@article {pmid33326438,
year = {2020},
author = {Schwabl, P and Maiguashca Sánchez, J and Costales, JA and Ocaña-Mayorga, S and Segovia, M and Carrasco, HJ and Hernández, C and Ramírez, JD and Lewis, MD and Grijalva, MJ and Llewellyn, MS},
title = {Culture-free genome-wide locus sequence typing (GLST) provides new perspectives on Trypanosoma cruzi dispersal and infection complexity.},
journal = {PLoS genetics},
volume = {16},
number = {12},
pages = {e1009170},
pmid = {33326438},
issn = {1553-7404},
support = {204820/Z/16/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/economics/*methods/standards ; Disease Vectors ; *Genome, Protozoan ; Hemiptera/parasitology ; *Metagenome ; Metagenomics/economics/*methods/standards ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Trypanosoma cruzi/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Virulence/genetics ; Whole Genome Sequencing/economics/*methods/standards ; },
abstract = {Analysis of genetic polymorphism is a powerful tool for epidemiological surveillance and research. Powerful inference from pathogen genetic variation, however, is often restrained by limited access to representative target DNA, especially in the study of obligate parasitic species for which ex vivo culture is resource-intensive or bias-prone. Modern sequence capture methods enable pathogen genetic variation to be analyzed directly from host/vector material but are often too complex and expensive for resource-poor settings where infectious diseases prevail. This study proposes a simple, cost-effective 'genome-wide locus sequence typing' (GLST) tool based on massive parallel amplification of information hotspots throughout the target pathogen genome. The multiplexed polymerase chain reaction amplifies hundreds of different, user-defined genetic targets in a single reaction tube, and subsequent agarose gel-based clean-up and barcoding completes library preparation at under 4 USD per sample. Our study generates a flexible GLST primer panel design workflow for Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasitic agent of Chagas disease. We successfully apply our 203-target GLST panel to direct, culture-free metagenomic extracts from triatomine vectors containing a minimum of 3.69 pg/μl T. cruzi DNA and further elaborate on method performance by sequencing GLST libraries from T. cruzi reference clones representing discrete typing units (DTUs) TcI, TcIII, TcIV, TcV and TcVI. The 780 SNP sites we identify in the sample set repeatably distinguish parasites infecting sympatric vectors and detect correlations between genetic and geographic distances at regional (< 150 km) as well as continental scales. The markers also clearly separate TcI, TcIII, TcIV and TcV + TcVI and appear to distinguish multiclonal infections within TcI. We discuss the advantages, limitations and prospects of our method across a spectrum of epidemiological research.},
}

Animals
Costs and Cost Analysis
DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/economics/*methods/standards
Disease Vectors
*Genome, Protozoan
Hemiptera/parasitology
*Metagenome
Metagenomics/economics/*methods/standards
Polymorphism, Genetic
Trypanosoma cruzi/*genetics/pathogenicity
Virulence/genetics
Whole Genome Sequencing/economics/*methods/standards

@article {pmid32526207,
year = {2020},
author = {Javdan, B and Lopez, JG and Chankhamjon, P and Lee, YJ and Hull, R and Wu, Q and Wang, X and Chatterjee, S and Donia, MS},
title = {Personalized Mapping of Drug Metabolism by the Human Gut Microbiome.},
journal = {Cell},
volume = {181},
number = {7},
pages = {1661-1679.e22},
doi = {10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.001},
pmid = {32526207},
issn = {1097-4172},
support = {DP2 AI124441/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; T32 GM007388/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Adult ; Animals ; Bacteria/classification ; Biomarkers, Pharmacological/metabolism ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/*methods ; Feces/microbiology ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics/*physiology ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Male ; Metagenome/genetics ; Metagenomics/methods ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microbiota/*drug effects/genetics ; Pharmaceutical Preparations/metabolism ; Precision Medicine/methods ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; },
abstract = {The human gut microbiome harbors hundreds of bacterial species with diverse biochemical capabilities. Dozens of drugs have been shown to be metabolized by single isolates from the gut microbiome, but the extent of this phenomenon is rarely explored in the context of microbial communities. Here, we develop a quantitative experimental framework for mapping the ability of the human gut microbiome to metabolize small molecule drugs: Microbiome-Derived Metabolism (MDM)-Screen. Included are a batch culturing system for sustained growth of subject-specific gut microbial communities, an ex vivo drug metabolism screen, and targeted and untargeted functional metagenomic screens to identify microbiome-encoded genes responsible for specific metabolic events. Our framework identifies novel drug-microbiome interactions that vary between individuals and demonstrates how the gut microbiome might be used in drug development and personalized medicine.},
}

Adult
Animals
Bacteria/classification
Biomarkers, Pharmacological/metabolism
Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/*methods
Feces/microbiology
Female
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/genetics/*physiology
Healthy Volunteers
Humans
Male
Metagenome/genetics
Metagenomics/methods
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Microbiota/*drug effects/genetics
Pharmaceutical Preparations/metabolism
Precision Medicine/methods
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics

@article {pmid33463854,
year = {2020},
author = {Furey, PC and Lee, SS and Clemans, DL},
title = {Substratum-associated microbiota.},
journal = {Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation},
volume = {92},
number = {10},
pages = {1629-1648},
doi = {10.1002/wer.1410},
pmid = {33463854},
issn = {1554-7531},
mesh = {*Cyanobacteria ; Ecology ; Fresh Water ; Metagenomics ; *Microbiota ; },
abstract = {Highlights of new, interesting, and emerging research findings on substratum-associated microbiota covered from a survey of 2019 literature from primarily freshwaters provide insight into research trends of interest to the Water Environment Federation and others interested in benthic, aquatic environments. Coverage of topics on bottom-associated or attached algae and cyanobacteria, though not comprehensive, includes new methods, taxa new-to-science, nutrient dynamics, auto- and heterotrophic interactions, grazers, bioassessment, herbicides and other pollutants, metal contaminants, and nuisance, and bloom-forming and harmful algae. Coverage of bacteria, also not comprehensive, focuses on the ecology of benthic biofilms and microbial communities, along with the ecology of microbes like Caulobacter crescentus, Rhodobacter, and other freshwater microbial species. Bacterial topics covered also include metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, toxins and pollutants, bacterial pathogens and bacteriophages, and bacterial physiology. Readers may use this literature review to learn about or renew their interest in the recent advances and discoveries regarding substratum-associated microbiota. PRACTITIONER POINTS: This review of literature from 2019 on substratum-associated microbiota presents highlights of findings on algae, cyanobacteria, and bacteria from primarily freshwaters. Coverage of algae and cyanobacteria includes findings on new methods, taxa new to science, nutrient dynamics, auto- and heterotrophic interactions, grazers, bioassessment, herbicides and other pollutants, metal contaminants, and nuisance, bloom-forming and harmful algae. Coverage of bacteria includes findings on ecology of benthic biofilms and microbial communities, the ecology of microbes, metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, toxins and pollutants, bacterial pathogens and bacteriophages, and bacterial physiology. Highlights of new, noteworthy and emerging topics build on those from 2018 and will be of relevance to the Water Environment Federation and others interested in benthic, aquatic environments.},
}

*Cyanobacteria
Ecology
Fresh Water
Metagenomics
*Microbiota

@article {pmid33206681,
year = {2020},
author = {Gureev, AP and Syromyatnikov, MY and Ignatyeva, DA and Valuyskikh, VV and Solodskikh, SA and Panevina, AV and Gryaznova, MV and Kokina, AV and Popov, VN},
title = {Effect of long-term methylene blue treatment on the composition of mouse gut microbiome and its relationship with the cognitive abilities of mice.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {15},
number = {11},
pages = {e0241784},
pmid = {33206681},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Animals ; Bacteroidetes/genetics/metabolism ; Cognition/drug effects/physiology ; Epsilonproteobacteria/genetics/metabolism ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects/genetics ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Maze Learning ; Methylene Blue/*pharmacology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Proteobacteria/genetics/metabolism ; },
abstract = {In recent years, methylene blue (MB) has attracted considerable interest as a potential drug for the treatment of methemoglobinemia and neurodegenerative diseases. MB is active against microorganisms from various taxonomic groups. However, no studies have yet been conducted on the effect of MB on the intestinal microbiome of model animals. The aim of this work was to study the effect of different concentrations of MB on the mouse gut microbiome and its relationship with the cognitive abilities of mice. We showed that a low MB concentration (15 mg/kg/day) did not cause significant changes in the microbiome composition. The Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio decreased relative to the control on the 2nd and 3rd weeks. A slight decrease in the levels Actinobacteria was detected on the 3rd week of the experiment. Changes in the content of Delta, Gamma, and Epsilonproteobacteria have been also observed. We did not find significant alterations in the composition of intestinal microbiome, which could be an indication of the development of dysbiosis or other gut dysfunction. At the same time, a high concentration of MB (50 mg/kg/day) led to pronounced changes, primarily an increase in the levels of Delta, Gamma and Epsilonproteobacteria. Over 4 weeks of therapy, the treatment with high MB concentration has led to an increase in the median content of Proteobacteria to 7.49% vs. 1.61% in the control group. Finally, we found that MB at a concentration of 15 mg/kg/day improved the cognitive abilities of mice, while negative correlation between the content of Deferribacteres and cognitive parameters was revealed. Our data expand the understanding of the relationship between MB, cognitive abilities, and gut microbiome in respect to the antibacterial properties of MB.},
}

Animals
Bacteroidetes/genetics/metabolism
Cognition/drug effects/physiology
Epsilonproteobacteria/genetics/metabolism
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects/genetics
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
Maze Learning
Methylene Blue/*pharmacology
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Proteobacteria/genetics/metabolism

