@article {pmid36737487,
year = {2023},
author = {Poto, R and Laniro, G and de Paulis, A and Spadaro, G and Marone, G and Gasbarrini, A and Varricchi, G},
title = {Is there a role for microbiome-based approach in common variable immunodeficiency?.},
journal = {Clinical and experimental medicine},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1007/s10238-023-01006-3},
pmid = {36737487},
issn = {1591-9528},
abstract = {Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by low levels of serum immunoglobulins and increased susceptibility to infections, autoimmune disorders and cancer. CVID embraces a plethora of heterogeneous manifestations linked to complex immune dysregulation. While CVID is thought to be due to genetic defects, the exact cause of this immune disorder is unknown in the large majority of cases. Compelling evidences support a linkage between the gut microbiome and the CVID pathogenesis, therefore a potential for microbiome-based treatments to be a therapeutic pathway for this disorder. Here we discuss the potential of treating CVID patients by developing a gut microbiome-based personalized approach, including diet, prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation. We also highlight the need for a better understanding of microbiota-host interactions in CVID patients to prime the development of improved preventive strategies and specific therapeutic targets.},
}

@article {pmid36736919,
year = {2023},
author = {Krishaa, L and Ng, TKS and Wee, HN and Ching, J},
title = {Gut-brain axis through the lens of gut microbiota and their relationships with Alzheimer's disease pathology: review and recommendations.},
journal = {Mechanisms of ageing and development},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {111787},
doi = {10.1016/j.mad.2023.111787},
pmid = {36736919},
issn = {1872-6216},
abstract = {Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Growing evidence suggests that the gut microbiome (GM) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of AD through the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGB). Alterations in GM composition and diversity have been observed in both animal models and in human patients with AD. GM dysbiosis has been implicated in increased intestinal permeability, blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment, neuroinflammation and the development of hallmarks of AD. Further elucidation of the role of GM in AD could pave way for the development of holistic predictive methods for determining AD risk and progression of disease. Furthermore, accumulating evidence suggests that GM modulation could alleviate adverse symptoms of AD or serve as a preventive measure. In addition, increasing evidence shows that Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is often comorbid with AD, with common GM alterations and inflammatory response, which could chart the development of GM-related treatment interventions for both diseases. We conclude by exploring the therapeutic potential of GM in alleviating symptoms of AD and in reducing risk. Furthermore, we also propose future directions in AD research, namely fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and precision medicine.},
}

@article {pmid36735734,
year = {2023},
author = {Lee, C and Kim, S and Kim, B and Holzapfel, WH and Hyun, CK},
title = {Disturbance of lipid metabolism in germ-free mice transplanted with gut microbiota of DSS-induced colitis mice.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {18},
number = {2},
pages = {e0280850},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0280850},
pmid = {36735734},
issn = {1932-6203},
abstract = {Hepatobiliary abnormality and metabolic disorders are frequently observed complications in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Given that microbiota dysbiosis is a common pathophysiological feature of both IBD and metabolic diseases, we examined how the IBD-induced dysbiosis affects the host metabolism and contributes to the development of associated metabolic diseases using germ-free (GF) mice transplanted with fecal microbiota of DSS-induced colitis mice. There was no significant change in inflammation or barrier integrity in the gut of GF mice that received microbiota from colitis mice compared to their counterparts that were transplanted with microbiota from non-colitis healthy mice. Interestingly, it was observed that the GF recipients of colitis-induced altered microbiota showed a significant decrease in the weight of adipose tissues including mesenteric, epididymal, subcutaneous, and brown fat without any change in body weight, which was accompanied by abnormalities in adipose tissue functions such as fat storage and adiponectin production. Transplantation of colitis-induced altered microbiota also disrupted hepatic lipid metabolism in the GF recipient mice, which was observed by increases in synthesis and accumulation of cholesterol and bile acids in hepatocytes and a decrease in plasma HDL-cholesterol. Additional observations including elevated plasma levels of insulin, decreased hepatic production of FGF21, and decreased levels of fecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and hepatic expression of SCFA receptors led to a conclusion that the transplantation of the colitis-associated dysbiotic microbiota was causally associated with impairments of insulin action and FGF21-adiponectin axis, possibly due to the low SCFA-producing capacity of the colonized microbiota, leading to metabolic abnormalities including adipose tissue dysfunction and dysregulated hepatic lipid metabolism. Our findings suggest potential mechanisms that explain how colitis-associated gut dysbiosis may contribute to the development of metabolic dysfunctions, which could be applied to clinical practice to improve the efficacy of treatment of IBD patients with comorbid metabolic disorders or vice versa.},
}

@article {pmid36735599,
year = {2023},
author = {Kahn, SA and Bousvaros, A},
title = {Topic of the month: How to write an effective letter of medical necessity.},
journal = {Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1097/MPG.0000000000003724},
pmid = {36735599},
issn = {1536-4801},
abstract = {Insurance companies and pharmacy benefit managers frequently deny prescriptions that are medically necessary but expensive. Physicians may appeal denials by providing insurers with additional clinical information and supporting medical evidence. One component of the appeal process is a well-written letter of medical necessity. The review article below provides guidance for the clinician to write a compelling and powerful letter. Among other components, the letter should include a clear description of the patient's specific case, the medical literature that supports the prescribing physician's choice of therapy, and the adverse consequences (e.g., hospitalization) if the patient does not get the needed medication.},
}

@article {pmid36732497,
year = {2023},
author = {Xu, Y and Wang, J and Wu, X and Jing, H and Zhang, S and Hu, Z and Rao, L and Chang, Q and Wang, L and Zhang, Z},
title = {Gut microbiota alteration after cholecystectomy contributes to post-cholecystectomy diarrhea via bile acids stimulating colonic serotonin.},
journal = {Gut microbes},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {2168101},
doi = {10.1080/19490976.2023.2168101},
pmid = {36732497},
issn = {1949-0984},
abstract = {Post-cholecystectomy diarrhea (PCD) is highly prevalent among outpatients with cholecystectomy, and gut microbiota alteration is correlated with it. However, how and to what extent changed fecal bacteria contributes to diarrhea are still unrevealed. Humanized gut microbiome mice model by fecal microbiota transplantation was established to explore the diarrhea-inducible effects of gut microbiota. The role of microbial bile acids (BAs) metabolites was identified by UPLC/MS and the underlying mechanisms were investigated with selective inhibitors and antagonists as probes. These mice transplanted with fecal microbiome of PCD patients (PCD mice) exhibited significantly enhanced gastrointestinal motility and elevated fecal water content, compared with these mice with fecal microbiome of NonPCD patients and HC. In analyzing gut microbiota, tryptophan metabolism was enriched in PCD microbiome. In addition, overabundant serotonin in serum and colon, along with elevated biosynthesis gene and reduced reuptake gene, and highly expressed 5-HT receptors (5-HTRs) in colon of PCD mice were found, but not in small intestine. Notably, diarrheal phenotypes in PCD mice were depleted by tryptophan hydroxylase 1 inhibitor (LX1606) and 5-HTRs selective antagonists (alosetron and GR113808). Furthermore, increased microbial secondary BAs metabolites of DCA, HDCA and LCA were revealed in feces of PCD mice and they were found responsible for stimulating 5-HT level in vitro and in vivo. Intriguingly, blocking BAs-conjugated TGR5/TRPA1 signaling pathway could significantly alleviate PCD. In conclusion, altered gut microbiota after cholecystectomy contributes to PCD by promoting secondary BAs in colon, which stimulates colonic 5-HT and increases colon motility.},
}

@article {pmid36732495,
year = {2023},
author = {Dong, TS and Katzka, W and Yang, JC and Chang, C and Arias-Jayo, N and Lagishetty, V and Balioukova, A and Chen, Y and Dutson, E and Li, Z and Mayer, EA and Pisegna, JR and Sanmiguel, C and Jacobs, JP},
title = {Microbial changes from bariatric surgery alters glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and prevents fatty liver disease.},
journal = {Gut microbes},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {2167170},
doi = {10.1080/19490976.2023.2167170},
pmid = {36732495},
issn = {1949-0984},
abstract = {Bariatric surgery remains a potent therapy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but its inherent risk and eligibility requirement limit its adoption. Therefore, understanding how bariatric surgery improves NAFLD is paramount to developing novel therapeutics. Here, we show that the microbiome changes induced by sleeve gastrectomy (SG) reduce glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) signaling and confer resistance against diet-induced obesity (DIO) and NAFLD. We examined a cohort of NALFD patients undergoing SG and evaluated their microbiome, serum metabolites, and GI hormones. We observed significant changes in Bacteroides, lipid-related metabolites, and reduction in GIP. To examine if the changes in the microbiome were causally related to NAFLD, we performed fecal microbial transplants in antibiotic-treated mice from patients before and after their surgery who had significant weight loss and improvement of their NAFLD. Mice transplanted with the microbiome of patients after bariatric surgery were more resistant to DIO and NAFLD development compared to mice transplanted with the microbiome of patients before surgery. This resistance to DIO and NAFLD was also associated with a reduction in GIP levels in mice with post-bariatric microbiome. We further show that the reduction in GIP was related to higher levels of Akkermansia and differing levels of indolepropionate, bacteria-derived tryptophan-related metabolite. Overall, this is one of the few studies showing that GIP signaling is altered by the gut microbiome, and it supports that the positive effect of bariatric surgery on NAFLD is in part due to microbiome changes.},
}

@article {pmid36728562,
year = {2023},
author = {Yang, W and Ren, D and Shao, H and Zhang, X and Li, T and Zhang, L and Liu, L and Zhao, Y and Niu, P and Yang, X},
title = {Theabrownin from Fu Brick Tea Improves Ulcerative Colitis by Shaping the Gut Microbiota and Modulating the Tryptophan Metabolism.},
journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06821},
pmid = {36728562},
issn = {1520-5118},
abstract = {Fu brick tea theabrownin (FBTB) is a kind of biomacromolecule produced by oxidative polymerization of tea polyphenols. Although a variety of diseases can be alleviated by TB, its ability to treat ulcerative colitis (UC) is still worth exploring. A dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced chronic UC mouse model was designed to first explore the alleviatory effect of FBTB on UC and its underlying mechanism by the sequencing of fecal 16S rRNA genes, metabolomics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Administration of FBTB at 400 mg/kg bw in DSS-damaged mice could effectively reduce colonic damage and inflammation and improve colonic antioxidant capacity to relieve the UC-caused symptoms. FBTB could correct the disrupted gut microbiota caused by UC and contribute to the proliferation of Lactobacillus and Parasutterella. FMT in combination with antibiotic treatment showed that FBTB could elevate the levels of microbial tryptophan metabolites, including indole-3-acetaldehyde (IAld) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), by selectively promoting the growth of Lactobacillus. Importantly, FBTB-elevated IAld and IAA could activate aromatic hydrocarbon receptors (AhRs) and enhance interleukin-22 production to repair the intestinal barrier. These findings demonstrated that FBTB alleviated UC mainly by targeting the gut microbiota involved in the AhR pathway for prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of UC.},
}

@article {pmid36726574,
year = {2022},
author = {Han, TR and Yang, WJ and Tan, QH and Bai, S and Zhong, H and Tai, Y and Tong, H},
title = {Gut microbiota therapy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Evidence from randomized clinical trials.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1004911},
pmid = {36726574},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has a high prevalence worldwide, but there are no medications approved for treatment. Gut microbiota would be a novel and promising therapeutic target based on the concept of the gut-liver axis in liver disease. We reviewed randomized controlled trials on gut microbiota therapy in NAFLD in this study to evaluate its efficacy and plausibility in NAFLD.},
}

@article {pmid36725289,
year = {2023},
author = {Zhao, Q and Hao, Y and Yang, XQ and Yan, XY and Qiu, YL},
title = {[Preliminary study on the effect of fecal microbiota transplantation on neurobehavior and gut microbiota of offspring rats exposed to arsenic].},
journal = {Zhonghua lao dong wei sheng zhi ye bing za zhi = Zhonghua laodong weisheng zhiyebing zazhi = Chinese journal of industrial hygiene and occupational diseases},
volume = {41},
number = {1},
pages = {14-20},
doi = {10.3760/cma.j.cn121094-20220311-00125},
pmid = {36725289},
issn = {1001-9391},
abstract = {Objective: To explore the effects of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) on neurobehavior and gut microbiota of arsenic-exposed offspring rats. Methods: In April 2021, Thirty-six SPF SD rats aged 8 weeks were seleted, rats were ranked by weight and divided into four groups according to randomized block design, namely control group, arsenic exposure group (As group) , arsenic+normal saline group (As+NaCl group) and As+FMT group, 6 females and 3 males in each group. Fecal microbiota fluid were provided by feces of rats in control group. Rats drank tap water containing 75 mg/L sodium arsenite for one week and then were caged together. The arsenic exposure was terminated until the pups were born. Female rats with vaginal plug were treated with fecal microbiota fluid via gavage during neurodevelopmental teratogenic window period. The volume of gavage was 1 ml/100 g with once every two days, for a total of three times. Weight alterations of offspring rats were recorded every week after weaning, and when offspring rats grew up for 6 weeks, Morris test and open field experiment was used to observe learning and memory abilities, as well as neurobehavioral performance of autonomous exploration and tension, respectively. 16S rDNA sequencing technology was used to detect microbiota diversities in fecal samples of rats in As group and As+FMT group. Results: Compared with the control group, the ratio of swimming distance and staying time in the target quadrant and the times of crossing the platform of rats in As group decreased significantly, and the motor distance, times entering central zone and the number of grid crossing of rats decreased significantly (P<0.05) . Compared with As group, the ratio of swimming distance in target quadrant, the motor distance in central zone and times entering central zone of rats in As+FMT group were evidently increased (P<0.05) . The analysis of fecal microbiota diversities showed that, at the phyla level, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in feces of rats in As+FMT group was higher than that in As group (68.34% vs 60.55%) , while the relative abundance of Firmicutes was lower than that in As group (28.02% vs 33.48%) . At the genus level, the relative abundance of Prevotella in As+FMT group was significantly higher than that in As group, becoming the dominant genus (42.08% vs 21.78%) . Additionally, compared with As group, a total of 22 genus were increased with 21 decreased genus in As+FMT group (P<0.05) . LEfSe analysis showed that dominant genuses in As+FMT group were Prevotella and UCG_005, and their relative abundance was significantly higher than that of As group (P<0.05) . Conclusion: FMT may alleviate the impaired learning and memory ability and anxiety like behavior of the offspring rats exposed to arsenic, and improve the disrupted gut microbiota.},
}

@article {pmid36725206,
year = {2023},
author = {Peng, Y and Dong, W and Chen, G and Mi, J and Lu, L and Xie, Z and Xu, W and Zhou, W and Sun, Y and Zeng, X and Cao, Y and Yan, Y},
title = {Anthocyanins from Lycium ruthenicum Murray Ameliorated High-Fructose Diet-Induced Neuroinflammation through the Promotion of the Integrity of the Intestinal Barrier and the Proliferation of Lactobacillus.},
journal = {Journal of agricultural and food chemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06713},
pmid = {36725206},
issn = {1520-5118},
abstract = {In the present study, we found that anthocyanins from Lycium ruthenicum Murray (ACN) potently ameliorated a high-fructose diet (HFrD)-induced neuroinflammation in mice. ACN improved the integrity of the intestinal barrier and suppressed the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway to ameliorate the neuroinflammation, which was verified by Tlr4[-/-] mice. Furthermore, ACN could modulate the HFrD-induced dysbiosis of gut microbiota. The fecal microbiota transplantation from ACN-induced mice was sufficient to attenuate the neuroinflammation, while the amelioration of neuroinflammation by ACN was blocked upon gut microbiota depletion. In addition, ACN-induced increment of the relative abundance of Lactobacillus might be responsible for the alleviation of the neuroinflammation, which was further confirmed in the promoting effect of ACN on the growth of Lactobacillus in vitro. Overall, these results provided the evidence of a comprehensive cross-talk mechanism between ACN and neuroinflammation in HFrD-fed mice, which was mediated by reducing gut microbiota dysbiosis and maintaining the intestinal barrier integrity.},
}

@article {pmid36722516,
year = {2023},
author = {Kwa, WT and Sundarajoo, S and Toh, KY and Lee, J},
title = {Application of emerging technologies for gut microbiome research.},
journal = {Singapore medical journal},
volume = {64},
number = {1},
pages = {45-52},
doi = {10.4103/singaporemedj.SMJ-2021-432},
pmid = {36722516},
issn = {0037-5675},
abstract = {Microbiome is associated with a wide range of diseases. The gut microbiome is also a dynamic reflection of health status, which can be modified, thus representing great potential to exploit the mechanisms that influence human physiology. Recent years have seen a dramatic rise in gut microbiome studies, which has been enabled by the rapidly evolving high-throughput sequencing methods (i.e. 16S rRNA sequencing and shotgun sequencing). As the emerging technologies for microbiome research continue to evolve (i.e. metatranscriptomics, metabolomics, culturomics, synthetic biology), microbiome research has moved beyond phylogenetic descriptions and towards mechanistic analyses. In this review, we highlight different approaches to study the microbiome, in particular, the current limitations and future promise of these techniques. This review aims to provide clinicians with a framework for studying the microbiome, as well as to accelerate the adoption of these techniques in clinical practice.},
}

@article {pmid36721210,
year = {2023},
author = {Pi, Y and Wu, Y and Zhang, X and Lu, D and Han, D and Zhao, J and Zheng, X and Zhang, S and Ye, H and Lian, S and Bai, Y and Wang, Z and Tao, S and Ni, D and Zou, X and Jia, W and Zhang, G and Li, D and Wang, J},
title = {Gut microbiota-derived ursodeoxycholic acid alleviates low birth weight-induced colonic inflammation by enhancing M2 macrophage polarization.},
journal = {Microbiome},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {19},
doi = {10.1186/s40168-022-01458-x},
pmid = {36721210},
issn = {2049-2618},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Low birth weight (LBW) is associated with intestinal inflammation and dysbiosis after birth. However, the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown.

OBJECTIVE: In the present study, we aimed to investigate the metabolism, therapeutic potential, and mechanisms of action of bile acids (BAs) in LBW-induced intestinal inflammation in a piglet model.

METHODS: The fecal microbiome and BA profile between LBW and normal birth weight (NBW) neonatal piglets were compared. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was employed to further confirm the linkage between microbial BA metabolism and intestinal inflammation. The therapeutic potential of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), a highly differentially abundant BA between LBW and NBW piglets, in alleviating colonic inflammation was evaluated in both LBW piglets, an LBW-FMT mice model, and a DSS-induced colitis mouse model. The underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms by which UDCA suppresses intestinal inflammation were also investigated in both DSS-treated mice and a macrophage cell line. Microbiomes were analyzed by using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. Fecal and intestinal BA profiles were measured by using targeted BA metabolomics. Levels of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) were knocked down in J774A.1 cells with small interfering RNAs.

