerged as a significant concern. Herein we provide an overview of current information and controversies surrounding hemostatic complications in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/prevention & control
*COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects
*Hemostatic Disorders/etiology
SARS-CoV-2
*Vaccination/adverse effects

@article {pmid40977416,
year = {2025},
author = {Liu, C and Song, Y and Niu, S and Jiang, Y and Zhu, T and Li, X and Cui, R and Deng, Q},
title = {COVID-19 Infection Confirmed by Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Metagenomics -Next-Generation Sequencing Instead of Pharyngeal Swabs in Follicular Lymphoma: Three-Case Report and Literature Review.},
journal = {Journal of clinical laboratory analysis},
volume = {39},
number = {20},
pages = {e70103},
doi = {10.1002/jcla.70103},
pmid = {40977416},
issn = {1098-2825},
support = {TJWJ2023ZD003//Tianjin Municipal Health Commission/ ; Y-NCJH202201-0027//Beijing Xisike Clinical Oncology Research Foundation/ ; Y-2022YMJN/MS-0001//Beijing Xisike Clinical Oncology Research Foundation/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/diagnosis/complications/virology ; *Lymphoma, Follicular/complications/virology ; *Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/virology ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods ; Male ; *SARS-CoV-2/genetics/isolation & purification ; Middle Aged ; Female ; Aged ; Metagenomics/methods ; Pharynx/virology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Hematologic malignancy patients with B lymphocytopenia after anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody or anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy often face prolonged SARS-CoV-2 positivity on pharyngeal swabs and persistent or recurrent COVID-19 infection, resulting in high mortality.

METHODS: Here, we describe three follicular lymphoma (FL) patients with persistent fever, cough, and hypoxemia, but they were ruled out for bacterial, viral, fungal, and other pathogen infections, and the throat swabs were consistently SARS-CoV-2 negative. These FL patients with B lymphocyte deficiency who were diagnosed with COVID-19 infection confirmed by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) metagenomics next-generation sequencing (mNGS). Their COVID-19 infection was characterized by differences in viral load in the upper and lower respiratory tracts. When this particular COVID-19 infection occurred, although their percentages and absolute values of CD8[+] T cells and CD4[+] T cells were normal, they all had B lymphocyte deficiency and hypogammaglobulinemia. They all had low expression of interleukin (IL)-6 in peripheral blood inconsistent with clinical infection symptoms.

RESULTS: The patients received a combination therapy of molnupiravir and methylprednisolone; then their symptoms were relieved over the next 2 weeks-2 months.

CONCLUSION: Therefore, for immunocompromised patients, especially those with B lymphocyte deficiency, hypogammaglobulinemia, and low expression of IL-6 in peripheral blood inconsistent with clinical infection symptoms, mNGS for BALF should be performed as soon as possible in this particular condition to confirm the diagnosis of COVID-19 infection.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/diagnosis/complications/virology
*Lymphoma, Follicular/complications/virology
*Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/virology
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods
Male
*SARS-CoV-2/genetics/isolation & purification
Middle Aged
Female
Aged
Metagenomics/methods
Pharynx/virology

@article {pmid40825236,
year = {2025},
author = {Niazy, M and Murphy, H and Nadeem, K and Ricker, N},
title = {A comprehensive guide to selecting the right modeling strategy for explanatory and predictive data analysis.},
journal = {Canadian journal of microbiology},
volume = {71},
number = {},
pages = {1-18},
doi = {10.1139/cjm-2025-0038},
pmid = {40825236},
issn = {1480-3275},
mesh = {*COVID-19/virology ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Machine Learning ; Reproducibility of Results ; *Models, Statistical ; Biomarkers ; *Data Analysis ; },
abstract = {Declining costs of sequencing technology have catalyzed the widespread use of high-dimensional complex omics datasets in microbiology. While rich in information, these datasets present major analytical challenges, including sparsity, heterogeneity, and the need for robust statistical validation. Concerns about the reproducibility of findings across microbiological studies underscore the importance of standardized, transparent analytical approaches. Despite the availability of diverse statistical frameworks and machine learning methods, designing an appropriate statistical workflow (from method selection to model evaluation) remains challenging, particularly for researchers with limited advanced statistical training. Missteps in this process can lead to misinterpretation, irreproducibility, and flawed conclusions. This paper provides a structured, step-by-step framework to guide and validate the methodology of choosing the right statistical methods for both explanatory and predictive modeling in microbiology and translational research. We outline essential decision points spanning data preprocessing, feature selection, model assumptions, and model evaluation, and highlight common trade-offs and practical considerations. To demonstrate the guide's utility, we analyze a real-world COVID-19 dataset to identify cytokine biomarkers associated with disease severity. By aligning analytical strategies with microbiology inquiry, this guide aims to enhance reproducibility, empower data-informed decisions, and promote more rigorous, interpretable research in microbiology and public health.},
}

*COVID-19/virology
Humans
SARS-CoV-2
Machine Learning
Reproducibility of Results
*Models, Statistical
Biomarkers
*Data Analysis

@article {pmid40813897,
year = {2025},
author = {Dräger, S and Minichmayr, IK and Alipanah-Lechner, N and Barreto, EF and Bos, LDJ and Fleuren, LM and Hunfeld, NGM and Mathew, SK and Stocker, SL and Telles, JP and Torres, A and Koch, BCP and Endeman, H},
title = {Dose individualisation of antibiotics in critically ill patients with inflammation: A narrative review.},
journal = {British journal of clinical pharmacology},
volume = {91},
number = {11},
pages = {3042-3053},
pmid = {40813897},
issn = {1365-2125},
support = {3MS1093//University of Basel/ ; //Erasmus MC MRace Grant/ ; //ESCMID PK/PD of Anti-Infectives Study Group/ ; //Stichting de Merel/ ; K23AI143882//National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health/ ; 848017008/ZONMW_/ZonMw/Netherlands ; },
mesh = {Humans ; Critical Illness/therapy ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics ; Drug Monitoring/methods ; *Inflammation/drug therapy ; Biomarkers/blood/metabolism ; Precision Medicine/methods ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Models, Biological ; },
abstract = {Due to extensive pathophysiological changes in critically ill patients, standard dosing of antibiotics may lead to inadequate drug exposure. This is concerning, as insufficient plasma drug concentrations may lead to treatment failure, whereas excessive drug exposure may increase the risk of toxic adverse events. The role of inflammation as a factor influencing the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of antibiotics remains largely unknown. PK/PD target attainment of antibiotics can be improved through therapeutic drug monitoring, i.e., measurement of drug concentrations in the blood with subsequent dosage adjustment to reach a certain target. Besides, population PK models may be used to predict drug exposure and tailor dosing in an individual patient (model-informed precision dosing). Inflammatory biomarkers have been proposed to measure inflammation levels and guide antibiotic treatment. However, their potential to guide antibiotic dosing is unclear. This narrative review describes associations between inflammation and PK/PD of antibiotics in critically ill patients, and the role of biomarkers, therapeutic drug monitoring and model-informed precision dosing in improving antibiotic dosing. A focus of future research should be on the interplay between inflammation and PK/PD of antibiotics by including inflammatory biomarkers in PK/PD models and using big data to predict antibiotic exposure in critically ill patients.},
}

Humans
Critical Illness/therapy
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics
Drug Monitoring/methods
*Inflammation/drug therapy
Biomarkers/blood/metabolism
Precision Medicine/methods
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Models, Biological

@article {pmid40372391,
year = {2025},
author = {Mukherjee, P and Beheshti, A and Kumar, SA and Wallace, G and Merrett, N and Clark, J and Kos, S and Rawstron, E and Yang, J and Grieve, S and Shetty, A and Singer, S},
title = {Traffic Light Coding System for Engaging With AI in Surgery.},
journal = {ANZ journal of surgery},
volume = {95},
number = {10},
pages = {1993-1998},
doi = {10.1111/ans.70172},
pmid = {40372391},
issn = {1445-2197},
mesh = {*Artificial Intelligence ; Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Surgical Procedures, Operative ; *General Surgery ; },
abstract = {Artificial Intelligence (AI) is generally defined as the development of computer systems or machines that can perform tasks typically requiring human intelligence and is increasingly being used in modern healthcare. While, various AI systems have existed for decades, its scale in healthcare has been escalated by global crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic and military conflicts, which has demanded rapid implementation of health system processes that improve efficiency in resource constrained environments. As AI-enabled technologies gain prominence, it is vital for surgeons to understand the various types of AI systems and their applications in medical practice.},
}

*Artificial Intelligence
Humans
COVID-19/epidemiology
Pandemics
SARS-CoV-2
*Surgical Procedures, Operative
*General Surgery

@article {pmid41161963,
year = {2025},
author = {Barnes, K and Faasse, K and Geers, AL},
title = {The COVID-19 pandemic: a special case of placebo and nocebo effects.},
journal = {Handbook of clinical neurology},
volume = {213},
number = {},
pages = {247-262},
doi = {10.1016/B978-0-443-29884-4.00014-5},
pmid = {41161963},
issn = {0072-9752},
mesh = {Humans ; COVID-19/psychology ; *Placebo Effect ; *Nocebo Effect ; *Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Pneumonia, Viral/psychology/epidemiology ; *Coronavirus Infections/psychology/epidemiology ; *Betacoronavirus ; },
abstract = {In late 2019, reports of pneumonia from an unknown cause marked the beginning of an unprecedented health crisis with far-reaching societal consequences. The ensuing global pandemic placed immense strain on healthcare systems, disrupted economies, and altered the way that we work, communicate, and interact. Importantly, as the SARS-Cov-2 (COVID-19) virus spread, so did a range of psychological stressors, including fear, anxiety, and uncertainty. This chapter examines the trajectory of placebo- and nocebo-relevant factors during the early, mid, and late stages of the pandemic, highlighting their impact on health outcomes and human behavior. Understanding the interplay between psychological and physical health during the pandemic is crucial for minimizing maladaptive health outcomes in the future. We therefore review current strategies for mitigating the nocebo effect and leveraging the placebo effect that may be employed to enhance health and well-being and attenuate pandemic-related harms.},
}

Humans
COVID-19/psychology
*Placebo Effect
*Nocebo Effect
*Pandemics
SARS-CoV-2
*Pneumonia, Viral/psychology/epidemiology
*Coronavirus Infections/psychology/epidemiology
*Betacoronavirus

@article {pmid41161894,
year = {2025},
author = {Dutta, S and Ganguly, A and Ghosh Roy, S},
title = {The interplay between gamma delta (γδ) T cells and cellular stress pathways in the pathogenesis of emerging human viral zoonoses.},
journal = {International review of cell and molecular biology},
volume = {398},
number = {},
pages = {99-149},
doi = {10.1016/bs.ircmb.2025.08.011},
pmid = {41161894},
issn = {1937-6448},
mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism/immunology ; *Viral Zoonoses/immunology/virology ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Stress, Physiological/immunology ; Unfolded Protein Response/immunology ; *Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/immunology ; COVID-19/immunology ; },
abstract = {This chapter examines the intricate relationship between gamma-delta (γδ) T cells and cellular stress pathways in the context of emerging infectious diseases. γδ T cells, a distinct subset of lymphocytes, are integral to the innate immune response, as they can recognize a diverse array of antigens independently of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) restriction. They function as initial sentinels, secreting cytokines, and cytotoxic molecules to directly eradicate infected cells and regulate the immune system. This chapter examines the activation mechanisms of γδ T cells in response to viral infectious agents such as Influenza A virus, SARS-CoV-2, West Nile Virus (WNV), Dengue virus, and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) emphasizing their role in pathogen control and disease progression. The document examines cellular stress pathways, specifically the unfolded protein response (UPR) and integrated stress response (ISR), which are frequently activated by pathogens. These pathways initiate protective mechanisms; however, their dysregulation may lead to pathological conditions. The chapter examines the mechanisms by which certain pathogens utilize host stress responses to enhance replication and evade immune detection. The impact of stress on γδ T cell functionality and immune responses is examined. The document examines the potential of γδ T cell-based therapies for diverse infections, highlighting the necessity for additional research to enhance delivery methods and reduce the risk of autoimmune disorders. Comprehending these interactions is essential for formulating innovative approaches to prevent and treat emerging infectious diseases.},
}