@article {pmid32552447,
year = {2020},
author = {Hu, Y and Cheng, M and Liu, B and Dong, J and Sun, L and Yang, J and Yang, F and Chen, X and Jin, Q},
title = {Metagenomic analysis of the lung microbiome in pulmonary tuberculosis - a pilot study.},
journal = {Emerging microbes & infections},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {1444-1452},
pmid = {32552447},
issn = {2222-1751},
mesh = {Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation & purification ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/microbiology ; Humans ; Lung/*microbiology ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics ; *Microbiota ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics/*physiology ; Pilot Projects ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis/*microbiology ; },
abstract = {The lung microbiome plays an important role in the pathophysiological processes associated with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). However, only a few studies using 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing have been reported, and the interactions between Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and the lung microbiome remain poorly understood. Patients with respiratory symptoms and imaging abnormalities compatible with tuberculosis (TB) were enrolled. We analyzed the lung microbiome in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples from 30 MTB-positive (MTB+) subjects and 30 MTB negative (MTB-) subjects by shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Alpha diversity tended to be lower in the MTB+ group than in the MTB- group. There was a significant difference in beta diversity between the MTB+ and MTB- subjects. MTB+ lung samples were dominated by MTB, while MTB- samples were enriched with Streptococcus, Prevotella, Nesseria, Selenomonas and Bifidobacterium, which more closely resemble the microbial composition of a healthy lung. Network analysis suggested that MTB could greatly impact the microbial community structure. MTB+ and MTB- communities showed distinct functional signatures. Fungal communities were also found to be associated with the presence or absence of MTB. Furthermore, it was confirmed that 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing underrepresents Mycobacterium. This pilot study is the first to explore the interplay between MTB and the host microbiome by using metagenomic sequencing. MTB dominates the lung microbiome of MTB+ subjects, while MTB- subjects have a Streptococcus-enriched microbiome. The 16S approach underrepresents Mycobacterium and is not the best way to study the TB-associated microbiome.},
}

Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation & purification
Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/microbiology
Humans
Lung/*microbiology
Metagenome
Metagenomics
*Microbiota
Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics/*physiology
Pilot Projects
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis/*microbiology

@article {pmid31840403,
year = {2020},
author = {Ahlgren, NA and Belisle, BS and Lee, MD},
title = {Genomic mosaicism underlies the adaptation of marine Synechococcus ecotypes to distinct oceanic iron niches.},
journal = {Environmental microbiology},
volume = {22},
number = {5},
pages = {1801-1815},
doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.14893},
pmid = {31840403},
issn = {1462-2920},
mesh = {Acclimatization/genetics ; Adaptation, Physiological/genetics ; Diatoms/genetics ; Ecosystem ; Ecotype ; Genome, Bacterial/*genetics ; Iron/metabolism ; Metagenomics ; *Mosaicism ; Oceans and Seas ; Phytoplankton ; Prochlorococcus/*genetics/*physiology ; Seawater/microbiology ; Synechococcus/*genetics/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Phytoplankton are limited by iron (Fe) in ~40% of the world's oceans including high-nutrient low-chlorophyll (HNLC) regions. While low-Fe adaptation has been well-studied in large eukaryotic diatoms, less is known for small, prokaryotic marine picocyanobacteria. This study reveals key physiological and genomic differences underlying Fe adaptation in marine picocyanobacteria. HNLC ecotype CRD1 strains have greater physiological tolerance to low Fe congruent with their expanded repertoire of Fe transporter, storage and regulatory genes compared to other ecotypes. From metagenomic analysis, genes encoding ferritin, flavodoxin, Fe transporters and siderophore uptake genes were more abundant in low-Fe waters, mirroring paradigms of low-Fe adaptation in diatoms. Distinct Fe-related gene repertories of HNLC ecotypes CRD1 and CRD2 also highlight how coexisting ecotypes have evolved independent approaches to life in low-Fe habitats. Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus HNLC ecotypes likewise exhibit independent, genome-wide reductions of predicted Fe-requiring genes. HNLC ecotype CRD1 interestingly was most similar to coastal ecotype I in Fe physiology and Fe-related gene content, suggesting populations from these different biomes experience similar Fe-selective conditions. This work supports an improved perspective that phytoplankton are shaped by more nuanced Fe niches in the oceans than previously implied from mostly binary comparisons of low- versus high-Fe habitats and populations.},
}

Acclimatization/genetics
Adaptation, Physiological/genetics
Diatoms/genetics
Ecosystem
Ecotype
Genome, Bacterial/*genetics
Iron/metabolism
Metagenomics
*Mosaicism
Oceans and Seas
Phytoplankton
Prochlorococcus/*genetics/*physiology
Seawater/microbiology
Synechococcus/*genetics/*physiology

@article {pmid31808296,
year = {2020},
author = {Zhang, Q and Geng, Z and Li, D and Ding, Z},
title = {Characterization and discrimination of microbial community and co-occurrence patterns in fresh and strong flavor style flue-cured tobacco leaves.},
journal = {MicrobiologyOpen},
volume = {9},
number = {2},
pages = {e965},
pmid = {31808296},
issn = {2045-8827},
mesh = {Biodiversity ; Eukaryotic Cells/classification ; *Fermentation ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Metagenomics/methods ; *Microbiota ; Neural Networks, Computer ; Phylogeny ; Plant Leaves/*microbiology ; Prokaryotic Cells/classification ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Tobacco ; },
abstract = {Fermentation, also known as aging, is vital for enhancing the quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves (FTLs). Aged FTLs demonstrate high-quality sensory characteristics, while unaged FTLs do not. Microbes play important roles in the FTL fermentation process. However, the eukaryotic microbial community diversity is poorly understood, as are microbial associations within FTLs. We aimed to characterize and compare the microbiota associated with two important categories, fresh and strong flavor style FTLs, and to reveal correlations between the microbial taxa within them. Based on 16S and 18S rRNA Illumina MiSeq sequencing, the community richness and diversity of prokaryotes were almost as high as that of eukaryotes. The dominant microbes of FTLs belonged to seven genera, including Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Methylobacterium, Acinetobacter, Sphingomonas, Neophaeosphaeria, and Cladosporium, of the Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Ascomycota phyla. According to partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), Xanthomonas, Franconibacter, Massilia, Quadrisphaera, Staphylococcus, Cladosporium, Lodderomyces, Symmetrospora, Golovinomyces, and Dioszegia were significantly positively correlated with fresh flavor style FTLs, while Xenophilus, Fusarium, unclassified Ustilaginaceae, Tilletiopsis, Cryphonectria, Colletotrichum, and Cyanodermella were significantly positively correlated with strong flavor style FTLs. Network analysis identified seven hubs, Aureimonas, Kocuria, Massilia, Brachybacterium, Clostridium, Dietzia, and Vishniacozyma, that may play important roles in FTL ecosystem stability, which may be destroyed by Myrmecridium. FTL microbiota was found to be correlated with flavor style. Species present in lower numbers than the dominant microbes might be used as microbial markers to discriminate different flavor style samples and to stabilize FTL microbial communities. This research advances our understanding of FTL microbiota and describes a means of discriminating between fresh and strong flavor FTLs based on their respective stable microbiota.},
}

Biodiversity
Eukaryotic Cells/classification
*Fermentation
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
Metagenomics/methods
*Microbiota
Neural Networks, Computer
Phylogeny
Plant Leaves/*microbiology
Prokaryotic Cells/classification
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics
Sequence Analysis, DNA
*Tobacco

@article {pmid31775181,
year = {2020},
author = {Rambo, IM and Dombrowski, N and Constant, L and Erdner, D and Baker, BJ},
title = {Metabolic relationships of uncultured bacteria associated with the microalgae Gambierdiscus.},
journal = {Environmental microbiology},
volume = {22},
number = {5},
pages = {1764-1783},
doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.14878},
pmid = {31775181},
issn = {1462-2920},
support = {FG-2016-6301//Alfred P. Sloan Foundation/International ; },
mesh = {Biochemical Phenomena ; Dinoflagellida/*microbiology ; Flavobacteriaceae/*genetics ; Genome, Bacterial/*genetics ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics ; Microalgae/*microbiology ; Microbiota/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Phytoplankton/microbiology ; Rhodobacteraceae/*genetics ; },
abstract = {Microbial communities inhabit algae cell surfaces and produce a variety of compounds that can impact the fitness of the host. These interactions have been studied via culturing, single-gene diversity and metagenomic read survey methods that are limited by culturing biases and fragmented genetic characterizations. Higher-resolution frameworks are needed to resolve the physiological interactions within these algal-bacterial communities. Here, we infer the encoded metabolic capabilities of four uncultured bacterial genomes (reconstructed using metagenomic assembly and binning) associated with the marine dinoflagellates Gambierdiscus carolinianus and G. caribaeus. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that two of the genomes belong to the commonly algae-associated families Rhodobacteraceae and Flavobacteriaceae. The other two genomes belong to the Phycisphaeraceae and include the first algae-associated representative within the uncultured SM1A02 group. Analyses of all four genomes suggest these bacteria are facultative aerobes, with some capable of metabolizing phytoplanktonic organosulfur compounds including dimethylsulfoniopropionate and sulfated polysaccharides. These communities may biosynthesize compounds beneficial to both the algal host and other bacteria, including iron chelators, B vitamins, methionine, lycopene, squalene and polyketides. These findings have implications for marine carbon and nutrient cycling and provide a greater depth of understanding regarding the genetic potential for complex physiological interactions between microalgae and their associated bacteria.},
}

Biochemical Phenomena
Dinoflagellida/*microbiology
Flavobacteriaceae/*genetics
Genome, Bacterial/*genetics
Metagenome
Metagenomics
Microalgae/*microbiology
Microbiota/genetics
Phylogeny
Phytoplankton/microbiology
Rhodobacteraceae/*genetics