RESULTS: We show a significant difference in both the fecal microbiome and BA profiles between LBW and normal birth weight animals in a piglet model. Transplantation of the microbiota of LBW piglets to antibiotic-treated mice leads to intestinal inflammation. Importantly, oral administration of UDCA, a major BA diminished in the intestinal tract of LBW piglets, markedly alleviates intestinal inflammation in LBW piglets, an LBW-FMT mice model, and a mouse model of colitis by inducing M2 macrophage polarization. Mechanistically, UDCA reduces inflammatory cytokine production by engaging BA receptor FXR while suppressing NF-κB activation in macrophages.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings establish a causal relationship between LBW-associated intestinal abnormalities and dysbiosis, suggesting that restoring intestinal health and postnatal maldevelopment of LBW infants may be achieved by targeting intestinal microbiota and BA metabolism. Video Abstract.},
}

@article {pmid36721179,
year = {2023},
author = {Wang, X and Wang, Z and Cao, J and Dong, Y and Chen, Y},
title = {Gut microbiota-derived metabolites mediate the neuroprotective effect of melatonin in cognitive impairment induced by sleep deprivation.},
journal = {Microbiome},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {17},
doi = {10.1186/s40168-022-01452-3},
pmid = {36721179},
issn = {2049-2618},
abstract = {Sleep loss is a serious global health concern. Consequences include memory deficits and gastrointestinal dysfunction. Our previous research showed that melatonin can effectively improve cognitive impairment and intestinal microbiota disturbances caused by sleep deprivation (SD). The present study further explored the mechanism by which exogenous melatonin prevents SD-induced cognitive impairments. Here, we established fecal microbiota transplantation, Aeromonas colonization and LPS or butyrate supplementation tests to evaluate the role of the intestinal microbiota and its metabolites in melatonin in alleviating SD-induced memory impairment. RESULTS: Transplantation of the SD-gut microbiota into normal mice induced microglia overactivation and neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus, cognitive decline, and colonic microbiota disorder, manifesting as increased levels of Aeromonas and LPS and decreased levels of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 and butyrate. All these events were reversed with the transplantation of SD + melatonin-gut microbiota. Colonization with Aeromonas and the addition of LPS produced an inflammatory response in the hippocampus and spatial memory impairment in mice. These changes were reversed by supplementation with melatonin, accompanied by decreased levels of Aeromonas and LPS. Butyrate administration to sleep-deprived mice restored inflammatory responses and memory impairment. In vitro, LPS supplementation caused an inflammatory response in BV2 cells, which was improved by butyrate supplementation. This ameliorative effect of butyrate was blocked by pretreatment with MCT1 inhibitor and HDAC3 agonist but was mimicked by TLR4 and p-P65 antagonists. CONCLUSIONS: Gut microbes and their metabolites mediate the ameliorative effects of melatonin on SD-induced cognitive impairment. A feasible mechanism is that melatonin downregulates the levels of Aeromonas and constituent LPS and upregulates the levels of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136 and butyrate in the colon. These changes lessen the inflammatory response and neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus through crosstalk between the TLR4/NF-κB and MCT1/ HDAC3 signaling pathways. Video Abstract.},
}

@article {pmid36720452,
year = {2023},
author = {Yang, JZ and Zhang, KK and He, JT and Chen, LJ and Ding, JF and Liu, JL and Li, JH and Liu, Y and Li, XW and Zhao, D and Xie, XL and Wang, Q},
title = {Obeticholic acid protects against methamphetamine-induced anxiety-like behavior by ameliorating microbiota-mediated intestinal barrier impairment.},
journal = {Toxicology},
volume = {486},
number = {},
pages = {153447},
doi = {10.1016/j.tox.2023.153447},
pmid = {36720452},
issn = {1879-3185},
abstract = {Methamphetamine (Meth) abuse can cause severe anxiety disorder and interfere with gut homeostasis. Obeticholic acid (OCA) has emerged as a protective agent against diet-related anxiety that improves gut homeostasis. The potential for OCA to ameliorate Meth-induced anxiety, and the microbial mechanisms involved, remain obscure. Here, C57/BL6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with Meth (15 mg/kg) to induce anxiety-like behavior. 16 S rRNA sequence analysis and fecal microbiome transplantation (FMT) were used to profile the gut microbiome and evaluate its effects, respectively. Orally administered OCA was investigated for protection against Meth-induced anxiety. Results indicated that Meth mediated anxiety-like behavior, aroused hippocampal neuroinflammation through activation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway, weakened intestinal barrier and disturbed the gut microbiome. Specifically, abundance of anxiety-related Rikenella was increased. FMT from Meth-administrated mice also weakened intestinal barrier and elevated serum LPS, inducing hippocampal neuroinflammation and anxiety-like behavior in recipient mice. Finally, OCA pretreatment ameliorated Meth-induced impairment of gut homeostasis by reshaping the microbial composition and improving the intestinal barrier. Meth-induced anxiety-like behavior and hippocampal neuroinflammation were also ameliorated by OCA pretreatment. These preliminary findings reveal the crucial role of gut microbiota in Meth-induced anxiety-like behavior and neuroinflammation, highlighting OCA as a potential candidate for the prevention of Meth-induced anxiety.},
}

@article {pmid36720105,
year = {2023},
author = {Conover, KR and Absah, I and Ballal, S and Brumbaugh, D and Cho, S and Cardenas, MC and Knackstedt, ED and Goyal, A and Jensen, MK and Kaplan, JL and Kellermayer, R and Kociolek, LK and Michail, S and Oliva-Hemker, M and Reed, AW and Weatherly, M and Kahn, SA and Nicholson, MR},
title = {FECAL MICROBIOTA TRANSPLANTATION FOR CLOSTRIDIOIDES DIFFICILE INFECTION IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PEDIATRIC PATIENTS.},
journal = {Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1097/MPG.0000000000003714},
pmid = {36720105},
issn = {1536-4801},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in pediatric immunocompromised (IC) patients.

METHODS: This is a multi-center retrospective cohort study of pediatric participants who underwent FMT between March 2013 and April 2020 with 12-week follow-up. Pediatric patients were included if they met the definition of IC and were treated with FMT for an indication of recurrent CDI. We excluded patients over 18 years of age, those with incomplete records, insufficient follow up, or not meeting study definition of IC. We also excluded those treated for Clostridioides difficile recurrence without meeting the study definition and those with inflammatory bowel disease without another immunocompromising condition.

RESULTS: Of 59 pediatric patients identified at nine centers, there were 42 who met inclusion and no exclusion criteria. Included patients had a median age of 6.7 years. Etiology of IC included: solid organ transplantation (18, 43%), malignancy (12, 28%), primary immunodeficiency (10, 24%), or other chronic conditions (2, 5%). Success rate was 79% after first FMT and 86% after one or more FMT. There were no statistically significant differences in patient characteristics or procedural components when patients with a failed FMT were compared to those with a successful FMT. There were 15 total serious adverse events (SAEs) in 13 out of 42 (31%) patients that occurred during the follow-up period; four (9.5%) of which were likely treatment-related. There were no deaths or infections with multi-drug resistant organisms during follow-up and all patients with a serious adverse event fully recovered.

CONCLUSIONS: The success rate of FMT for recurrent CDI in this pediatric IC cohort is high and mirrors data for IC adults and immunocompetent children. FMT-related SAEs do occur (9.5%) and highlight the need for careful consideration of risk and benefit.},
}

@article {pmid36719820,
year = {2023},
author = {Rokkas, T and Hold, GL},
title = {A systematic review, pairwise meta-analysis and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials exploring the role of fecal microbiota transplantation in irritable bowel syndrome.},
journal = {European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1097/MEG.0000000000002519},
pmid = {36719820},
issn = {1473-5687},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Treatment is a challenge in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has attracted significant interest. Network meta-analysis (NWM) has been established as an evidence-synthesis tool that incorporates direct and indirect evidence in a collection of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing therapeutic intervention competing for similar therapeutic results. No NWM exists concerning the comparative effectiveness and safety of various FMT modalities for IBS.

AIM: We updated pairwise meta-analyses published in the past and assessed the comparative effectiveness and safety of various FMT delivery modalities for IBS.

METHODS: Pairwise meta-analyses and Bayesian NWM were performed. Heterogeneity, consistency of results and publication bias were explored.

RESULTS: Of 510 titles raised by initial search, seven RCTs were entered into meta-analyses and NWM. They included 470 patients and controls, in whom four FMT delivery modalities were used, that is via colonoscopy, nasojejunal tube, duodenoscope and capsules per os. In the pairwise meta-analysis, the pooled results showed that overall FMT was not superior to placebo, whereas the subgroup analyses showed that FMT via duodenoscope and nasojejunal tube was superior. The NWM showed that 60-g FMT via duodenoscope had the highest efficacy (OR, 26.38; 95% CI, 9.22-75.51) and was by far the highest in the efficacy ranking (SUCRA, 98.8%).

CONCLUSION: The pooled results showed no overall advantage of FMT over placebo in IBS. However, upper GI delivery (via duodenoscopy or nasojejunal tube) proved to be effective. Consequently, well-designed RCTs are needed to ensure the efficacy and safety profile before FMT can be applied in everyday clinical practice for IBS patients.},
}

@article {pmid36717922,
year = {2023},
author = {Xu, QQ and Su, ZR and Yang, W and Zhong, M and Xian, YF and Lin, ZX},
title = {Patchouli alcohol attenuates the cognitive deficits in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease via modulating neuropathology and gut microbiota through suppressing C/EBPβ/AEP pathway.},
journal = {Journal of neuroinflammation},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {19},
pmid = {36717922},
issn = {1742-2094},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive dysfunctions and behavioral impairments. Patchouli alcohol (PA), isolated from Pogostemonis Herba, exhibits multiple pharmacological properties, including neuroprotective effects. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of PA against AD using the TgCRND8 transgenic AD mouse model, and to explore the underlying mechanisms targeting CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β/asparagine endopeptidase (C/EBPβ/AEP) signaling pathway.

METHODS: After genotyping to confirm the transgenicity, drug treatments were administered intragastrically once daily to 3-month-old TgCRND8 mice for 4 consecutive months. Several behavioral tests were applied to assess different aspects of neurological functions. Then the brain and colon tissues were harvested for in-depth mechanistic studies. To further verify whether PA exerts anti-AD effects via modulating C/EBPβ/AEP signaling pathway in TgCRND8 mice, adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors encoding CEBP/β were bilaterally injected into the hippocampal CA1 region in TgCRND8 mice to overexpress C/EBPβ. Additionally, the fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiment was performed to verify the potential role of gut microbiota on the anti-AD effects of PA.

RESULTS: Our results showed that PA treatment significantly improved activities of daily living (ADL), ameliorated the anxiety-related behavioral deficits and cognitive impairments in TgCRND8 mice. PA modulated the amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing. PA also markedly reduced the levels of beta-amyloid (Aβ) 40 and Aβ42, suppressed Aβ plaque burdens, inhibited tau protein hyperphosphorylation at several sites and relieved neuroinflammation in the brains of TgCRND8 mice. Moreover, PA restored gut dysbiosis and inhibited the activation of the C/EBPβ/AEP signaling pathway in the brain and colon tissues of TgCRND8 mice. Interestingly, PA strikingly alleviated the AD-like pathologies induced by the overexpression of C/EBPβ in TgCRND8 mice. Additionally, the FMT of fecal microbiota from the PA-treated TgCRND8 mice significantly alleviated the cognitive impairments and AD-like pathologies in the germ-free TgCRND8 mice.

CONCLUSION: All these findings amply demonstrated that PA could ameliorate the cognitive deficits in TgCRND8 mice via suppressing Aβ plaques deposition, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, neuroinflammation and gut dysbiosis through inhibiting the activation of C/EBPβ/AEP pathway, suggesting that PA is a promising naturally occurring chemical worthy of further development into the pharmaceutical treatment of AD.},
}

@article {pmid36717576,
year = {2023},
author = {Sun, WL and Hua, S and Li, XY and Shen, L and Wu, H and Ji, HF},
title = {Microbially produced vitamin B12 contributes to the lipid-lowering effect of silymarin.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {477},
doi = {10.1038/s41467-023-36079-x},
pmid = {36717576},
issn = {2041-1723},
abstract = {Silymarin has been used for improving hepatic damage and lipid disorders, but its action mechanism remains to be clarified. Here, we investigate the contributions of the gut microbiota to the improvement of liver lipid metabolism by silymarin. We find i) strong and significant microbial shifts upon silymarin but not silibinin treatment; ii) over 60% variations of liver fat are explained by silymarin-induced bacterial B12 production in male rats but not in male germ-free mice; iii) fecal microbiota transplantation confirms their protective roles against liver fat accumulation; iv) upregulation of one-carbon metabolism and fatty acid degradation pathways are observed based on the liver transcriptome analyses; and v) in humans the delta changes of serum B12 associate negatively with the fluctuations of serum triglycerides. Overall, we reveal a mechanism of action underpinning the lipid-lowering effect of silymarin via the gut microbiota and its vitamin B12 producing capabilities.},
}

@article {pmid36717202,
year = {2023},
author = {},
title = {Early use of faecal microbiota transplantation for C. difficile infection.},
journal = {Drug and therapeutics bulletin},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1136/dtb.2023.000003},
pmid = {36717202},
issn = {1755-5248},
abstract = {Overview of: Baunwall SMD, Andreasen SE, Hansen MM, et al Faecal microbiota transplantation for first or second Clostridioides difficile infection (EarlyFMT): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022;7:1083-91.},
}

@article {pmid36714122,
year = {2022},
author = {Hocking, L and Wilcox, M and Petrosillo, N and Griffin, P and Steiner, T and Attara, G and Doré, J and Cabling, M and Stockwell, S and Romanelli, RJ and Marjanovic, S},
title = {Improving care for patients with Clostridioides difficile infection: A clinical practice and healthcare systems perspective.},
journal = {Frontiers in medicine},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {1033417},
pmid = {36714122},
issn = {2296-858X},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Arriving at a C. difficile infection (CDI) diagnosis, treating patients and dealing with recurrences is not straightforward, but a comprehensive and well-rounded understanding of what is needed to improve patient care is lacking. This manuscript addresses the paucity of multidisciplinary perspectives that consider clinical practice related and healthcare system-related challenges to optimizing care delivery.

METHODS: We draw on narrative review, consultations with clinical experts and patient representatives, and a survey of 95 clinical and microbiology experts from the UK, France, Italy, Australia and Canada, adding novel multi-method evidence to the knowledge base.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: We examine the patient pathway and variations in clinical practice and identify, synthesize insights on and discuss associated challenges. Examples of key challenges include the need to conduct multiple tests for a conclusive diagnosis, treatment side-effects, the cost of some antibiotics and barriers to access of fecal microbiota transplantation, difficulties in distinguishing recurrence from new infection, workforce capacity constraints to effective monitoring of patients on treatment and of recurrence, and ascertaining whether a patient has been cured. We also identify key opportunities and priorities for improving patient care that target both clinical practice and the wider healthcare system. While there is some variety across surveyed countries' healthcare systems, there is also strong agreement on some priorities. Key improvement actions seen as priorities by at least half of survey respondents in at least three of the five surveyed countries include: developing innovative products for both preventing (Canada, Australia, UK, Italy, and France) and treating (Canada, Australia, and Italy) recurrences; facilitating more multidisciplinary patient care (UK, Australia, and France); updating diagnosis and treatment guidelines (Australia, Canada, and UK); and educating and supporting professionals in primary care (Italy, UK, Canada, and Australia) and those in secondary care who are not CDI experts (Italy, Australia, and France) on identifying symptoms and managing patients. Finally, we discuss key evidence gaps for a future research agenda.},
}

@article {pmid36714101,
year = {2022},
author = {Tkach, S and Dorofeyev, A and Kuzenko, I and Falalyeyeva, T and Tsyryuk, O and Kovalchuk, O and Kobyliak, N and Abenavoli, L and Boccuto, L},
title = {Efficacy and safety of fecal microbiota transplantation via colonoscopy as add-on therapy in patients with mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis: A randomized clinical trial.},
journal = {Frontiers in medicine},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {1049849},
pmid = {36714101},
issn = {2296-858X},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Growing evidence supports the effectiveness of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in treating ulcerative colitis (UC), although its effects seem to depend on the method of introduction, the number of procedures, the donor material, and the severity of UC.

AIM: This study aimed to assess FMT's clinical and microbiological efficacy, tolerability, and safety in patients with mild-to-moderate UC.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients with mild-to-moderate UC were randomized into two groups. The first group (standard-care, n = 27) was treated with basic therapy-mesalazine-at a daily dose of 3 g (2 g orally + 1 g rectally). In the second group (FMT group, n = 26), while taking mesalazine at the indicated dose, each patient with UC as add-on therapy underwent a single FMT procedure with fresh material delivered by colonoscopy from a healthy donor. The clinical efficacy of treatment in both groups was evaluated after 4 and 8 weeks. The primary outcome was remission of UC, defined as a partial Mayo score ≤2, and decreased fecal calprotectin. All patients underwent bacteriological examination of feces for quantitative microbiota composition changes.

RESULTS: Clinical response in the form of a significant decrease in stool frequency and a tendency to normalize its consistency after 4 weeks was detected in 14 (51.9%) patients of the standard care group and 16 patients (61.5%) of the FMT group (p = 0.583). The Mayo score in the standard care group was 3.59 ± 1.21 and in the FMT group-3.15±1.04 (p=0.166). After 8 weeks, the main primary endpoint was achieved in 70.4% of the standard-care group patients as compared to 84.6% of participants who received FMT as add-on therapy (p = 0.215). A more pronounced decrease in Mayo score was observed in the FMT group compared to the standard-care group (1.34 ± 1.44 vs. 2.14 ± 1.4; p = 0.045). All patients also showed a significant decrease in fecal calprotectin levels, which correlated with clinical data, stool frequency, and clinical remission. An improvement in gut microbiota composition was noted in both groups, albeit it was significantly more pronounced in the FMT group.

CONCLUSIONS: FTM in patients with mild-to-moderate UC is a well-tolerated, effective, and safe method of treatment in comparison to basic therapy.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05538026?term=kobyliak&draw=2&rank=4, identifier: NCT05538026.},
}

@article {pmid36713461,
year = {2022},
author = {Lou, X and Xue, J and Shao, R and Yang, Y and Ning, D and Mo, C and Wang, F and Chen, G},
title = {Fecal microbiota transplantation and short-chain fatty acids reduce sepsis mortality by remodeling antibiotic-induced gut microbiota disturbances.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1063543},
pmid = {36713461},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Sepsis is the leading cause of death in critically ill patients. The gastrointestinal tract has long been thought to play an important role in the pathophysiology of sepsis. Antibiotic therapy can reduce a patient's commensal bacterial population and raise their risk of developing subsequent illnesses, where gut microbiota dysbiosis may be a key factor.

METHODS: In this study, we analyzed the 16S rRNA of fecal samples from both healthy people and patients with sepsis to determine if alterations in gut bacteria are associated with sepsis. Then, we developed a mouse model of sepsis using cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in order to examine the effects of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) on survival rate, systemic inflammatory response, gut microbiota, and mucosal barrier function.

RESULTS: Sepsis patients' gut microbiota composition significantly differed from that of healthy people. At the phylum level, the amount of Proteobacteria in the intestinal flora of sepsis patients was much larger than that of the control group, whereas the number of Firmicutes was significantly lower. Mice with gut microbiota disorders (ANC group) were found to have an elevated risk of death, inflammation, and organ failure as compared to CLP mice. However, all of these could be reversed by FMT and SCFAs. FMT and SCFAs could regulate the abundance of bacteria such as Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Escherichia Shigella, and Lactobacillus, restoring them to levels comparable to those of healthy mice. In addition, they increased the expression of the Occludin protein in the colon of mice with sepsis, downregulated the expression of the NLRP3 and GSDMD-N proteins, and reduced the release of the inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-18 to inhibit cell pyroptosis, ultimately playing a protective role in sepsis.

DISCCUSION: FMT and SCFAs provide a microbe-related survival benefit in a mouse model of sepsis, suggesting that they may be a viable treatment for sepsis.},
}

@article {pmid36713428,
year = {2022},
author = {Li, N and Xu, S and Zhang, S and Zhu, Q and Meng, X and An, W and Fu, B and Zhong, M and Yang, Y and Lin, Z and Liu, X and Xia, J and Wang, J and You, T and Yan, C and Tang, H and Zhuang, G and Peng, Z},
title = {MSI2 deficiency in ILC3s attenuates DSS-induced colitis by affecting the intestinal microbiota.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {963379},
pmid = {36713428},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The etiology and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), are generally believed to be related to immune dysfunction and intestinal microbiota disorder. However, the exact mechanism is not yet fully understood. The pathological changes associated with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis are similar to those in human UC. As a subgroup of the innate immune system, group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) are widely distributed in the lamina propria of the intestinal mucosa, and their function can be regulated by a variety of molecules. Musashi2 (MSI2) is a type of evolutionarily conserved RNA-binding protein that maintains the function of various tissue stem cells and is essential for postintestinal epithelial regeneration. The effect of MSI2 deficiency in ILC3s on IBD has not been reported. Thus, mice with conditional MSI2 knockout in ILC3s were used to construct a DSS-induced colitis model and explore its effects on the pathogenesis of IBD and the species, quantity and function of the intestinal microbiota.

METHODS: Msi2[flox/flox] mice (Msi2[fl/fl]) and Msi2[flox/flox]Rorc[Cre] mice (Msi2[ΔRorc]) were induced by DSS to establish the IBD model. The severity of colitis was evaluated by five measurements: body weight percentage, disease activity index, colon shortening degree, histopathological score and routine blood examination. The species, quantity and function of the intestinal microbiota were characterized by high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing of DNA extracted from fecal samples.

RESULTS: MSI2 was knocked out in the ILC3s of Msi2[ΔRorc] mice. The Msi2[ΔRorc] mice exhibited reductions in body weight loss, the disease activity index, degree of colon shortening, tissue histopathological score and immune cells in the peripheral blood compared to those of Msi2[fl/fl] mice after DSS administration. The 16S rRNA sequencing results showed that the diversity of the intestinal microbiota in DSS-treated Msi2[ΔRorc] mice changed, with the abundance of Firmicutes increasing and that of Bacteroidetes decreasing. The linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) approach revealed that Lactobacillaceae could be the key bacteria in the Msi2[ΔRorc] mouse during the improvement of colitis. Using PICRUST2 to predict the function of the intestinal microbiota, it was found that the functions of differential bacteria inferred by modeling were mainly enriched in infectious diseases, immune system and metabolic functions.

CONCLUSIONS: MSI2 deficiency in ILC3s attenuated DSS-induced colonic inflammation in mice and affected intestinal microbiota diversity, composition, and function, with Lactobacillaceae belonging to the phylum Firmicutes possibly representing the key bacteria. This finding could contribute to our understanding of the pathogenesis of IBD and provide new insights for its clinical diagnosis and treatment.},
}

@article {pmid36713373,
year = {2022},
author = {Jiang, L and Yuan, C and Ye, W and Huang, Q and Chen, Z and Wu, W and Qian, L},
title = {Akkermansia and its metabolites play key roles in the treatment of campylobacteriosis in mice.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1061627},
pmid = {36713373},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is a common food-borne bacterial pathogen that can use the host's innate immune response to induce the development of colitis. There has been some research on the role of normal intestinal flora in C. jejuni-induced colitis, but the mechanisms that play a central role in resistance to C. jejuni infection have not been explored.

METHODS: We treated Campylobacter jejuni-infected mice with fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), oral butyric acid and deoxycholic acid in a controlled trial and analyzed the possible mechanisms of treatment by a combination of chromatography, immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization, 16s rRNA gene, proteomics and western blot techniques.