Humans
Animals
*Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism/immunology
*Viral Zoonoses/immunology/virology
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*Stress, Physiological/immunology
Unfolded Protein Response/immunology
*Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/immunology
COVID-19/immunology

@article {pmid41161041,
year = {2025},
author = {Gromer, DJ and Kalash, S and Tanios, R and Rouphael, N},
title = {The relationship between the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of vaccines: A narrative review.},
journal = {Vaccine},
volume = {68},
number = {},
pages = {127892},
doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127892},
pmid = {41161041},
issn = {1873-2518},
abstract = {The relationship between vaccine reactogenicity and immunogenicity remains an underexplored but increasingly critical area of vaccinology. This narrative review synthesizes evidence examining this relationship across a diverse array of vaccine platforms and pathogens. The available data suggest a modest but consistent positive association between systemic reactogenicity and humoral immunogenicity, particularly for mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Associations with innate and adaptive cellular immunity are less well studied. Local reactions are less consistently predictive of immune response than systemic ones. Reactogenicity appears more pronounced in younger adults, females, and those with certain HLA alleles-factors also associated with stronger immune responses. Whether the priming or booster dose of a vaccine series drives greater reactogenicity and immunogenicity appears to depend upon whether the vaccine is live-attenuated or not. However, substantial heterogeneity exists in study design, population, outcome measurement, and statistical analysis. This review emphasizes the need for harmonized tools to quantify vaccine reactogenicity and for study designs that account for pre-vaccination immune status to distinguish true associations from confounding factors and better clarify the relationship between post-vaccine symptoms and immunologic outcomes. Understanding the mechanistic links between innate immune activation, tolerability, and adaptive immune responses could inform vaccine development, clinical trial endpoints, and public communication strategies. As vaccine technologies evolve and tolerability becomes a differentiating factor, further research is needed to unravel the biological basis of vaccine-associated symptoms and their role in predicting protection.},
}

@article {pmid41160925,
year = {2025},
author = {Garry, RF},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 Spike displays multiple adaptive changes in addition to the furin cleavage site.},
journal = {Virology},
volume = {614},
number = {},
pages = {110720},
doi = {10.1016/j.virol.2025.110720},
pmid = {41160925},
issn = {1096-0341},
abstract = {Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat sarbecoviruses involved multiple changes in Spike in addition to insertion of the furin cleavage site (FCS). Analysis of the closely related Spike of BANAL-20-52 reveals key adaptations in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike beyond the FCS that occurred prior to the spillover of SARS-CoV-2's immediate progenitor to humans. Bat sarbecoviruses have enteric tropism and spread mostly by the gastrointestinal route. Their Spike proteins predominantly assume the locked form, which is able to resist the low pH of the bat gastrointestinal tract. Initial changes during the SARS-CoV-2 evolutionary pathway included substitutions that expanded the host range of the sarbecovirus progenitor and allowed circulation in nonbat mammals. Adaptation of the SARS-CoV-2 progenitors also involved remodeling of the amino-terminal domain. Respiratory adaptation occurred during circulation in nonbat animals and resulted in greater propensity for Spike to assume open forms that are less compact and more metastable than the locked or closed forms. Substitutions at monomer interfaces in the Spike trimer facilitate the open shift. Like FCS insertion, these substitutions make Spike more susceptible to low pH degradation and could not have occurred in bats. After SARS-CoV-2 spilled over to humans Spikes of the dominant lineage acquired an aspartic acid to glycine substitution at position 614 that further decreases interaction between monomers and promotes opening of the Spike trimer. A multi-stage evolutionary trajectory is also evident during cross-species transmissions of bat sarbecoviruses to pangolins and the first known spillovers of SARS-CoV via the wildlife trade.},
}

@article {pmid41160264,
year = {2025},
author = {Nor Isamuddin, NH and AbuBakar, S and Chin, KL and Zainal, N},
title = {Heterologous immunity and antibody-dependent enhancement in respiratory virus infections.},
journal = {Molecular biology reports},
volume = {53},
number = {1},
pages = {27},
pmid = {41160264},
issn = {1573-4978},
mesh = {Humans ; *Immunity, Heterologous/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Antibody-Dependent Enhancement/immunology ; COVID-19/immunology/virology ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/immunology/virology ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; Cross Reactions/immunology ; Animals ; },
abstract = {Respiratory viruses such as influenza viruses and coronaviruses pose persistent and evolving threats to global public health, driven by diverse mechanisms of immune evasion, cross-species transmission, and pandemic potential. Understanding the interplay between heterologous immunity and antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is crucial in delineating both protective and pathogenic immune responses following infection or vaccination. This review synthesizes current advances in the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying virus-agnostic innate defenses, adaptive receptor diversification via V(D)J recombination, and the structural and functional bases of T and B cell cross-reactivity. The dualistic nature of antibody responses is examined in the context of Fc receptor- and complement-mediated ADE, emphasizing the implications for immune protection versus immunopathology. The impact of pre-existing cross-reactive immunity, primed by prior exposures to antigenically distinct viruses or vaccines, is discussed with evidence from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic and other seasonal respiratory outbreaks. Finally, the review evaluates recent progress and ongoing challenges in universal vaccine development, proposing that the rational harnessing of broad-spectrum and cross-reactive immune mechanisms will be essential for enhancing pandemic preparedness and mitigating the risks associated with immune enhancement phenomena.},
}

Humans
*Immunity, Heterologous/immunology
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*Antibody-Dependent Enhancement/immunology
COVID-19/immunology/virology
*Respiratory Tract Infections/immunology/virology
Antibodies, Viral/immunology
Cross Reactions/immunology
Animals

@article {pmid41159228,
year = {2025},
author = {Maldonado-Barrueco, A and Quiles-Melero, I and García-Rodríguez, J},
title = {Current diagnostic approach to fungal infection in the critically ill patient.},
journal = {Revista espanola de quimioterapia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia},
volume = {38 Suppl 1},
number = {},
pages = {32-37},
doi = {10.37201/req/s01.05.2025},
pmid = {41159228},
issn = {1988-9518},
mesh = {Humans ; Critical Illness ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Invasive Fungal Infections/diagnosis/microbiology ; *Mycoses/diagnosis/microbiology ; Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use ; Biomarkers ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Galactose/analogs & derivatives ; Mannans ; },
abstract = {Invasive fungal infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients, with an increasing global incidence and species diversity, especially after the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Diagnosis relies on a combination of classical methods (microscopy, culture) and non-classical tools including biomarkers (1,3-β-D-glucan, galactomannan, mannan) and molecular assays. Fungal infections (candidiasis, aspergillosis, pneumocystosis, and mucormycosis) requires tailored diagnostic strategies based on host risk factors, epidemiology and specimen type. Combining diagnostic tests improves sensitivity and negative predictive value, guiding timely antifungal treatment. An integrated, pathogen-specific approach is essential to improve outcomes in the critical ill patient.},
}

Humans
Critical Illness
COVID-19/epidemiology
*Invasive Fungal Infections/diagnosis/microbiology
*Mycoses/diagnosis/microbiology
Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use
Biomarkers
SARS-CoV-2
Galactose/analogs & derivatives
Mannans

@article {pmid41158965,
year = {2025},
author = {Tie, X and Li, J and Wu, H and Weng, R and Zhang, Y and Li, J and Chen, K},
title = {Advances in the structure-based design of protein vaccines for respiratory infectious diseases.},
journal = {Computational and structural biotechnology journal},
volume = {29},
number = {},
pages = {259-270},
pmid = {41158965},
issn = {2001-0370},
abstract = {Respiratory infectious diseases are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly affecting children, older adults, and immunocompromised individuals. Traditional vaccine development approaches face limitations in addressing the rapid mutation and immune evasion mechanisms of respiratory pathogens. In recent years, structure-based protein vaccine design has emerged as a critical direction in vaccine research. This strategy utilizes the three-dimensional structural information of key pathogenic antigens, combined with reverse vaccinology, computational biology, and protein engineering to optimize antigen design and enhance immunogenicity. This review summarizes recent progress in structure-based protein vaccine development for major respiratory pathogens, including influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2. We highlight innovative vaccine platforms, including antigen optimization strategies, nanoparticle-based vaccines, and novel adjuvant development. Additionally, we discuss the major challenges in vaccine development-such as antigenic variability, immune durability, and large-scale manufacturing-and propose future directions for research and application.},
}

@article {pmid41158581,
year = {2025},
author = {Akingbola, A and Adegbesan, A and Tundealao, S and Benson, AE and Makinde, AO and Shekoni, M and Animashaun, K and Fakiyesi, T},
title = {Post-pandemic era: global trends, benefits, and barriers in integrating artificial intelligence into public health education.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1648970},
pmid = {41158581},
issn = {2296-2565},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control ; *Public Health/education ; *Artificial Intelligence ; Africa/epidemiology ; *Pandemics ; Global Health ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Health Education/methods ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic posed an unprecedented challenge to public health systems globally, with African countries exhibiting a wide range of outcomes in terms of preparedness, response, and resilience. This review explores the public health strategies deployed across the African continent during the pandemic, highlighting key successes, identifying critical failures, and synthesizing lessons to inform future health emergency preparedness. Drawing on existing literature, policy documents, and epidemiological data, the study examines the roles of leadership, community engagement, health communication, diagnostic capacity, and vaccine deployment. While several African countries successfully leveraged past epidemic experience, decentralized health systems, and innovative communication strategies, others struggled with misinformation, weak surveillance, and limited critical care infrastructure. The review also discusses the role of international collaboration, local innovation, and donor dependence in shaping response outcomes. Lessons from Africa's handling of COVID-19 underline the importance of strengthening public health infrastructure, investing in health workforce development, improving health information systems, and ensuring equitable access to vaccines and therapeutics. This paper contributes to the growing discourse on pandemic preparedness and highlights Africa's potential not only as a site of vulnerability but also of resilience and innovation in global public health.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control
*Public Health/education
*Artificial Intelligence
Africa/epidemiology
*Pandemics
Global Health
SARS-CoV-2
*Health Education/methods

@article {pmid41158347,
year = {2025},
author = {Xie, K and Zhang, P and Li, Y and Xia, L},
title = {The post-COVID-19 pulmonary sequelae: manifestations, mechanisms and treatment strategies.},
journal = {Journal of thoracic disease},
volume = {17},
number = {9},
pages = {7414-7429},
pmid = {41158347},
issn = {2072-1439},
abstract = {Recent studies have increasingly demonstrated that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients may develop long-term sequelae of varying severity, collectively referred to as long COVID or post-COVID-19 condition. Pulmonary sequelae are particularly common, which significantly impair patients' quality of life. The mechanisms underlying post-COVID-19 pulmonary sequelae are complex and multifactorial, and their management is still at an exploratory stage. This review explores the manifestations, underlying mechanisms, and potential treatment approaches for post-COVID-19 pulmonary sequelae. Fatigue, dyspnea, myalgia, and sleep disturbances are the most commonly reported symptoms following COVID-19 infection, while anxiety and depression are also prevalent. Respiratory symptoms include dyspnoea, persistent cough, hypoxia, and reduced exercise capacity. Impaired lung diffusion capacity is the most frequently observed pulmonary function abnormality, and residual abnormalities on chest computed tomography (CT) commonly include ground-glass opacities (GGO) and fibrotic-like changes. Air trapping is also an important CT finding and has been reported to associated with impaired lung diffusion function. The potential mechanisms may include pulmonary fibrosis, chronic inflammation, immune dysregulation, coagulation abnormalities and thrombosis, and persistent viral infection. Current treatment strategies encompass vaccination, pulmonary rehabilitation, and pharmacological interventions such as antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulant therapies. A comprehensive understanding of the recovery trajectory and the mechanisms underlying post-COVID-19 pulmonary sequelae is crucial for improving patient outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid41158128,
year = {2025},
author = {Prakash, S and Choudhury, P and Bisht, S},
title = {Diabetic cardiomyopathy and COVID-19: intersecting pathways and amplified cardiovascular risk.},
journal = {Frontiers in pharmacology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1683159},
pmid = {41158128},
issn = {1663-9812},
abstract = {Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a diabetes-induced heart condition characterized by ventricular dysfunction without other cardiac diseases. Chronic hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and metabolic disturbances drive myocardial damage through renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, advanced glycation end product (AGE) accumulation, and persistent inflammation. The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has intensified cardiovascular risk in diabetic patients. The virus uses ACE2 receptors, abundant in the heart and other organs, enabling multi-organ injury. COVID-19 may worsen glucose control or induce new-onset diabetes via pancreatic injury, insulin resistance, and stress hyperglycemia. Pre-existing diabetes increases the risk of severe COVID-19, cytokine storms, endothelial dysfunction, and thrombosis. In combination, both conditions promote RAAS imbalance, exaggerated inflammation, and hypercoagulability, amplifying myocardial injury, fibrosis, and heart failure risk. This review highlights the intricate bidirectional relationship between DCM and COVID-19, emphasizing shared pathogenic mechanisms such as RAAS dysregulation, endothelial damage, cytokine overproduction, and coagulopathy. Understanding these overlapping pathways is crucial for developing effective preventive and therapeutic strategies to mitigate adverse outcomes in this vulnerable population.},
}

@article {pmid41157624,
year = {2025},
author = {Mateescu, DM and Ilie, AC and Cotet, I and Guse, C and Muresan, CO and Pah, AM and Badalica-Petrescu, M and Iurciuc, S and Craciun, ML and Avram, A and Enache, A},
title = {Global Burden of Bloodstream Infections in COVID-19: Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Mortality Risk.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {17},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/v17101353},
pmid = {41157624},
issn = {1999-4915},
support = {Institutional funding, no specific grant number//Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/mortality/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Bacteremia/epidemiology/mortality/drug therapy ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; *Sepsis/mortality/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Bloodstream infections (BSIs) complicate COVID-19 inpatients, increasing morbidity, mortality, and healthcare burden. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated prevalence, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), risk factors, and outcomes of BSIs in RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 cases.