@article {pmid31701637,
year = {2020},
author = {Ren, Q and Si, H and Yan, X and Liu, C and Ding, L and Long, R and Li, Z and Qiu, Q},
title = {Bacterial communities in the solid, liquid, dorsal, and ventral epithelium fractions of yak (Bos grunniens) rumen.},
journal = {MicrobiologyOpen},
volume = {9},
number = {2},
pages = {e963},
pmid = {31701637},
issn = {2045-8827},
mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Cattle ; Computational Biology/methods ; Gastric Mucosa/*microbiology ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics/methods ; *Microbiota ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rumen/*microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; },
abstract = {Yak (Bos grunniens) is an important and dominant livestock species in the challenging environment of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Rumen microbiota of the solid, liquid, and epithelium fractions play key roles in nutrient metabolism and contribute to host adaptation in ruminants. However, there is a little knowledge of the microbiota in these rumen fractions of yak. Therefore, we collected samples of solid, liquid, dorsal, and ventral epithelium fractions from five female yaks, then amplified bacterial 16S rRNA gene V4 regions and sequenced them using an Illumina MiSeq platform. Principal coordinates analysis detected significant differences in bacterial communities between the liquid, solid, and epithelium fractions, and between dorsal and ventral epithelium fractions. Rikenellaceae RC9, the families Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae, and Fibrobacter spp. were the abundant and enriched bacteria in solid fraction, while the genera Prevotella and Prevotellaceae UCG 003 were higher in the liquid fraction. Campylobacter spp., Comamonas spp., Desulfovibrio spp., and Solobacterium spp. were significantly higher in dorsal epithelium, while Howardella spp., Prevotellaceae UCG 001, Ruminococcaceae UCG 005, and Treponema 2 were enriched in the ventral epithelium. Comparison of predictive functional profiles among the solid, liquid, and dorsal, and ventral epithelium fractions also revealed significant differences. Microbiota in the ventral fraction of yak rumen also significantly differ from reported microbiota of cattle. In conclusion, our results improve our knowledge of the taxonomic composition and roles of yak rumen microbiota.},
}

Animals
Biodiversity
Cattle
Computational Biology/methods
Gastric Mucosa/*microbiology
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
Metagenome
Metagenomics/methods
*Microbiota
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Rumen/*microbiology
Sequence Analysis, DNA

@article {pmid31670480,
year = {2020},
author = {Quigley, KM and Alvarez Roa, C and Torda, G and Bourne, DG and Willis, BL},
title = {Co-dynamics of Symbiodiniaceae and bacterial populations during the first year of symbiosis with Acropora tenuis juveniles.},
journal = {MicrobiologyOpen},
volume = {9},
number = {2},
pages = {e959},
pmid = {31670480},
issn = {2045-8827},
mesh = {Age Factors ; Animals ; Anthozoa/*microbiology ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Computational Biology/methods ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer ; Gene Ontology ; Metagenomics/methods ; *Microbiota ; Molecular Typing ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Interactions between corals and their associated microbial communities (Symbiodiniaceae and prokaryotes) are key to understanding corals' potential for and rate of acclimatory and adaptive responses. However, the establishment of microalgal and bacterial communities is poorly understood during coral ontogeny in the wild. We examined the establishment and co-occurrence between multiple microbial communities using 16S rRNA (bacterial) and ITS2 rDNA (Symbiodiniaceae) gene amplicon sequencing in juveniles of the common coral, Acropora tenuis, across the first year of development. Symbiodiniaceae communities in juveniles were dominated by Durusdinium trenchii and glynnii (D1 and D1a), with lower abundances of Cladocopium (C1, C1d, C50, and Cspc). Bacterial communities were more diverse and dominated by taxa within Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Planctomycetes. Both communities were characterized by significant changes in relative abundance and diversity of taxa throughout the year. D1, D1a, and C1 were significantly correlated with multiple bacterial taxa, including Alpha-, Deltra-, and Gammaproteobacteria, Planctomycetacia, Oxyphotobacteria, Phycisphaerae, and Rhizobiales. Specifically, D1a tended to associate with Oxyphotobacteria and D1 with Alphaproteobacteria, although these associations may represent correlational and not causal relationships. Bioenergetic modeling combined with physiological measurements of coral juveniles (surface area and Symbiodiniaceae cell densities) identified key periods of carbon limitation and nitrogen assimilation, potentially coinciding with shifts in microbial community composition. These results demonstrate that Symbiodiniaceae and bacterial communities are dynamic throughout the first year of ontology and may vary in tandem, with important fitness effects on host juveniles.},
}

Age Factors
Animals
Anthozoa/*microbiology
*Bacterial Physiological Phenomena
Computational Biology/methods
DNA, Ribosomal Spacer
Gene Ontology
Metagenomics/methods
*Microbiota
Molecular Typing
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
*Symbiosis

@article {pmid33243513,
year = {2021},
author = {Calegario, G and Freitas, L and Appolinario, LR and Venas, T and Arruda, T and Otsuki, K and Masi, B and Omachi, C and Moreira, AP and Soares, AC and Rezende, CE and Garcia, G and Tschoeke, D and Thompson, C and Thompson, FL},
title = {Conserved rhodolith microbiomes across environmental gradients of the Great Amazon Reef.},
journal = {The Science of the total environment},
volume = {760},
number = {},
pages = {143411},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143411},
pmid = {33243513},
issn = {1879-1026},
mesh = {Coral Reefs ; Metagenome ; *Microbiota ; Photosynthesis ; *Rhodophyta ; Seawater ; },
abstract = {The Great Amazon Reef System (GARS) covers an estimated area of 56,000 km2 off the mouth of the Amazon River. Living rhodolith holobionts are major benthic components of the GARS. However, it is unclear whether environmental conditions modulate the rhodolith microbiomes. Previous studies suggest that environmental parameters such as light, temperature, depth, and nutrients are drivers of rhodolith health. However, it is unclear whether rhodoliths from different sectors (northern, central, and southern) from the GARS have different microbiomes. We analysed metagenomes of rhodoliths (n = 10) and seawater (n = 6), obtained from the three sectors, by illumina shotgun sequencing (total read counts: 25.73 million). Suspended particulate material and isotopic composition of dissolved organic carbon (δ13C) indicated a strong influence of the Amazon river plume over the entire study area. However, photosynthetically active radiation at the bottom (PARb) was higher in the southern sector reefs, ranging from 10.1 to 14.3 E.m-2 day-1. The coralline calcareous red algae (CCA) Corallina caespitosa, Corallina officinalis, Lithophyllum cabiochiae, and Hapalidiales were present in the three sectors and in most rhodolith samples. Rhodolith microbiomes were very homogeneous across the studied area and differed significantly from seawater microbiomes. However, some subtle differences were found when comparing the rhodolith microbiomes from the northern and central sectors to the ones from the southern. Consistent with the higher light availability, two phyla were more abundant in rhodolith microbiomes from southern sites (Bacteroidetes, and Cyanobacteria). In addition, two functional categories were enhanced in southern rhodolith microbiomes (iron acquisition and metabolism, and photosynthesis). Phycobiliprotein-coding genes were also more abundant in southern locations, while the functional categories of respiration and sulfur metabolism were enhanced in northern and central rhodolith microbiomes, consistent with higher nutrient loads. The results confirm the conserved nature of rhodolith microbiomes even under pronounced environmental gradients. Subtle taxonomic and functional differences observed in rhodolith microbiomes may enable rhodoliths to thrive in changing environmental conditions.},
}

Coral Reefs
Metagenome
*Microbiota
Photosynthesis
*Rhodophyta
Seawater

@article {pmid32348781,
year = {2020},
author = {Bisanz, JE and Soto-Perez, P and Noecker, C and Aksenov, AA and Lam, KN and Kenney, GE and Bess, EN and Haiser, HJ and Kyaw, TS and Yu, FB and Rekdal, VM and Ha, CWY and Devkota, S and Balskus, EP and Dorrestein, PC and Allen-Vercoe, E and Turnbaugh, PJ},
title = {A Genomic Toolkit for the Mechanistic Dissection of Intractable Human Gut Bacteria.},
journal = {Cell host & microbe},
volume = {27},
number = {6},
pages = {1001-1013.e9},
pmid = {32348781},
issn = {1934-6069},
support = {R01 AR074500/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/United States ; R01 HL122593/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; R21 CA227232/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; T32 AI060537/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Actinobacteria/classification/drug effects/genetics/isolation & purification ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bacteria/classification/drug effects/*genetics/*isolation & purification ; Dissection/*methods ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*genetics/physiology ; Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology ; Genes, Bacterial/genetics ; *Genomics ; Germ-Free Life ; Humans ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics ; Mice ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Multigene Family ; Phenotype ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; },
abstract = {Despite the remarkable microbial diversity found within humans, our ability to link genes to phenotypes is based upon a handful of model microorganisms. We report a comparative genomics platform for Eggerthella lenta and other Coriobacteriia, a neglected taxon broadly relevant to human health and disease. We uncover extensive genetic and metabolic diversity and validate a tool for mapping phenotypes to genes and sequence variants. We also present a tool for the quantification of strains from metagenomic sequencing data, enabling the identification of genes that predict bacterial fitness. Competitive growth is reproducible under laboratory conditions and attributable to intrinsic growth rates and resource utilization. Unique signatures of in vivo competition in gnotobiotic mice include an adhesin enriched in poor colonizers. Together, these computational and experimental resources represent a strong foundation for the continued mechanistic dissection of the Coriobacteriia and a template that can be applied to study other genetically intractable taxa.},
}

Actinobacteria/classification/drug effects/genetics/isolation & purification
Animals
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Bacteria/classification/drug effects/*genetics/*isolation & purification
Dissection/*methods
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*genetics/physiology
Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology
Genes, Bacterial/genetics
*Genomics
Germ-Free Life
Humans
Metagenome
Metagenomics
Mice
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Multigene Family
Phenotype
Polymorphism, Genetic

@article {pmid32134020,
year = {2020},
author = {Agnihotry, S and Sarangi, AN and Aggarwal, R},
title = {Construction & assessment of a unified curated reference database for improving the taxonomic classification of bacteria using 16S rRNA sequence data.},
journal = {The Indian journal of medical research},
volume = {151},
number = {1},
pages = {93-103},
pmid = {32134020},
issn = {0971-5916},
mesh = {Bacteria/classification/*genetics ; *Classification ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*genetics ; Humans ; Metagenomics/classification ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; },
abstract = {Background & objectives: For bacterial community analysis, 16S rRNA sequences are subjected to taxonomic classification through comparison with one of the three commonly used databases [Greengenes, SILVA and Ribosomal Database Project (RDP)]. It was hypothesized that a unified database containing fully annotated, non-redundant sequences from all the three databases, might provide better taxonomic classification during analysis of 16S rRNA sequence data. Hence, a unified 16S rRNA database was constructed and its performance was assessed by using it with four different taxonomic assignment methods, and for data from various hypervariable regions (HVRs) of 16S rRNA gene.