RESULTS: We first investigated the therapeutic effect of FMT on C. jejuni infection. The results showed that FMT significantly reduced the inflammatory response and blocked the invasion of C.jejuni into the colonic tissue. We observed a significant increase in the abundance of Akkermansia in the colon of mice after FMT, as well as a significant increase in the levels of butyric acid and deoxycholic acid. We next demonstrated that oral administration of sodium butyrate or deoxycholic acid had a similar therapeutic effect. Further proteomic analysis showed that C.jejuni induced colitis mainly through activation of the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway and MAPK signaling pathway, whereas Akkermansia, the core flora of FMT, and the gut microbial metabolites butyric acid and deoxycholic acid both inhibited these signaling pathways to counteract the infection of C. jejuni and alleviate colitis. Finally, we verified the above idea by in vitro cellular assays. In conclusion, FMT is highly effective in the treatment of colitis caused by C. jejuni, with which Akkermansia and butyric and deoxycholic acids are closely associated.The present study demonstrates that Akkermansia and butyric and deoxycholic acids are effective in the treatment of colitis caused by C. jejuni.

DISCUSSION: This is the first time that Akkermansia has been found to be effective in fighting pathogens, which provides new ideas and insights into the use of FMT to alleviate colitis caused by C. jejuni and Akkermansia as a treatment for intestinal sexually transmitted diseases caused by various pathogens.},
}

@article {pmid36713364,
year = {2022},
author = {Alam, MZ and Maslanka, JR and Abt, MC},
title = {Immunological consequences of microbiome-based therapeutics.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1046472},
pmid = {36713364},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {The complex network of microscopic organisms living on and within humans, collectively referred to as the microbiome, produce wide array of biologically active molecules that shape our health. Disruption of the microbiome is associated with susceptibility to a range of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, allergy, obesity, and infection. A new series of next-generation microbiome-based therapies are being developed to treat these diseases by transplanting bacteria or bacterial-derived byproducts into a diseased individual to reset the recipient's microbiome and restore health. Microbiome transplantation therapy is still in its early stages of being a routine treatment option and, with a few notable exceptions, has had limited success in clinical trials. In this review, we highlight the successes and challenges of implementing these therapies to treat disease with a focus on interactions between the immune system and microbiome-based therapeutics. The immune activation status of the microbiome transplant recipient prior to transplantation has an important role in supporting bacterial engraftment. Following engraftment, microbiome transplant derived signals can modulate immune function to ameliorate disease. As novel microbiome-based therapeutics are developed, consideration of how the transplants will interact with the immune system will be a key factor in determining whether the microbiome-based transplant elicits its intended therapeutic effect.},
}

@article {pmid36713166,
year = {2022},
author = {Singh, V and Lee, G and Son, H and Koh, H and Kim, ES and Unno, T and Shin, JH},
title = {Butyrate producers, "The Sentinel of Gut": Their intestinal significance with and beyond butyrate, and prospective use as microbial therapeutics.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1103836},
pmid = {36713166},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Gut-microbial butyrate is a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) of significant physiological importance than the other major SCFAs (acetate and propionate). Most butyrate producers belong to the Clostridium cluster of the phylum Firmicutes, such as Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Eubacterium, Anaerostipes, Coprococcus, Subdoligranulum, and Anaerobutyricum. They metabolize carbohydrates via the butyryl-CoA: acetate CoA-transferase pathway and butyrate kinase terminal enzymes to produce most of butyrate. Although, in minor fractions, amino acids can also be utilized to generate butyrate via glutamate and lysine pathways. Butyrogenic microbes play a vital role in various gut-associated metabolisms. Butyrate is used by colonocytes to generate energy, stabilizes hypoxia-inducible factor to maintain the anaerobic environment in the gut, maintains gut barrier integrity by regulating Claudin-1 and synaptopodin expression, limits pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-12), and inhibits oncogenic pathways (Akt/ERK, Wnt, and TGF-β signaling). Colonic butyrate producers shape the gut microbial community by secreting various anti-microbial substances, such as cathelicidins, reuterin, and β-defensin-1, and maintain gut homeostasis by releasing anti-inflammatory molecules, such as IgA, vitamin B, and microbial anti-inflammatory molecules. Additionally, butyrate producers, such as Roseburia, produce anti-carcinogenic metabolites, such as shikimic acid and a precursor of conjugated linoleic acid. In this review, we summarized the significance of butyrate, critically examined the role and relevance of butyrate producers, and contextualized their importance as microbial therapeutics.},
}

@article {pmid36713033,
year = {2023},
author = {Li, R and Liu, R and Chen, L and Wang, G and Qin, L and Yu, Z and Wan, Z},
title = {Microbiota from Exercise Mice Counteracts High-Fat High-Cholesterol Diet-Induced Cognitive Impairment in C57BL/6 Mice.},
journal = {Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity},
volume = {2023},
number = {},
pages = {2766250},
pmid = {36713033},
issn = {1942-0994},
abstract = {Gut microbes may be the critical mediators for the cognitive enhancing effects of exercise. Via fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), this study is aimed at determining the mechanism of how voluntary exercise improved learning and memory ability impairment post a high-fat, high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet. The learning and memory abilities assessed via the Morris water maze in the FMT recipient group of voluntary exercising mice were improved compared to sedentary group. 16S rRNA gene sequencing results indicated that exercise-induced changes in gut microbiota distribution were transmissible, mainly in terms of elevated Lactobacillus, Lactobacillus, and Eubacterium nodatum, as well as decreased Clostrida_UCG-014 and Akkermansia after FMT. The neuroprotective effects of FMT were mainly related to the improved insulin signaling pathway (IRS2/PI3K/AKT) and mitochondrial function; inhibition of AQP4; decreased p-Tau at serine 396 and 404; increased BDNF, PSD95, and synaptophysin in the hippocampus; and also decreased HDAC2 and HDAC3 protein expressions in the nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions of the hippocampus. The findings of qRT-PCR suggested that exercise-induced gut microbes, on the one hand, elevated GPR109A and decreased GPR43 and TNF-α in the hippocampus. On the other hand, it increased GPR109A and GPR41 expressions in the proximal colon tissue. In addition, total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), acetic acid, propionic acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, and isovaleric acid contents were also elevated in the cecum. In conclusion, exercise-induced alterations in gut microbiota play a decisive role in ameliorating HFHC diet-induced cognitive deficits. FMT treatment may be a new considerable direction in ameliorating cognitive impairment induced by exposure to HFHC diet.},
}

@article {pmid36710337,
year = {2023},
author = {Tian, F and Li, Y and Wang, Y and Yu, B and Song, J and Ning, Q and Jian, C and Ni, M},
title = {Risk factors and molecular epidemiology of fecal carriage of carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae in patients with liver disease.},
journal = {Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials},
volume = {22},
number = {1},
pages = {10},
pmid = {36710337},
issn = {1476-0711},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) colonization is a risk factor for CRE infection. CRE infection results in an increase in mortality in patients with cirrhosis. However, minimal data regarding the prevalence and the risk factors of CRE colonization in patients with liver disease yet without liver transplantation are available. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence, risk factors and molecular epidemiology characteristics of CRE fecal carriage among patients with liver disease.

METHODS: Stool specimens from 574 adult inpatients with liver disease were collected from December 2020 to April 2021. CRE were screened using selective chromogenic agar medium and identified by the Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the broth microdilution method. Carbapenemase genes were characterized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed for Carbapenem Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR-KPN) isolates and Carbapenem Resistant Escherichia Coli (CR-ECO) isolates.

RESULTS: The total number of stool specimens (732) were collected from 574 patients with liver disease. 43 non-duplicated CRE strains were isolated from 39 patients with a carriage rate of 6.79% (39/574). The carriage rate was 15.60% (17/109) in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). Multivariate analysis indicated that ACLF (P = 0.018), the history of pulmonary infection within past 3 months (P = 0.001) and the use of third generation cephalosporin/β-lactamases inhibitor within past 3 months (P = 0.000) were independent risk factors of CRE colonization in patients with liver disease. Klebsiella Pnuemoniae (KPN) (51.28%) and Escherichia coli (ECO) (30.77%) were main strains in these patients. All CRE strains showed high resistance to most antimicrobials except for polymyxin B and tigecycline. Most (83.72%, 36/43) of the CRE carried carbapenemase genes. blaKPC-2 was the major carbapenemase gene. The molecular epidemiology of KPN were dominated by ST11, while the STs of ECO were scattered.

CONCLUSIONS: The present study revealed that CRE fecal carriage rates were higher in patients with ACLF than in patients without liver failure. ACLF, the history of pulmonary infection within past 3 months and the use of third generation cephalosporin/β-lactamases inhibitor within past 3 months were independent risk factors of CRE colonization in patients with liver disease. Regular CRE screening for hospitalized patients with liver disease should be conducted to limit the spread of CRE strain.},
}

@article {pmid36710269,
year = {2023},
author = {Zhao, Q and Yu, J and Zhou, H and Wang, X and Zhang, C and Hu, J and Hu, Y and Zheng, H and Zeng, F and Yue, C and Gu, L and Wang, Z and Zhao, F and Zhou, P and Zhang, H and Huang, N and Wu, W and Zhou, Y and Li, J},
title = {Intestinal dysbiosis exacerbates the pathogenesis of psoriasis-like phenotype through changes in fatty acid metabolism.},
journal = {Signal transduction and targeted therapy},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {40},
pmid = {36710269},
issn = {2059-3635},
abstract = {The intestinal microbiota has been associated with host immunity as well as psoriasis; however, the mechanism of intestinal microbiota regulating psoriasis needs to be demonstrated systematically. Here, we sought to examine its role and mechanism of action in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. We found that the severity of psoriasis-like skin phenotype was accompanied by changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota. We performed co-housing and fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) experiments using the K14-VEGF transgenic mouse model of psoriasis and demonstrated that the transfer of intestinal microbiota from mice with severe psoriasis-like skin phenotype exacerbated psoriasiform skin inflammation in mice with mild symptoms, including increasing the infiltration and differentiation of Th17, and increased the abundance of Prevotella, while decreasing that of Parabacteroides distasonis, in the colon. These alterations affected fatty acid metabolism, increasing the abundance of oleic and stearic acids. Meanwhile, gentamicin treatment significantly reduced the abundance of Prevotella and alleviated the psoriasis-like symptoms in both K14-VEGF mice and imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like mice. Indeed, administration of oleic and stearic acids exacerbated psoriasis-like symptoms and increased Th17 and monocyte-derived dendritic cell infiltration in the skin lesion areas in vivo, as well as increased the secretion of IL-23 by stimulating DCs in vitro. At last, we found that, treatment of PDE-4 inhibitor alleviated psoriasis-like phenotype of K14-VEGF mice accompanied by the recovery of intestinal microbiota, including the decrease of Prevotella and increase of Parabacteroides distasonis. Overall, our findings reveal that the intestinal microbiota modulates host metabolism and psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice, suggesting a new target for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of psoriasis.},
}

@article {pmid36706918,
year = {2023},
author = {Lu, T and Li, Q and Lin, W and Zhao, X and Li, F and Ji, J and Zhang, Y and Xu, N},
title = {Gut microbiota-derived glutamine attenuates liver ischemia/reperfusion injury via macrophage metabolic reprogramming.},
journal = {Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.01.004},
pmid = {36706918},
issn = {2352-345X},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE & AIMS: Many studies have revealed crucial roles of the gut microbiota and its metabolites in liver disease progression. However, the mechanism underlying their effects on liver ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury remain largely unknown. Here, we investigate the function of gut microbiota and its metabolites in liver I/R injury.

METHODS: C57BL/6 mice was pretreated with an antibiotic cocktail. Then, we used multi-omics detection methods including 16s rRNA sequencing, ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) to explore the changes of gut microbiota and metabolites both in feces and portal blood in order to reveal the mechanism of their protective effect in liver I/R injury.

RESULTS: We found that antibiotic pretreatment (ABX) could significantly reduce the severity of I/R-induced hepatic injury, and this effect could be transferred to germ-free (GF) mice by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), suggesting a protective role of the gut microbiota depletion. During I/R, the rates of serum α-ketoglutarate (aKG) production and glutamate reduction, downstream products of gut microbiota-derived glutamine were more significant in the ABX mice. Then, we showed that aKG could promote alternative (M2) macrophage activation through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and Oligomycin A could inhibit M2 macrophage polarization and reversed this protective effect.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings show that the gut microbiota and its metabolites play critical roles in hepatic I/R injury by modulating macrophage metabolic reprogramming. Potential therapies that target macrophage metabolism, including antibiotic therapies and novel immunometabolism modulators can be exploited for the treatment of liver I/R injury.},
}

@article {pmid36704100,
year = {2022},
author = {Wu, Z and Zhang, B and Chen, F and Xia, R and Zhu, D and Chen, B and Lin, A and Zheng, C and Hou, D and Li, X and Zhang, S and Chen, Y and Hou, K},
title = {Fecal microbiota transplantation reverses insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes: A randomized, controlled, prospective study.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {1089991},
pmid = {36704100},
issn = {2235-2988},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Recent studies have shown that fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) improved the metabolic profiles of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), yet the effectiveness in reversing insulin resistance and increasing metformin sensitivity in T2DM patients have not been reported. In this study, we evaluated the improvements of T2DM patients and their gut microbiota by FMT alone and FMT plus metformin.

METHODS: A total of 31 patients with newly diagnosed T2DM were randomized to intervention by metformin, FMT, or FMT plus metformin in the study. Patients were followed up at baseline and week 4 after treatment. Blood and stool samples were collected and subject to analyze clinical parameters and microbial communities by metagenomic sequencing, respectively.

RESULTS: FMT alone and FMT plus metformin significantly improved the clinical indicators HOMA-IR and BMI in T2DM, besides fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, and hemoglobin A1c that were also controlled by metformin. Donor microbiota effectively colonized in T2DM with slightly higher colonization ration in FMT than FMT plus metformin within 4 weeks, resulting in increased microbial diversity and community changes from baseline after treatment. A total of 227 species and 441 species were significantly alerted after FMT and FMT plus metformin, respectively. FMT were significantly associated with the clinical parameters. Among them, Chlorobium phaeovibrioides, Bifidibacterium adolescentis and Synechococcus sp.WH8103 were potential due to their significantly negative correlations with HOMA-IR.

CONCLUSIONS: FMT with or without metformin significantly improve insulin resistance and body mass index and gut microbial communities of T2DM patients by colonization of donor-derived microbiota.},
}

@article {pmid36701104,
year = {2023},
author = {Fan, L and Zeng, X and Xu, G},
title = {Metformin Regulates Gut Microbiota Abundance to Suppress M2 Skewing of Macrophages and Colorectal Tumorigenesis in Mice.},
journal = {Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {36701104},
issn = {1976-3794},
abstract = {The correlation of imbalanced gut microbiota with the onset and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) has become clear. This work investigates the effect of metformin on gut microbiota and genesis of CRC in mice. Human fecal samples were collected from healthy control (HC) donors and CRC patients. Compared to HC donors, CRC patients had reduced abundance of gut microbiota; however, they had increased abundance of detrimental Bacteroidetes. Mice were injected with azomethane (AOM) to induce colorectal tumorigenesis models. Treatment of CRC patients-sourced fecal microbiota promoted tumorigenesis, and it increased the expression of Ki67, β-catenin, COX-2, and Cyclin D1 in mouse colon tissues. Further treatment of metformin blocked the colorectal tumorigenesis in mice. Fecal microbiota from the metformin-treated mice was collected, which showed decreased Bacteroidetes abundance and suppressed AOM-induced colorectal tumorigenesis in mice as well. Moreover, the metformin- modified microbiota promoted the M1 macrophage-related markers IL-6 and iNOS but suppressed the M2 macrophage-related markers IL-4R and Arg1 in mouse colon tissues. In conclusion, this study suggests that metformin-mediated gut microbiota alteration suppresses macrophage M2 polarization to block colorectal tumorigenesis.},
}

@article {pmid36700221,
year = {2022},
author = {Chen, L and Ruan, G and Cheng, Y and Yi, A and Chen, D and Wei, Y},
title = {The role of Th17 cells in inflammatory bowel disease and the research progress.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1055914},
pmid = {36700221},
issn = {1664-3224},
abstract = {Th17 cells play an important role in the abnormal immune response in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and are involved in the development and progression of inflammation and fibrosis. An increasing amount of data has shown that gut microbes are important parts of intestinal immunity and regulators of Th17 cellular immunity. Th17 cell differentiation is regulated by intestinal bacteria and cytokines, and Th17 cells regulate the intestinal mucosal immune microenvironment by secreting cytokines, such as IL-17, IL-21, and IL-26. Solid evidence showed that, regarding the treatment of IBD by targeting Th17 cells, the therapeutic effect of different biological agents varies greatly. Fecal bacteria transplantation (FMT) in the treatment of IBD has been a popular research topic in recent years and is safe and effective with few side effects. To further understand the role of Th17 cells in the progression of IBD and associated therapeutic prospects, this review will discuss the progress of related research on Th17 cells in IBD by focusing on the interaction and immune regulation between Th17 cells and gut microbiota.},
}

@article {pmid36698844,
year = {2022},
author = {Chopra, T and Hecht, G and Tillotson, G},
title = {Gut microbiota and microbiota-based therapies for Clostridioides difficile infection.},
journal = {Frontiers in medicine},
volume = {9},
number = {},
pages = {1093329},
pmid = {36698844},
issn = {2296-858X},
abstract = {Clostridioides difficile infection poses significant clinical challenges due to its recurrent nature. Current antibiotic management does not address the underlying issue, that of a disturbed gastrointestinal microbiome, called dysbiosis. This provides a supportive environment for the germination of C. difficile spores which lead to infection and toxin production as well as an array of other health conditions. The use of microbiome restoration therapies such as live biotherapeutics can reverse dysbiosis and lead to good clinical outcomes. Several such therapies are under clinical investigation.},
}

@article {pmid36693853,
year = {2023},
author = {Chadchan, SB and Naik, SK and Popli, P and Talwar, C and Putluri, S and Ambati, CR and Lint, MA and Kau, AL and Stallings, CL and Kommagani, R},
title = {Gut microbiota and microbiota-derived metabolites promotes endometriosis.},
journal = {Cell death discovery},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {28},
pmid = {36693853},
issn = {2058-7716},
abstract = {Endometriosis is a pathological condition of the female reproductive tract characterized by the existence of endometrium-like tissue at ectopic sites, affecting 10% of women between the age 15 and 49 in the USA. However, currently there is no reliable non-invasive method to detect the presence of endometriosis without surgery and many women find hormonal therapy and surgery as ineffective in avoiding the recurrences. There is a lack of knowledge on the etiology and the factors that contribute to the development of endometriosis. A growing body of recent evidence suggests an association between gut microbiota and endometriosis pathophysiology. However, the direct impact of microbiota and microbiota-derived metabolites on the endometriosis disease progression is largely unknown. To understand the causal role of gut microbiota and endometriosis, we have implemented a novel model using antibiotic-induced microbiota-depleted (MD) mice to investigate the endometriosis disease progression. Interestingly, we found that MD mice showed reduced endometriotic lesion growth and, the transplantation of gut microbiota by oral gavage of feces from mice with endometriosis rescued the endometriotic lesion growth. Additionally, using germ-free donor mice, we indicated that the uterine microbiota is dispensable for endometriotic lesion growth in mice. Furthermore, we showed that gut microbiota modulates immune cell populations in the peritoneum of lesions-bearing mice. Finally, we found a novel signature of microbiota-derived metabolites that were significantly altered in feces of mice with endometriosis. Finally, we found one the altered metabolite, quinic acid promoted the survival of endometriotic epithelial cells in vitro and lesion growth in vivo, suggesting the disease-promoting potential of microbiota-derived metabolites. In summary, these data suggest that gut microbiota and microbiota-derived metabolome contribute to lesion growth in mice, possibly through immune cell adaptations. Of translational significance, these findings will aid in designing non-invasive diagnostics using stool metabolites for endometriosis.},
}

@article {pmid36693599,
year = {2023},
author = {Hou, Q and Huang, J and Zhao, L and Pan, X and Liao, C and Jiang, Q and Lei, J and Guo, F and Cui, J and Guo, Y and Zhang, B},
title = {Dietary genistein increases microbiota-derived short chain fatty acid levels, modulates homeostasis of the aging gut, and extends healthspan and lifespan.},
journal = {Pharmacological research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {106676},
doi = {10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106676},
pmid = {36693599},
issn = {1096-1186},
abstract = {Age-related gastrointestinal decline contributes to whole-organism frailty and mortality. Genistein is known to have beneficial effects on age-related diseases, but its precise role in homeostasis of the aging gut remains to be elucidated. Here, wild-type aging mice and Zmpste24[-/-] progeroid mice were used to investigate the role of genistein in lifespan and homeostasis of the aging gut in mammals. A series of longitudinal, clinically relevant measurements were performed to evaluate the effect of genistein on healthspan. It was found that dietary genistein promoted a healthier and longer life and was associated with a decrease in the levels of systemic inflammatory cytokines in aging mice. Furthermore, dietary genistein ameliorated gut dysfunctions, such as intestinal inflammation, leaky gut, and impaired epithelial regeneration. A distinct genistein-mediated alteration in gut microbiota was observed by increasing Lachnospira abundance and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. Further fecal microbiota transplantation and dirty cage sharing experiments indicated that the gut microbiota from genistein-fed mice rejuvenated the aging gut and extended the lifespan of progeroid mice. It was demonstrated that genistein-associated SCFAs alleviated tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced intestinal organoid damage. Moreover, genistein-associated propionate promoted regulatory T cell-derived interleukin 10 production, which alleviated macrophage-derived inflammation. This study provided the first data, to the authors' knowledge, indicating that dietary genistein modulates homeostasis in the aging gut and extends the healthspan and lifespan of aging mammals. Moreover, the existence of a link between genistein and the gut microbiota provides a rationale for dietary interventions against age-associated frailty.},
}