METHODS: We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and MDPI journals (January 2020-August 2025) following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Twenty-two observational studies (~123,500 patients, ~602,000 blood cultures) were included: 10 prospective and 12 retrospective. Random-effects models estimated pooled prevalence, odds ratios (ORs), and mean differences, with subgroup analyses (ICU, non-ICU, pediatric) and meta-regression.

RESULTS: Pooled BSI prevalence was 8.2% (95% CI: 5.7-11.0; I[2] = 50%). Subgroup prevalence was higher in ICU (12.5%) than non-ICU (5.2%) populations. Pediatric cohorts (n = 3) showed a prevalence of 10.8%. Gram-negative pathogens predominated (61%), particularly Klebsiella pneumoniae (26%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (21%). AMR rates were 36% for MRSA and 31% for ESBL-producing Enterobacterales. Risk factors included mechanical ventilation (OR: 2.6), immunosuppression (OR: 2.3), and corticosteroid use (OR: 2.4). BSIs were associated with increased mortality (OR: 2.6), prolonged hospitalization (+6.8 days), and higher ICU admission (OR: 3.1).

CONCLUSIONS: BSIs, largely driven by multidrug-resistant pathogens, substantially worsen COVID-19 outcomes. Variability in diagnostic criteria (CDC vs. ECDC) and reliance on retrospective designs are limitations, though moderate heterogeneity (I[2] = 50%) enhances generalizability across diverse populations. Strengthened infection prevention and antimicrobial stewardship are urgently required.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/mortality/epidemiology
Prevalence
Risk Factors
SARS-CoV-2
*Bacteremia/epidemiology/mortality/drug therapy
Drug Resistance, Bacterial
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology
*Sepsis/mortality/epidemiology

@article {pmid41157587,
year = {2025},
author = {Heath, AM and Li, D},
title = {Symptomatology of Long COVID Associated with Inherited and Acquired Thrombophilic Conditions: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {17},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/v17101315},
pmid = {41157587},
issn = {1999-4915},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications ; *Thrombophilia/complications ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Thrombophilic conditions, conditions where blood has a tendency to form thrombi due to abnormal coagulatory processes, can affect the trajectory of diseases such as Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection, better known as Long COVID (LC), by worsening symptoms and complicating outlooks. As a comorbidity in pro-coagulatory diseases such as COVID-19 and LC, patients with thrombophilic conditions may experience worse symptoms than their peers, due to this elevated level of hypercoagulation. A 15-week literature review through the public PubMed database was conducted to investigate the severity, mechanisms, and symptom profiles of thrombophilic patients with LC. Papers were only included if samples included participants with pre-existing tendencies for hypercoagulable states, and confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection via a Polymerase Chain Reaction test. Each paper included in this review was analyzed by topic and assessed for eligibility against the Joanna Briggs Institute's Critical Appraisal tool. Each paper was also assessed for biases. Results from the 6 papers included in this review showed that LC could be predicted following COVID-19 illness by a hypercoagulable blood profile, indicating that LC may be linked to chronic hypercoagulation and inflammation post-infection. Additionally, symptoms linked to microthrombi formation, such as hair loss, arrhythmia, and dizziness, were exhibited more frequently in patients with thrombophilia and/or thrombophilic conditions, indicating that those with thrombophilic conditions may exhibit unique LC symptom profiles compared to healthy controls. This paper's research is preliminary and thus is limited in the strength of its findings; However, further research into LC and its interactions with co-morbidities like thrombophilic conditions would aid in the development of better treatment plans for patients, such as the usage of anticoagulants or screening for hypercoagulable blood profiles post-COVID-19 to assess patient risk.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications
*Thrombophilia/complications
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid41157582,
year = {2025},
author = {Prakash, S and Karan, S and Lekbach, Y and Tifrea, DF and Figueroa, CJ and Ulmer, JB and Young, JF and Glenn, G and Gil, D and Jones, TM and Redfield, RR and BenMohamed, L},
title = {Insights into Persistent SARS-CoV-2 Reservoirs in Chronic Long COVID.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {17},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/v17101310},
pmid = {41157582},
issn = {1999-4915},
support = {AI158060//National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/virology/immunology/complications ; *SARS-CoV-2/physiology/genetics ; Animals ; Chronic Disease ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; RNA, Viral ; Disease Reservoirs/virology ; *Persistent Infection/virology ; },
abstract = {Long COVID (LC), also known as post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 infection (PASC), is a heterogeneous and debilitating chronic disease that currently affects 10 to 20 million people in the U.S. and over 420 million people globally. With no approved treatments, the long-term global health and economic impact of chronic LC remains high and growing. LC affects children, adolescents, and healthy adults and is characterized by over 200 diverse symptoms that persist for months to years after the acute COVID-19 infection is resolved. These symptoms target twelve major organ systems, causing dyspnea, vascular damage, cognitive impairments ("brain fog"), physical and mental fatigue, anxiety, and depression. This heterogeneity of LC symptoms, along with the lack of specific biomarkers and diagnostic tests, presents a significant challenge to the development of LC treatments. While several biological abnormalities have emerged as potential drivers of LC, a causative factor in a large subset of patients with LC, involves reservoirs of virus and/or viral RNA (vRNA) that persist months to years in multiple organs driving chronic inflammation, respiratory, muscular, cognitive, and cardiovascular damages, and provide continuous viral antigenic stimuli that overstimulate and exhaust CD4[+] and CD8[+] T cells. In this review, we (i) shed light on persisting virus and vRNA reservoirs detected, either directly (from biopsy, blood, stool, and autopsy samples) or indirectly through virus-specific B and T cell responses, in patients with LC and their association with the chronic symptomatology of LC; (ii) explore potential mechanisms of inflammation, immune evasion, and immune overstimulation in LC; (iii) review animal models of virus reservoirs in LC; (iv) discuss potential T cell immunotherapeutic strategies to reduce or eliminate persistent virus reservoirs, which would mitigate chronic inflammation and alleviate symptom severity in patients with LC.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/virology/immunology/complications
*SARS-CoV-2/physiology/genetics
Animals
Chronic Disease
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
RNA, Viral
Disease Reservoirs/virology
*Persistent Infection/virology

@article {pmid41157147,
year = {2025},
author = {Jach, ME and Sajnaga, E and Bumbul, M and Serefko, A and Borowicz, KK and Golczyk, H and Kieliszek, M and Wiater, A},
title = {The Role of Probiotics and Their Postbiotic Metabolites in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome.},
journal = {Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {30},
number = {20},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/molecules30204130},
pmid = {41157147},
issn = {1420-3049},
mesh = {*Probiotics/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; Humans ; *COVID-19/complications ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Dysbiosis ; Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Post-COVID-19 syndrome, also known as long-COVID, is characterized by a wide spectrum of persistent symptoms involving multiple body organs and systems, including fatigue, gastrointestinal disorders, and neurocognitive dysfunction. Emerging evidence suggests that gut microbiota dysbiosis and disruption of the gut-brain axis play a central role in the pathophysiology of this condition. Probiotics and their metabolites (postbiotics) have gained increasing attention as potential therapeutic agents given their immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the antiviral mechanisms of probiotics, including reinforcement of intestinal epithelial barrier function, direct virus inhibition, receptor competition, and immune system modulation. Special emphasis is placed on short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and bacteriocins as key factors that contribute to these effects. SCFAs appear to be essential postbiotic compounds during post-COVID recovery. We also highlight recent clinical trials involving specific probiotic species, such as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, and Bifidobacterium longum, and their potential role in alleviating long-term COVID symptoms. Although the current results are promising, further research is needed to clarify the most effective strains, dosages, and mechanisms of action in post-COVID therapeutic strategies.},
}

*Probiotics/therapeutic use/pharmacology
Humans
*COVID-19/complications
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects
SARS-CoV-2
Dysbiosis
Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism

@article {pmid41156656,
year = {2025},
author = {Delpino, MV and Quarleri, J},
title = {Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Aging, HIV, and Long COVID: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities.},
journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/pathogens14101045},
pmid = {41156656},
issn = {2076-0817},
mesh = {Humans ; *Aging/metabolism ; *HIV Infections/metabolism/therapy/pathology ; *Mitochondria/metabolism/pathology ; *COVID-19/metabolism/therapy/pathology ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Mitochondrial Diseases/therapy ; Oxidative Stress ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Mitophagy ; },
abstract = {We hypothesize that a unified mitochondrial perspective on aging, HIV, and long COVID reveals shared pathogenic mechanisms and specific therapeutic vulnerabilities that are overlooked when these conditions are treated independently. Mitochondrial dysfunction is increasingly recognized as a common factor driving aging, HIV, and long COVID. Shared mechanisms-including oxidative stress, impaired mitophagy and dynamics, mtDNA damage, and metabolic reprogramming-contribute to ongoing energy failure and chronic inflammation. Recent advancements highlight new therapeutic strategies such as mitochondrial transfer, transplantation, and genome-level correction of mtDNA variants, with early preclinical and clinical studies providing proof-of-concept. This review summarizes current evidence on mitochondrial changes across aging and post-viral syndromes, examines emerging organelle-based therapies, and discusses key challenges related to safety, durability, and translation.},
}

Humans
*Aging/metabolism
*HIV Infections/metabolism/therapy/pathology
*Mitochondria/metabolism/pathology
*COVID-19/metabolism/therapy/pathology
DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
*Mitochondrial Diseases/therapy
Oxidative Stress
SARS-CoV-2
Mitophagy

@article {pmid41156587,
year = {2025},
author = {Mboowa, G},
title = {Reimagining Tuberculosis Control in the Era of Genomics: The Case for Global Investment in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Genomic Surveillance.},
journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/pathogens14100975},
pmid = {41156587},
issn = {2076-0817},
mesh = {Humans ; *Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics/drug effects ; *Genomics/methods ; *Tuberculosis/prevention & control/epidemiology/microbiology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Genome, Bacterial ; Global Health ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; *Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/epidemiology/prevention & control/microbiology ; },
abstract = {Drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a significant global public health threat. While whole-genome sequencing (WGS) holds immense promise for understanding transmission dynamics and drug resistance mechanisms, its integration into routine surveillance remains limited. Additionally, insights from WGS are increasingly contributing to vaccine discovery by identifying novel antigenic targets and understanding pathogen evolution. The COVID-19 pandemic catalyzed an unprecedented expansion of genomic capacity in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with public health institutions acquiring next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms and developing local expertise in real-time pathogen surveillance. This hard-won capacity now represents a transformative opportunity to accelerate TB control enabling rapid detection of drug-resistant strains and high-resolution mapping of transmission networks that are critical for timely, targeted interventions. Furthermore, the integration of machine learning with genomic and clinical data offers a powerful avenue to improve the prediction of drug resistance and to tailor patient-specific TB management strategies. This article examines the practical challenges, emerging opportunities, and policy considerations necessary to embed genomic epidemiology within national TB control programs, particularly in high-burden, resource-constrained settings.},
}