Methods: We constructed a unified 16S rRNA database (16S-UDb) by merging non-ambiguous, fully annotated, full-length 16S rRNA sequences from the three databases and compared its performance in taxonomy assignment with that of three original databases. This was done using four different taxonomy assignment methods [mothur Naïve Bayesian Classifier (mothur-nbc), RDP Naïve Bayesian Classifier (rdp-nbc), UCLUST, SortMeRNA] and data from 13 regions of 16S rRNA [seven hypervariable regions (HVR) (V2-V8) and six pairs of adjacent HVRs].

Results: Our unified 16S rRNA database contained 13,078 full-length, fully annotated 16S rRNA sequences. It could assign genus and species to larger proportions (90.05 and 46.82%, respectively, when used with mothur-nbc classifier and the V2+V3 region) of sequences in the test database than the three original 16S rRNA databases (70.88-87.20% and 10.23-24.28%, respectively, with the same classifier and region).

Our results indicate that for analysis of bacterial mixtures, sequencing of V2-V3 region of 16S rRNA followed by analysis of the data using the mothur-nbc classifier and our 16S-UDb database may be preferred.},
}

Bacteria/classification/*genetics
*Classification
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*genetics
Humans
Metagenomics/classification
Phylogeny
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/*genetics
Sequence Analysis, DNA

@article {pmid31927795,
year = {2020},
author = {Zemb, O and Achard, CS and Hamelin, J and De Almeida, ML and Gabinaud, B and Cauquil, L and Verschuren, LMG and Godon, JJ},
title = {Absolute quantitation of microbes using 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding: A rapid normalization of relative abundances by quantitative PCR targeting a 16S rRNA gene spike-in standard.},
journal = {MicrobiologyOpen},
volume = {9},
number = {3},
pages = {e977},
pmid = {31927795},
issn = {2045-8827},
mesh = {Base Sequence ; Biodiversity ; *DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/methods ; Environmental Microbiology ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; *Metagenome ; *Metagenomics/methods ; Microbiota/*genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry/*genetics ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; },
abstract = {Metabarcoding of the 16S rRNA gene is commonly used to characterize microbial communities, by estimating the relative abundance of microbes. Here, we present a method to retrieve the concentrations of the 16S rRNA gene per gram of any environmental sample using a synthetic standard in minuscule amounts (100 ppm to 1% of the 16S rRNA sequences) that is added to the sample before DNA extraction and quantified by two quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) reactions. This allows normalizing by the initial microbial density, taking into account the DNA recovery yield. We quantified the internal standard and the total load of 16S rRNA genes by qPCR. The qPCR for the latter uses the exact same primers as those used for Illumina sequencing of the V3-V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene to increase accuracy. We are able to calculate the absolute concentration of the species per gram of sample, taking into account the DNA recovery yield. This is crucial for an accurate estimate as the yield varied between 40% and 84%. This method avoids sacrificing a high proportion of the sequencing effort to quantify the internal standard. If sacrificing a part of the sequencing effort to the internal standard is acceptable, we however recommend that the internal standard accounts for 30% of the environmental 16S rRNA genes to avoid the PCR bias associated with rare phylotypes. The method proposed here was tested on a feces sample but can be applied more broadly on any environmental sample. This method offers a real improvement of metabarcoding of microbial communities since it makes the method quantitative with limited efforts.},
}

Base Sequence
Biodiversity
*DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic/methods
Environmental Microbiology
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
*Metagenome
*Metagenomics/methods
Microbiota/*genetics
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry/*genetics
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Sequence Analysis, DNA

@article {pmid31925997,
year = {2020},
author = {Niu, KM and Lee, BJ and Kothari, D and Lee, WD and Hur, SW and Lim, SG and Kim, KW and Kim, KD and Kim, NN and Kim, SK},
title = {Dietary effect of low fish meal aquafeed on gut microbiota in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) at different growth stages.},
journal = {MicrobiologyOpen},
volume = {9},
number = {3},
pages = {e992},
pmid = {31925997},
issn = {2045-8827},
mesh = {*Animal Feed ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Fishes ; Flounder/*growth & development/*microbiology ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Metagenomics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; },
abstract = {This study was conducted to investigate the long-term effect of a low fish meal (FM) diet comprising plant-based protein sources (PPS) on changes of gut microbial diversity in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) over the course of life. Two experimental diets were prepared to contain 74% FM (control) or 52% FM with 22% PPS (30% FM replacement, FM30). Fish were fed one of the two experimental diets for 8 months, and we collected the midgut contents to analyze the gut bacterial community by Illumina MiSeq based on the metagenomic sequences in the V3-V4 regions of 16S rRNA. We found that there were nine dominant phyla, which in turn presented Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria as the three major phyla in the gut microbiota of the flounder. At genus level, the dominant genera were Delftia, Prevotella, and Chthoniobacter at the juvenile stage (below 100 g/fish); Chthoniobacter, Bacillus, and Bradyrhizobium at the grower stage (400 g/fish); Chthoniobacter, Bacillus, and Delftia at the subadult stage (800 g/fish); and Lactobacillus and Prevotella at the adult stage (over 1,000 g/fish). The microbial diversity in olive flounders arched from the juvenile and subadult stage and reached a plateau thereafter. The fish fed the FM30 diet significantly had an increased abundance of Lactobacillus and Photobacterium and had less abundance of Prevotella and Paraprevotella than the control. However, the effect of dietary PPS was not significant on total microbial richness, indicating no negative effect as feed sources on the intestinal microbiota in olive flounder. These results indicate that the life stage of olive flounder is more important in modulating intestinal microbiota than is the diet. It could also be concluded that dietary PPS might be used as a potential fish meal alternative without any compromising effects on microbial diversity of olive flounder for long-term feeding.},
}

*Animal Feed
Animals
Biodiversity
Fishes
Flounder/*growth & development/*microbiology
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Metagenomics
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S

@article {pmid31907364,
year = {2020},
author = {Sausset, R and Petit, MA and Gaboriau-Routhiau, V and De Paepe, M},
title = {New insights into intestinal phages.},
journal = {Mucosal immunology},
volume = {13},
number = {2},
pages = {205-215},
pmid = {31907364},
issn = {1935-3456},
mesh = {Animals ; *Bacteriophages ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*immunology ; Humans ; Immune System/*virology ; Immunity ; Intestines/microbiology/*virology ; Metagenome ; },
abstract = {The intestinal microbiota plays important roles in human health. This last decade, the viral fraction of the intestinal microbiota, composed essentially of phages that infect bacteria, received increasing attention. Numerous novel phage families have been discovered in parallel with the development of viral metagenomics. However, since the discovery of intestinal phages by d'Hérelle in 1917, our understanding of the impact of phages on gut microbiota structure remains scarce. Changes in viral community composition have been observed in several diseases. However, whether these changes reflect a direct involvement of phages in diseases etiology or simply result from modifications in bacterial composition is currently unknown. Here we present an overview of the current knowledge in intestinal phages, their identity, lifestyles, and their possible effects on the gut microbiota. We also gather the main data on phage interactions with the immune system, with a particular emphasis on recent findings.},
}

Animals
*Bacteriophages
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*immunology
Humans
Immune System/*virology
Immunity
Intestines/microbiology/*virology
Metagenome

@article {pmid31902141,
year = {2020},
author = {Yu, H and Xue, D and Wang, Y and Zheng, W and Zhang, G and Wang, ZL},
title = {Molecular ecological network analysis of the response of soil microbial communities to depth gradients in farmland soils.},
journal = {MicrobiologyOpen},
volume = {9},
number = {3},
pages = {e983},
pmid = {31902141},
issn = {2045-8827},
mesh = {Biodiversity ; Environment ; *Farms ; Geography ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics/methods ; *Microbiota ; *Soil Microbiology ; },
abstract = {Soil microorganisms are considered to be important indicators of soil fertility and soil quality. Most previous studies have focused solely on surface soil, but there were numerous active cells in deeper soil layers. However, studies regarding microbial communities in deeper soil layers were not comprehensive and sufficient. In this study, phylogenetic molecular ecological networks (pMENs) based on the 16S rRNA Miseq sequencing technique were applied to study the response of soil microbial communities to depth gradients and the changes of key genera along 3 meter depth gradients (0-0.2 m, 0.2-0.4 m 0.4-0.6 m, 0.6-0.8 m, 0.8-1.0 m, 1.0-1.3 m, 1.3-1.6 m, 1.6-2.0 m, 2.0-2.5 m, and 2.5-3.0 m). The results showed that the modularity of microbial communities was consistently high in all soil layers and each layer was similar, which indicated that microbial communities were more resistant to depth changes. The pMENs further demonstrated that microbial community interactions were stable as the depth increased and they cooperated well to adapt to changes in different soil gradients. This was evidenced by similar positive links, average degree, and average clustering coefficient. In addition, key genera were obtained by analyzing module hubs in the pMENs. There may be at least one dominant genus in each layer that adapted to and resisted changes in the soil environment. It seems microbial communities demonstrate a stable and strong adaptability to depth gradients in farmland soils.},
}

Biodiversity
Environment
*Farms
Geography
Metagenome
Metagenomics/methods
*Microbiota
*Soil Microbiology