@article {pmid36692308,
year = {2023},
author = {Pensinger, DA and Fisher, AT and Dobrila, HA and Van Treuren, W and Gardner, JO and Higginbottom, SK and Carter, MM and Schumann, B and Bertozzi, CR and Anikst, V and Martin, C and Robilotti, EV and Chow, JM and Buck, RH and Tompkins, LS and Sonnenburg, JL and Hryckowian, AJ},
title = {Butyrate Differentiates Permissiveness to Clostridioides difficile Infection and Influences Growth of Diverse C. difficile Isolates.},
journal = {Infection and immunity},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0057022},
doi = {10.1128/iai.00570-22},
pmid = {36692308},
issn = {1098-5522},
abstract = {A disrupted "dysbiotic" gut microbiome engenders susceptibility to the diarrheal pathogen Clostridioides difficile by impacting the metabolic milieu of the gut. Diet, in particular the microbiota-accessible carbohydrates (MACs) found in dietary fiber, is one of the most powerful ways to affect the composition and metabolic output of the gut microbiome. As such, diet is a powerful tool for understanding the biology of C. difficile and for developing alternative approaches for coping with this pathogen. One prominent class of metabolites produced by the gut microbiome is short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the major metabolic end products of MAC metabolism. SCFAs are known to decrease the fitness of C. difficile in vitro, and high intestinal SCFA concentrations are associated with reduced fitness of C. difficile in animal models of C. difficile infection (CDI). Here, we use controlled dietary conditions (8 diets that differ only by MAC composition) to show that C. difficile fitness is most consistently impacted by butyrate, rather than the other two prominent SCFAs (acetate and propionate), during murine model CDI. We similarly show that butyrate concentrations are lower in fecal samples from humans with CDI than in those from healthy controls. Finally, we demonstrate that butyrate impacts growth in diverse C. difficile isolates. These findings provide a foundation for future work which will dissect how butyrate directly impacts C. difficile fitness and will lead to the development of diverse approaches distinct from antibiotics or fecal transplant, such as dietary interventions, for mitigating CDI in at-risk human populations. IMPORTANCE Clostridioides difficile is a leading cause of infectious diarrhea in humans, and it imposes a tremendous burden on the health care system. Current treatments for C. difficile infection (CDI) include antibiotics and fecal microbiota transplant, which contribute to recurrent CDIs and face major regulatory hurdles, respectively. Therefore, there is an ongoing need to develop new ways to cope with CDI. Notably, a disrupted "dysbiotic" gut microbiota is the primary risk factor for CDI, but we incompletely understand how a healthy microbiota resists CDI. Here, we show that a specific molecule produced by the gut microbiota, butyrate, is negatively associated with C. difficile burdens in humans and in a mouse model of CDI and that butyrate impedes the growth of diverse C. difficile strains in pure culture. These findings help to build a foundation for designing alternative, possibly diet-based, strategies for mitigating CDI in humans.},
}

@article {pmid36678325,
year = {2023},
author = {Daskova, N and Heczkova, M and Modos, I and Hradecky, J and Hudcovic, T and Kuzma, M and Pelantova, H and Buskova, I and Sticova, E and Funda, D and Golias, J and Drabonova, B and Jarkovska, J and Kralova, M and Cibulkova, I and Gojda, J and Cahova, M},
title = {Protective Effect of Vegan Microbiota on Liver Steatosis Is Conveyed by Dietary Fiber: Implications for Fecal Microbiota Transfer Therapy.},
journal = {Nutrients},
volume = {15},
number = {2},
pages = {},
pmid = {36678325},
issn = {2072-6643},
mesh = {Mice ; Animals ; Humans ; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ; Vegans ; Inulin/pharmacology ; Dietary Fiber/pharmacology ; *Fatty Liver/prevention & control/drug therapy ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Diet, Western ; Glucose/pharmacology ; },
abstract = {Fecal microbiota transfer may serve as a therapeutic tool for treating obesity and related disorders but currently, there is no consensus regarding the optimal donor characteristics. We studied how microbiota from vegan donors, who exhibit a low incidence of non-communicable diseases, impact on metabolic effects of an obesogenic diet and the potential role of dietary inulin in mediating these effects. Ex-germ-free animals were colonized with human vegan microbiota and fed a standard or Western-type diet (WD) with or without inulin supplementation. Despite the colonization with vegan microbiota, WD induced excessive weight gain, impaired glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, and liver steatosis. However, supplementation with inulin reversed steatosis and improved glucose homeostasis. In contrast, inulin did not affect WD-induced metabolic changes in non-humanized conventional mice. In vegan microbiota-colonized mice, inulin supplementation resulted in a significant change in gut microbiota composition and its metabolic performance, inducing the shift from proteolytic towards saccharolytic fermentation (decrease of sulfur-containing compounds, increase of SCFA). We found that (i) vegan microbiota alone does not protect against adverse effects of WD; and (ii) supplementation with inulin reversed steatosis and normalized glucose metabolism. This phenomenon is associated with the shift in microbiota composition and accentuation of saccharolytic fermentation at the expense of proteolytic fermentation.},
}

Mice
Animals
Humans
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation
Vegans
Inulin/pharmacology
Dietary Fiber/pharmacology
*Fatty Liver/prevention & control/drug therapy
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Diet, Western
Glucose/pharmacology

@article {pmid36689162,
year = {2023},
author = {Lin, MC and Peng, ZY and Chou, HC and Tsai, YT and Wei, YS and Wang, YS and Wang, YL and Chang, SJ and Chan, HL},
title = {Fecal Protein Analysis of Dusp6 Knockout C57BL/6J Mice by Metaproteomics.},
journal = {Applied biochemistry and biotechnology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {36689162},
issn = {1559-0291},
abstract = {The research of obesity and gut microbiota has been carried out for years, yet the study process was in a slow pace for several challenges to conquer. As a complex status of disorder, the contributing factors refer to gut microbiota about obesity were controversial in a wide range. In terms of proteomics, 2D-DIGE technology is a powerful method for this study to identify fecal proteins from lean microbiota in Dusp6 knockout C57BL/6J mice, exploring the protein markers of the ability resisting to diet-induced obesity (DIO) transferred to the host mice after fecal microbiota transplantation. The results showed that the fecal microbiota expressed 289 proteins differentially with 23 proteins identified, which were considered to be the reasons to assist the microbiota exhibiting distinct behavior. By means of proteomics technology, we had found that differentially expressed proteins of lean microbiota determined the lean microbial behavior might be able to resist leaky gut. To sum up our study, the proteomics strategies offered as a tool to demonstrate and analyze the features of lean microbiota, providing new speculations in the behavior about the gut microbiota reacting to DIO.},
}

@article {pmid36689003,
year = {2023},
author = {Rajindrajith, S and Devanarayana, NM and Thapar, N and Benninga, MA},
title = {Myths and misconceptions about childhood constipation.},
journal = {European journal of pediatrics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {36689003},
issn = {1432-1076},
abstract = {Many widely held beliefs and assumptions concerning childhood constipation continue to interfere with rational management of childhood constipation. Although many still believe that constipation is not a common disease, about 9.5% of the world's children suffer from chronic constipation. Most of these children live in non-Western countries. There are major misconceptions about the etiology of constipation as a significant proportion of clinicians still believe that constipation is caused by some form an organic pathology, whereas in reality, the majority have functional constipation. Contrary to a commonly held belief that children outgrow constipation without long-term problems, there is evidence that constipation leads to significant bowel and psychological consequences and has a major impact on the quality of life which detrimentally affects future health and education. Finally, ineffective management strategies such as increasing fiber and water in the diet, and short duration of treatment owing to the fear that long-term laxative treatment leads to colonic dysfunction, interfere with effective therapeutic strategies. Conclusions: It is apparent that myths and misconception often lead to wrong assumptions regarding the distribution of the disease, its etiology, pathophysiology, and management leading to ordering incorrect investigations and ineffective therapeutic strategies while spending large sums of public funds unnecessarily. Poorly treated constipation leads to deleterious psychological consequences predisposing children to develop significant psychological damage and bowel dysfunctions. This review aims to challenge these myths about various elements of constipation by exploring the existing literature and encouraging clinicians to have a fresh look at old concepts that could interfere with the well-being of children with constipation. What is Known: • Childhood constipation is a growing problem in the world leading to significant suffering and high healthcare expenditure • Myths and misconceptions lead to poor management strategies causing psychological and bowel damage What is New: • Organic, systemic, and bowel disorders leading to constipation are uncommon, and in the majority, it arises due to deliberate fecal withholding and most investigations ordered by clinicians are not very helpful in the management • Most non-pharmacological interventions are not effective in the day-to-day management of childhood constipation. The use of laxatives is considered to be the first-line management strategy.},
}

@article {pmid36688695,
year = {2023},
author = {Pan, J and Chui, L and Liu, T and Zheng, Q and Liu, X and Liu, L and Zhao, Y and Zhang, L and Song, M and Han, J and Huang, J and Tang, C and Tao, C and Zhao, J and Wang, Y},
title = {Fecal Microbiota Was Reshaped in UCP1 Knock-In Pigs via the Adipose-Liver-Gut Axis and Contributed to Less Fat Deposition.},
journal = {Microbiology spectrum},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e0354022},
doi = {10.1128/spectrum.03540-22},
pmid = {36688695},
issn = {2165-0497},
abstract = {The relationship between the host gut microbiota and obesity has been well documented in humans and mice; however, few studies reported the association between the gut microbiota and fat deposition in pigs. In a previous study, we generated uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) knock-in pigs (UCP1 pigs), which exhibited a lower fat deposition phenotype. Whether the gut microbiota was reshaped in these pigs and whether the reshaped gut microbiota contributes to the lower fat content remain unknown. Here, we revealed that the fecal microbiota composition and metabolites were significantly altered under both chow diet (CD) and high-fat/high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet conditions in UCP1 pigs compared to those in wild-type (WT) pigs. The abundance of Oscillospira and Coprococcus and the level of metabolite hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA) from feces were observed to be significantly increased in UCP1 pigs. An association analysis revealed that Oscillospira and Coprococcus were significantly negatively related to backfat thickness. In addition, after fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), the mice that were orally gavaged with feces from UCP1 pigs exhibited less fat deposition under both CD and high-fat diet (HFD) conditions, suggesting that the fecal microbes of UCP1 pigs participate in regulating host lipid metabolism. Consistently, HDCA-treated mice also exhibited reduced fat content. Mechanistically, we found that UCP1 expression in white adipose tissue alters the gut microbiota via the adipose-liver-gut axis in pigs. Our study provides new data concerning the cross talk between host genetic variations and the gut microbiota and paves the way for the potential application of microbes or their metabolites in the regulation of fat deposition in pigs. IMPORTANCE This article investigated the effect of the ectopic expression of UCP1 on the regulation of fecal microbiota composition and metabolites and which alters the fat deposition phenotype. Bacteria, including Oscillospira and Coprococcus, and the metabolite HDCA were found to be significantly increased in feces of UCP1 pigs and had a negative relationship with backfat thickness. Mice with fecal microbiota transplantation phenocopied the UCP1 pigs under both CD and HFD conditions, suggesting that the fecal microbes of UCP1 pigs participate in regulating host lipid metabolism. Our study provides new data regarding the cross talk between host genetic variations and the gut microbiota and paves the way for the potential application of microbes or their metabolic production in the regulation of fat deposition in pigs.},
}

@article {pmid36688692,
year = {2023},
author = {Strahm, N and Didriksen, H and Fretheim, H and Molberg, Ø and Midtvedt, Ø and Farstad, IN and Midtvedt, T and Lundin, KEA and Aabakken, L and Błyszczuk, P and Distler, O and Kania, G and Hoffmann-Vold, AM},
title = {Effects of faecal microbiota transplantation on small intestinal mucosa in systemic sclerosis.},
journal = {Rheumatology (Oxford, England)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1093/rheumatology/kead014},
pmid = {36688692},
issn = {1462-0332},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: In systemic sclerosis (SSc), gastrointestinal tract (GIT) involvement is a major concern, with no disease-modifying and limited symptomatic therapies available. Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) represents a new therapeutic option for GIT-affliction in SSc, showing clinical promise in a recent controlled pilot trial. Here, we aim to investigate effects of FMT on duodenal biopsies collected from SSc patients by immunohistochemistry and transcriptome profiling.

METHODS: We analysed duodenal biopsies obtained pre- (week 0) and post-intervention (weeks 2 and 16) from nine SSc patients receiving intestinal infusion of FMT (n = 5) or placebo (n = 4). The analysis included immunohistochemistry (IHC) with a selected immune function and fibrosis markers, and whole biopsy transcriptome profiling.

RESULTS: In patients receiving FMT, the number of podoplanin and CD64-expressing cells in the mucosa were lower at week 2 compared to baseline. This decline in podoplanin- (r = 0.94) and CD64-positive (r = 0.89) cells correlated with improved patient-reported lower GIT symptoms. Whole biopsy transcriptome profiling from week 2 showed significant enrichment of pathways critical for cellular and endoplasmic reticulum stress responses, microvillus and secretory vesicles, vascular and sodium-dependent transport, and circadian rhythm. At week 16, we found enrichment of pathways mandatory for binding activity of immunoglobulin receptors, T-cell receptor complex, and chemokine receptor, as well as response to zinc-ions. We found that 25 genes, including Matrix metalloproteinase-1 were upregulated at both week 2 and week 16.

CONCLUSION: Combining selective IHC and unbiased gene expression analyses, this exploratory study highlights the potential for disease-relevant organ effects of FMT in SSc patients with GIT involvement.},
}

@article {pmid36687192,
year = {2023},
author = {Aydin, OC and Aydın, S and Barun, S},
title = {Role of natural products and intestinal flora on type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment.},
journal = {World journal of clinical cases},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {65-72},
pmid = {36687192},
issn = {2307-8960},
abstract = {Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complicated, globally expanding disease that is influenced by hereditary and environmental variables. Changes in modern society's food choices, physical inactivity, and obesity are significant factors in the development of type 2 DM (T2DM). The association between changes in intestinal flora and numerous disorders, including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, has been studied in recent years. The purpose of this review is to analyze the mechanisms underlying the alteration of the diabetic patients' intestinal flora, as well as their therapeutic choices. Also included is a summary of the anti-diabetic benefits of natural compounds demonstrated by studies. The short-chain fatty acids theory, the bile acid theory, and the endotoxin theory are all potential methods by which intestinal flora contributes to the establishment and progression of T2DM. Due to an intestinal flora imbalance, abnormalities in short-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids have been found in diabetic patients. Additionally, metabolic endotoxemia with altering flora induces a systemic inflammatory response by stimulating the immune system via bacterial translocation. The agenda for diabetes treatment includes the use of short-chain fatty acids, probiotics, prebiotics in the diet, fecal bacteria transplantation, and antibiotics. Animal studies have proven the antidiabetic benefits of numerous bioactive substances, including Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Saponin, and Allicin. However, further research is required to contribute to the treatment of diabetes.},
}

@article {pmid36687179,
year = {2023},
author = {Yan, XX and Wu, D},
title = {Intestinal microecology-based treatment for inflammatory bowel disease: Progress and prospects.},
journal = {World journal of clinical cases},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {47-56},
pmid = {36687179},
issn = {2307-8960},
abstract = {Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, recurrent, and debilitating disorder, and includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. The pathogenesis of IBD is closely associated with intestinal dysbiosis, but has not yet been fully clarified. Genetic and environmental factors can influence IBD patients' gut microbiota and metabolism, disrupt intestinal barriers, and trigger abnormal immune responses. Studies have reported the alteration of gut microbiota and metabolites in IBD, providing the basis for potential therapeutic options. Intestinal microbiota-based treatments such as pre/probiotics, metabolite supplementation, and fecal microbiota transplantation have been extensively studied, but their clinical efficacy remains controversial. Repairing the intestinal barrier and promoting mucosal healing have also been proposed. We here review the current clinical trials on intestinal microecology and discuss the prospect of research and practice in this field.},
}

@article {pmid36686492,
year = {2022},
author = {Wang, G and Wang, Y and Bai, J and Li, G and Liu, Y and Deng, S and Zhou, R and Tao, K and Xia, Z},
title = {Increased plasma genistein after bariatric surgery could promote remission of NAFLD in patients with obesity.},
journal = {Frontiers in endocrinology},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1024769},
pmid = {36686492},
issn = {1664-2392},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Bariatric surgery is associated with a positive effect on the progress of non-alcoholic associated fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Although weight loss is the obvious mechanism, there are also weight-independent mechanisms.

METHODS: We collected blood samples from 5 patients with obesity before and 3 months after surgery and performed an LC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics test to detect potential systemic changes. We also constructed sleeve gastrectomy (SG) mice models. The plasma, liver and intestine samples were collected and analyzed by qPCR, ELISA and HPLC. Cohousing experiments and feces transplantation experiments were performed on mice to study the effect of gut microbiota. Genistein administration experiments were used to study the in vivo function of the metabolites.

RESULTS: Plasma genistein (GE) was identified to be elevated after surgery. Both clinical data and rodent models suggested that plasma GE is negatively related to the degree of NAFLD. We fed diet-induced obese (DIO) mice with GE, and we found that there was significant remission of NAFLD. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that GE could restrict the inflammation state in the liver and thus relieve NAFLD. Finally, we used co-housing experiments to alter the gut microbiota in mice, and it was identified that sleeve gastrectomy (SG) mice had a special gut microbiota phenotype, which could result in higher plasma GE levels. By feces transplantation experiment (FMT), we found that only feces from the SG mice (and not from other lean mice) could induce higher plasma GE levels.

CONCLUSION: Our studies showed that SG but not calorie restriction could induce higher plasma GE levels by altering the gut microbiota. This change could promote NAFLD remission. Our study provides new insights into the systemic effects of bariatric surgery. Bariatric surgery could affect remote organs via altered metabolites from the gut microbiota. Our study also identified that additional supplement of GE after surgery could be a therapy for NAFLD.},
}

@article {pmid36685764,
year = {2022},
author = {Minuti, A and Brufani, F and Menculini, G and Moretti, P and Tortorella, A},
title = {The complex relationship between gut microbiota dysregulation and mood disorders: A narrative review.},
journal = {Current research in neurobiology},
volume = {3},
number = {},
pages = {100044},
pmid = {36685764},
issn = {2665-945X},
abstract = {Gut microbiota regulates neurotransmission, neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, and neuroendocrine signaling. The aim of the present review is to analyze the literature concerning gut microbiota dysregulation and mood symptoms, with the specific hypothesis that such alterations play a role in the onset of mood disorders. Here, in fact, we review recent research focusing on how gut microbiota dysregulation influences the onset of mood disorders and on possible pathophysiological mechanisms involved in this interaction. We pay specific attention to the relationship between gut microbiota dysregulation and inflammatory state, Th17 differentiation, neuroactive factors, and TRP metabolism. The association between gut microbiota dysregulation and mood disorders is critically analyzed under a clinical point of view, also focusing on the emergence of mood symptoms in the context of medical conditions. These latter correlations may enable an interdisciplinary perspective in the clinical approach to such symptoms, as well as new treatment strategies, such as nutritional interventions, psychobiotics, antibiotics, as well as fecal microbiota transplantation.},
}

@article {pmid36683718,
year = {2023},
author = {Senchukova, MA},
title = {Microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract: Friend or foe?.},
journal = {World journal of gastroenterology},
volume = {29},
number = {1},
pages = {19-42},
pmid = {36683718},
issn = {2219-2840},
abstract = {The gut microbiota is currently considered an external organ of the human body that provides important mechanisms of metabolic regulation and protection. The gut microbiota encodes over 3 million genes, which is approximately 150 times more than the total number of genes present in the human genome. Changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of the microbiome lead to disruption in the synthesis of key bacterial metabolites, changes in intestinal barrier function, and inflammation and can cause the development of a wide variety of diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, gastrointestinal disorders, cardiovascular issues, neurological disorders and oncological concerns. In this review, I consider issues related to the role of the microbiome in the regulation of intestinal barrier function, its influence on physiological and pathological processes occurring in the body, and potential new therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring the gut microbiome. Herewith, it is important to understand that the gut microbiota and human body should be considered as a single biological system, where change of one element will inevitably affect its other components. Thus, the study of the impact of the intestinal microbiota on health should be considered only taking into account numerous factors, the role of which has not yet been fully elucidated.},
}

@article {pmid36683714,
year = {2023},
author = {Luo, M and Xin, RJ and Hu, FR and Yao, L and Hu, SJ and Bai, FH},
title = {Role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and therapeutics of minimal hepatic encephalopathy via the gut-liver-brain axis.},
journal = {World journal of gastroenterology},
volume = {29},
number = {1},
pages = {144-156},
pmid = {36683714},
issn = {2219-2840},
abstract = {Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is a frequent neurological and psychiatric complication of liver cirrhosis. The precise pathogenesis of MHE is complicated and has yet to be fully elucidated. Studies in cirrhotic patients and experimental animals with MHE have indicated that gut microbiota dysbiosis induces systemic inflammation, hyperammonemia, and endotoxemia, subsequently leading to neuroinflammation in the brain via the gut-liver-brain axis. Related mechanisms initiated by gut microbiota dysbiosis have significant roles in MHE pathogenesis. The currently available therapeutic strategies for MHE in clinical practice, including lactulose, rifaximin, probiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation, exert their effects mainly by modulating gut microbiota dysbiosis. Microbiome therapies for MHE have shown promised efficacy and safety; however, several controversies and challenges regarding their clinical use deserve to be intensively discussed. We have summarized the latest research findings concerning the roles of gut microbiota dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of MHE via the gut-liver-brain axis as well as the potential mechanisms by which microbiome therapies regulate gut microbiota dysbiosis in MHE patients.},
}

@article {pmid36683707,
year = {2022},
author = {Chen, Q and Fan, Y and Zhang, B and Yan, C and Chen, Z and Wang, L and Hu, Y and Huang, Q and Su, J and Ren, J and Xu, H},
title = {Specific fungi associated with response to capsulized fecal microbiota transplantation in patients with active ulcerative colitis.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {1086885},
pmid = {36683707},
issn = {2235-2988},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a novel microbial treatment for patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). In this study, we performed a clinical trial of capsulized FMT in UC patients to determine the association between the gut fungal community and capsulized FMT outcomes.