Humans
*Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics/drug effects
*Genomics/methods
*Tuberculosis/prevention & control/epidemiology/microbiology
COVID-19/epidemiology
Genome, Bacterial
Global Health
Whole Genome Sequencing
*Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/epidemiology/prevention & control/microbiology

@article {pmid41156582,
year = {2025},
author = {Li, J and Lu, H and Hu, G and Pang, S and Xie, Y and Zhu, G and Ding, X},
title = {How Does Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Escape Host Innate Immunity?.},
journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/pathogens14100971},
pmid = {41156582},
issn = {2076-0817},
support = {HN2024113//Henan Postdoctoral Research Foundation/ ; 22nya08//Science and Technology Plan Project of Taizhou/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; *Immunity, Innate ; *Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus/immunology/pathogenicity ; Swine ; *Swine Diseases/immunology/virology ; *Immune Evasion ; *Coronavirus Infections/immunology/veterinary/virology ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology ; Autophagy ; Signal Transduction ; },
abstract = {Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), the causative agent of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), induces vomiting, watery diarrhea, and severe dehydration in pigs. It exhibits particularly high lethality in neonatal piglets, posing a significant threat to the global swine industry and inflicting substantial economic losses. The host innate immune system serves as the primary defense against viral invasion; however, PEDV employs multiple strategies to evade this response. This review systematically summarizes the multiple molecular mechanisms by which PEDV evaded the host's innate immunity, including interfering with host intracellular signaling pathways by virally encoded proteins, antagonizing the host's antiviral factors and related immune genes to suppress the innate immune responses, and regulating the autophagy process of the host cells, thereby achieving the escape of the host's innate immunity. A comprehensive understanding of how PEDV subverts innate immunity is crucial for developing effective control strategies and therapeutics. This review aims to provide novel insights and potential targets for combating PED.},
}

Animals
*Immunity, Innate
*Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus/immunology/pathogenicity
Swine
*Swine Diseases/immunology/virology
*Immune Evasion
*Coronavirus Infections/immunology/veterinary/virology
*Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
Autophagy
Signal Transduction

@article {pmid41156144,
year = {2025},
author = {Lefter, CL and Poddi, S and Rungatscher, A},
title = {Endocarditis: Rising Incidence in the Post-COVID-19 Pandemic Era: A Narrative Review.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {14},
number = {20},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/jcm14207274},
pmid = {41156144},
issn = {2077-0383},
abstract = {Infective Endocarditis (IE) incidence has increased in recent years, driven by emerging risk factors affecting both elderly and young adults. Also, the role of Non-Bacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis (NBTE) is gaining importance as it is a subtle, probably underdiagnosed entity. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has influenced the epidemiology of endocarditis, raising questions about their relationship, diagnosis, and management. Diagnosis of IE is sometimes challenging, and classic criteria are now being rediscussed. The aim of our study is to provide a narrative review about how and why IE incidence is rising, the role of NBTE, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on endocarditis patterns, and the current diagnostic challenges we face in the post-pandemic era.},
}

@article {pmid41156098,
year = {2025},
author = {Qiu, D and Cao, W and Zhang, Y and Hao, H and Wei, X and Yao, L and Wang, S and Gao, Z and Xie, Y and Li, M},
title = {COVID-19 Infection, Drugs, and Liver Injury.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {14},
number = {20},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/jcm14207228},
pmid = {41156098},
issn = {2077-0383},
support = {2022YFC2603500//The National Key Research and Development Program/ ; 2022YFC2603505//The National Key Research and Development Program/ ; 2022-1-2172//The capital health research and development of special public health project/ ; discipline leader-03-26//Beijing Municipal Health Commission high-level public health technical personnel construction project/ ; discipline backbone-02-28//Beijing Municipal Health Commission high-level public health technical personnel construction project/ ; ZLRK202301//Beijing Hospitals Authority Clinical medicine Development of special funding support/ ; DFL20241803//Beijing Hospitals Authority "peak" talent training program/ ; 2023YFC2306901//The National Key Research and Development Program/ ; 2023YFC2308105//The National Key Research and Development Program/ ; },
abstract = {Novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is highly infectious and pathogenic. Novel coronavirus infection can not only cause respiratory diseases but also lead to multiple organ damage through direct or indirect mechanisms, in which the liver is one of the most frequently affected organs. It has been reported that 15-65% of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients experience liver dysfunction, mainly manifested as mild to moderate elevation of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Severe patients may progress to liver failure, develop hepatic encephalopathy, or have poor coagulation function. The mechanisms underlying this type of liver injury are complex. Pathways-including direct viral infection (via ACE2 receptors), immune-mediated responses (e.g., cytokine storm), ischemic/hypoxic liver damage, thrombosis, oxidative stress, neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis), and the gut-liver axis-remain largely speculative and lack robust clinical causal evidence. In contrast, drug-induced liver injury (DILI) has been established as a well-defined causative factor using the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM). Treatment should simultaneously consider antiviral therapy and liver protection therapy. This article systematically reviewed the mechanism, clinical diagnosis, treatment, and management strategies of COVID-19-related liver injury and discussed the limitations of current research and the future directions, hoping to provide help for the diagnosis and treatment of such patients.},
}

@article {pmid41155962,
year = {2025},
author = {Szebeni, J},
title = {Unique Features and Collateral Immune Effects of mRNA-LNP COVID-19 Vaccines: Plausible Mechanisms of Adverse Events and Complications.},
journal = {Pharmaceutics},
volume = {17},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/pharmaceutics17101327},
pmid = {41155962},
issn = {1999-4923},
abstract = {A reassessment of the risk-benefit balance of the two lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-based vaccines, Pfizer's Comirnaty and Moderna's Spikevax, is currently underway. While the FDA has approved updated products, their administration is recommended only for individuals aged 65 years or older and for those aged 6 months or older who have at least one underlying medical condition associated with an increased risk of severe COVID-19. Among other factors, this change in guidelines reflect an expanded spectrum and increased incidence of adverse events (AEs) and complications relative to other vaccines. Although severe AEs are relatively rare (occurring in <0.5%) in vaccinated individuals, the sheer scale of global vaccination has resulted in millions of vaccine injuries, rendering post-vaccination syndrome (PVS) both clinically significant and scientifically intriguing. Nevertheless, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of these AEs are poorly understood. To better understand the phenomenon and to identify research needs, this review aims to highlight some theoretically plausible connections between the manifestations of PVS and some unique structural properties of mRNA-LNPs. The latter include (i) ribosomal synthesis of the antigenic spike protein (SP) without natural control over mRNA translation, diversifying antigen processing and presentation; (ii) stabilization of the mRNA by multiple chemical modification, abnormally increasing translation efficiency and frameshift mutation risk; (iii) encoding for SP, a protein with multiple toxic effects; (iv) promotion of innate immune activation and mRNA transfection in off-target tissues by the LNP, leading to systemic inflammation with autoimmune phenomena; (v) short post-reconstitution stability of vaccine nanoparticles contributing to whole-body distribution and mRNA transfection; (vi) immune reactivity and immunogenicity of PEG on the LNP surface increasing the risk of complement activation with LNP disintegration and anaphylaxis; (vii) GC enrichment and double proline modifications stabilize SP mRNA and prefusion SP, respectively; and (viii) contaminations with plasmid DNA and other organic and inorganic elements entailing toxicity with cancer risk. The collateral immune anomalies considered are innate immune activation, T-cell- and antibody-mediated cytotoxicities, dissemination of pseudo virus-like hybrid exosomes, somatic hypermutation, insertion mutagenesis, frameshift mutation, and reverse transcription. Lessons from mRNA-LNP vaccine-associated AEs may guide strategies for the prediction, prevention, and treatment of AEs, while informing the design of safer next-generation mRNA vaccines and therapeutics.},
}

@article {pmid41155751,
year = {2025},
author = {Bhatia, L and Al Rekabi, S and Janovskienė, A and Stonkutė, I and Razukevičius, D and Stučinskaitė-Maračinskienė, J},
title = {Systematic Review of Post-Viral Delayed Inflammation Associated with Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Fillers.},
journal = {Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)},
volume = {61},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/medicina61101764},
pmid = {41155751},
issn = {1648-9144},
support = {//Lithuanian University of Health Sciences funding will be granted after acceptation of manuscript/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Dermal Fillers/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; *Hyaluronic Acid/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; *Inflammation/etiology ; *Virus Diseases/complications ; Female ; Adult ; },
abstract = {Background: Hyaluronic acid (HA) dermal fillers are among the most widely used injectable materials in esthetic medicine. They are generally safe, but delayed inflammatory reactions (DIRs) have been observed, particularly after viral infections or vaccinations. Such events have raised questions about the role of immune activation in filler-related complications. Objective: This review examined the available literature on DIRs to HA fillers that occurred in the context of viral illness or immunization, with attention to how these reactions present and how they are managed. Methods: A systematic search was carried out in PubMed, ScienceDirect, ClinicalKey, and Google Scholar between October and November 2024. Only human case reports and case series were included. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251030918), and study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results: Six publications met inclusion criteria: four case series and two case reports, describing 25 women between 22 and 65 years of age. Patients developed swelling, erythema, angioedema, or, in severe cases, marked facial edema after HA filler injections, with symptom onset ranging from several hours to several weeks following viral exposure. Corticosteroids and hyaluronidase were the most common treatments, though milder cases sometimes resolved without intervention. Study quality varied, with some reports providing limited detail on patient characteristics and follow-up. Conclusions: DIRs associated with viral infections or vaccinations remain uncommon but clinically relevant complications of HA filler use. Limited case-based evidence indicates potential effectiveness of corticosteroids and hyaluronidase, though management practices remain inconsistent. Larger prospective studies are needed to clarify underlying mechanisms and to establish standardized guidelines for treatment.},
}

Humans
*Dermal Fillers/adverse effects/therapeutic use
*Hyaluronic Acid/adverse effects/therapeutic use
*Inflammation/etiology
*Virus Diseases/complications
Female
Adult

@article {pmid41155695,
year = {2025},
author = {Periferakis, AT and Adalis, GM and Periferakis, A and Troumpata, L and Periferakis, K and Dragosloveanu, CDM and Caruntu, A and Savulescu-Fiedler, I and Dragosloveanu, S and Scheau, AE and Badarau, IA and Scheau, C and Caruntu, C},
title = {The Multifaceted Antimicrobial Profile of Piperine in Infectious Disease Management: Current Perspectives and Potential.},
journal = {Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {18},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ph18101581},
pmid = {41155695},
issn = {1424-8247},
support = {Publish not Perish institutional programme//The "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, Romania/ ; },
abstract = {Piperine is an alkaloid found in plants of the genus Piper, and particularly in P. nigrum. This compound has been under extensive research lately for its antimicrobial, antiviral, and also anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anticancer, and positive metabolic properties. Regarding its antibacterial applications, current data show that piperine is effective against Bacillus sphaericus, Bacterioides fragilis, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio cholerae; its antifungal potency is exerted against Candida albicans and members of the Aspergillus family; antiviral activity has been documented against MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV2, EBOV, DENV, HCV, ZKV, and HPIV; and antiparasitic activity against Leishmania spp., Plasmodium spp., Trichomonas vaginalis, and Trypanosoma spp. While such applications are promising, more research is required to elucidate the mechanisms of action and to discover new ways of administration.},
}