@article {pmid31893578,
year = {2020},
author = {Zhou, J and Yu, L and Zhang, J and Zhang, X and Xue, Y and Liu, J and Zou, X},
title = {Characterization of the core microbiome in tobacco leaves during aging.},
journal = {MicrobiologyOpen},
volume = {9},
number = {3},
pages = {e984},
pmid = {31893578},
issn = {2045-8827},
mesh = {*Aging ; Bacteria/classification/genetics ; Biodiversity ; Environment ; Humans ; Metagenomics/methods ; Microbiota/genetics ; Plant Leaves/*microbiology ; Tobacco/growth & development/*microbiology ; },
abstract = {Microbiome plays an important role during the tobacco aging process which was an indispensable link in the production and processing of cigarettes. However, the structure and functions of microbiome have not been clarified during the tobacco aging process. In this study, 16S rDNA and ITS amplicon sequencing techniques were used to analyze the core microbiome of 15 tobacco samples from five different aging stages. The whole bacterial microbiome was classified into 29 microbial phyla and 132 orders. Enterobacteriales (63%), Pseudomonadales (16%), Sphingomonadales (8%), Xanthomonadales (4%), Burkholderiales (4%), Rhizobiales (3%), and Bacillales (2%) comprised the core bacterial microbiome. The whole fungal microbiome was classified into five microbial phyla and 52 orders. Incertae_sedis_Eurotiomycetes (27%), Wallemiales (25%), Sporidiobolales (17%), Capnodiales (5%), Eurotiales (2%), an unclassified Ascomycota (12%), and an unidentified Eurotiomycetes (4%) comprised the core fungal microbiome. FAPROTAX function prediction suggested that the core microbiome has a substantial potential for the carbon cycle, nitrate metabolism, aromatic compound degradation, chitinolysis, cellulolysis, and xylanolysis, but simultaneously, the core microbiome is also a source of human pathogens. The dynamics of the bacterial community were primarily determined by the total nitrogen in tobacco leaves during the aging process, while those of the fungal microbiome were primarily determined by total organic carbon. This study indicated that the core microbiome activities may play an important role in regulating the loss of carbon organic compounds and enhancing the secondary metabolites during tobacco leaves aging process.},
}

*Aging
Bacteria/classification/genetics
Biodiversity
Environment
Humans
Metagenomics/methods
Microbiota/genetics
Plant Leaves/*microbiology
Tobacco/growth & development/*microbiology

@article {pmid31884727,
year = {2020},
author = {Song, Y and Gyarmati, P},
title = {Microbiota changes in a pediatric acute lymphocytic leukemia mouse model.},
journal = {MicrobiologyOpen},
volume = {9},
number = {3},
pages = {e982},
pmid = {31884727},
issn = {2045-8827},
mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Feces/microbiology ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Metagenomics/methods ; Mice ; *Microbiota ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/*microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; },
abstract = {Hematological malignancies are the most common type of pediatric cancers, and acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is the most frequently occurring hematological malignancy during childhood. A major cause of mortality in leukemia is bloodstream infection (BSI). The aim of the current study was to explore the gut microbiota in ALL and its potential functional alterations. High-throughput sequencing was used to characterize the bacterial and fungal microbiota in feces and their predicted functional characteristics in a xenotransplant pediatric ALL mouse model. Our work shows that gut microbiota significantly changes in leukemia, which may result in functional alterations. This study may provide potential therapeutic or preventive strategies of BSI in ALL.},
}

Animals
Biodiversity
Feces/microbiology
Female
Gastrointestinal Microbiome
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
Metagenomics/methods
Mice
*Microbiota
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/*microbiology
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S

@article {pmid31880067,
year = {2020},
author = {Chen, T and Li, Y and Liang, J and Li, Y and Huang, Z},
title = {Gut microbiota of provisioned and wild rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) living in a limestone forest in southwest Guangxi, China.},
journal = {MicrobiologyOpen},
volume = {9},
number = {3},
pages = {e981},
pmid = {31880067},
issn = {2045-8827},
mesh = {Animal Feed ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Calcium Carbonate ; China ; *Forests ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Humans ; *Macaca mulatta ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics/methods ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; },
abstract = {The gut microbiota plays an important role in animal health and is strongly affected by the environment. Captivity and human source food have been shown to influence drastically the gut microbiota composition and function of wild animals. Therefore, in the present study, the gut microbiota of provisioned and wild populations of limestone-living rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were compared using high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing and bioinformatic analyses. The results indicated that provisioned macaques had a higher microbial richness than wild macaques, but there was no significant difference in the evenness of the gut microbiota between the two populations. Provisioned macaques also showed a higher abundance of Firmicutes and a lower abundance of Bacteroidetes than wild macaques. Functional analysis revealed that wild macaques had enriched microbial pathways involved in glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, transport and catabolism, and the digestive and endocrine systems, while provisioned macaques were richer in pathways associated with signaling molecules and interaction, neurodegenerative diseases. These differences were likely due to modification of the gut microbiota of the provisioned macaques to enable the digestion of new foods.},
}

Animal Feed
Animals
Biodiversity
*Calcium Carbonate
China
*Forests
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
Humans
*Macaca mulatta
Metagenome
Metagenomics/methods
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics

@article {pmid33222846,
year = {2020},
author = {Wang, J and Bai, X and Peng, C and Yu, Z and Li, B and Zhang, W and Sun, Z and Zhang, H},
title = {Fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei Zhang and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis V9 alleviated constipation symptoms through regulation of intestinal microbiota, inflammation, and metabolic pathways.},
journal = {Journal of dairy science},
volume = {103},
number = {12},
pages = {11025-11038},
doi = {10.3168/jds.2020-18639},
pmid = {33222846},
issn = {1525-3198},
mesh = {Adult ; Animals ; Bifidobacterium animalis/*physiology ; Bioreactors ; Constipation/*therapy ; Cultured Milk Products/*microbiology ; Cytokines/blood ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*physiology ; Humans ; Inflammation/*therapy ; Lactobacillus casei/*physiology ; Male ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways/physiology ; Metabolomics ; Metagenomics ; Probiotics/therapeutic use ; },
abstract = {Studies suggest that probiotics and fermented milk can improve defecation in constipated patients. However, the mechanism of fermented milk containing probiotics on constipation remains poorly understood. Volunteers with chronic constipation symptoms were recruited and given 200 g/d of fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei Zhang and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis V9 (PFM) for 4 wk. Clinical symptoms, cytokines, metagenomics, and metabolomics were evaluated in constipated participants before and after PFM intervention. After PFM intervention, we observed significant improvement of constipation symptoms. In the serum samples, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 increased and the proinflammatory cytokine C-reactive protein and lipopolysaccharides decreased. Metagenomics results showed that the increase of B. animalis was correlated with an increase in defecation frequency. Fatty acid biosynthesis and bile acid biosynthesis in stool samples as well as carnitine shuttle, vitamin E metabolism, and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism were identified as significantly altered metabolic pathways. Acylcarnitine, located on the carnitine shuttle pathway, had a significantly positive correlation with defecation frequency. It was speculated that PFM may contribute to alleviating constipation symptoms through 3 potential mechanisms: fine-tuning gastrointestinal microbiota, fighting inflammation, and regulating metabolic pathways.},
}

Adult
Animals
Bifidobacterium animalis/*physiology
Bioreactors
Constipation/*therapy
Cultured Milk Products/*microbiology
Cytokines/blood
Female
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*physiology
Humans
Inflammation/*therapy
Lactobacillus casei/*physiology
Male
Metabolic Networks and Pathways/physiology
Metabolomics
Metagenomics
Probiotics/therapeutic use

@article {pmid32356337,
year = {2020},
author = {Shin, NR and Bose, S and Wang, JH and Nam, YD and Song, EJ and Lim, DW and Kim, HB and Lim, YS and Choi, HS and Kim, H},
title = {Chemically or surgically induced thyroid dysfunction altered gut microbiota in rat models.},
journal = {FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology},
volume = {34},
number = {6},
pages = {8686-8701},
doi = {10.1096/fj.201903091RR},
pmid = {32356337},
issn = {1530-6860},
mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/genetics ; Bacteroidetes/genetics ; Disease Models, Animal ; Feces/microbiology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*genetics ; Hypothyroidism/microbiology/pathology ; Male ; Metagenomics/methods ; Microbiota/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Thyroid Gland/*microbiology/*pathology ; },
abstract = {Thyroid hormones are essential for the regulation of energy homeostasis and metabolic processes. However, the relationship between thyroid function and host gut microbial communities is not properly understood. To determine whether and how gut microbiota is associated with thyroid function, metagenomics analysis of the bacterial population in fecal samples of rat models of hyperthyroidism (induced by levothyroxine) and hypothyroidism (induced by propylthiouracil or thyroidectomy) was conducted through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Our results revealed that all thyroid dysfunction models were definitely established and gut microbial composition varied according to different thyroid functional status. The relative abundance of Ruminococcus was significantly higher in the hyperthyroidism group (HE) vs both the normal and hypothyroidism groups (HO) while S24-7 was significantly higher in the HO group. The population of Prevotellaceae and Prevotella were significantly lower in the HO group vs the normal. Firmicutes and Oscillospira were significantly higher in the SHO (surgery-induced hypothyroidism) group, while Prevotellaceae and Prevotella showed lower abundance in the SHO group than the SHAM group. Present results suggest that thyroid functions may have the potential to influence the profile of gut microbiota and could be used as foundation to investigate interaction mechanism between thyroid and gut microbiome.},
}

Animals
Bacteria/genetics
Bacteroidetes/genetics
Disease Models, Animal
Feces/microbiology
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*genetics
Hypothyroidism/microbiology/pathology
Male
Metagenomics/methods
Microbiota/genetics
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Rats
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Thyroid Gland/*microbiology/*pathology

@article {pmid31907101,
year = {2020},
author = {Deblais, L and Kathayat, D and Helmy, YA and Closs, G and Rajashekara, G},
title = {Translating 'big data': better understanding of host-pathogen interactions to control bacterial foodborne pathogens in poultry.},
journal = {Animal health research reviews},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {15-35},
doi = {10.1017/S1466252319000124},
pmid = {31907101},
issn = {1475-2654},
mesh = {Animals ; *Bacteria/genetics ; *Big Data ; *Food Microbiology ; Foodborne Diseases/*microbiology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Poultry/*microbiology ; Proteomics ; },
abstract = {Recent technological advances has led to the generation, storage, and sharing of colossal sets of information ('big data'), and the expansion of 'omics' in science. To date, genomics/metagenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics are arguably the most ground breaking approaches in food and public safety. Here we review some of the recent studies of foodborne pathogens (Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli) in poultry using big data. Genomic/metagenomic approaches have reveal the importance of the gut microbiota in health and disease. They have also been used to identify, monitor, and understand the epidemiology of antibiotic-resistance mechanisms and provide concrete evidence about the role of poultry in human infections. Transcriptomics studies have increased our understanding of the pathophysiology and immunopathology of foodborne pathogens in poultry and have led to the identification of host-resistance mechanisms. Proteomic/metabolomic approaches have aided in identifying biomarkers and the rapid detection of low levels of foodborne pathogens. Overall, 'omics' approaches complement each other and may provide, at least in part, a solution to our current food-safety issues by facilitating the development of new rapid diagnostics, therapeutic drugs, and vaccines to control foodborne pathogens in poultry. However, at this time most 'omics' approaches still remain underutilized due to their high cost and the high level of technical skills required.},
}