DESIGN: This study recruited patients with active UC (N = 22) and healthy individuals (donor, N = 9) according to the criteria. The patients received capsulized FMT three times a week. Patient stool samples were collected before (week 0) and after FMT follow-up visits at weeks 1, 4, and 12. Fungal communities were analysed using shotgun metagenomic sequencing.

RESULTS: According to metagenomic analysis, fungal community evenness index was greater in samples collected from patients, and the overall fungal community was clustered among the samples collected from donors. The dominant fungi in fecal samples collected from donors and patients were Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. However, capsulized FMT ameliorated microbial fungal diversity and altered fungal composition, based on metagenomic analysis of fecal samples collected before and during follow-up visits after capsulized FMT. Fungal diversity decreased in samples collected from patients who achieved remission after capsulized FMT, similar to samples collected from donors. Patients achieving remission after capsulized FMT had specific enrichment of Kazachstania naganishii, Pyricularia grisea, Lachancea thermotolerans, and Schizosaccharomyces pombe compared with patients who did not achieve remission. In addition, the relative abundance of P. grisea was higher in remission fecal samples during the follow-up visit. Meanwhile, decreased levels of pathobionts, such as Candida and Debaryomyces hansenii, were associated with remission in patients receiving capsulized FMT.

CONCLUSION: In the metagenomic analysis of fecal samples from donors and patients with UC receiving capsulized FMT, shifts in gut fungal diversity and composition were associated with capsulized FMT and validated in patients with active UC. We also identified the specific fungi associated with the induction of remission. ClinicalTrails.gov (NCT03426683).},
}

@article {pmid36683147,
year = {2023},
author = {Jin, J and Xu, Z and Zhang, L and Zhang, C and Zhao, X and Mao, Y and Zhang, H and Liang, X and Wu, J and Yang, Y and Zhang, J},
title = {Gut-derived β-amyloid: Likely a centerpiece of the gut-brain axis contributing to Alzheimer's pathogenesis.},
journal = {Gut microbes},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {2167172},
doi = {10.1080/19490976.2023.2167172},
pmid = {36683147},
issn = {1949-0984},
abstract = {Peripheral β-amyloid (Aβ), including those contained in the gut, may contribute to the formation of Aβ plaques in the brain, and gut microbiota appears to exert an impact on Alzheimer's disease (AD) via the gut-brain axis, although detailed mechanisms are not clearly defined. The current study focused on uncovering the potential interactions among gut-derived Aβ in aging, gut microbiota, and AD pathogenesis. To achieve this goal, the expression levels of Aβ and several key proteins involved in Aβ metabolism were initially assessed in mouse gut, with key results confirmed in human tissue. The results demonstrated that a high level of Aβ was detected throughout the gut in both mice and human, and gut Aβ42 increased with age in wild type and mutant amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1 (APP/PS1) mice. Next, the gut microbiome of mice was characterized by 16S rRNA sequencing, and we found the gut microbiome altered significantly in aged APP/PS1 mice and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) of aged APP/PS1 mice increased gut BACE1 and Aβ42 levels. Intra-intestinal injection of isotope or fluorescence labeled Aβ combined with vagotomy was also performed to investigate the transmission of Aβ from gut to brain. The data showed that, in aged mice, the gut Aβ42 was transported to the brain mainly via blood rather than the vagal nerve. Furthermore, FMT of APP/PS1 mice induced neuroinflammation, a phenotype that mimics early AD pathology. Taken together, this study suggests that the gut is likely a critical source of Aβ in the brain, and gut microbiota can further upregulate gut Aβ production, thereby potentially contributing to AD pathogenesis.},
}

@article {pmid36682132,
year = {2022},
author = {Cao, S and Guo, D and Yin, H and Ding, X and Bai, S and Zeng, Q and Liu, J and Zhang, K and Mao, X and Wang, J},
title = {Improvement in ovarian function following fecal microbiota transplantation from high-laying rate breeders.},
journal = {Poultry science},
volume = {102},
number = {3},
pages = {102467},
doi = {10.1016/j.psj.2022.102467},
pmid = {36682132},
issn = {1525-3171},
abstract = {The underlying mechanism between the gut microbiota and reproductive function is not yet well-known. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the administration of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from highly laying rate donors on the cecal microbiota, intestinal health and ovarian function in broiler breeders. A total of 60 broiler breeders (53 wk of age) were selected by their laying rate [high (HP, 90.67 ± 0.69%; n = 10) and low (LP, 70.23 ± 0.87%; n = 20)]. The LP breeders were then be transplanted with fecal microbiota from HP hens (FMTHP; n = 10) or the same dosage of PBS (FMTCON; n = 10) for 28 d. The results revealed that FMT from HP donors increased egg-laying rate and serum hormone levels [17β-estradiol (E2), anti-Müller hormone], also decreased proinflammatory cytokine levels (interleukin-6, interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-α) of LP breeders (P < 0.05). The FMTHP group breeders had higher villus height, villus height/crypt depth ratio, and upregulated mRNA expression of jejunum barrier-related gene (ZO-2 and mucin-2) and estrogen, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and anti-Müller hormone (AMH) receptor genes (ESR1, ESR2, FSHR, AMHR) (P < 0.05) than FMTCON group. FMT from HP donors led to higher mRNA expression of Bcl2 and sirtuin1 (SIRT1), while it downregulated the proapoptotic genes (Bax, caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9) mRNA expressions in ovary compared with the FMTCON breeders (P < 0.05), and this pattern was also observed in HP donors. Also, HP breeder had higher observed_species and alpha-diversity indexes (Chao1 and ACE) than FMTCON group, while FMTHP can increase observed_species and alpha-diversity indexes (Chao1 and ACE) than FMTCON group (P < 0.05). The bacteria enrichment of Firmicutes (phylum), Bacteroidetes (phylum), Lactobacillus (genus), Enterococcus (genus), and Bacteroides (genus) were increased by FMTHP treatment. The genera Butyricicoccus, Enterococcus, and Lactobacillus were positively correlated with egg-laying rate. Therefore, cecal microbiomes of breeders with high egg-laying performance have more diverse activities, which may be related to the metabolism and health of the host; and FMT from high-yield donors can increase the hormone secretion, intestinal health, and ovarian function to improve egg-laying performance and the SIRT1-related apoptosis and cytokine signaling pathway were involved in this process.},
}

@article {pmid36681571,
year = {2023},
author = {Ferre-Aracil, C and El Hajra Martínez, I and Vera Mendoza, MI and Ramos Martínez, A and Muñez Rubio, E and Fernández-Cruz, A and Matallana Royo, V and García-Maseda, S and Sánchez Romero, I and Martínez Ruiz, R and Calleja Panero, JL},
title = {[Faecal microbiota transplantation is a simple, effective and safe treatment in the management of C. difficile infection in daily clinical practice].},
journal = {Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica (English ed.)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.eimce.2022.01.004},
pmid = {36681571},
issn = {2529-993X},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a treatment supported by wide scientific evidence and proved to be very effective in the management of Clostridioides difficile (CD) infection. The objective of this study is to analyze its effectiveness and safety in a real clinical practice setting.

METHODS: Retrospective, single-center and descriptive observational study in which all FMT performed between May 2016 and December 2020 were included. Technical success was defined as the successful administration of the fecal preparation in the patient's gastrointestinal tract and clinical success the disappearance of diarrhea in the first 72 h after the procedure with no relapse within the following 8 weeks after the therapy was started.

RESULTS: 15 FMT were performed in 13 patients. The mean age of the patients was 73 ± 19,4 years (range: 40-98 years); being 60% women. The indication for FMT was relapsing colitis due to CD in 84.6%. All FMTs were performed by colonoscopy and from related donors. With a first procedure, the TMF was effective in 11 of 13 patients (84.61%; 95% CI; 54.55-98.07). Time until resolution of symptoms was less than 48h in all cases. Post-transplant follow-up was 25.66 ± 17.5 months. No significant short or long-term complications were recorded at follow-up.

CONCLUSION: TMF is a simple, effective and safe procedure in CD infection, even in elderly patients or those with great comorbidities.},
}

@article {pmid36680756,
year = {2023},
author = {Liu, Z and Wang, T and Zhu, Y and Zhao, H and Zhou, Z and Wu, Q},
title = {Improvements in gut microbiota dysbiosis in aged mice transplanted with adipose-derived stem cells.},
journal = {Stem cells and development},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1089/scd.2022.0257},
pmid = {36680756},
issn = {1557-8534},
abstract = {Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), as a cell therapy with considerable therapeutic potential, have received increasing attention in tissue repair, endocrine regulation, immune regulation, and aging and obesity research. Gut microbiota are present in all organisms and play important roles in the development of aging and obesity. Dysbiosis activates inflammatory pathways that may contribute to the development of aging and obesity. We used C57BL/6J mice of different ages to carry out the experiment. Young mice were used as donors for ASC. Feces from the three groups were collected for 16sRNA sequencing to analyze the species composition of intestinal microorganisms. Then, predicted metabolic pathways by PICRUSt2 using 16s rRNA gene sequences. Immune cell levels in abdominal adipose tissue was assessed by flow cytometry. The content of IL-6、TNF-α and LPS in serum was measured by ELISA kit. Our 16sRNA sequencing data showed restoration of gut microbiota diversity and an increase in beneficial flora (Akkermansia, Lactobacillus, Prevotella) 7 days after ASC transplantation. In addition, the inflammatory environment improved in older transplanted mice.},
}

@article {pmid36680641,
year = {2023},
author = {Campos-Madueno, EI and Moradi, M and Eddoubaji, Y and Shahi, F and Moradi, S and Bernasconi, OJ and Moser, AI and Endimiani, A},
title = {Intestinal colonization with multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales: screening, epidemiology, clinical impact, and strategies to decolonize carriers.},
journal = {European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {36680641},
issn = {1435-4373},
abstract = {The clinical impact of infections due to extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)- and/or carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (Ent) has reached dramatic levels worldwide. Infections due to these multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens-especially Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae-may originate from a prior asymptomatic intestinal colonization that could also favor transmission to other subjects. It is therefore desirable that gut carriers are rapidly identified to try preventing both the occurrence of serious endogenous infections and potential transmission. Together with the infection prevention and control countermeasures, any strategy capable of effectively eradicating the MDR-Ent from the intestinal tract would be desirable. In this narrative review, we present a summary of the different aspects linked to the intestinal colonization due to MDR-Ent. In particular, culture- and molecular-based screening techniques to identify carriers, data on prevalence and risk factors in different populations, clinical impact, length of colonization, and contribution to transmission in various settings will be overviewed. We will also discuss the standard strategies (selective digestive decontamination, fecal microbiota transplant) and those still in development (bacteriophages, probiotics, microcins, and CRISPR-Cas-based) that might be used to decolonize MDR-Ent carriers.},
}

@article {pmid36678326,
year = {2023},
author = {Ma, X and Yan, H and Hong, S and Yu, S and Gong, Y and Wu, D and Li, Y and Xiao, H},
title = {Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Promotes Beige Adipocyte Reconstruction by Modulating the Gut Microbiota in Obese Mice.},
journal = {Nutrients},
volume = {15},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/nu15020456},
pmid = {36678326},
issn = {2072-6643},
abstract = {Given the increasing prevalence of obesity, the white-to-beige adipocyte conversion has attracted interest as a target for obesity treatment. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) treatment can reduce obesity, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we aimed to investigate the mechanism by which GABA triggers weight loss by improving the beiging of inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) and the role of gut microbiota in this process. The results showed that GABA reduced body weight and adipose inflammation and promoted the expression of thermogenic genes in the iWAT. The 16S rRNA sequence analysis of gut microbiota showed that GABA treatment increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Akkermansia, and Romboutsia and reduced that of Firmicutes and Erysipelatoclostridium in obese mice. Additionally, serum metabolomic analysis revealed that GABA treatment increased 3-hydroxybutyrate and reduced oxidized lipid levels in obese mice. Spearman's correlation analysis showed that Akkermansia and Romboutsia were negatively associated with the levels of oxidized lipids. Fecal microbiota transplantation analysis confirmed that the gut microbiota was involved in the white-to-beige adipocyte reconstruction by GABA. Overall, our findings suggest that GABA treatment may promote iWAT beiging through the gut microbiota in obese mice. GABA may be utilized to protect obese people against metabolic abnormalities brought on by obesity and gut dysbiosis.},
}

@article {pmid36677385,
year = {2022},
author = {DuPont, HL and Jiang, ZD and Alexander, AS and DuPont, AW and Brown, EL},
title = {Intestinal IgA-Coated Bacteria in Healthy- and Altered-Microbiomes (Dysbiosis) and Predictive Value in Successful Fecal Microbiota Transplantation.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms11010093},
pmid = {36677385},
issn = {2076-2607},
abstract = {IgA-coated bacteria in the gut (IgA-biome) provide a homeostatic function in healthy people through inhibition of microbial invaders and by protecting the epithelial monolayer of the gut. The laboratory methods used to detect this group of bacteria require flow cytometry and DNA sequencing (IgA-Seq). With dysbiosis (reduced diversity of the microbiome), the IgA-biome also is impaired. In the presence of enteric infection, oral vaccines, or an intestinal inflammatory disorder, the IgA-biome focuses on the pathogenic bacteria or foreign antigens, while in other chronic diseases associated with dysbiosis, the IgA-biome is reduced in capacity. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), the use of fecal product from well-screened, healthy donors administered to patients with dysbiosis, has been successful in engrafting the intestine with healthy microbiota and metabolites leading to improve health. Through FMT, IgA-coated bacteria have been transferred to recipients retaining their immune coating. The IgA-biome should be evaluated in FMT studies as these mucosal-associated bacteria are more likely to be associated with successful transplantation than free luminal organisms. Studies of the microbiome pre- and post-FMT should employ metagenomic methods that identify bacteria at least at the species level to better identify organisms of interest while allowing comparisons of microbiota data between studies.},
}

@article {pmid36674775,
year = {2023},
author = {Przybyciński, J and Drożdżal, S and Wilk, A and Dziedziejko, V and Szumilas, K and Pawlik, A},
title = {The Effect of the Gut Microbiota on Transplanted Kidney Function.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {24},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms24021260},
pmid = {36674775},
issn = {1422-0067},
abstract = {The intestinal microflora is extremely important, not only in the processes of absorption, digestion and biosynthesis of vitamins, but also in shaping the immune and cognitive functions of the human body. Several studies demonstrate a correlation between microbiota composition and such events as graft rejection, kidney interstitial fibrosis, urinary tract infections, and diarrhoea or graft tolerance. Some of those changes might be directly linked with pathologies such as colonization with pathogenic bacterial strains. Gut microbiota composition also plays an important role in metabolic complications and viral infections after transplantation. From the other side, gut microbiota might induce graft tolerance by promotion of T and B regulatory cells. Graft tolerance induction is still an extremely important issue regarding transplantology and might allow the reduction or even avoidance of immunosuppressive treatment. Although there is a rising evidence of the pivotal role of gut microbiota in aspects of kidney transplantation there is still a lack of knowledge on the direct mechanisms of microbiota action. Furthermore, some of those negative effects could be reversed by probiotics of faecal microbiota trapoinsplantation. While diabetes and hypertension as well as BKV and CMV viremia are common and important complications of transplantation, both worsening the graft function and causing systemic injuries, it opens up potential clinical treatment options. As has been also suggested in the current review, some bacterial subsets exhibit protective properties. However, currently, there is a lack of evidence on pro- and prebiotic supplementation in kidney transplant patients. In the current review, we describe the effect of the microbiota on the transplanted kidney in renal transplant recipients.},
}

@article {pmid36674517,
year = {2023},
author = {Matheson, JT and Holsinger, RMD},
title = {The Role of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {24},
number = {2},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/ijms24021001},
pmid = {36674517},
issn = {1422-0067},
abstract = {Neurodegenerative diseases are highly prevalent but poorly understood, and with few treatment options despite decades of intense research, attention has recently shifted toward other mediators of neurological disease that may present future targets for therapeutic research. One such mediator is the gut microbiome, which communicates with the brain through the gut-brain axis and has been implicated in various neurological disorders. Alterations in the gut microbiome have been associated with numerous neurological and other diseases, and restoration of the dysbiotic gut has been shown to improve disease conditions. One method of restoring a dysbiotic gut is via fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), recolonizing the "diseased" gut with normal microbiome. Fecal microbiota transplantation is a treatment method traditionally used for Clostridium difficile infections, but it has recently been used in neurodegenerative disease research as a potential treatment method. This review aims to present a summary of neurodegenerative research that has used FMT, whether as a treatment or to investigate how the microbiome influences pathogenesis.},
}

@article {pmid36672796,
year = {2022},
author = {Conti, G and D'Amico, F and Fabbrini, M and Brigidi, P and Barone, M and Turroni, S},
title = {Pharmacomicrobiomics in Anticancer Therapies: Why the Gut Microbiota Should Be Pointed Out.},
journal = {Genes},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/genes14010055},
pmid = {36672796},
issn = {2073-4425},
abstract = {Anticancer treatments have shown a variable therapeutic outcome that may be partly attributable to the activity of the gut microbiota on the pathology and/or therapies. In recent years, microbiota-drug interactions have been extensively investigated, but most of the underlying molecular mechanisms still remain unclear. In this review, we discuss the relationship between the gut microbiota and some of the most commonly used drugs in oncological diseases. Different strategies for manipulating the gut microbiota layout (i.e., prebiotics, probiotics, antibiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation) are then explored in order to optimize clinical outcomes in cancer patients. Anticancer technologies that exploit tumor-associated bacteria to target tumors and biotransform drugs are also briefly discussed. In the field of pharmacomicrobiomics, multi-omics strategies coupled with machine and deep learning are urgently needed to bring to light the interaction among gut microbiota, drugs, and host for the development of truly personalized precision therapies.},
}

@article {pmid36672518,
year = {2022},
author = {Boicean, A and Neamtu, B and Birsan, S and Batar, F and Tanasescu, C and Dura, H and Roman, MD and Hașegan, A and Bratu, D and Mihetiu, A and Mohor, CI and Mohor, C and Bacila, C and Negrea, MO and Fleaca, SR},
title = {Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Patients Co-Infected with SARS-CoV2 and Clostridioides difficile.},
journal = {Biomedicines},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/biomedicines11010007},
pmid = {36672518},
issn = {2227-9059},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged the treatment of Clostridioides&nbsp;Difficile (CD)-infected patients given the increasing number of co-infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this context, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) shows promise in modulating the immune system's function and alleviating the burdens associated with this condition.