@article {pmid41155649,
year = {2025},
author = {Zouganeli, C and Toubanaki, DK and Karaoulani, O and Vrioni, G and Karagouni, E and Efstathiou, A},
title = {Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Europe: A Meta-Analysis of Epidemiological Trends.},
journal = {Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {18},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ph18101535},
pmid = {41155649},
issn = {1424-8247},
abstract = {Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly intensified global concerns surrounding antimicrobial resistance (AMR), particularly in relation to tuberculosis (TB). In the European Union (EU), the reallocation of healthcare resources towards managing COVID-19 led to a de-prioritization of TB surveillance and control. This shift contributed to delays in TB diagnosis and treatment, creating conditions favorable for the emergence and spread of drug-resistant TB strains. This meta-analysis aims to assess epidemiological trends of drug-resistant TB across EU countries before, during, and after the pandemic and quantify the impact of COVID-19 on Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance patterns. Methods: Data were obtained from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) covering 2015 to 2022. Following the TB incidence, the multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) and rifampicin-resistant/MDR-TB (RR/MDR-TB) cases, as well as treatment success rates over 12- and 24-month periods, were analyzed. The analysis included 31 EU countries across three-time frames: pre-pandemic (2015-2019), pandemic onset (2020), and post-pandemic transition (2020-2022). Results: The pandemic was associated with a decrease in reported TB cases but a simultaneous increase in the proportion of MDR and RR/MDR cases. Treatment success rates showed a modest rise for 24-month regimens, while outcomes declined for 12-month therapies. Conclusions: These findings underscore the pandemic's disruptive impact on TB control and highlight the need for renewed investment in diagnostic capacity, treatment access, and antimicrobial stewardship, in order to reduce antimicrobial resistance occurrence. Continued monitoring beyond 2022 is essential to fully understand long-term effects and inform future public health strategies.},
}

@article {pmid41155576,
year = {2025},
author = {Siewiorek, K and Jasiński, M and Izdebski, B and Przybylski, M and Kobylecka, M and Mączewska, J and Jamroziak, K and Drozd-Sokołowska, J},
title = {Challenges in the Treatment of HIV-Related Lymphomas Complicated by COVID-19: Case Study and Review of the Literature.},
journal = {Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {18},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ph18101461},
pmid = {41155576},
issn = {1424-8247},
abstract = {Lymphomas remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among patients living with HIV. Although the introduction of antiretroviral therapy has led to a reduction in the incidence of AIDS-related lymphomas (ARL) and an overall improvement in prognosis, these malignancies continue to pose a considerable clinical challenge. Beyond the inherent complexity of lymphoma treatment itself, the management of comorbidities, particularly infections, represents a therapeutic obstacle. Here, we review the published evidence on ARL complicated by COVID-19. Despite the fact that nearly 800 million confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection have been reported so far, only five cases of ARL and COVID-19 have been published, among whom most patients experienced a mild course of SARS-CoV-2 infection, with only one case progressing to severe COVID-19 that required oxygen therapy and prolonged hospitalization. Additionally, we present another case of a 49-year-old male patient with newly diagnosed ARL, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified, complicated by prolonged SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although initially asymptomatic, the patient subsequently experienced transient respiratory failure. Despite administration of molnupiravir, both SARS-CoV-2 antigen and RT-qPCR tests remained positive for a minimum of 113 days. The prolonged SARS-CoV-2 infection, in conjunction with other opportunistic infections, impeded the delivery of adequate chemotherapy dose intensity and contributed to disease progression and ultimately the patient's death. This case and review of the literature underscores the diversity of the clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with ARL and highlights the associated challenges in delivering optimal anti-lymphoma therapy in those patients.},
}

@article {pmid41155541,
year = {2025},
author = {Perez, DM},
title = {α1A-Adrenergic Receptor as a Target for Neurocognition: Cautionary Tale from Nicergoline and Quinazoline Non-Selective Blockers.},
journal = {Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {18},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ph18101425},
pmid = {41155541},
issn = {1424-8247},
support = {RO1AG066627/GF/NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Decades ago, previous studies that used non-selective ergot derivatives suggested that blockage of the α1A-adrenergic receptor mildly increased cognition through increased blood flow to the brain due to vasodilation and, thus, could be used as a treatment for dementia. However, further studies indicated that nicergoline was non-specific and hit many different targets. Today, a similar scenario is developing with the use of non-selective α1-AR antagonists of the quinazoline class, referred to as "osins", as potential treatments for COVID-19/SARS, post-traumatic stress disorder, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. While there is extensive evidence of neuroprotection from many clinical trials, the mechanism of action of quinazolines is often not α1-AR-mediated but keyed to its glycolysis-enhancing effects through activation of the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1). These studies have incorrectly labeled the α1A-adrenergic receptor as an "old target" to treat Alzheimer's and other neurocognitive diseases, hampering drug development. This review will summarize these and other studies to indicate that activation, not blockage, of norepinephrine's actions, through α1A-AR, mediates cognitive, memory, and neuroprotective functions that may reverse the progression of neurocognitive diseases.},
}

@article {pmid41155520,
year = {2025},
author = {Ribić, R},
title = {Mannose Derivatives as Anti-Infective Agents.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {26},
number = {20},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms262010230},
pmid = {41155520},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {UNIN-BIOMED-25-1-2//University North/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; *Mannose/pharmacology/chemistry/analogs & derivatives ; Animals ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/chemistry ; Glycoconjugates/chemistry/pharmacology ; Biofilms/drug effects ; },
abstract = {Mannose is a natural monosaccharide that plays a central role in host-pathogen interactions and has emerged as a versatile scaffold for designing anti-infective agents. This review summarizes recent advances in mannose-based glycoconjugates with antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and antiparasitic activity. In bacteria, FimH antagonists prevent Escherichia coli adhesion, while mannose-functionalized materials disrupt Pseudomonas and Burkholderia biofilms or enhance delivery of anti-tubercular drugs. In virology, mannose-containing dendrimers, glycopolymers, and nanoparticles inhibit HIV, SARS-CoV-2, Ebola, HPV, and HSV by targeting viral glycoproteins or blocking lectin-mediated transmission. Mannose-decorated vaccines and nanocarriers also show promise against fungal pathogens and parasites. Continued optimization of presented structures could lead to the promising candidates for clinically applicable therapies.},
}

Humans
*Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology/chemistry
*Mannose/pharmacology/chemistry/analogs & derivatives
Animals
Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/chemistry
Glycoconjugates/chemistry/pharmacology
Biofilms/drug effects

@article {pmid41155411,
year = {2025},
author = {Caliman-Sturdza, OA and Hamamah, S and Iatcu, OC and Lobiuc, A and Bosancu, A and Covasa, M},
title = {Microbiome and Long COVID-19: Current Evidence and Insights.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {26},
number = {20},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms262010120},
pmid = {41155411},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {760073/23.05.2023, code 285/30.11.2022, within Pillar III, Component C9, Investment 8.//Romania's National Recovery and Resilience Plan/ ; 760073/23.05.2023, code 285/30.11.2022, within Pillar III, Component C9, Investment 8.//Romania's National Recovery and Resilience Plan/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/microbiology/complications ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Dysbiosis/microbiology ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Probiotics/therapeutic use ; *Microbiota ; },
abstract = {Long COVID, also referred to as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), is characterized by persistent multi-systemic symptoms such as fatigue, cognitive impairment, and respiratory dysfunction. Accumulating evidence indicates that gut and oral microbiota play an important role in its pathogenesis. Patients with long COVID consistently exhibit reduced microbial diversity, depletion of beneficial short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing species such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Bifidobacterium spp. and enrichment of proinflammatory taxa including Ruminococcus gnavus, Bacteroides vulgatus, and Veillonella. These alterations may disrupt intestinal barrier integrity, sustain low-grade systemic inflammation, and influence host immune and neuroendocrine pathways through the gut-brain and gut-lung axes. Distinct microbial signatures have also been associated with symptom clusters, including neuropsychiatric, respiratory, and gastrointestinal manifestations. Proposed mechanisms linking dysbiosis to long COVID include impaired SCFA metabolism, tryptophan depletion, microbial translocation, and interactions with host immune and inflammatory responses, including autoantibody formation and viral antigen persistence. Preliminary interventional studies using probiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation suggest that microbiome-targeted therapies may alleviate symptoms, although evidence remains limited and heterogeneous. This review synthesizes current literature on the role of gut and oral microbiota in long COVID, highlights emerging microbial biomarkers, and discusses therapeutic implications. While causality remains to be firmly established, restoring microbial balance represents a promising avenue for diagnosis, prevention, and management of long COVID.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/microbiology/complications
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
SARS-CoV-2
Dysbiosis/microbiology
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Probiotics/therapeutic use
*Microbiota

@article {pmid41155179,
year = {2025},
author = {Refrigeri, M and Tola, A and Mogavero, R and Pietracupa, MM and Gionta, G and Scatena, R},
title = {Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Impairment by SARS-CoV-2 Proteins: A Nexus of Pathogenesis with Significant Biochemical and Clinical Implications.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {26},
number = {20},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms26209885},
pmid = {41155179},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {Humans ; *Mitochondria/metabolism/virology/pathology ; *COVID-19/metabolism/virology/pathology ; *SARS-CoV-2/metabolism/pathogenicity ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Immunity, Innate ; },
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) closely interacts with host cellular mechanisms, with mitochondria playing a crucial role in this process. As essential organelles that control cellular energy production, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, and innate immune responses, mitochondria are vital to the development of COVID-19. However, the exact molecular interactions between mitochondria and SARS-CoV-2 remain under active investigation. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of mitochondrial involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infection is therefore essential for uncovering complex disease mechanisms, identifying prognostic biomarkers, and developing effective treatments. Ultimately, exploring these virus-host interactions may provide new insights into the fundamental and complex aspects of mitochondrial physiology and pathophysiology.},
}

Humans
*Mitochondria/metabolism/virology/pathology
*COVID-19/metabolism/virology/pathology
*SARS-CoV-2/metabolism/pathogenicity
Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
Host-Pathogen Interactions
Immunity, Innate

@article {pmid41154994,
year = {2025},
author = {Crespo, NC and Shifflett, S and Kosta, K and Fornasier, JM and Dionicio, P and Hyde, ET and Godino, JG and Ramers, CB and Elder, JP and McDaniels-Davidson, C},
title = {Evidence of Face Masks and Masking Policies for the Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and COVID-19 in Real-World Settings: A Systematic Literature Review.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {22},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijerph22101590},
pmid = {41154994},
issn = {1660-4601},
support = {N/A//The Conrad Prebys Foundation/ ; S21 MD010690/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {*Masks ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/transmission/epidemiology ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Objectives: Prevention of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the disease COVID-19 is a public health priority. The efficacy of non-pharmaceutical interventions such as wearing face masks to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection has been well established in controlled settings. However, evidence for the effectiveness of face masks in preventing SARS-CoV-2 transmission within real-world settings is limited and mixed. The present systematic review evaluated the effectiveness of face mask policies and mask wearing to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission and COVID-19 in real-world settings. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, scientific databases, and gray literature, were searched through June 2023. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) studies/reports written in or translated to English; (2) prospectively assessed incidence of SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19; (3) assessed the behavior and/or policy of mask-wearing; and (4) conducted in community/public settings (i.e., not laboratory). Studies were excluded if they did not parse out data specific to the effect of mask wearing (behavior and/or policy) and subsequent SARS-CoV-2 transmission or COVID-19 disease or if they relied solely on statistical models to estimate the effects of mask wearing on transmission. A total of 2616 studies were initially identified, and 470 met inclusion and exclusion criteria for full-text review. The vote counting method was used to evaluate effectiveness, and risk of bias was assessed using JBI critical appraisal tools. Results: A total of 79 unique studies met the final inclusion criteria, and their data were abstracted and evaluated. Study settings included community/neighborhood settings (n = 34, 43%), healthcare settings (n = 30, 38%), and school/universities (n = 15, 19%). A majority of studies (n = 61, 77%) provided evidence to support the effectiveness of wearing face masks and/or face mask policies to reduce the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and/or prevention of COVID-19. Effectiveness of mask wearing did not vary substantially by study design (67-100%), type of mask (77-100%), or setting (80-91%), while 85% of masking policies specifically reported a benefit. Conclusions: This systematic literature review supports public health recommendations and policies that encourage the public to wear face masks to reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 in multiple real-world settings. Effective communication strategies are needed to encourage and support the use of face masks by the general public, particularly during peak infection cycles.},
}