Animals
*Bacteria/genetics
*Big Data
*Food Microbiology
Foodborne Diseases/*microbiology
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology
*Host-Pathogen Interactions
Humans
Poultry/*microbiology
Proteomics

@article {pmid32780963,
year = {2021},
author = {Wijekoon, C and Quill, Z},
title = {Fungal endophyte diversity in table grapes.},
journal = {Canadian journal of microbiology},
volume = {67},
number = {1},
pages = {29-36},
doi = {10.1139/cjm-2020-0293},
pmid = {32780963},
issn = {1480-3275},
mesh = {Biodiversity ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics ; Endophytes/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Fruit/microbiology ; Fungi/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Manitoba ; Microbiota/genetics ; Vitis/*microbiology ; },
abstract = {Plant fungal endophytes are diverse microbial sources that reside inside plants. Grapes (Vitis vinifera) are rich in polyphenols that have beneficial health effects, and recent research has shown that fungal endophytes in grapes may contribute to the production of these polyphenols and may serve as biocontrol agents. In this study, we determined the fungal microbial endophyte diversity in North American table grapes found at a Winnipeg, Manitoba, market. The amplicon internal transcribed spacer (ITS) metagenomics approach was used to profile the fungal communities of the fruit endophyte microbiome of three table grape types. The data supported endophyte diversity in different table grapes, including possible bioactive, saprophytic, and pathogenic fungi. Culturable endophytes were isolated and identified by morphology and ITS amplicon sequencing. The majority of the isolated culturable strains included Alternaria spp. and Cladosporium spp. The results provided evidence of the existence of diverse fungal endophytes isolated and identified from the fruit of the table grapes. These fungal endophytes may have potential in agricultural, industrial, and pharmaceutical applications.},
}

Biodiversity
DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics
Endophytes/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification
Fruit/microbiology
Fungi/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification
Manitoba
Microbiota/genetics
Vitis/*microbiology

@article {pmid33432373,
year = {2021},
author = {Malakar, D and Sarathbabu, S and Borah, P and Kumar, NS},
title = {Fish gill microbiome from India's largest Brahmaputra River-a trans-border biodiversity hotspot region.},
journal = {Environmental monitoring and assessment},
volume = {193},
number = {2},
pages = {56},
doi = {10.1007/s10661-021-08847-z},
pmid = {33432373},
issn = {1573-2959},
support = {No. BT/BI/12/060/2012//Department of Biotechnology, Government of India/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Biodiversity ; Environmental Monitoring ; Gills ; India ; *Microbiota ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Rivers ; },
abstract = {In this study, we sequenced the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene amplicon using paired-end Illumina HiSeq to study the bacterial community in the gills of fish from the bank of the trans-border river of Brahmaputra, Northeast India. Metagenome data consisted of 278,784 reads, 248-bp length, and 56.48% GC content with 85% sequence having a Phred score Q = 30. Community metagenomics revealed a total of 631 genera belonging to 22 different phyla, dominated by Proteobacteria (118,222 features), Firmicutes (101,043 features), Actinobacteria (34,189 features), Bacteroidetes (17,977 features), and Cyanobacteria (2730 features). The bacterial community identified was composed of both pathogenic zoonotic and non-harmful groups. The pathway or functional analysis of the fish gill microbiome exhibited 21 different pathways which also included the pathogenic-related functions. Our data detected a wide group of bacterial communities that will be useful in further isolating and characterizing the pathogenic bacteria from the fish and also to understand the bacterial association in highly consumed fish.},
}

Animals
Biodiversity
Environmental Monitoring
Gills
India
*Microbiota
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
*Rivers

@article {pmid33341726,
year = {2021},
author = {Martínez-Gallardo, MR and López, MJ and López-González, JA and Jurado, MM and Suárez-Estrella, F and Pérez-Murcia, MD and Sáez, JA and Moral, R and Moreno, J},
title = {Microbial communities of the olive mill wastewater sludge stored in evaporation ponds: The resource for sustainable bioremediation.},
journal = {Journal of environmental management},
volume = {279},
number = {},
pages = {111810},
doi = {10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111810},
pmid = {33341726},
issn = {1095-8630},
mesh = {Biodegradation, Environmental ; Industrial Waste/analysis ; *Microbiota ; *Olea ; Olive Oil ; Ponds ; Sewage ; Waste Disposal, Fluid ; Waste Water ; },
abstract = {Olive Mill Wastewater (OMW) is a polluting residue from the olive oil industry. It is usually stored in open-air unprotected evaporation ponds where their sediments accumulate. This study compares the characteristics of OMW sludges stored for long-time in evaporation ponds and assesses their impact on the underlying soil layer. Physicochemical parameters, toxicity bioassays, and full characterization of the microbial community were analyzed. The extension of the polluting effects was assessed by analysis of toxicity, microbial biomass carbon, and respiration. Geostatistics was used to predict their spatial distribution. Organic matter and polyphenol content besides toxicity levels determine variations between OMW sludges and have a high impact on the microbiota they contain. The microbial community was abundant, diverse, and functionally active. However, the biodegradability of the sludges was hindered by the toxicity levels. Toxicity and biomass carbon were higher on the surface of the ponds than in the soil layer revealing a reduced leach flow and depletion of contaminants. The natural microbiota might be biostimulated by means of applying sustainable and feasible biological treatments in order to favor the OMW sludges bioremediation. These results open up the possibility of solving the environmental concern caused by its storage in similar scenarios, which are common in olive oil-producing countries.},
}

Biodegradation, Environmental
Industrial Waste/analysis
*Microbiota
*Olea
Olive Oil
Ponds
Sewage
Waste Disposal, Fluid
Waste Water

@article {pmid33327517,
year = {2020},
author = {Menaa, F and Wijesinghe, PAUI and Thiripuranathar, G and Uzair, B and Iqbal, H and Khan, BA and Menaa, B},
title = {Ecological and Industrial Implications of Dynamic Seaweed-Associated Microbiota Interactions.},
journal = {Marine drugs},
volume = {18},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {33327517},
issn = {1660-3397},
mesh = {Animals ; *Ecology ; Humans ; *Industry ; *Microbiota ; Seaweed/*chemistry ; },
abstract = {Seaweeds are broadly distributed and represent an important source of secondary metabolites (e.g., halogenated compounds, polyphenols) eliciting various pharmacological activities and playing a relevant ecological role in the anti-epibiosis. Importantly, host (as known as basibiont such as algae)-microbe (as known as epibiont such as bacteria) interaction (as known as halobiont) is a driving force for coevolution in the marine environment. Nevertheless, halobionts may be fundamental (harmless) or detrimental (harmful) to the functioning of the host. In addition to biotic factors, abiotic factors (e.g., pH, salinity, temperature, nutrients) regulate halobionts. Spatiotemporal and functional exploration of such dynamic interactions appear crucial. Indeed, environmental stress in a constantly changing ocean may disturb complex mutualistic relations, through mechanisms involving host chemical defense strategies (e.g., secretion of secondary metabolites and antifouling chemicals by quorum sensing). It is worth mentioning that many of bioactive compounds, such as terpenoids, previously attributed to macroalgae are in fact produced or metabolized by their associated microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites). Eventually, recent metagenomics analyses suggest that microbes may have acquired seaweed associated genes because of increased seaweed in diets. This article retrospectively reviews pertinent studies on the spatiotemporal and functional seaweed-associated microbiota interactions which can lead to the production of bioactive compounds with high antifouling, theranostic, and biotechnological potential.},
}

Animals
*Ecology
Humans
*Industry
*Microbiota
Seaweed/*chemistry

@article {pmid33248775,
year = {2021},
author = {Centurion, VB and Lacerda-Júnior, GV and Duarte, AWF and Silva, TR and Silva, LJ and Rosa, LH and Oliveira, VM},
title = {Dynamics of microbial stress responses driven by abiotic changes along a temporal gradient in Deception Island, Maritime Antarctica.},
journal = {The Science of the total environment},
volume = {758},
number = {},
pages = {143671},
doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143671},
pmid = {33248775},
issn = {1879-1026},
mesh = {Antarctic Regions ; Islands ; *Microbiota ; },
abstract = {Whalers Bay (WB), Deception Island, is an environment that can drastically change its temperature within a few meters. The main forms of life inhabiting this environment are microorganisms, which, due to the high diversity and their adaptive potential, can survive and thrive under harsh stress conditions. However, the genetic potential and mechanisms to cope with fluctuating adverse conditions as well as what extent environmental variations shape the microbial community over the years it is still unknown in Antarctic environments. In this work, sediments collected in a transect in Whalers Bay, Deception Island, during the Austral Summers of 2014, 2015 and 2017 were analyzed using shotgun metagenomics. Sequence data were further processed with the SqueezeMeta tool for assembly, gene prediction, mapping, taxonomic and functional annotations. Results showed that stress-related functions had the influence of temperatures and solar radiation observed in the years of 2015 and 2017. The most differentiated functions were the ones related to oxidative stress, comparing 2014 vs 2015 and 2014 vs 2017. The genes coding for HSP20 and oxidoreductases (nrdH, grxA, korC and korD), as well as the genes clpE, cspL, and operons mtrAB and vicKR, were differentially enriched between the years, most of them found in gram-positive bacteria. The selective pressures of temperature and radiation may have favored the growth of gram-positive bacteria in 2017, with emphasis on Arthrobacter genus. Data gathered in this work showed that temperature and solar radiation could potentially be the primary driving forces shaping the repertoire of stress-response genes for the maintenance of microbial diversity in WB Antarctic sediments.},
}