METHODS: To achieve this goal, we performed a comparative, retrospective, single-center study on 86 patients (admitted between January 2020 and March 2022). We based our approach on specific inclusion criteria: 1. The study group included 46 co-infected patients (COVID-19 and CD) receiving antibiotics and FMT; 2. In the control group, 40 co-infected patients received antibiotics only. Our results showed no significant group differences in terms of gender, age, risk factors such as cardiovascular and neurological diseases, type 2 diabetes, and obesity (p > 0.05), or in pre-treatment inflammatory status, evaluated by white blood cell (WBC) count and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. We report a significant decrease in inflammatory syndrome (CRP, WBC) in coinfected patients receiving FMT in addition to antibiotics (p < 0.05), with a lower relapse rate and mitigation of cramping and abdominal pain (91.3%). In addition, a higher level of fibrinogen, persistent moderate abdominal pain (82.5%), and a significantly higher CD infection relapse rate (42.5%) were recorded in co-infected patients treated only with antibiotics (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION: Our study provides new data to support the multiple benefits of FMT in the case of COVID-19 and CD co-infection by improving patients' quality of life and inflammatory syndrome.},
}

@article {pmid36670104,
year = {2023},
author = {Wang, J and Cao, Y and Hou, W and Bi, D and Yin, F and Gao, Y and Huang, D and Li, Y and Cao, Z and Yan, Y and Zhao, J and Kong, D and Lv, X and Huang, L and Zhong, H and Wu, C and Chen, Q and Yang, R and Wei, Q and Qin, H},
title = {Fecal microbiota transplantation improves VPA-induced ASD mice by modulating the serotonergic and glutamatergic synapse signaling pathways.},
journal = {Translational psychiatry},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {17},
pmid = {36670104},
issn = {2158-3188},
abstract = {Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex behavioral disorder diagnosed by social interaction difficulties, restricted verbal communication, and repetitive behaviors. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a safe and efficient strategy to adjust gut microbiota dysbiosis and improve ASD-related behavioral symptoms, but its regulatory mechanism is unknown. The impact of the microbiota and its functions on ASD development is urgently being investigated to develop new therapeutic strategies for ASD. We reconstituted the gut microbiota of a valproic acid (VPA)-induced autism mouse model through FMT and found that ASD is in part driven by specific gut dysbiosis and metabolite changes that are involved in the signaling of serotonergic synapse and glutamatergic synapse pathways, which might be associated with behavioral changes. Further analysis of the microbiota showed a profound decrease in the genera Bacteroides and Odoribacter, both of which likely contributed to the regulation of serotonergic and glutamatergic synapse metabolism in mice. The engraftment of Turicibacter and Alistipes was also positively correlated with the improvement in behavior after FMT. Our results suggested that successful transfer of the gut microbiota from healthy donors to ASD mice was sufficient to improve ASD-related behaviors. Modulation of gut dysbiosis by FMT could be an effective approach to improve ASD-related behaviors in patients.},
}

@article {pmid36656870,
year = {2023},
author = {Zhao, C and Bao, L and Zhao, Y and Wu, K and Qiu, M and Feng, L and Zhang, N and Hu, X and Fu, Y},
title = {A fiber-enriched diet alleviates Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis by activating the HDAC3-mediated antimicrobial program in macrophages via butyrate production in mice.},
journal = {PLoS pathogens},
volume = {19},
number = {1},
pages = {e1011108},
doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1011108},
pmid = {36656870},
issn = {1553-7374},
abstract = {Mounting evidence suggests that the gut microbiota plays an important role in the pathogenesis of mastitis, an important disease affecting the health of lactating women and the development of the dairy industry. However, the effect of the regulation of the gut microbiota by dietary components on mastitis development remains unknown. In this study, we found that a fiber-enriched diet alleviated Staphylococcus aureus (S. au)-induced mastitis in mice, which was dependent on the gut microbiota as depletion of the gut microbiota by antibiotics abolished this protective effect. Likewise, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from high-inulin (HI)-treated mice (HIF) to recipient mice improved S. au-induced mastitis in mice. Consumption of an HI diet and HIF increased fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels compared with the control group. Moreover, treatment with SCFAs, especially butyrate, alleviated S. au-induced mastitis in mice. Mechanistically, consumption of an HI diet enhanced the host antimicrobial program in macrophages through inhibiting histone deacetylase 3 by the production of butyrate. Collectively, our results suggest that modulation of the gut microbiota and its metabolism by dietary components is a potential strategy for mastitis intervention and serve as a basis for other infectious diseases.},
}

@article {pmid36656270,
year = {2022},
author = {Gangwani, MK and Aziz, M and Aziz, A and Priyanka, F and Weissman, S and Phan, K and Dahiya, DS and Ahmed, Z and Sohail, AH and Lee-Smith, W and Kamal, F and Javaid, T and Nawras, A and Hart, B},
title = {Fresh Versus Frozen Versus Lyophilized Fecal Microbiota Transplant for Recurrent Clostridium Difficile Infection: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis.},
journal = {Journal of clinical gastroenterology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1097/MCG.0000000000001777},
pmid = {36656270},
issn = {1539-2031},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Clostridium difficile Infection is a significant source of morbidity and mortality, which is on the rise. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) is an alternative therapy to antibiotics with a high success rate and low relapse rate. Current data regarding the efficacy of the types of FMT used, namely fresh, frozen, and lyophilized is conflicting. Our review attempts to consolidate this data and highlight the most efficacious treatment currently available.

METHODOLOGY: MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science Core Collection, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, SciELO, the Korean Citation Index, and Global Index Medicus were systematically searched from inception through May 3, 2022. Studies in which patients are undergoing any form of FMT who had failed antibiotic treatment previously were included. Both pairwise (direct) and network (direct + indirect) meta-analysis were performed using a random effects model and DerSimonian-Laird approach. A frequentist approach was used for network meta-analysis. Risk differences with (RD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated.

RESULTS: A total of 8 studies, including 4 RCTs and 4 cohort studies, were included with a total of 616 patients. Fresh FMT was determined to be most successful with 93% efficacy 95% CI (0.913 to 0.999) followed by frozen with 88% efficacy 95% CI (0.857 to 0.947) and lyophilized with 83% efficacy 95% CI (0.745 to 0.910). The direct meta-analysis showed no statistically significant difference between fresh and frozen group. (RD -0.051 95% CI -0.116 to 0.014 P=0.178). No significant differences were noted in frozen versus lyophilized groups with an overall trend towards Fresh FM (RD -0.061 95% CI -0.038 to 0.160 P=0.617). On network meta-analysis, when compared with fresh group, a lower recovery rate was noted with both frozen group (RD -0.06 95% CI -0.11 to 0.00 P=0.05) and lyophilized group (RD -0.16 95% CI -0.27 to -0.05 P=0.01).

CONCLUSION: We conclude the efficacy of Frozen and Lyophilized preparations is high with no difference in direct comparison, and the relative efficacy reduction based on network analysis is outweighed by the safety, accessibility, and practicality of Frozen or Lyophilized preparations.},
}

@article {pmid36654766,
year = {2023},
author = {Hao, S and Yang, S and Zhang, N and Cheng, H},
title = {Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Research over the Past Decade: Current Status and Trends.},
journal = {The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale},
volume = {2023},
number = {},
pages = {6981721},
pmid = {36654766},
issn = {1712-9532},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a current research hotspot, with a surge in the output of publications over the past decade. This study dedicates to the exploration of the research status and highlights significant themes and future trends in FMT research with the aid of bibliometric analysis.

METHODS: FMT publications from 2012 to 2021 were retrieved on August 12, 2022, using the SCI-Expanded of Web of Science (WoS). The Bibliometrix in R program, Microsoft Office Excel, VOSviewer, and CiteSpace were utilized for bibliometrics and visual analysis, revealing the main publications, journals, countries, agencies, authors, and keywords distribution in FMT research.

RESULTS: There were 2,931 papers included. FMT research presented a growing trend from 2012 to 2021. The countries with the most publications and contributions in FMT area were China and the United States. The high-yield institutions were Harvard University, Udice French Research Universities, and the University of California System. The primary authors were Nieuwdorp Max, Allegretti Jessica R, and Kassam Zain. Frontiers in Microbiology and Science were the top-ranked journals in publications and total citations, respectively. The important topics primarily included FMT-related mechanisms and the usage of FMT in Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), metabolic disease, neurological disorders, and psychiatric disorders. Future research would primarily concentrate on neurological disorders, chemotherapy and immunotherapy for malignant tumors, and FMT-related consensus and guidelines.

CONCLUSION: With the help of bibliometric analysis, we were able to obtain the understanding of the status and trends of global FMT-related research. The field of FMT is undergoing tremendous progress, and our findings can guide clinical researchers' and practitioners' future work in the rapidly evolving field of FMT.},
}

@article {pmid36654598,
year = {2022},
author = {Ferreira, A and Neves, MT and Baleiras, A and Malheiro, M and Martins, A},
title = {Fecal Microbiota Transplant in Immunotherapy-Resistant Melanoma: What Can We Expect in the Near Future?.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {14},
number = {12},
pages = {e32586},
pmid = {36654598},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Melanoma is a malignancy of melanocytes, melanin-producing cells in the basal layer of the epidermis. Despite representing only 1% of skin cancers, melanoma is responsible for over 80% of skin cancer deaths. Treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) that target the programmed death 1 (PD-1) protein and the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) pathways drastically transformed the management of patients with advanced melanoma. Before the introduction of ICIs, the average life expectancy for a patient with advanced melanoma ranged from six to 12 months, and now, this average survival has increased to over six years. However, despite this outstanding clinical success, most patients with advanced melanoma treated with ICIs will experience disease progression, immediately or after an initial response to treatment. Nowadays, some studies have looked at the mechanism behind the resistance to immunotherapy, with the aim of developing new treatments to overcome it. Emerging data suggest that gut microbiota (GM) influences response to immunotherapy. Importantly, unlike tumor genomics, the GM is changeable; thus, modulation of the GM is an attractive approach to overcome immunotherapy resistance. One of these approaches is the fecal microbiota transplant (FMT), which consists of the exchange of manipulated feces from a donor to a recipient who has a disorder related to intestinal dysbiosis to directly change the recipient's gut microbial composition and confer a health benefit. This review pretends to discuss the clinical benefit of FMT in the treatment of immunotherapy-resistant melanoma and potential adverse effects, including recent and ongoing clinical trials.},
}

@article {pmid36648505,
year = {2023},
author = {Märtson, AG and da Silva Ferreira, AR and Veringa, A and Liu, L and Wardill, HR and Junier, LAT and van der Werf, TS and Harmsen, HJM and Sturkenboom, MGG and Span, LF and Tissing, WJE and Alffenaar, JC},
title = {Exposure of anti-infective drugs and the dynamic changes of the gut microbiota during gastrointestinal mucositis in autologous stem cell transplant patients: a pilot study.},
journal = {Annals of hematology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {36648505},
issn = {1432-0584},
abstract = {Gastrointestinal mucositis could potentially compromise drug absorption due to functional loss of mucosa and other pathophysiological changes in the gastrointestinal microenvironment. Little is known about this effect on commonly used anti-infectives. This study aimed to explore the association between different stages of gastrointestinal mucositis, drug exposure, and gut microbiota. A prospective, observational pilot study was performed in HSCT patients aged ≥ 18 years receiving anti-infectives orally. Left-over blood samples and fecal swabs were collected from routine clinical care until 14 days after HSCT to analyze drug and citrulline concentrations and to determine the composition of the gut microbiota. 21 patients with a median age of 58 (interquartile range 54-64) years were included with 252 citrulline, 155 ciprofloxacin, 139 fluconazole, and 76 acyclovir concentrations and 48 fecal swabs obtained. Severe gastrointestinal mucositis was observed in all patients. Due to limited data correlation analysis was not done for valacyclovir and fluconazole, however we did observe a weak correlation between ciprofloxacin and citrulline concentrations. This could suggest that underexposure of ciprofloxacin can occur during severe mucositis. A follow-up study using frequent sampling rather than the use of left-over would be required to investigate the relationship between gastrointestinal mucositis, drug exposure, and gut microbiome.},
}

@article {pmid36647403,
year = {2023},
author = {Wakil, A and Niazi, M and Meybodi, MA and Pyrsopoulos, NT},
title = {Emerging Pharmacotherapies in Alcohol-Associated Hepatitis.},
journal = {Journal of clinical and experimental hepatology},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {116-126},
pmid = {36647403},
issn = {0973-6883},
abstract = {UNLABELLED: The incidence of alcoholic-associated hepatitis (AH) is increasing. The treatment options for severe AH (sAH) are scarce and limited to corticosteroid therapy which showed limited mortality benefit in short-term use only. Therefore, there is a dire need for developing safe and effective therapies for patients with sAH and to improve their high mortality rates.This review article focuses on the current novel therapeutics targeting various mechanisms in the pathogenesis of alcohol-related hepatitis. Anti-inflammatory agents such as IL-1 inhibitor, Pan-caspase inhibitor, Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase-1, and CCL2 inhibitors are under investigation. Other group of agents include gut-liver axis modulators, hepatic regeneration, antioxidants, and Epigenic modulators. We describe the ongoing clinical trials of some of the new agents for alcohol-related hepatitis.

CONCLUSION: A combination of therapies was investigated, possibly providing a synergistic effect of drugs with different mechanisms. Multiple clinical trials of novel therapies in AH remain ongoing. Their result could potentially make a difference in the clinical course of the disease. DUR-928 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor had promising results and further trials are ongoing to evaluate their efficacy in the large patient sample.},
}

@article {pmid36641624,
year = {2023},
author = {Uribe-Herranz, M and Beghi, S and Ruella, M and Parvathaneni, K and Salaris, S and Kostopoulos, N and George, SS and Pierini, S and Krimitza, E and Costabile, F and Ghirardi, G and Amelsberg, KV and Lee, YG and Pajarillo, R and Markmann, C and McGettigan-Croce, B and Agarwal, D and Frey, N and Lacey, SF and Scholler, J and Gabunia, K and Wu, G and Chong, E and Porter, DL and June, CH and Schuster, SJ and Bhoj, V and Facciabene, A},
title = {Modulation of the gut microbiota engages antigen cross-presentation to enhance antitumor effects of CAR T cell immunotherapy.},
journal = {Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.01.012},
pmid = {36641624},
issn = {1525-0024},
abstract = {Several studies have shown the influence of commensal microbes on T cell function, specifically in the setting of checkpoint immunotherapy for cancer. In this study, we investigated how vancomycin-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis affects CAR T immunotherapy using multiple preclinical models as well as clinical correlates. In two murine tumor models, the hematopoietic CD19[+]-A20 lymphoma and the CD19[+]-B16 melanoma, mice receiving vancomycin in combination with CD19-directed CAR T cell (CART-19) therapy displayed increased tumor control and tumor associated antigens (TAAs) cross-presentation compared to CART-19 alone. Fecal microbiota transplant from human healthy donors to pre-conditioned mice recapitulated the results obtained in naïve gut microbiota mice. Lastly, B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients treated with CART-19 and exposed to oral vancomycin showed higher CART-19 peak expansion compared to unexposed patients. These results substantiate the role of the gut microbiota on CAR T cell therapy and suggest that modulation of the gut microbiota using vancomycin may improve outcomes after CAR T cell therapy across tumor types.},
}

@article {pmid36641024,
year = {2023},
author = {Zhao, H and Li, M and Liu, L and Li, D and Zhao, L and Wu, Z and Zhou, M and Jia, L and Yang, F},
title = {Cordyceps militaris polysaccharide alleviates diabetic symptoms by regulating gut microbiota against TLR4/NF-κB pathway.},
journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {123241},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123241},
pmid = {36641024},
issn = {1879-0003},
abstract = {The relationship between gut microbiota and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has attracted increasing attention. In our work, one purified fraction a (AEPSa) was obtained from Cordyceps militaris polysaccharides, and its hypoglycemic activity and underlying mechanisms were investigated in high-fat diet (HFD)- and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T2DM mice. The results revealed that AEPSa reshaped gut microbiota by increasing Allobaculum, Alistipes, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and norank_f_Muribaculaceae and decreasing Enterococcus and Ruminococcus_torques_group to inhibit the colonic toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway and upregulate intestinal tight junction protein expression, thereby improving glucose and serum lipid metabolism, hormone secretion and complications. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) also confirmed these findings. These results indicated that symptomatic relief of T2DM might be related to AEPSa regulating the gut microbiota against the TLR4/NF-κB pathway to protect the intestinal barrier. Therefore, AEPSa might be developed as a prebiotic agent against T2DM by regulating gut microbiota.},
}

@article {pmid36639024,
year = {2023},
author = {Li, HY and Huang, SY and Zhou, DD and Xiong, RG and Luo, M and Saimaiti Data Acquisition, A and Han, MK and Gan, RY and Zhu, HL and Li, HB},
title = {Theabrownin inhibits obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice via serotonin-related signaling pathways and gut-liver axis.},
journal = {Journal of advanced research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.jare.2023.01.008},
pmid = {36639024},
issn = {2090-1224},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with obesity seriously threats public health. Our previous studies showed that dark tea had more potential on regulating lipid metabolism than other teas, and theabrownin (TB) was considered to be a main contributor to the bioactivity of dark tea.

OBJECTIVES: This in vivo study aims to reveal the effects and molecular mechanisms of TB on NAFLD and obesity, and the role of the gut-liver axis is explored.

METHODS: The histopathological examinations, biochemical tests, and nuclear magnetic resonance were applied to evaluate the effects of TB on NAFLD and obesity. The untargeted metabolomics was used to find the key molecule for further exploration of molecular mechanisms. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to assess the changes in gut microbiota. The antibiotic cocktail and fecal microbiota transplant were used to clarify the role of gut microbiota.

RESULTS: TB markedly reduced body weight gain (67.01%), body fat rate (62.81%), and hepatic TG level (51.35%) in the preventive experiment. Especially, TB decreased body weight (32.16%), body fat rate (42.56%), and hepatic TG level (42.86%) in the therapeutic experiment. The mechanisms of action could be the improvement of fatty acid oxidation, lipolysis, and oxidative stress via the regulation of serotonin-related signaling pathways. Also, TB increased the abundance of serotonin-related gut microbiota, such as Akkermansia, Bacteroides and Parabacteroides. Antibiotics-induced gut bacterial dysbiosis disrupted the regulation of TB on serotonin-related signaling pathways in liver, whereas the beneficial regulation of TB on target proteins was regained with the restoration of gut microbiota.

CONCLUSION: We find that TB has markedly preventive and therapeutic effects on NAFLD and obesity by regulating serotonin level and related signaling pathways through gut microbiota. Furthermore, gut microbiota and TB co-contribute to alleviating NAFLD and obesity. TB could be a promising medicine for NAFLD and obesity.},
}

@article {pmid36638854,
year = {2023},
author = {Guo, HH and Shen, HR and Tang, MZ and Sheng, N and Ding, X and Lin, Y and Zhang, JL and Jiang, JD and Gao, TL and Wang, LL and Han, YX},
title = {Microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids mediate the effects of dengzhan shengmai in ameliorating cerebral ischemia via the gut-brain axis.},
journal = {Journal of ethnopharmacology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {116158},
doi = {10.1016/j.jep.2023.116158},
pmid = {36638854},
issn = {1872-7573},
abstract = {Dengzhan shengmai (DZSM) formula, composed of four herbal medicines (Erigeron breviscapus, Panax ginseng, Schisandra chinensis, and Ophiopogon japonicus), is widely used in the recovery period of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases; however, the associated molecular mechanism remains unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY: The purpose of this study was to uncover the links between the microbiota-gut-brain axis and the efficacy of DZSM in ameliorating cerebral ischemic diseases.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effects of DZSM on the gut microbiota community and bacteria-derived short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production were evaluated in vivo using a rat model of cerebral ischemia and in vitro through the anaerobic incubation with fresh feces derived from model animals. Subsequently, the mechanism underlying the role of SCFAs in the DZSM-mediated treatment of cerebral ischemia was explored.

RESULTS: We found that DZSM treatment significantly altered the composition of the gut microbiota and markedly enhanced SCFA production. The consequent increase in SCFA levels led to the upregulation of the expression of monocarboxylate transporters and facilitated the transportation of intestinal SCFAs into the brain, thereby inhibiting the apoptosis of neurocytes via the regulation of the PI3K/AKT/caspase-3 pathway. The increased intestinal SCFA levels also contributed to the repair of the 2VO-induced disruption of gut barrier integrity and inhibited the translocation of lipopolysaccharide from the intestine to the brain, thus attenuating neuroinflammation. Consequently, cerebral neuropathy and oxidative stress were significantly improved in 2VO model rats, leading to the amelioration of cerebral ischemia-induced cognitive dysfunction. Finally, fecal microbiota transplantation could reproduce the beneficial effects of DZSM on SCFA production and cerebral ischemia.

CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggested that SCFAs mediate the effects of DZSM in ameliorating cerebral ischemia via the gut microbiota-gut-brain axis.},
}

@article {pmid36638713,
year = {2023},
author = {Wang, Z and Sun, Y and Han, Y and Chen, X and Gong, P and Zhai, P and Yao, W and Ba, Q and Wang, H},
title = {Eucommia bark/leaf extract improves HFD-induced lipid metabolism disorders via targeting gut microbiota to activate the Fiaf-LPL gut-liver axis and SCFAs-GPR43 gut-fat axis.},
journal = {Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology},
volume = {110},
number = {},
pages = {154652},
doi = {10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154652},
pmid = {36638713},
issn = {1618-095X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The bark of Eucommia ulmoides (a perennial deciduous tree termed eucommia hereafter) has anti-hyperlipidemia effects due to its bioactive components. However, the slow growth of eucommia bark leads to a deficit in this resource. Studies have shown that eucommia leaf has bioactive components similar to those of eucommia bark and anti-hyperlipidemia effects. At present, the strength of the anti-hyperlipidemia effect of eucommia bark and eucommia leaf has not been reported. Their interaction with the gut microbiota and the mechanism by which the gut microbiota exerts anti-hyperlipidemia effects are unclear.

PURPOSES: Through fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiments, this study aimed to investigate the mechanism by which fecal bacteria suspensions containing chlorogenic acid (CGA), eucommia bark extract (EBE), and eucommia leaves extract (ELE) improve high-fat diet (HFD)-induced lipid metabolism disorders. Difference in anti-hyperlipidemia effects between EBE and ELE and exploring an eucommia bark substitute to improve the sustainable utilization of eucommia were also evaluated.