*Masks
*COVID-19/prevention & control/transmission/epidemiology
Humans
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid41154978,
year = {2025},
author = {Shek, DTL},
title = {Mental Health of Young People in the Post-Pandemic Era: Perspective Based on Positive Psychology and Resilience.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {22},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijerph22101574},
pmid = {41154978},
issn = {1660-4601},
support = {ZZUE and W02W//Hong Kong Polytechnic University (ZZUE and W02W)/ ; ZH4Q//Matching Fund of the Research Grants Council (ZH4Q)/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology ; *Mental Health ; Adolescent ; *Resilience, Psychological ; *Psychology, Positive ; Young Adult ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {With the gradual decline in COVID-19 cases, there is a need to re-visit the mental health of adolescents and emerging adults in the post-pandemic period. Several observations can be highlighted from the scientific literature. First, while some studies suggest that mental health of young people has worsened in the post-pandemic period, there are inconsistent and conflicting findings. Second, there are more studies on psychological morbidity than on positive psychological attributes. Third, compared with the West, there are relatively fewer Chinese studies. Fourth, compared with adolescents, there are relatively fewer studies on emerging adults. Based on these observations of the existing literature, I have detailed several reflections on the mental health of young people, including enhancing positive psychological attributes in young people through positive youth development (PYD) programs, building up the individual resilience of young people, strengthening family resilience, adopting multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches in understanding the mental health of young people, building more well-articulated theoretical models, charting future research directions, and developing intervention strategies in the post-pandemic period.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/psychology/epidemiology
*Mental Health
Adolescent
*Resilience, Psychological
*Psychology, Positive
Young Adult
Pandemics
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid41154696,
year = {2025},
author = {Cañedo-Figueroa, DM and Calderón-Sandate, DN and Hernández-Castillo, J and Huerta-Garza, MJ and Hernández-Rodríguez, X and Velázquez-Cervantes, MA and Barrera-Aveleida, GB and Trujillo-Paez, JV and Lira-Hernández, FI and Marquez-Reyna, BA and León-Juárez, M and García-Herrera, AC and Osuna-Ramos, JF and De Jesús-González, LA},
title = {Natural Compounds with Antiviral Activity Against Clinically Relevant RNA Viruses: Advances of the Last Decade.},
journal = {Biomolecules},
volume = {15},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/biom15101467},
pmid = {41154696},
issn = {2218-273X},
support = {CBF-2025-I-1331//SECIHTI/ ; R-2024-785-073//Fundación IMSS/ ; },
mesh = {*Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use ; Humans ; *Biological Products/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use ; *RNA Viruses/drug effects ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; Animals ; },
abstract = {RNA viruses remain a significant public health concern due to their rapid evolution, genetic variability, and capacity to trigger recurrent epidemics and pandemics. Over the last decade, natural products have gained attention as a valuable source of antiviral candidates, offering structural diversity, accessibility, and favorable safety profiles. This review highlights key replication mechanisms of RNA viruses and their associated therapeutic targets, including RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, viral proteases, and structural proteins mediating entry and maturation. We summarize recent advances in the identification of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, lectins, and polysaccharides that exhibit inhibitory activity against clinically relevant pathogens, including the Influenza A virus (IAV), human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV), dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Special emphasis is placed on the integration of in silico screening, in vitro validation, and nanotechnology-based delivery systems that address challenges of stability, bioavailability, and specificity. Furthermore, the growing role of artificial intelligence, drug repurposing strategies, and curated antiviral databases is discussed as a means to accelerate therapeutic discovery. Despite persistent limitations in clinical translation and standardization, natural products represent a promising and sustainable platform for the development of next-generation antivirals against RNA viruses.},
}

*Antiviral Agents/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use
Humans
*Biological Products/pharmacology/chemistry/therapeutic use
*RNA Viruses/drug effects
SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
Animals

@article {pmid41154502,
year = {2025},
author = {Owegie, OC and Kennedy, QP and Davizon-Castillo, P and Yang, M},
title = {Thiol Isomerases: Enzymatic Mechanisms, Models of Oxidation, and Antagonism by Galloylated Polyphenols.},
journal = {Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/antiox14101193},
pmid = {41154502},
issn = {2076-3921},
support = {5R00HL164888-04/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; 1R00HL177831-01/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Thiol isomerases are a family of enzymes that participate in oxidative protein folding. They contain highly reactive vicinal thiols in a CXXC motif within their catalytic domains to mediate thiol-disulfide switching as part of their reductase, oxidase, and isomerase activity. In addition, they participate in chaperone function by binding to partially folded or misfolded proteins and preventing aggregation, thereby facilitating correct protein folding. The CXXC motif is conducive to oxidative influence based on the sulfur nucleophilicity. Redox modification of the CXXC motif may influence the enzymatic function. In this review we briefly discuss the family of thiol isomerases as it relates to thrombotic disorders. We then discuss the chemical mechanisms of making and breaking disulfides by the enzymes. Enzymatic and chemical models of oxidizing the CXXC motif are proposed. Lastly, we highlight evidence that natural galloylated polyphenols can inhibit both the coronavirus main protease Mpro and thiol isomerases, supporting a therapeutic strategy for COVID-19-associated coagulopathy and thrombosis by targeting the CXXC motif with these anti-oxidative compounds.},
}

@article {pmid41154301,
year = {2025},
author = {Cianciulli, A and Santoro, E and Manente, R and Pacifico, A and Quagliarella, S and Bruno, N and Schettino, V and Boccia, G},
title = {Artificial Intelligence and Digital Technologies Against Health Misinformation: A Scoping Review of Public Health Responses.},
journal = {Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {20},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/healthcare13202623},
pmid = {41154301},
issn = {2227-9032},
abstract = {Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted how infodemics-an excessive amount of both accurate and misleading information-undermine health responses. Artificial intelligence (AI) and digital tools have been increasingly applied to monitor, detect, and counter health misinformation online. This scoping review aims to systematically map digital and AI-based interventions, describing their applications, outcomes, ethical and equity implications, and policy frameworks. Methods: This review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and was reported according to PRISMA-ScR. The protocol was preregistered on the Open Science Framework . Searches were conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and CINAHL (January 2017-March 2025). Two reviewers independently screened titles/abstracts and full texts; disagreements were resolved by a third reviewer. Data extraction included study characteristics, populations, technologies, outcomes, thematic areas, and domains. Quantitative synthesis used descriptive statistics with 95% confidence intervals. Results: A total of 63 studies were included, most published between 2020 and 2024. The majority originated from the Americas (41.3%), followed by Europe (15.9%), the Western Pacific (9.5%), and other regions; 22.2% had a global scope. The most frequent thematic areas were monitoring/surveillance (54.0%) and health communication (42.9%), followed by education/training, AI/ML model development, and digital engagement tools. The domains most often addressed were applications (63.5%), responsiveness, policies/strategies, ethical concerns, and equity/accessibility. Conclusions: AI and digital tools provide significant contributions in detecting misinformation, strengthening surveillance, and promoting health literacy. However, evidence remains heterogeneous, with geographic imbalances, reliance on proxy outcomes, and limited focus on vulnerable groups. Scaling these interventions requires transparent governance, multilingual datasets, ethical safeguards, and integration into public health infrastructures.},
}

@article {pmid41153733,
year = {2025},
author = {Izhari, MA and Alghamdi, F and Alodeani, EA and Salem, AA and Almontasheri, AHA and Dardari, DMM and Hadadi, MAA and Gosady, ARA and Alghamdi, WA and Alzahrani, BA and Alzahrani, BMA},
title = {Evolutionary Insight into Fatal Human Coronaviruses (hCoVs) with a Focus on Circulating SARS-CoV-2 Variants Under Monitoring (VUMs).},
journal = {Biomedicines},
volume = {13},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/biomedicines13102450},
pmid = {41153733},
issn = {2227-9059},
abstract = {The breach of an interspecies barrier by RNA viruses has facilitated the emergence of lethal hCoVs, particularly SARS-CoV-2, resulting in significant socioeconomic setbacks and public health risks globally in recent years. Moreover, the high evolutionary plasticity of hCoVs has led to the continuous emergence of diverse variants, complicating clinical management and public health responses. Studying the evolutionary trajectory of hCoVs, which provides a molecular roadmap for understanding viruses' adaptation, tissue tropism, spread, virulence, and immune evasion, is crucial for addressing the challenges of zoonotic spillover of viruses. Tracing the evolutionary trajectory of lethal hCoVs provides essential genomic insights required for risk stratification, variant/sub-variant classification, preparedness for outbreaks and pandemics, and the identification of critical viral elements for vaccine and therapeutic development. Therefore, this review examines the evolutionary landscape of the three known lethal hCoVs, presenting a focused narrative on SARS-CoV-2 variants under monitoring (VUMs) as of May 2025. Using advanced bioinformatics approaches and data visualization, the review highlights key spike protein substitutions, particularly within the receptor-binding domain (RBD), which drive transmissibility, immune escape, and potential resistance to therapeutics. The article highlights the importance of real-time genomic surveillance and intervention strategies in mitigating emerging variant/sub-variant risks within the ongoing COVID-19 landscape.},
}

@article {pmid41153116,
year = {2025},
author = {Yu, L and Chen, Z and Huang, X and Tao, X and Lv, Y},
title = {The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Mobile Phone Addiction in College Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/bs15101325},
pmid = {41153116},
issn = {2076-328X},
support = {24YJC890065//Humanities and Social Science Fund of Ministry of Education of China/ ; },
abstract = {This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between physical activity (PA) and mobile phone addiction (MPA) in college students. Five databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane) were searched up to 20 January 2025. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to calculate combined Pearson correlation coefficients (r) with 95% confidence intervals. A total of 29 studies were included in the analysis. A significant negative correlation was found between PA and MPA (r = -0.349; p < 0.001). Subgroup analyses revealed a larger effect size in alleviating MPA after the COVID-19 pandemic (r = -0.340; p = 0.008). Additionally, PA demonstrated a large effect size in improving sleep quality (r = -0.365; p < 0.001) and reducing depression and anxiety (r = -0.356; p = 0.024). The effect of PA on self-control was moderate (r = -0.267; p < 0.001), as was its effect on procrastination (r = -0.330; p = 0.016). In contrast, the effect of PA on academic burnout was small (r = -0.141; p < 0.001). In conclusion, increasing PA may reduce MPA by alleviating depression and anxiety and enhancing self-control. PA's benefits for MPA extend to improving sleep quality and reducing academic burnout and procrastination.},
}

@article {pmid41153104,
year = {2025},
author = {Meng, J and Suárez, L and Yip, CCE and Marsh, NV},
title = {White-Collar Workers in the Post-Pandemic Era: A Review of Risk and Protective Factors for Mental Well-Being.},
journal = {Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/bs15101313},
pmid = {41153104},
issn = {2076-328X},
abstract = {This narrative literature review aims to explore the risk and protective factors influencing the mental well-being of white-collar workers in the post-pandemic era. It investigates how factors vary across different phases, including pre-pandemic traditional work models, work-from-home or hybrid models during the pandemic, and the recovery phase of returning to the office in the post-pandemic era. This review highlights the diverse nature of related factors, examining constructs including stress, depression, burnout, thriving, work engagement, workaholism, motivation, workplace civility, and resilience. The Job Demands-Resources model, a recognized theoretical tool for analyzing and understanding the interactions between psychological constructs and their effects on employee well-being and turnover intention, is proposed as a useful framework to consider the relationships between the factors. By synthesizing existing research findings, this review contributes to our understanding of the complex interplay between work-related factors and employee well-being in the evolving landscape of the post-pandemic world. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for developing effective strategies to support white-collar workers' mental well-being and productivity in the post-pandemic era.},
}

@article {pmid41152952,
year = {2025},
author = {Iezadi, S and Kolivand, P and Namdar, P and Saberian, P and Gholipour, K and Azari, S},
title = {Racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique},
volume = {83},
number = {1},
pages = {261},
pmid = {41152952},
issn = {0778-7367},
support = {IR.RCREC.1403.056//Research Center for Emergency and Disaster Resilience, Red Crescent Society of the Islamic Republic of Iran/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: This study aimed to systematically review and synthesize the evidence on the relationship between race/ethnicity and COVID-19 vaccine uptake in the general population.

METHODS: A comprehensive search of relevant electronic databases was conducted in May 2024 and updated in December 2024. Original research studies comparing COVID-19 vaccine uptake or vaccination rates in racial and ethnic minority populations with those of non-Hispanic White populations were eligible for inclusion. A descriptive synthesis of findings was presented in both narrative and tabular formats. Bayesian random-effects meta-analysis was performed to estimate pooled adjusted relative risk ratios (RRs) and their 95% credible intervals (CrIs) for COVID-19 vaccine uptake across racial and ethnic groups. Posterior distributions were also examined to explore patterns of disparities.