Antarctic Regions
Islands
*Microbiota

@article {pmid33051444,
year = {2020},
author = {Moon, K and Kim, S and Kang, I and Cho, JC},
title = {Viral metagenomes of Lake Soyang, the largest freshwater lake in South Korea.},
journal = {Scientific data},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {349},
pmid = {33051444},
issn = {2052-4463},
support = {NRF-2019R1I1A1A01062072//National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)/International ; NRF-2019R1I1A1A01063401//National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)/International ; NRF-2019R1A2B5B02070538//National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)/International ; },
mesh = {High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Lakes/*virology ; *Metagenome ; Metagenomics ; Republic of Korea ; *Virome ; },
abstract = {A high number of viral metagenomes have revealed countless genomes of putative bacteriophages that have not yet been identified due to limitations in bacteriophage cultures. However, most virome studies have been focused on marine or gut environments, thereby leaving the viral community structure of freshwater lakes unclear. Because the lakes located around the globe have independent ecosystems with unique characteristics, viral community structures are also distinctive but comparable. Here, we present data on viral metagenomes that were seasonally collected at a depth of 1 m from Lake Soyang, the largest freshwater reservoir in South Korea. Through shotgun metagenome sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq platform, 3.08 to 5.54-Gbps of reads per virome were obtained. To predict the viral genome sequences within Lake Soyang, contigs were constructed and 648 to 1,004 putative viral contigs were obtained per sample. We expect that both viral metagenome reads and viral contigs would contribute in comparing and understanding of viral communities among different freshwater lakes depending on seasonal changes.},
}

High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
Lakes/*virology
*Metagenome
Metagenomics
Republic of Korea
*Virome

@article {pmid32994487,
year = {2020},
author = {Alvarez, AS and Tap, J and Chambaud, I and Cools-Portier, S and Quinquis, L and Bourlioux, P and Marteau, P and Guillemard, E and Schrezenmeir, J and Derrien, M},
title = {Safety and functional enrichment of gut microbiome in healthy subjects consuming a multi-strain fermented milk product: a randomised controlled trial.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {15974},
pmid = {32994487},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Adult ; Bacteria/*classification/genetics/isolation & purification ; Cultured Milk Products/*microbiology ; DNA, Bacterial/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Double-Blind Method ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*drug effects ; Healthy Volunteers ; Humans ; Lactobacillus/physiology ; Lactobacillus rhamnosus/physiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phylogeny ; Probiotics/*administration & dosage/pharmacology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Vital Signs/drug effects ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {Many clinical studies have evaluated the effect of probiotics, but only a few have assessed their dose effects on gut microbiota and host. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, controlled intervention clinical trial to assess the safety (primary endpoint) of and gut microbiota response (secondary endpoint) to the daily ingestion for 4 weeks of two doses (1 or 3 bottles/day) of a fermented milk product (Test) in 96 healthy adults. The Test product is a multi-strain fermented milk product, combining yogurt strains and probiotic candidate strains Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei CNCM I-1518 and CNCM I-3689 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CNCM I-3690. We assessed the safety of the Test product on the following parameters: adverse events, vital signs, hematological and metabolic profile, hepatic, kidney or thyroid function, inflammatory markers, bowel habits and digestive symptoms. We explored the longitudinal gut microbiota response to product consumption and dose, by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and functional contribution by shotgun metagenomics. Safety results did not show any significant difference between the Test and Control products whatever the parameters assessed, at the two doses ingested daily over a 4-week-period. Probiotic candidate strains were detected only during consumption period, and at a significantly higher level for the three strains in subjects who consumed 3 products bottles/day. The global structure of the gut microbiota as assessed by alpha and beta-diversity, was not altered by consumption of the product for four weeks. A zero-inflated beta regression model with random effects (ZIBR) identified a few bacterial genera with differential responses to test product consumption dose compared to control. Shotgun metagenomics analysis revealed a functional contribution to the gut microbiome of probiotic candidates.},
}

Adult
Bacteria/*classification/genetics/isolation & purification
Cultured Milk Products/*microbiology
DNA, Bacterial/genetics
DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
Double-Blind Method
Female
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*drug effects
Healthy Volunteers
Humans
Lactobacillus/physiology
Lactobacillus rhamnosus/physiology
Male
Middle Aged
Phylogeny
Probiotics/*administration & dosage/pharmacology
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Vital Signs/drug effects
Young Adult

@article {pmid32728075,
year = {2020},
author = {Dei-Cas, I and Giliberto, F and Luce, L and Dopazo, H and Penas-Steinhardt, A},
title = {Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiota in non-treated plaque psoriasis patients stratified by disease severity: development of a new Psoriasis-Microbiome Index.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {12754},
pmid = {32728075},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Bacteroides ; Bacteroidetes ; Biodiversity ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; Clostridiales ; Computational Biology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Faecalibacterium ; Female ; Firmicutes ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Genome, Human ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Humans ; Male ; *Metagenomics ; Middle Aged ; Psoriasis/*diagnosis/*microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {Psoriasis is an immune-mediated skin disorder. Imbalance of gut microbial populations has been implicated in many diseases. We aimed to investigate whether there were differences in gut microbiota in psoriasis patients vs non-psoriasis controls and between psoriasis severity groups. 55 psoriasis patients and 27 controls were included. V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene of fecal samples were analyzed using Illumina MiSeq. Bioinformatic analysis was performed. We found changes in gut microbiome composition depending on their psoriasis status as determined by weighted unifrac (p < 0.05), in particular an increase in Firmicutes and depletion of Bacteroidetes in psoriasis patients. Additionally, the Faecalibacterium and Blautia genus were higher in psoriasis patients while Bacteroides and Paraprevotella in non-psoriasis controls (p < 0.05, LDA score > 2). Moderate-to-severe psoriasis patients had lower biodiversity than mild psoriatic patients (p = 0.049). No differences for beta-diversity were found. We developed a Psoriasis-Microbiota Index (PMI), which discriminated among psoriasis patients and controls with sensitivity: 0.78 and specificity: 0.79. Furthermore, we performed a meta-analysis with published data to validate this index. We demonstrated gut dysbiosis in psoriasis patients, suggesting a role in psoriasis pathophysiology. Furthermore, we developed a PMI with the potential to discriminate between psoriasis patients and controls across different populations, which could be used as a biomarker in the clinical practice.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Bacteroides
Bacteroidetes
Biodiversity
Biomarkers/metabolism
Clostridiales
Computational Biology
Cross-Sectional Studies
Faecalibacterium
Female
Firmicutes
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Genome, Human
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
Humans
Male
*Metagenomics
Middle Aged
Psoriasis/*diagnosis/*microbiology
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Young Adult

@article {pmid32690600,
year = {2021},
author = {Zuo, T and Liu, Q and Zhang, F and Lui, GC and Tso, EY and Yeoh, YK and Chen, Z and Boon, SS and Chan, FK and Chan, PK and Ng, SC},
title = {Depicting SARS-CoV-2 faecal viral activity in association with gut microbiota composition in patients with COVID-19.},
journal = {Gut},
volume = {70},
number = {2},
pages = {276-284},
pmid = {32690600},
issn = {1468-3288},
mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; COVID-19/*complications/diagnosis/*microbiology ; Feces/*microbiology/*virology ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pilot Projects ; Prospective Studies ; SARS-CoV-2/*isolation & purification ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Although severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA was detected in faeces of patients with COVID-19, the activity and infectivity of the virus in the GI tract during disease course is largely unknown. We investigated temporal transcriptional activity of SARS-CoV-2 and its association with longitudinal faecal microbiome alterations in patients with COVID-19.

DESIGN: We performed RNA shotgun metagenomics sequencing on serial faecal viral extractions from 15 hospitalised patients with COVID-19. Sequencing coverage of the SARS-CoV-2 genome was quantified. We assessed faecal microbiome composition and microbiome functionality in association with signatures of faecal SARS-CoV-2 infectivity.

RESULTS: Seven (46.7%) of 15 patients with COVID-19 had stool positivity for SARS-CoV-2 by viral RNA metagenomic sequencing. Even in the absence of GI manifestations, all seven patients showed strikingly higher coverage (p=0.0261) and density (p=0.0094) of the 3' vs 5' end of SARS-CoV-2 genome in their faecal viral metagenome profile. Faecal viral metagenome of three patients continued to display active viral infection signature (higher 3' vs 5' end coverage) up to 6 days after clearance of SARS-CoV-2 from respiratory samples. Faecal samples with signature of high SARS-CoV-2 infectivity had higher abundances of bacterial species Collinsella aerofaciens, Collinsella tanakaei, Streptococcus infantis, Morganella morganii, and higher functional capacity for nucleotide de novo biosynthesis, amino acid biosynthesis and glycolysis, whereas faecal samples with signature of low-to-none SARS-CoV-2 infectivity had higher abundances of short-chain fatty acid producing bacteria, Parabacteroides merdae, Bacteroides stercoris, Alistipes onderdonkii and Lachnospiraceae bacterium 1_1_57FAA.