RESULTS: EBE and ELE contain eight identical bioactive ingredients, and fecal bacteria suspensions containing EBE and ELE significantly improved HFD-induced lipid metabolism disorders and elevated blood glucose levels. The fecal bacteria suspension of healthy mice containing CGA, EBE, and ELE significantly reduced the relative abundance of Erysipelothrichaceae and Ruminococcaceae and promoted short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production thereby activating the expression of the SCFA. G protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43) gene in colon and epididymal fat tissues. In addition, fecal bacteria suspensions of healthy mice containing CGA, EBE, or ELE significantly activated fasting-induced adipose factor (Fiaf) gene expression in colon tissue and inhibited the secretion of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in liver tissue, thereby inhibiting the synthesis of triglycerides (TG). Changed in the Erysipelotrichaceae and Ruminococcaceae relative abundances were significantly correlated with these target genes. Thus, regulating the abundance of the Erysipelotrichaceae and Ruminococcaceae could serve as a potential target for the role of fecal bacteria suspensions of healthy mice containing CGA, EBE, or ELE in the Fiaf-LPL gut-liver axis and SCFAs-GPR43 gut-fat axis. In addition, regarding HFD-induced lipid metabolism disorders and gut microbiota structural disorders, we found no significant difference between ELE and EBE.

CONCLUSIONS: Our FMT experiments evidenced that EBE and ELE improve lipid metabolism disorders by regulating the gut microbiota, providing a new pathway for treating hyperlipidemia using eucommia dietary therapy. There was no significant difference in the anti-hyperlipidemia effects of ELE and EBE; thus, eucommia leaf could replace eucommia bark in traditional Chinese medicine, so as to achieve a sustainable utilization of eucommia resources.},
}

@article {pmid36638348,
year = {2023},
author = {Zeng, X and Li, X and Li, X and Wei, C and Shi, C and Hu, K and Kong, D and Luo, Q and Xu, Y and Shan, W and Zhang, M and Shi, J and Feng, J and Han, Y and Huang, H and Qian, P},
title = {Fecal microbiota transplantation from young mice rejuvenates aged hematopoietic stem cells by suppressing inflammation.},
journal = {Blood},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1182/blood.2022017514},
pmid = {36638348},
issn = {1528-0020},
abstract = {Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) aging is accompanied by hematopoietic reconstitution dysfunction, including loss of regenerative and engraftment ability, myeloid differentiation bias and elevated risks of hematopoietic malignancies. Gut microbiota, a key regulator of host health and immunity, has been recently reported to impact hematopoiesis. However, there is currently limited empirical evidence elucidating the direct impact of gut microbiome on aging hematopoiesis. In this study, we performed fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from young mice to aged mice and observed significant increment in lymphoid differentiation and decrease in myeloid differentiation in aged recipient mice. Further, FMT from young mice rejuvenated aged HSCs with enhanced short-term and long-term hematopoietic repopulation capacity. Mechanistically, single-cell RNA sequencing deciphered that FMT from young mice mitigated inflammatory signals, upregulated FoxO signaling pathway and promoted lymphoid differentiation of HSCs during aging. Finally, integrated microbiome and metabolome analyses uncovered that FMT reshaped gut microbiota construction and metabolite landscape, and Lachnospiraceae and tryptophan-associated metabolites promoted the recovery of hematopoiesis and rejuvenated aged HSCs. Together, our study highlights the paramount importance of the gut microbiota in HSC aging and provides insights into therapeutic strategies for aging-related hematologic disorders.},
}

@article {pmid36637229,
year = {2023},
author = {Green, JE and Berk, M and Mohebbi, M and Loughman, A and McGuinness, AJ and Castle, D and Chatterton, ML and Perez, J and Strandwitz, P and Athan, E and Hair, C and Nierenberg, AA and Cryan, JF and Jacka, F},
title = {Feasibility, Acceptability, and Safety of Faecal Microbiota Transplantation in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.},
journal = {Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {7067437221150508},
doi = {10.1177/07067437221150508},
pmid = {36637229},
issn = {1497-0015},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Perturbations of the intestinal microbiota have been associated with mental health disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). Therefore, faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) holds promise as a microbiota-modulating treatment for MDD. Yet, to date, there are no published controlled studies evaluating the use of FMT for MDD. This study aimed to address this gap by evaluating the feasibility, acceptability, and safety of FMT for MDD.

METHODS: The study was an 8-week, double-blind, 2:1 parallel group, randomized controlled pilot trial (n = 15) of enema-delivered FMT (n = 10) compared with a placebo enema (n = 5) in adults with moderate-to-severe MDD.

RESULTS: Recruitment was completed within 2 months, with 0% attrition and 100% attendance at key study appointments. There were no major protocol deviations. The placebo and blinding strategies were considered successful; nurses and participants correctly guessing their treatment allocation at a rate similar to that anticipated by chance. No serious or severe adverse events were reported in either group, and there were no significant differences in mild-to-moderate adverse events between groups (median of 2 adverse events per participant reported in both groups). Furthermore, the 12/15 participants who completed the Week 2 participant satisfaction survey agreed or strongly agreed that the enema delivery was tolerable and that they would have the treatment again if required. Whilst the study was not designed to measure clinical outcomes, exploratory data also suggested that the active FMT treatment may lead to improvements in gastrointestinal symptoms and quality of life in this population, noting that irritable bowel syndrome is commonly comorbid with MDD.

CONCLUSIONS: All feasibility targets were met or exceeded. This study found that enema-delivered FMT is feasible, acceptable, well-tolerated, and safe in patients with MDD. The findings of this study support further research to evaluate clinical efficacy, and the use of this protocol is supported.},
}

@article {pmid36636378,
year = {2023},
author = {Guan, X and Sun, Z},
title = {The Role of Intestinal Flora and Its Metabolites in Heart Failure.},
journal = {Infection and drug resistance},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {51-64},
pmid = {36636378},
issn = {1178-6973},
abstract = {Intestinal flora is a complex collection of microbial communities that participate in the physiological and pathological activities of the human body through various pathways. In recent years, numerous studies have reported that intestinal flora are involved in the occurrence and development of heart failure (HF) and its metabolic products could play an important role in this progression, suggesting a great value in the clinical treatment of this condition. This study reported the interaction between intestinal flora and HF, and with intestinal flora metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, trimethylamine N-oxide and bile acids and urotoxins, considered as the starting point, the mechanism of the roles in HF was summarized. Additionally, the current research status and the development prospects of applying flora and metabolites to the clinical therapeutic decision of HF were discussed.},
}

@article {pmid36631533,
year = {2023},
author = {Shrode, RL and Knobbe, JE and Cady, N and Yadav, M and Hoang, J and Cherwin, C and Curry, M and Garje, R and Vikas, P and Sugg, S and Phadke, S and Filardo, E and Mangalam, AK},
title = {Breast cancer patients from the Midwest region of the United States have reduced levels of short-chain fatty acid-producing gut bacteria.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {526},
pmid = {36631533},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {T32 GM139776/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Humans ; United States/epidemiology ; Female ; *Breast Neoplasms ; Dysbiosis/microbiology ; Bacteria/genetics ; Fatty Acids, Volatile ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics ; Feces/microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics/analysis ; },
abstract = {As geographical location can impact the gut microbiome, it is important to study region-specific microbiome signatures of various diseases. Therefore, we profiled the gut microbiome of breast cancer (BC) patients of the Midwestern region of the United States. The bacterial component of the gut microbiome was profiled utilizing 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. Additionally, a gene pathway analysis was performed to assess the functional capabilities of the bacterial microbiome. Alpha diversity was not significantly different between BC and healthy controls (HC), however beta diversity revealed distinct clustering between the two groups at the species and genera level. Wilcoxon Rank Sum test revealed modulation of several gut bacteria in BC specifically reduced abundance of those linked with beneficial effects such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Machine learning analysis confirmed the significance of several of the modulated bacteria found by the univariate analysis. The functional analysis showed a decreased abundance of SCFA (propionate) production in BC compared to HC. In conclusion, we observed gut dysbiosis in BC with the depletion of SCFA-producing gut bacteria suggesting their role in the pathobiology of breast cancer. Mechanistic understanding of gut bacterial dysbiosis in breast cancer could lead to refined prevention and treatment.},
}

Humans
United States/epidemiology
Female
*Breast Neoplasms
Dysbiosis/microbiology
Bacteria/genetics
Fatty Acids, Volatile
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics
Feces/microbiology
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics/analysis

@article {pmid36632334,
year = {2022},
author = {Wexler, A},
title = {Mapping the Landscape of Do-it-Yourself Medicine.},
journal = {Citizen science : theory and practice},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {36632334},
issn = {2057-4991},
abstract = {The practice of medicine is typically conceptualized as remaining within the boundaries of a hospital or clinic. However, in recent years, patients have been able to gain access to information about medical research as it is ongoing. As a result, there has been a rise in do-it-yourself (DIY) medicine, where individuals treat themselves for medical conditions outside of clinical settings, often mimicking experimental therapies that remain inaccessible to the wider public. For example, in DIY brain stimulation, individuals suffering from depression build at-home electrical headsets using nine-volt batteries, mimicking an experimental neuroscience technique used in scientific laboratories. In DIY fecal transplantation, those with intestinal disorders like C. Difficile and inflammatory bowel disease transplant stool from donors into themselves with the aid of blenders and enemas. In the open Artificial Pancreas System movement, diabetes patients hacked together an artificial pancreas system from their glucose monitors and insulin pumps, years before such a system was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA). To date, scholarship on DIY medicine has largely been relegated to specific medical domains (e.g., neurology, gastroenterology, infectious disease). In this paper, however, I recognize DIY medicine as a cross-cutting phenomenon that has emerged independently across medical domains but shares common features. I map the varieties of DIY medicine across these domains and suggest that four key factors lead to their creation, growth, and uptake. In doing so, this essay sheds light on an understudied area of biomedical citizen science that is likely to grow substantially in the coming decades.},
}

@article {pmid36632246,
year = {2022},
author = {Patel, M and Atluri, LM and Gonzalez, NA and Sakhamuri, N and Athiyaman, S and Randhi, B and Gutlapalli, SD and Pu, J and Zaidi, MF and Khan, S},
title = {A Systematic Review of Mixed Studies Exploring the Effects of Probiotics on Gut-Microbiome to Modulate Therapy in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {14},
number = {12},
pages = {e32313},
pmid = {36632246},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Autism spectrum disorder(ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social deficits, repetitive typical behaviors, insistence on the same routines, and communication impairments. The prevalence of ASD has increased in the past decade. While we are aware that there is no cure for ASD, attempts are being made to reduce its symptoms and improve the learning, overall growth, and well-being of ASD patients. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are frequent occurrences in patients with ASD, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Recent studies show that the microbiota-gut-brain axis is the key modulator of neuropsychiatric health. Although fecal transplants have shown positive outcomes in treating dysbiosis and symptoms of autism, lifestyle modifications such as dietary intervention will prevent and treat this disorder without causing major adverse effects. Probiotics enhance the microbiome to provide necessary metabolites, which help in gut permeability, cognitive function, and immunity. In some studies, children with increased GI symptoms have also shown increased behavioral disturbances. In this study, a systematic review of mixed studies is conducted to obtain more robust and conclusive results. We included randomized controlled studies with larger sample sizes and specifications on probiotics.},
}

@article {pmid36631604,
year = {2023},
author = {Mei, T and Noguchi, H and Kuraji, R and Kubo, S and Sato, Y and Kaku, K and Okabe, Y and Onishi, H and Nakamura, M},
title = {Effects of periodontal pathogen-induced intestinal dysbiosis on transplant immunity in an allogenic skin graft model.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {544},
pmid = {36631604},
issn = {2045-2322},
abstract = {Periodontal disease can induce dysbiosis, a compositional and functional alteration in the microbiota. Dysbiosis induced by periodontal disease is known to cause systemic inflammation and may affect transplant immunity. Here, we examined the effects of periodontal disease-related intestinal dysbiosis on transplant immunity using a mouse model of allogenic skin graft in which the mice were orally administered the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg). For 6 weeks, the Pg group orally received Pg while the control group orally received phosphate-buffered saline solution. After that, both groups received allogenic skin grafts. 16 s rRNA analysis of feces revealed that oral administration of Pg significantly increased three short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) producing genera. SCFA (acetate and propionate) levels were significantly higher in the Pg group (p = 0.040 and p = 0.005). The ratio of regulatory T cells, which are positively correlated with SCFAs, to total CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood and spleen was significantly greater (p = 0.002 and p < 0.001) in the Pg group by flowcytometry. Finally, oral administration of Pg significantly prolonged skin graft survival (p < 0.001) and reduced pathological inflammation in transplanted skin grafts. In conclusion, periodontal pathogen-induced intestinal dysbiosis may affect transplant immunity through increased levels of SCFAs and regulatory T cells. (198 words).},
}

@article {pmid36631439,
year = {2023},
author = {Yuan, X and Zhou, F and Wang, H and Xu, X and Xu, S and Zhang, C and Zhang, Y and Lu, M and Zhang, Y and Zhou, M and Li, H and Zhang, X and Zhang, T and Song, J},
title = {Systemic antibiotics increase microbiota pathogenicity and oral bone loss.},
journal = {International journal of oral science},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {4},
pmid = {36631439},
issn = {2049-3169},
abstract = {Periodontitis is the most widespread oral disease and is closely related to the oral microbiota. The oral microbiota is adversely affected by some pharmacologic treatments. Systemic antibiotics are widely used for infectious diseases but can lead to gut dysbiosis, causing negative effects on the human body. Whether systemic antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis can affect the oral microbiota or even periodontitis has not yet been addressed. In this research, mice were exposed to drinking water containing a cocktail of four antibiotics to explore how systemic antibiotics affect microbiota pathogenicity and oral bone loss. The results demonstrated, for the first time, that gut dysbiosis caused by long-term use of antibiotics can disturb the oral microbiota and aggravate periodontitis. Moreover, the expression of cytokines related to Th17 was increased while transcription factors and cytokines related to Treg were decreased in the periodontal tissue. Fecal microbiota transplantation with normal mice feces restored the gut microbiota and barrier, decreased the pathogenicity of the oral microbiota, reversed the Th17/Treg imbalance in periodontal tissue, and alleviated alveolar bone loss. This study highlights the potential adverse effects of long-term systemic antibiotics-induced gut dysbiosis on the oral microbiota and periodontitis. A Th17/Treg imbalance might be related to this relationship. Importantly, these results reveal that the periodontal condition of patients should be assessed regularly when using systemic antibiotics in clinical practice.},
}

@article {pmid36629092,
year = {2023},
author = {Thacher, PR and Kendrick, EL and Maslanka, M and Muletz-Wolz, CR and Bornbusch, SL},
title = {Fecal microbiota transplants modulate the gut microbiome of a two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus).},
journal = {Zoo biology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1002/zoo.21751},
pmid = {36629092},
issn = {1098-2361},
abstract = {The microbes inhabiting an animal's gastrointestinal tracts, collectively known as the gut microbiome, are vital to animal health and wellbeing. For animals experiencing gut distress or infection, modulation of the gut microbiome, for example, via fecal microbiota transplant (FMT), provides a possible disease prevention and treatment method. The beneficial microbes present in the donor's transplanted feces can help combat pathogens, assist in digestion, and rebalance the recipient's microbiota. Investigating the efficacy of FMTs in animal health is a crucial step toward improving management strategies for species under human care. We present a case study of the use of FMTs in a two-toed sloth experiencing abnormally large, clumped, and frequent stools. We used 16 S rRNA amplicon sequencing of fecal samples to (a) compare the microbiomes of the FMT donor, a healthy, cohoused conspecific, and the FMT recipient and (b) assess the influence of multiple rounds of FMTs on the recipient's microbiome and stool consistency and frequency over time. In response to the FMTs, we found that the recipient's microbiome showed trends toward increased diversity, shifted community composition, and altered membership that more resembled the community of the donor. FMT treatment was also associated with marked, yet temporary, alleviation of the recipient's abnormal bowel movements, suggesting a broader impact on gut health. Our results provide valuable preliminary evidence that FMT treatments can augment the recipient's gut microbiome, with potential implications for animal health and management.},
}

@article {pmid36627937,
year = {2022},
author = {Yu, J and Cheon, JH},
title = {Microbial Modulation in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.},
journal = {Immune network},
volume = {22},
number = {6},
pages = {e44},
pmid = {36627937},
issn = {1598-2629},
abstract = {Gut dysbiosis is one of prominent features in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) which are of an unknown etiology. Although the cause-and-effect relationship between IBD and gut dysbiosis remains to be elucidated, one area of research has focused on the management of IBD by modulating and correcting gut dysbiosis. The use of antibiotics, probiotics either with or without prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation from healthy donors are representative methods for modulating the intestinal microbiota ecosystem. The gut microbiota is not a simple assembly of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, but a complex organ-like community system composed of numerous kinds of microorganisms. Thus, studies on specific changes in the gut microbiota depending on which treatment option is applied are very limited. Here, we review previous studies on microbial modulation as a therapeutic option for IBD and its significance in the pathogenesis of IBD.},
}

@article {pmid36627827,
year = {2023},
author = {Li, ZM and Kong, CY and Mao, YQ and Huang, JT and Chen, HL and Han, B and Wang, LS},
title = {Ampicillin exacerbates acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury by inducing intestinal microbiota imbalance and butyrate reduction.},
journal = {Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/liv.15512},
pmid = {36627827},
issn = {1478-3231},
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Antibiotics and acetaminophen (APAP) are widely used worldwide. APAP is the most common cause of acute liver injury and might be used in combination with antibiotics in clinics. However, the impact of antibiotics on APAP-induced acute liver injury (ALI) has rarely been studied.

METHODS: First, we compared the effects of seven antibiotics on APAP-induced acute liver injury. Then, we analyzed fecal, serum, and liver samples to investigate the impact of the gut microbiota on this process. Finally, we assessed the role of short-chain fatty acids in this process.

RESULTS: In this work, we found that the ALI was significantly aggravated in the mice treated with ampicillin instead of other antibiotics. Ampicillin exposure reduced the diversity and altered the composition of gut microbiota. The altered gut microbiota aggravated APAP-induced ALF, which was proven by fecal microbiota transplantation from antibiotics-treated mice. Metagenomic analysis showed a significantly decreased Lactobacillus abundance in ampicillin-treated mice. Gavage with Lactobacillus, especially L. rhamnosus, significantly reversed the severer ALF induced by APAP and ampicillin. Moreover, Lactobacillus supplementation increased butyrate-producing clostridia and lowered butyrate levels in ampicillin-treated mice. In accordance, butyrate supplementation could also alleviate ampicillin-aggravated ALI. In addition, inhibition of NFR2 counteracted the protective effect of butyrate on aggravated ALI induced by ampicillin and APAP.

CONCLUSION: Together, this study revealed a potential health impact of ampicillin that may exacerbate liver damage when co-exposed to excess APAP.},
}

@article {pmid36627762,
year = {2023},
author = {Su, SH and Chen, M and Wu, YF and Lin, Q and Wang, DP and Sun, J and Hai, J},
title = {Fecal microbiota transplantation and short-chain fatty acids protected against cognitive dysfunction in a rat model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.},
journal = {CNS neuroscience & therapeutics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/cns.14089},
pmid = {36627762},
issn = {1755-5949},
abstract = {AIMS: Clear roles and mechanisms in explaining gut microbial dysbiosis and microbial metabolites short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) alterations in chronic cerebral ischemic pathogenesis have yet to be explored. In this study, we investigated chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH)-induced gut microbiota and metabolic profiles of SCFAs as well as the effects and mechanisms of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and SCFAs treatment on CCH-induced hippocampal neuronal injury.

METHODS: Bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAo) was used to establish the CCH model. Gut microbiota and SCFAs profiles in feces and hippocampus were evaluated by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RNA sequencing analysis was performed in hippocampal tissues. The potential molecular pathways and differential genes were verified through western blot, immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, and ELISA. Cognitive function was assessed via the Morris water maze test. Ultrastructures of mitochondria and synapses were tested through a transmission electron microscope.

RESULTS: Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induced decreased fecal acetic and propionic acid and reduced hippocampal acetic acid, which were reversed after FMT and SCFAs administration by changing fecal microbial community structure and compositions. Furthermore, in the hippocampus, FMT and SCFAs replenishment exerted anti-neuroinflammatory effects through inhibiting microglial and astrocytic activation as well as switching microglial phenotype from M1 toward M2. Moreover, FMT and SCFAs treatment alleviated neuronal loss and microglia-mediated synaptic loss and maintained the normal process of synaptic vesicle fusion and release, resulting in the improvement of synaptic plasticity. In addition, FMT and SCFAs supplement prevented oxidative phosphorylation dysfunction via mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming. The above effects of FMT and SCFAs treatment led to the inhibition of CCH-induced cognitive impairment.

CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight FMT and SCFAs replenishment would be the feasible gut microbiota-based strategy to mitigate chronic cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal injury.},
}

@article {pmid36627187,
year = {2023},
author = {Pinto, Y and Frishman, S and Turjeman, S and Eshel, A and Nuriel-Ohayon, M and Shrossel, O and Ziv, O and Walters, W and Parsonnet, J and Ley, C and Johnson, EL and Kumar, K and Schweitzer, R and Khatib, S and Magzal, F and Muller, E and Tamir, S and Tenenbaum-Gavish, K and Rautava, S and Salminen, S and Isolauri, E and Yariv, O and Peled, Y and Poran, E and Pardo, J and Chen, R and Hod, M and Borenstein, E and Ley, RE and Schwartz, B and Louzoun, Y and Hadar, E and Koren, O},
title = {Gestational diabetes is driven by microbiota-induced inflammation months before diagnosis.},
journal = {Gut},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1136/gutjnl-2022-328406},
pmid = {36627187},
issn = {1468-3288},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a condition in which women without diabetes are diagnosed with glucose intolerance during pregnancy, typically in the second or third trimester. Early diagnosis, along with a better understanding of its pathophysiology during the first trimester of pregnancy, may be effective in reducing incidence and associated short-term and long-term morbidities.