RESULTS: A total of 30 studies (21 cross-sectional and 9 cohort) were included in the systematic review, of which 10 studies were eligible for meta-analysis. Most studies were conducted in the United States and the United Kingdom. The majority of the studies reported that racial and ethnic minority groups, including Black, Hispanic, and Other/Mixed racial groups, had lower COVID-19 vaccination rates compared to White populations. Meta-analysis results showed that Black individuals were 13% less likely to be vaccinated (RR: 0.87, 95% CrI: 0.81-0.93), and those of Mixed race were 7% less likely (RR: 0.93, 95% CrI: 0.90-0.97), compared to White individuals. For single-dose uptake, Black individuals were 16% less likely to be vaccinated than White individuals (RR: 0.84, 95% CrI: 0.76-0.92), representing the lowest pooled RR among all groups. Posterior distributions confirmed consistent disparities in vaccine uptake for Black and Mixed race populations across dose categories.

CONCLUSION: Most of the studies reported that racial and ethnic minority groups had lower rates of COVID-19 vaccination compared to White populations. Bayesian effect estimates reinforced these disparities for Black and Mixed race minority groups. While no significant differences were found for Asian, Hispanic, and Other race groups, wide credible intervals in some subgroups suggest the need for further research to explore potential contextual and regional variations not captured in the studies.},
}

@article {pmid41152945,
year = {2025},
author = {Ojukwu, E and Pashaei, A and Maia, JC and Omobhude, OF and Tawfik, A and Nguyen, Y},
title = {Evaluating the impact of COVID-19 on the HIV care continuum across global income levels: a mixed-methods systematic review.},
journal = {AIDS research and therapy},
volume = {22},
number = {1},
pages = {115},
pmid = {41152945},
issn = {1742-6405},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *HIV Infections/drug therapy/diagnosis/prevention & control/epidemiology/therapy ; *Continuity of Patient Care ; Income ; Global Health ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use ; Delivery of Health Care ; Health Services Accessibility ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant disruptions to global healthcare systems, including essential services along the HIV care continuum (HCC). While several studies have examined these impacts in specific countries or populations, limited evidence exists on cross-country differences in service disruptions, barriers, and facilitators stratified by national income levels.

METHODS: We conducted a mixed-methods systematic review following the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and PRISMA 2020 guidelines. We searched CINAHL, MEDLINE, Embase, and CAB Direct for quantitative and qualitative studies published between March 2020 and January 2024. Eligible studies assessed the pandemic's impact on one or more stages of the HIV care continuum, including prevention, testing, linkage to care, treatment engagement, antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence, and viral suppression. Data were extracted, appraised, and synthesized using a convergent integrated approach across low-, middle-, and high-income countries as defined by the World Bank.

RESULTS: A total of 200 studies were included. The most frequently disrupted services were HIV testing, prevention (including pre-exposure prophylaxis [PrEP] use), and medical appointments, particularly in high- and middle-income countries. ART adherence and viral suppression showed greater resilience across all settings. Structural barriers, such as lockdowns, healthcare repurposing, and transportation limitations, were widespread, while digital exclusion, stigma, and socioeconomic inequities disproportionately affected marginalized populations. Key facilitators included telemedicine, multi-month dispensing of ART and PrEP, community-based service delivery, and national-level adaptations. The extent of disruption and success of mitigation strategies varied by income level, reflecting differences in health system preparedness and flexibility.

CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted HIV care globally, with variation across income levels and care continuum stages. Health system resilience, equity in access, and pre-existing adaptive infrastructure significantly shaped outcomes. Findings highlight the need to institutionalize flexible, decentralized, and equity-informed service models to strengthen routine HIV care and pandemic preparedness.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
*HIV Infections/drug therapy/diagnosis/prevention & control/epidemiology/therapy
*Continuity of Patient Care
Income
Global Health
SARS-CoV-2
Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use
Delivery of Health Care
Health Services Accessibility

@article {pmid41152193,
year = {2025},
author = {Sonmez, G and Gunduz, G and Esenboga, S and Cagdas, D},
title = {Lessons From COVID-19 on Inborn Errors of Immunity: A Five-Year Narrative Review.},
journal = {Scandinavian journal of immunology},
volume = {102},
number = {5},
pages = {e70064},
doi = {10.1111/sji.70064},
pmid = {41152193},
issn = {1365-3083},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/therapy ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology/physiology ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/immunology ; Immune Evasion ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/immunology ; },
abstract = {COVID-19 research now provides a coherent picture of the virus's immunological impacts, highlighting immune-evasion mechanisms, the particular vulnerabilities of patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEI), and evolving therapeutics for severe disease. SARS-CoV-2 exploits ACE2 for cell entry and can utilise CD147 to infect immune cells, undermining antiviral defences; recent work details cytokine storm biology, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and suppression of type I interferon responses. IEI patients are disproportionately affected, often with severe, prolonged courses and persistent PCR positivity. Therapeutic approaches such as convalescent plasma, anti-cytokine agents interferon alpha-2b, and plasma exchange show variable effectiveness, while vaccine performance is challenged by ongoing viral evolution. Together, these insights underscore the need for tailored treatment strategies for IEI populations, vigilant monitoring for immune-escape variants, and continuous adaptation of therapeutic and preventive measures. The aim of this review is to synthesise these findings, evaluate their implications for clinical management, and highlight future directions for research and patient care.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/immunology/therapy
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology/physiology
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/immunology
Immune Evasion
Cytokine Release Syndrome/immunology

@article {pmid40905952,
year = {2025},
author = {Call, MJ and Call, ME and Wu, X},
title = {Insights from deep mutational scanning in the context of an emerging pathogen.},
journal = {Biochemical Society transactions},
volume = {53},
number = {5},
pages = {1169-1179},
doi = {10.1042/BST20253033},
pmid = {40905952},
issn = {1470-8752},
mesh = {*SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; Humans ; *COVID-19/virology ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics/metabolism/chemistry ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism/genetics ; Mutation ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods ; },
abstract = {Deep mutational scanning (DMS), a high-throughput method leveraging next-generation sequencing, has been crucial in mapping the functional landscapes of key severe acquired respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) proteins. By systematically assessing thousands of amino acid changes, DMS provides a framework to understand Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding and immune evasion by the spike protein, mechanisms and drug escape potential of the main and papain-like viral proteases and has highlighted areas of concern in the nucleocapsid protein that may affect most currently available rapid antigen testing kits. Each application has required the design of bespoke assays in eukaryotic (yeast and mammalian) cell models, providing an exemplar for the application of this technique to future pandemics. This minireview examines how DMS has predicted key evolutionary changes in SARS-CoV-2 and affected our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 biology, specifically highlighting their relevance for therapeutics development.},
}

*SARS-CoV-2/genetics
Humans
*COVID-19/virology
Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics/metabolism/chemistry
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism/genetics
Mutation
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods

@article {pmid39410856,
year = {2025},
author = {Perelmuter, S and Shin, JH},
title = {Enhancing endometriosis care with telehealth: Opportunities and challenges.},
journal = {Journal of telemedicine and telecare},
volume = {31},
number = {10},
pages = {1413-1417},
doi = {10.1177/1357633X241287969},
pmid = {39410856},
issn = {1758-1109},
mesh = {Humans ; *Endometriosis/therapy/diagnosis/psychology ; Female ; *Telemedicine/organization & administration ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Quality of Life ; Health Services Accessibility ; Patient Care Team/organization & administration ; },
abstract = {Endometriosis affects a significant portion of women during their reproductive years, causing substantial pain and impacting their quality of life. Telehealth services have emerged as a promising avenue for enhancing endometriosis care, especially in the post-COVID-19 era. For endometriosis patients, who often require frequent appointments and specialized care, telehealth offers a convenient and accessible solution, particularly for addressing pain management and interdisciplinary concerns. Despite the challenges posed by the lack of physical examinations in telehealth, studies show that it can be a viable option for endometriosis care. Integrating telehealth with in-person visits for initial assessments can build trust and ensure comprehensive care delivery. Moreover, telehealth facilitates collaboration among multidisciplinary teams, including gynecologists, psychologists, and physiotherapists, to provide holistic treatment plans addressing physical, psychological, and interpersonal aspects of endometriosis. Here, we explore the potential benefits of telehealth in managing endometriosis, highlighting its role in providing comprehensive, multidisciplinary care while overcoming barriers like diagnostic delays and limited access to specialists. Further research and integration of telehealth into routine practice are warranted to maximize its benefits and address the complex challenges associated with endometriosis management.},
}

Humans
*Endometriosis/therapy/diagnosis/psychology
Female
*Telemedicine/organization & administration
COVID-19/epidemiology
Quality of Life
Health Services Accessibility
Patient Care Team/organization & administration

@article {pmid41151085,
year = {2025},
author = {González, L and Soriano, V},
title = {Human ecology: a bridge between medical ethics and the 2030 Agenda.},
journal = {AIDS reviews},
volume = {27},
number = {2},
pages = {55-62},
doi = {10.24875/AIDSRev.M25000085},
pmid = {41151085},
issn = {1698-6997},
mesh = {Humans ; COVID-19 ; *Ethics, Medical ; Pandemics ; *Ecology/ethics ; Sustainable Development ; SARS-CoV-2 ; United Nations ; *Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ; *Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Animals ; One Health ; },
abstract = {The United Nations (UN) 2030 agenda is a developing program that aligns all human activities with the goodness and fullness of our planet. Sustainable development goals are grouped into categories, including planet, people, and partnership. Whereas ecology refers to caring for all elements of creation, human ecology points out that man specifically is part of it. It is at this point that medical ethics intersects with ecology. The responsibility of humans for the environment, living beings (animals and plants), and other men is needed for driving all creation to flourishing. Disregarding any of these elements would compromise the whole fulfillment by creatures on Earth, given their close interrelationship. Human abuse, instrumentalization, or exploitation of creatures-including one's own human being-would ultimately destroy our planet. Rather than empowering us with no limits, we should view creation as a gift and we, humans, as caregivers. Given the transformative power of human actions, concerns and regulations are required. This is why medical ethics should guide biotechnological advances, and the cautionary principle should prevail in human research. In this regard, ecology should be understood as the ethics of care. In a pyramidal way, caring should begin with human beings, followed by animals and plants, and finally consider the habitat we live in. In medicine, promoting "one health" underscores the need to expand caring beyond our own species, attending to the consequences of our actions on the environment and other living beings on our planet. The recent experience with the COVID-19 pandemic highlights the risk of zoonoses and the need for confronting human diseases globally.},
}

Humans
COVID-19
*Ethics, Medical
Pandemics
*Ecology/ethics
Sustainable Development
SARS-CoV-2
United Nations
*Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology
*Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology
Animals
One Health

@article {pmid41150959,
year = {2025},
author = {Barrientos-Gutiérrez, T and Hernández-Rivas, L and López-Martínez, I and Gabastou, JM and Alomía-Zegarra, JL and Hernández-Ávila, JE and Palacio-Mejía, LS and Zaragoza, C and Cortés-Alcalá, R and Lanz-Mendoza, H and Garza-Ramos, U and López-Santiago, YF and Peralta-Benítez, A and Espinosa-Badillo, T and Alpuche-Aranda, CM},
title = {[Not Available].},
journal = {Salud publica de Mexico},
volume = {67},
number = {4, jul-ago},
pages = {369-380},
doi = {10.21149/16607},
pmid = {41150959},
issn = {1606-7916},
mesh = {Humans ; *Pandemics/prevention & control ; *Epidemiological Monitoring ; *Information Systems/organization & administration ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {Los sistemas de vigilancia epidemiológica y monitoreo, incluyendo la función de los laboratorios, son esenciales para detectar tempranamente una enfermedad emergente con potencial pandémico y responder adecuadamente ante una crisis sanitaria de interés nacional o internacional potencial o declarada. Por lo tanto, la fortaleza de la estructura y operación de estos sistemas requieren que funcionen con alto desempeño y calidad de manera rutinaria durante estabilidad sanitaria, nutriendo con información en tiempo y forma al sistema de salud para garantizar la orientación adecuada de los programas de prevención y control y, de esta manera, la detección oportuna y atención adecuada de una pandemia. Los planes de preparación y respuesta ante crisis de salud pública, como es el caso de enfermedades emergentes con potencial pandémico o ante pandemias declaradas, requieren sistemas de vigilancia, monitoreo e información con la suficiente flexibilidad para adaptarse y expandirse de acuerdo con las necesidades. Entre otros, se requiere vincular los modelos de vigilancia establecidos con nuevos modelos que permitan la caracterización y aportar detalles de la situación de emergencia de manera dinámica, ya que la información es necesaria para realizar el análisis de riesgo inicial y continuo que debe orientar las acciones de respuesta y recuperación. En este manuscrito se presenta la revisión, análisis y actualización de un ejercicio previo realizado en 2022, donde se delinearon las estrategias y acciones requeridas, así como los hitos esperables derivados de cada una de ellas.},
}

Humans
*Pandemics/prevention & control
*Epidemiological Monitoring
*Information Systems/organization & administration
COVID-19/epidemiology

@article {pmid41150446,
year = {2025},
author = {Wassilak, SGF and Mohamed, A and Bigouette, JP},
title = {Impediments to Progress Toward Polio Eradication During 2014-2024: Effectively Addressing the Current Challenges.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {13},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/vaccines13101060},
pmid = {41150446},
issn = {2076-393X},
abstract = {When the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) began in 1988, the year 2000 target was clearly ambitious. Nonetheless, among 20 countries with endemic wild poliovirus transmission in 2000, only Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan remained endemic in 2014; successful global eradication was anticipated within years. Transmission was interrupted in Nigeria after implementing innovative activities; unfortunately, transmission in Afghanistan and Pakistan has continued into 2025. An additional challenge has been controlling outbreaks and interrupting persistent transmission of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 detected after global withdrawal of the use of Sabin strain type 2 oral poliovirus vaccine. The impediments to progress since 2014 are detailed and the challenges that the GPEI must successfully mitigate are reviewed herein. Primary challenges since the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic include the loss of a sense of urgency and political will/national ownership in stopping poliovirus transmission, lower childhood routine immunization coverage and the decreased quality of outbreak response campaigns. These facets need to be strengthened. Ongoing security challenges require continued vigilance in affected areas of wild poliovirus-endemic countries as well as in countries with persistent transmission of vaccine-derived poliovirus. Eradication can be achieved if the multiple challenges mentioned are urgently and more effectively mitigated. Decreased funding for the GPEI in 2025 represents the primary, acute challenge that, if not urgently addressed, may allow for the reversal of all progress to date.},
}

@article {pmid41150445,
year = {2025},
author = {Mansilla, C and Kamlongera, A and Dadari, I},
title = {Gender Barriers to Immunization: A Synthesis of UNICEF's Analyses to Advance Equity and Coverage.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {13},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/vaccines13101059},
pmid = {41150445},
issn = {2076-393X},
support = {Not applicable//UNICEF/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Despite global efforts to improve childhood immunization rates, gender-related barriers continue to hinder equitable access to vaccines worldwide. This study synthesizes gender barrier analyses conducted in various countries to better understand these challenges. This evidence synthesis aims to (1) identify the main gender-related barriers affecting immunization focusing on zero-dose targets, HPV, and COVID-19 vaccination campaigns; and (2) summarize key recommendations and lessons that have emerged from countries to overcome those gender barriers.

METHODS: A documentary analysis was used by reviewing data from gender barrier analyses that were conducted by multiple governments with UNICEF support. The study classified barriers using the socio-ecological model (SEM), encompassing systemic, health service, community, household, and individual-level gender barriers. Descriptive statistics and inductive thematic coding were used to analyze data.

RESULTS: This synthesis includes 24 documents representing gender barrier analyses across 29 countries. Findings highlight multiple barriers, including systemic discrimination against women in public and healthcare spaces, limited political will to address gender disparities, and limited (sex)-disaggregated and gender data. At the community and household levels, social norms restrict women's autonomy in seeking immunization services, while household duties (culturally assigned to women) also restrict their access to immunization services. Adolescents face additional challenges, particularly regarding HPV vaccination, due to misconceptions and stigma from families and peers.

CONCLUSIONS: Addressing gender-related barriers requires a multi-level approach, integrating gender-responsive policies, and comprehensively addressing gender barriers that are hindering the progress of vaccination efforts. UNICEF's commitment to gender-responsive immunization strategies is critical for achieving the Immunization Agenda 2030 and ensuring equitable vaccine access for all.},
}

@article {pmid41150393,
year = {2025},
author = {Al Ghafri, T and Al Balushi, L and Al Balushi, Z and Al Kiyumi, L and Bait Ishaq, A and Al Harthi, J},
title = {The Experience of an Accelerated COVID-19 Immunization Campaign in Oman: A Review Within the WHO Health System Building Blocks Framework.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {13},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/vaccines13101002},
pmid = {41150393},
issn = {2076-393X},
abstract = {Oman launched its COVID-19 vaccination campaign in December 2020, navigating significant public health challenges with resilience and adaptability. The country faced global vaccine shortages, community hesitancy to receive the vaccine, and diverse sociocultural and infrastructural obstacles. Despite these issues, Oman scaled up its COVID-19 vaccination efforts, administering over 7 million doses, covering approximately 71% of the population by mid-2022. The campaign, which operated through more than 44 vaccination centers nationwide, exemplified rapid vaccine implementation, strategic prioritization, and a coordinated pandemic response. This study examined the field experience of Oman's accelerated COVID-19 mass vaccination campaign through the World Health Organization's Health System Building Blocks framework. The key domains addressed included (1) multi-sectoral collaboration underpinned by strong governance structures; (2) the role of primary healthcare facilities as essential first responders during health crises, and safe handling of vaccination procedures; (3) transparency and active community engagement, particularly through local leaders and social media, to address vaccine hesitancy; (4) the integration of digital health information systems to ensure unified and efficient data management; (5) building a resilient healthcare workforce by enhancing vaccination capacity and mental health support; and (6) the importance of financial alternatives. Additionally, the critical role of global and regional partnerships in vaccine production and distribution was highlighted. Drawing on Oman's experience, this descriptive review offers context-specific lessons for enhancing health system preparedness and guiding effective responses to public health emergencies.},
}

@article {pmid41150384,
year = {2025},
author = {Hazan, A and Lee, HY and Tiong, V and AbuBakar, S},
title = {Bacillus subtilis Spores as a Vaccine Delivery Platform: A Tool for Resilient Health Defense in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {13},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/vaccines13100995},
pmid = {41150384},
issn = {2076-393X},
support = {GA002-2021//Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation/ ; },
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic exposed the urgent need for innovative tools to strengthen pandemic preparedness and health defense, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). While vaccination has been the cornerstone of the defense strategy against many infectious agents, there is a critical gap in vaccine equity, ensuring it is accessible to all, especially among the most vulnerable populations. The conventional vaccine delivery platforms, through parenteral administration, face notable limitations, including reliance on trained personnel, sterile conditions, and cold chain logistics. The parenteral vaccines often fail to induce robust mucosal immunity, which is critical for preventing infections at mucosal surfaces, the primary entry point for many pathogens. Bacillus subtilis, a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium, has emerged as a promising platform for mucosal vaccine delivery owing to its Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status. Its robust spores are highly resilient to harsh environmental conditions, which may eliminate the need for cold chain storage and further facilitate distribution in LMICs. This review explores the potential of B. subtilis as a next-generation vaccine delivery platform, focusing on its unique characteristics, mechanisms of action, and applications in addressing global health challenges. This review also examines existing research demonstrating the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of B. subtilis spore-based vaccines while identifying limitations and future directions for optimization as a scalable and adaptable solution for resilient health defense, particularly in LMICs.},
}

@article {pmid41149852,
year = {2025},
author = {Nasiri, A and Alshammari, M and Alqahtani, R and Alshaer, O and Alsolamy, E and Alghethber, H and Alkharras, R},
title = {Next-Generation Anticoagulants: Precision Strategies for Patient-Centered Thromboprophylaxis.},
journal = {Journal of personalized medicine},
volume = {15},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/jpm15100490},
pmid = {41149852},
issn = {2075-4426},
abstract = {Thrombosis remains a leading preventable cause of global morbidity and mortality, with conditions like venous thromboembolism and atrial fibrillation affecting millions worldwide. Traditional anticoagulants (heparins, vitamin K antagonists) require careful monitoring due to narrow therapeutic windows. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) greatly improved convenience and reduced certain hemorrhagic complications (notably intracranial hemorrhage) compared to warfarin, but bleeding, drug-drug interactions, and unmet needs in special populations persist. This review highlights emerging strategies to decouple antithrombotic efficacy from bleeding risk. Novel agents targeting factor XI or XII (small molecules, antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides) have shown in early trials robust thromboembolism prevention with low bleeding. Advances in pharmacogenomics, biomarker-guided dosing, artificial intelligence risk prediction, and digital monitoring promise to personalize therapy. We discuss optimized approaches for high-risk subgroups (cancer-associated thrombosis, extremes of body weight, renal/hepatic dysfunction, pregnancy, perioperative care, and COVID-19) with citations to current evidence. Finally, we outline critical systems-level considerations, including drug accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and educational strategies, that are necessary to realize precision anticoagulation. Our synthesis is grounded in recent peer-reviewed literature and emphasizes innovations likely to improve safety and efficacy of thromboprophylaxis.},
}

@article {pmid41149312,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhou, Z and Cho, IH and Kadam, US},
title = {CRISPR-Cas-Based Diagnostics in Biomedicine: Principles, Applications, and Future Trajectories.},
journal = {Biosensors},
volume = {15},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/bios15100660},
pmid = {41149312},
issn = {2079-6374},
mesh = {*CRISPR-Cas Systems ; Humans ; *Biosensing Techniques ; },
abstract = {CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)-Cas (CRISPR-associated) systems, originally identified as prokaryotic adaptive immune mechanisms, have rapidly evolved into powerful tools for molecular diagnostics. Leveraging their precise nucleic acid targeting capabilities, CRISPR diagnostics offer rapid, sensitive, and specific detection solutions for a wide array of targets. This review delves into the fundamental principles of various Cas proteins (e.g., Cas9, Cas12a, Cas13a) and their distinct mechanisms of action (cis- and trans-cleavage). It highlights the diverse applications spanning infectious disease surveillance, cancer biomarker detection, and genetic disorder screening, emphasizing key advantages such as speed, high sensitivity, specificity, portability, and cost-effectiveness, particularly for point-of-care (POC) testing in resource-limited settings. The report also addresses current challenges, including sensitivity limitations without pre-amplification, specificity issues, and complex sample preparation, while exploring promising future trajectories like the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and the development of universal diagnostic platforms to enhance clinical translation.},
}

*CRISPR-Cas Systems
Humans
*Biosensing Techniques

@article {pmid41149067,
year = {2025},
author = {Mara, G and Nini, G and Frent, SM and Lascu, A and Mot, MD and Boru, C and Cotoraci, C},
title = {Thrombophilic Changes and Hematological Complications in Asthmatic Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {10},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/diseases13100333},
pmid = {41149067},
issn = {2079-9721},
abstract = {Background/Objectives: The interplay between asthma and COVID-19 raises critical clinical questions, particularly regarding the risk of hematological complications in patients affected by both conditions. While COVID-19 is known to cause coagulopathy and thromboembolic events, it remains unclear whether asthma independently influences these risks. This systematic review aimed to synthesize existing evidence on hematological abnormalities-including D-dimer elevation, thrombocytopenia, and venous thromboembolism (VTE)-in asthmatic patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed and Web of Science databases for studies published between January 2020 and May 2025. Inclusion criteria were studies reporting hematologic outcomes in asthmatic patients with COVID-19. After duplicate removal, 139 unique articles were screened, with 40 studies meeting inclusion criteria. These included observational cohorts, retrospective analyses, and clinical investigations. Data were synthesized in a systematic review with qualitative synthesis due to heterogeneity in design and reporting. Results: The review identified variable patterns of D-dimer elevation and thrombotic events among asthmatic COVID-19 patients. Some studies reported a higher incidence of ICU admission, elevated inflammatory and coagulation markers, and increased thromboembolic risk in asthmatic individuals-particularly those with poor disease control or non-allergic phenotypes. However, findings were inconsistent and often limited by the absence of asthma stratification, standardized outcome measures, and prospective designs. Conclusions: Current evidence does not support a definitive link between asthma and increased thrombotic risk in COVID-19. Further research with prospective, phenotype-stratified methodologies and harmonized hematologic endpoints is needed to clarify whether asthma modifies the hematologic trajectory of SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
}