DESIGN: We comprehensively profiled the gut microbiome, metabolome, inflammatory cytokines, nutrition and clinical records of 394 women during the first trimester of pregnancy, before GDM diagnosis. We then built a model that can predict GDM onset weeks before it is typically diagnosed. Further, we demonstrated the role of the microbiome in disease using faecal microbiota transplant (FMT) of first trimester samples from pregnant women across three unique cohorts.

RESULTS: We found elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines in women who later developed GDM, decreased faecal short-chain fatty acids and altered microbiome. We next confirmed that differences in GDM-associated microbial composition during the first trimester drove inflammation and insulin resistance more than 10 weeks prior to GDM diagnosis using FMT experiments. Following these observations, we used a machine learning approach to predict GDM based on first trimester clinical, microbial and inflammatory markers with high accuracy.

CONCLUSION: GDM onset can be identified in the first trimester of pregnancy, earlier than currently accepted. Furthermore, the gut microbiome appears to play a role in inflammation-induced GDM pathogenesis, with interleukin-6 as a potential contributor to pathogenesis. Potential GDM markers, including microbiota, can serve as targets for early diagnostics and therapeutic intervention leading to prevention.},
}

@article {pmid36627028,
year = {2023},
author = {Zhang, S and Zeng, L and Ma, J and Xu, W and Qu, Y and Wang, X and An, X and Wang, Q and Wu, Y and Wang, D and Chen, H and Ai, J},
title = {Gut Prevotellaceae-GABAergic septohippocampal pathway mediates spatial memory impairment in high-fat diet-fed ovariectomized mice.},
journal = {Neurobiology of disease},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {105993},
doi = {10.1016/j.nbd.2023.105993},
pmid = {36627028},
issn = {1095-953X},
abstract = {Clarifying the risk factors and mechanisms that contribute to the onset of cognitive impairment following estrogen depletion is essential for improving the quality of life of older females. In the current study, using behavioral tests, 16S rDNA sequencing, in vivo and in vitro electrophysiology, optogenetics and chemogenetics, we found that high-fat diet (HFD)-accelerated impairment of hippocampus-dependent memory, gut microbiota, and hippocampal theta rhythmogenesis in ovariectomized (OVX) mice and fecal microbiota transplantation rescued these phenomena. The identification of fasting-activated medial septal neurons showed that PV[+] GABAergic neurons in the medial septal area (MSA) respond to gut sensory signals. Optogenetic activation of septohippocampal PV[+] GABAergic fibers (but not cholinergic fibers) significantly rescued hippocampal theta rhythmogenesis and spatial memory in HFD-fed OVX mice. Resistant starch supplementation (RSHFD) rectified the gut Prevotellaceae and considerably alleviated reduced septal gut-responsive neurons, decreased hippocampal theta rhythm, and impaired hippocampus-dependent memory in HFD-fed OVX mice. Furthermore, chemogenetic inhibition of septal PV[+] GABAergic neurons reversed the neuroprotective effects of resistant starch supplementation. These findings highlight the notable gut-sensory nature of medial septal PV[+] GABAergic neurons. A HFD accelerates estrogen deficiency-induced cognitive impairment by disrupting the gut Prevotellaceae-septo-hippocampal pathway. This study contributes to a better understanding of the precise gut-brain control of cognition and cognitive impairment in postmenopausal females.},
}

@article {pmid36626083,
year = {2023},
author = {Wang, W and Yan, Y and Yu, F and Zhang, W and Su, S},
title = {Role of oral and gut microbiota in childhood obesity.},
journal = {Folia microbiologica},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {36626083},
issn = {1874-9356},
abstract = {Childhood obesity not only causes damage to children's respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine, motor, and other systems but also is a significant risk factor for metabolic diseases such as obesity in adulthood, which has become one of the serious public health problems worldwide. The etiology and pathogenesis of obesity are complex. In addition to genetic and lifestyle factors, recent studies have found that the microbes in the digestive tract play a crucial role in the occurrence and development of obesity. Among them, the gut microbiota has been confirmed to be one of the important pathogenic factors of obesity, which can mediate the occurrence and development of obesity by interfering with the balance of host energy metabolism and inducing low-grade chronic inflammation throughout the host. Targeting the gut microbiota to treat obesity through various methods such as fecal microbiota transplantation, dietary intervention, and probiotic supplementation has become a research hotspot in obesity treatment. In addition, the oral microbiota is also considered closely related to the occurrence and development of obesity due to its regulatory effect on the balance of gut microbiota. Exploring the relationship between oral and gut microbiota and childhood obesity elucidates the pathogenesis and treatment concepts of childhood obesity from a new perspective. It may provide new methods for the prevention and treatment of childhood obesity in the future.},
}

@article {pmid36624625,
year = {2023},
author = {Oh, L and Ab Rahman, S and Dubinsky, K and Azanan, MS and Ariffin, H},
title = {Manipulating the Gut Microbiome as a Therapeutic Strategy to Mitigate Late Effects in Childhood Cancer Survivors.},
journal = {Technology in cancer research & treatment},
volume = {22},
number = {},
pages = {15330338221149799},
doi = {10.1177/15330338221149799},
pmid = {36624625},
issn = {1533-0338},
abstract = {Recent studies have identified causal links between altered gut microbiome, chronic inflammation, and inflammation-driven conditions such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Childhood cancer survivors (CCS) show late effects of therapy in the form of inflammaging-related disorders as well as microbial dysbiosis, supporting a hypothesis that the conditions are interconnected. Given the susceptibility of the gut microbiome to alteration, a number of therapeutic interventions have been investigated for the treatment of inflammatory conditions, though not within the context of cancer survivorship in children and adolescents. Here, we evaluate the potential for these interventions, which include probiotic supplementation, prebiotics/fiber-rich diet, exercise, and fecal microbiota transplantation for prevention and treatment of cancer treatment-related microbial dysbiosis in survivors. We also make recommendations to improve adherence and encourage long-term lifestyle changes for maintenance of healthy gut microbiome in CCS as a potential strategy to mitigate treatment-related late effects.},
}

@article {pmid36624505,
year = {2023},
author = {Green, JE and McGuinness, AJ and Berk, M and Castle, D and Athan, E and Hair, C and Strandwitz, P and Loughman, A and Nierenberg, AA and Cryan, JF and Mohebbi, M and Jacka, F},
title = {Safety and feasibility of faecal microbiota transplant for major depressive disorder: study protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial.},
journal = {Pilot and feasibility studies},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {5},
pmid = {36624505},
issn = {2055-5784},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mental disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), are a leading cause of non-fatal burden of disease globally. Current conventional treatments for depression have significant limitations, and there have been few new treatments in decades. The microbiota-gut-brain-axis is now recognised as playing a role in mental and brain health, and promising preclinical and clinical data suggest Faecal Microbiota Transplants (FMT) may be efficacious for treating a range of mental illnesses. However, there are no existing published studies in humans evaluating the efficacy of FMT for MDD.

METHODS AND DESIGN: This protocol describes an 8-week, triple-blind, 2:1 parallel group, randomised controlled pilot trial (n = 15), of enema-delivered FMT treatment (n = 10) compared with a placebo enema (n = 5) in adults with moderate-to-severe MDD. There will be a further 26-week follow-up to monitor longer-term safety. Participants will receive four FMT or placebo enemas over four consecutive days. The primary aims of the study are to evaluate feasibility and safety of FMT as an adjunctive treatment for MDD in adults. Changes in gut microbiota will be assessed as a secondary outcome. Other data will be collected, including changes in depression and anxiety symptoms, and safety parameters.

DISCUSSION: Modification of the microbiota-gut-brain axis via FMT is a promising potential treatment for MDD, but there are no published rigorous clinical trials evaluating its use. If this study finds that our FMT strategy is safe and feasible, a larger fully powered RCT is planned. Further high-quality research in this field is urgently needed to address unmet need.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12621000932864.},
}

@article {pmid36623885,
year = {2023},
author = {Uehara, S and Higuchi, Y and Yoneda, N and Kato, H and Yamazaki, H and Suemizu, H},
title = {The Unique Human N10-Glucuronidated Metabolite Formation from Olanzapine in Chimeric NOG-TKm30 Mice with Humanized Livers.},
journal = {Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1124/dmd.122.001102},
pmid = {36623885},
issn = {1521-009X},
abstract = {Olanzapine is an antipsychotic agent with species-dependent pharmacokinetic profiles in both humans and animals. In the present study, the metabolic profiles of olanzapine in vitro and in vivo were compared in non-transplanted immunodeficient NOG-TKm30 mice and chimeric mice with humanized livers (hereafter humanized-liver mice). Hepatic microsomal fractions prepared from humanized-liver mice and humans mediated olanzapine N10-glucuronidation, whereas fractions from cynomolgus monkeys, marmosets, minipigs, dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, CD1 mice, and NOG-TKm30 mice did not. The olanzapine N10-glucuronidation activity in liver microsomes from humanized-liver mice was inhibited by hecogenin, a human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A4 inhibitor. In addition, hepatocytes from humanized-liver mice suggest that olanzapine N10-glucuronidation was a major metabolic pathway in the livers of humanized-liver mice. After a single oral dose of olanzapine (10 mg/kg body weight) to humanized-liver mice and control NOG-TKm30 mice, olanzapine N10-glucuronide isomers and olanzapine N4'-glucuronide were detected only in the plasma of humanized-liver mice. In contrast, the area under the curve for N4'-demethylolanzapine, 2-hydroxymethylolanzapine, and 7-hydroxyolanzapine glucuronide was higher in NOG-TKm30 mice than that in humanized-liver mice. The cumulative excreted amounts of olanzapine N10-glucuronide isomers were high in the urine and feces from humanized-liver mice, whereas the cumulative excreted amounts of 2-hydroxymethylolanzapine were higher in NOG-TKm30 mice than in humanized-liver mice. Thus, production of human-specific olanzapine N10-glucuronide was observed in humanized-liver mice, which was consistent with the in vitro glucuronidation data. These results suggest that humanized-liver mice are useful for studying drug oxidation and conjugation of olanzapine in humans. Significance Statement Human-specific olanzapine N10-glucuronide isomers were generated in chimeric NOG-TKm30 mice with humanized livers (humanized-liver mice), and high UGT1A4-dependent N10-glucuronidation was observed in the liver microsomes from humanized-liver mice. Hence, humanized-liver mice may be a suitable model for studying UGT1A4-dependent biotransformation of drugs in humans.},
}

@article {pmid36620981,
year = {2023},
author = {Baunwall, SMD and Andreasen, SE and Hansen, MM and Kelsen, J and Høyer, KL and Rågård, N and Eriksen, LL and Støy, S and Rubak, T and Damsgaard, EMS and Mikkelsen, S and Erikstrup, C and Dahlerup, JF and Hvas, CL},
title = {Faecal microbiota transplantation for first and second episodes of Clostridioides difficile infection - Authors' reply.},
journal = {The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology},
volume = {8},
number = {2},
pages = {112-113},
doi = {10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00424-1},
pmid = {36620981},
issn = {2468-1253},
}

@article {pmid36620980,
year = {2023},
author = {Krutova, M and Davis, K and Guery, B and Barbut, F},
title = {Faecal microbiota transplantation for first and second episodes of Clostridioides difficile infection.},
journal = {The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology},
volume = {8},
number = {2},
pages = {111-112},
doi = {10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00388-0},
pmid = {36620980},
issn = {2468-1253},
}

@article {pmid36620979,
year = {2023},
author = {Aby, ES and Rajasingham, R and Enns, EA and Vaughn, BP},
title = {Faecal microbiota transplantation for first and second episodes of Clostridioides difficile infection.},
journal = {The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology},
volume = {8},
number = {2},
pages = {110-111},
doi = {10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00353-3},
pmid = {36620979},
issn = {2468-1253},
}

@article {pmid36620978,
year = {2023},
author = {Goldenberg, SD and Merrick, B},
title = {Faecal microbiota transplantation for first and second episodes of Clostridioides difficile infection.},
journal = {The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology},
volume = {8},
number = {2},
pages = {109-110},
doi = {10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00343-0},
pmid = {36620978},
issn = {2468-1253},
}

@article {pmid36620977,
year = {2023},
author = {van Prehn, J and Fitzpatrick, F and Kuijper, EJ and , },
title = {Faecal microbiota transplantation for first and second episodes of Clostridioides difficile infection.},
journal = {The lancet. Gastroenterology & hepatology},
volume = {8},
number = {2},
pages = {109},
doi = {10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00342-9},
pmid = {36620977},
issn = {2468-1253},
}

@article {pmid36620345,
year = {2022},
author = {Xiang, H and Liu, QP},
title = {Alterations of the gut microbiota in coronavirus disease 2019 and its therapeutic potential.},
journal = {World journal of gastroenterology},
volume = {28},
number = {47},
pages = {6689-6701},
pmid = {36620345},
issn = {2219-2840},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses a serious threat to global health. SARS-CoV-2 infects host cells primarily by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, which is coexpressed in alveolar type 2 cells and gut epithelial cells. It is known that COVID-19 often presents with gastrointestinal symptoms and gut dysbiosis, mainly characterized by an increase in opportunistic pathogens and a decrease in beneficial commensal bacteria. In recent years, multiple studies have comprehensively explored gut microbiota alterations in COVID-19 and highlighted the clinical correlation between dysbiosis and COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 causes gastrointestinal infections and dysbiosis mainly through fecal-oral transmission and the circulatory and immune pathways. Studies have shown that the gut microbiota and its metabolites can regulate the immune response and modulate antiviral effects. In addition, the gut microbiota is closely related to gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea, a common gastrointestinal symptom among COVID-19. Therefore, the contribution of the gut microbiota in COVID-19 should not be overlooked. Strategies targeting the gut microbiota via probiotics, prebiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation should be considered to treat this patient population in the future. However, the specific alterations and mechanisms as well as the contributions of gut microbiota in COVID-19 should be urgently further explored.},
}

@article {pmid36620003,
year = {2022},
author = {Zhang, L and Lang, H and Ran, L and Tian, G and Shen, H and Zhu, J and Zhang, Q and Yi, L and Mi, M},
title = {Long-term high loading intensity of aerobic exercise improves skeletal muscle performance via the gut microbiota-testosterone axis.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1049469},
pmid = {36620003},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Exercise is reported to play a crucial role in skeletal muscle performance. However, the underlying mechanism is still unknown. Thus, we investigated the effect of high-intensity aerobic exercise on skeletal muscle performance. In this study, the male C57BL/6J mice were accepted by high-intensity aerobic exercise for 8 weeks to establish an exercise model. It was observed that high-intensity aerobic exercise markedly affected the expression of genes in skeletal muscle. Moreover, high-intensity aerobic exercise significantly improved skeletal muscle grip strength and serum testosterone levels. HE staining showed that the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the skeletal muscle was successfully increased after 8 weeks of high-intensity aerobic exercise. Additionally, we found that high-intensity aerobic exercise changed gut microbiota structure by altering the abundance of Akkermansia, Allobaculum, and Lactobacillus, which might be related to testosterone production. However, the beneficial effects disappeared after the elimination of the gut microbiota and recovered after fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiments for 1 week. These results indicated that the beneficial effects of high-intensity aerobic exercise on skeletal muscle were partly dependent on the gut microbiota. Our results suggested that long-term high loading intensity of aerobic exercise could improve skeletal muscle performance, which was probably due to the gut microbiota-testosterone axis.},
}

@article {pmid36618438,
year = {2022},
author = {Ramos, RJ and Zhu, C and Joseph, DF and Thaker, S and Lacomb, JF and Markarian, K and Lee, HJ and Petrov, JC and Monzur, F and Buscaglia, JM and Chawla, A and Small-Harary, L and Gathungu, G and Morganstern, JA and Yang, J and Li, J and Pamer, EG and Robertson, CE and Frank, DN and Cross, JR and Li, E},
title = {Metagenomic and bile acid metabolomic analysis of fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridiodes difficile and/or inflammatory bowel diseases.},
journal = {Medical research archives},
volume = {10},
number = {10},
pages = {},
pmid = {36618438},
issn = {2375-1916},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an effective treatment of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infections (rCDI), but has more limited efficacy in treating either ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn's disease (CD), two major forms of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). We hypothesize that FMT recipients with rCDI and/or IBD have baseline fecal bile acid (BA) compositions that differ significantly from that of their healthy donors and that FMT will normalize the BA compositions.

AIM: To study the effect of single colonoscopic FMT on microbial composition and function in four recipient groups: 1.) rCDI patients without IBD (rCDI-IBD); 2.) rCDI with IBD (rCDI+IBD); 3.) UC patients without rCDI (UC-rCDI); 4.) CD patients without rCDI (CD-rCDI).

METHODS: We performed 16S rRNA gene sequence, shotgun DNA sequence and quantitative bile acid metabolomic analyses on stools collected from 55 pairs of subjects and donors enrolled in two prospective single arm FMT clinical trials (Clinical Trials.gov ID NCT03268213, 479696, UC no rCDI ≥ 2x IND 1564 and NCT03267238, IND 16795). Fitted linear mixed models were used to examine the effects of four recipient groups, FMT status (Donor, pre-FMT, 1-week post-FMT, 3-months post-FMT) and first order Group*FMT interactions on microbial diversity and composition, bile acid metabolites and bile acid metabolizing enzyme gene abundance.

RESULTS: The pre-FMT stools collected from rCDI ± IBD recipients had reduced α-diversity compared to the healthy donor stools and was restored post-FMT. The α-diversity in the pre-FMT stools collected from UC-rCDI or CD-rCDI recipients did not differ significantly from donor stools. FMT normalized some recipient/donor ratios of genus level taxa abundance in the four groups. Fecal secondary BA levels, including some of the secondary BA epimers that exhibit in vitro immunomodulatory activities, were lower in rCDI±IBD and CD-rCDI but not UC-rCDI recipients compared to donors. FMT restored secondary BA levels. Metagenomic baiE gene and some of the eight bile salt hydrolase (BSH) phylotype abundances were significantly correlated with fecal BA levels.

CONCLUSION: Restoration of multiple secondary BA levels, including BA epimers implicated in immunoregulation, are associated with restoration of fecal baiE gene counts, suggesting that the 7-α-dehydroxylation step is rate-limiting.},
}

@article {pmid36615885,
year = {2023},
author = {Flaig, B and Garza, R and Singh, B and Hamamah, S and Covasa, M},
title = {Treatment of Dyslipidemia through Targeted Therapy of Gut Microbiota.},
journal = {Nutrients},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/nu15010228},
pmid = {36615885},
issn = {2072-6643},
abstract = {Dyslipidemia is a multifaceted condition with various genetic and environmental factors contributing to its pathogenesis. Further, this condition represents an important risk factor for its related sequalae including cardiovascular diseases (CVD) such as coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke. Emerging evidence has shown that gut microbiota and their metabolites can worsen or protect against the development of dyslipidemia. Although there are currently numerous treatment modalities available including lifestyle modification and pharmacologic interventions, there has been promising research on dyslipidemia that involves the benefits of modulating gut microbiota in treating alterations in lipid metabolism. In this review, we examine the relationship between gut microbiota and dyslipidemia, the impact of gut microbiota metabolites on the development of dyslipidemia, and the current research on dietary interventions, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and microbiota transplant as therapeutic modalities in prevention of cardiovascular disease. Overall, understanding the mechanisms by which gut microbiota and their metabolites affect dyslipidemia progression will help develop more precise therapeutic targets to optimize lipid metabolism.},
}

@article {pmid36615662,
year = {2022},
author = {Zhang, W and Zhang, Y and Li, Y and Ma, D and Zhang, H and Kwok, LY},
title = {Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Probio-M9-Driven Mouse Mammary Tumor-Inhibitory Effect Is Accompanied by Modulation of Host Gut Microbiota, Immunity, and Serum Metabolome.},
journal = {Nutrients},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/nu15010005},
pmid = {36615662},
issn = {2072-6643},
abstract = {Gut microbiome may influence tumor growth and cancer treatment efficacy, so it is a potential target for tumor prevention/treatment. This pilot study investigated the preventive and therapeutic effects of a probiotic strain, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Probio-M9 (Probio-M9), against murine mammary cancer. Thirty-six female mice were randomly divided into three groups (n = 12 per group): control (without tumor transplantation), model (tumor transplantation; no probiotic administration), and probiotic (30-day oral gavage of probiotic, started seven days before tumor transplantation). Changes in tumor size were recorded, and blood, tumor tissue, and stool samples were collected at the end of the trial for analyses. Comparing with the model group, the probiotic group had a significantly smaller tumor volume (p < 0.05), a higher fecal microbiota Shannon diversity index, with significant modifications in the gut microbiota structure (p < 0.05), characterized by more Alistipes sp._2, Porphyromonadaceae bacterium_7, and Bacteroidales bacterium 55_9 (p < 0.05). Additionally, Probio-M9 administration elevated the serum IFN-γ, IL-9, IL-13, and IL-27 levels and several metabolites (e.g., pyridoxal, nicotinic acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, glutamine; p < 0.05), while reducing IL-5 (p < 0.05). These changes might be associated with the protective effect of Probio-M9 against mammary tumor growth. Thus, probiotic administration could harness host gut microbiome in anti-cancer responses.},
}