CONCLUSION: This pilot study provides evidence for active and prolonged 'quiescent' GI infection even in the absence of GI manifestations and after recovery from respiratory infection of SARS-CoV-2. Gut microbiota of patients with active SARS-CoV-2 GI infection was characterised by enrichment of opportunistic pathogens, loss of salutary bacteria and increased functional capacity for nucleotide and amino acid biosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism.},
}

Adult
Aged
COVID-19/*complications/diagnosis/*microbiology
Feces/*microbiology/*virology
Female
Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Hospitalization
Humans
Longitudinal Studies
Male
Middle Aged
Pilot Projects
Prospective Studies
SARS-CoV-2/*isolation & purification
Young Adult

@article {pmid32393180,
year = {2020},
author = {Jiang, P and Lai, S and Wu, S and Zhao, XM and Chen, WH},
title = {Host DNA contents in fecal metagenomics as a biomarker for intestinal diseases and effective treatment.},
journal = {BMC genomics},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {348},
pmid = {32393180},
issn = {1471-2164},
support = {2018YFC0910502//National Key Research and Development Program of China/ ; 61932008//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 61772368//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 61572363//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2018YFC0910500//National Key R&D Program of China/ ; 17ZR1445600//Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai/ ; 2018SHZDZX01//Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project/ ; },
mesh = {Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use ; Biomarkers/*metabolism ; Colorectal Neoplasms/*diagnosis/genetics/pathology ; Crohn Disease/*diagnosis/drug therapy/genetics/pathology ; DNA/*metabolism ; Dysbiosis ; Feces/*chemistry ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Humans ; Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism ; Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex/metabolism ; Machine Learning ; Metagenomics/methods ; Treatment Outcome ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Compromised intestinal barrier (CIB) has been associated with many enteropathies, including colorectal cancer (CRC) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We hypothesized that CIB could lead to increased host-derived contents including epithelial cells into the gut, change its physio-metabolic properties, and globally alter microbial community and metabolic capacities.

RESULTS: Consistently, we found host DNA contents (HDCs), calculated as the percentage of metagenomic sequencing reads mapped to the host genome, were significantly elevated in patients of CRC and Crohn's disease (CD). Consistent with our hypothesis, we found that HDC correlated with microbial- and metabolic-biomarkers of these diseases, contributed significantly to machine-learning models for patient stratification and was consequently ranked as a top contributor. CD patients with treatment could partially reverse the changes of many CD-signature species over time, with reduced HDC and fecal calprotectin (FCP) levels. Strikingly, HDC showed stronger correlations with the reversing changes of the CD-related species than FCP, and contributed greatly in classifying treatment responses, suggesting that it was also a biomarker for effective treatment.

CONCLUSIONS: Together, we revealed that association between HDCs and gut dysbiosis, and identified HDC as a novel biomarker from fecal metagenomics for diagnosis and effective treatment of intestinal diseases; our results also suggested that host-derived contents may have greater impact on gut microbiota than previously anticipated.},
}

Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
Biomarkers/*metabolism
Colorectal Neoplasms/*diagnosis/genetics/pathology
Crohn Disease/*diagnosis/drug therapy/genetics/pathology
DNA/*metabolism
Dysbiosis
Feces/*chemistry
Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Humans
Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex/metabolism
Machine Learning
Metagenomics/methods
Treatment Outcome

@article {pmid31897823,
year = {2020},
author = {Najar, IN and Sherpa, MT and Das, S and Thakur, N},
title = {Bacterial diversity and functional metagenomics expounding the diversity of xenobiotics, stress, defense and CRISPR gene ontology providing eco-efficiency to Himalayan Hot Springs.},
journal = {Functional & integrative genomics},
volume = {20},
number = {4},
pages = {479-496},
doi = {10.1007/s10142-019-00723-x},
pmid = {31897823},
issn = {1438-7948},
support = {BCIL/NER-BPMC/2016 & BT/20/NE/2011//Department of Biotechnology, Government of India/ ; },
mesh = {Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Endodeoxyribonucleases/genetics/metabolism ; Hot Springs/*microbiology ; Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Metagenome ; *Microbiota ; Stress, Physiological ; Xenobiotics/metabolism ; beta-Lactamases/genetics/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Sikkim is one of the bio-diverse states of India, which harbors diverse alkaline and sulfur rich hot springs in its vicinity. However, there is a dearth of data present in terms of microbial and its functional diversity as only a few hot springs have been studied in this area. Thus, in this regard, microbial and functional diversity of two hot springs by NGS, PLFA, and culture-independent approaches were carried out. PLFA and culture-dependent analysis was complementary as the Gram-positive bacteria were abundant in both the hot springs with the dominance of phylum Firmicutes with Geobacillus. Metagenomic analysis revealed the abundance of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes in both hot springs. Functional metagenomics suggested that both Yumthang and Reshi hot spring possess a diverse set of genes analogous to stress such as genes allied to osmotic, heat shock, and acid stresses; defense analogies such as multidrug resistance efflux pump, multidrug transport system, and β-lactamase; and CRISPR analogues such as related to Cas1, Cas2, Cas3, cmr1-5 proteins, CT1972, and CT1133 gene families. The xenobiotic analogues were found against benzoate, nitrotolune, xylene, DDT, and chlorocyclohexane/chlorobenzene degradation. Thus, these defensive mechanisms against environmental and anthropogenic hiccups and hindrances provide the eco-efficiency to such thermal habitats. The higher enzymatic, degradation, defense, stress potential and the lower percentage identity (< 95%) of isolates encourage the further exploration and exploitation of these habitats for industrial and biotechnological purposes.},
}

Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism
Endodeoxyribonucleases/genetics/metabolism
Hot Springs/*microbiology
Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics/metabolism
*Metagenome
*Microbiota
Stress, Physiological
Xenobiotics/metabolism
beta-Lactamases/genetics/metabolism

@article {pmid31759120,
year = {2020},
author = {Kumar, H and Park, W and Lim, D and Srikanth, K and Kim, JM and Jia, XZ and Han, JL and Hanotte, O and Park, JE and Oyola, SO},
title = {Whole metagenome sequencing of cecum microbiomes in Ethiopian indigenous chickens from two different altitudes reveals antibiotic resistance genes.},
journal = {Genomics},
volume = {112},
number = {2},
pages = {1988-1999},
doi = {10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.11.011},
pmid = {31759120},
issn = {1089-8646},
mesh = {Animals ; Bacteroidetes/genetics/pathogenicity ; Cecum/microbiology ; Chickens/*microbiology ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Ethiopia ; Firmicutes/genetics/pathogenicity ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; *Metagenome ; Metagenomics/methods ; Whole Genome Sequencing/methods ; },
abstract = {We analyzed the whole genomes of cecum microbiomes of Ethiopian indigenous chickens from two distinct geographical zones: Afar (AF) district (Dulecha, 730 m above sea level) and Amhara (AM) district (Menz Gera Midir, 3300 m). Through metagenomic analysis we found that microbial populations were mainly dominated by Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. We identified 2210 common genes in the two groups. LEfSe showed that the distribution of Coprobacter, Geobacter, Cronobacter, Alloprevotella, and Dysgonomonas were more abundant in AF than AM. Analyses using KEGG, eggNOG, and CAZy databases indicated that the pathways of metabolism, genetic information processing, environmental information processing, and cellular process were significantly enriched. Functional abundance was found to be associated with the nutrient absorption and microbial localization of indigenous chickens. We also investigated antibiotic resistant genes and found antibiotics like LSM, cephalosporin, and tetracycline were significantly more abundant in AF than AM.},
}

Animals
Bacteroidetes/genetics/pathogenicity
Cecum/microbiology
Chickens/*microbiology
*Drug Resistance, Bacterial
Ethiopia
Firmicutes/genetics/pathogenicity
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
*Metagenome
Metagenomics/methods
Whole Genome Sequencing/methods

@article {pmid32738764,
year = {2020},
author = {Luiken, REC and Van Gompel, L and Bossers, A and Munk, P and Joosten, P and Hansen, RB and Knudsen, BE and García-Cobos, S and Dewulf, J and Aarestrup, FM and Wagenaar, JA and Smit, LAM and Mevius, DJ and Heederik, DJJ and Schmitt, H and , },
title = {Farm dust resistomes and bacterial microbiomes in European poultry and pig farms.},
journal = {Environment international},
volume = {143},
number = {},
pages = {105971},
doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2020.105971},
pmid = {32738764},
issn = {1873-6750},
mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bacteria/genetics ; Chickens ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Dust ; Europe ; Farms ; *Microbiota ; *Poultry ; Swine ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Livestock farms are a reservoir of antimicrobial resistant bacteria from feces. Airborne dust-bound bacteria can spread across the barn and to the outdoor environment. Therefore, exposure to farm dust may be of concern for animals, farmers and neighboring residents. Although dust is a potential route of transmission, little is known about the resistome and bacterial microbiome of farm dust.

OBJECTIVES: We describe the resistome and bacterial microbiome of pig and poultry farm dust and their relation with animal feces resistomes and bacterial microbiomes, and on-farm antimicrobial usage (AMU). In addition, the relation between dust and farmers' stool resistomes was explored.

METHODS: In the EFFORT-study, resistomes and bacterial microbiomes of indoor farm dust collected on Electrostatic Dust fall Collectors (EDCs), and animal feces of 35 conventional broiler and 44 farrow-to-finish pig farms from nine European countries were determined by shotgun metagenomic analysis. The analysis also included 79 stool samples from farmers working or living at 12 broiler and 19 pig farms and 46 human controls. Relative abundance of and variation in resistome and bacterial composition of farm dust was described and compared to animal feces and farmers' stool.

RESULTS: The farm dust resistome contained a large variety of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs); more than the animal fecal resistome. For both poultry and pigs, composition of dust resistomes finds (partly) its origin in animal feces as dust resistomes correlated significantly with fecal resistomes. The dust bacterial microbiome also correlated significantly with the dust resistome composition. A positive association between AMU in animals on the farm and the total abundance of the dust resistome was found. Occupational exposure to pig farm dust or animal feces may contribute to farmers' resistomes, however no major shifts in farmers resistome towards feces or dust resistomes were found in this study.

CONCLUSION: Poultry and pig farm dust resistomes are rich and abundant and associated with the fecal resistome of the animals and the dust bacterial microbiome.},
}

Animals
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Bacteria/genetics
Chickens
Drug Resistance, Bacterial
Dust
Europe
Farms
*Microbiota
*Poultry
Swine

@article {pmid32679392,
year = {2020},
author = {Van Gompel, L and Luiken, REC and Hansen, RB and Munk, P and Bouwknegt, M and Heres, L and Greve, GD and Scherpenisse, P and Jongerius-Gortemaker, BGM and Tersteeg-Zijderveld, MHG and García-Cobos, S and Dohmen, W and Dorado-García, A and Wagenaar, JA and Urlings, BAP and Aarestrup, FM and Mevius, DJ and Heederik, DJJ and Schmitt, H and Bossers, A and Smit, LAM},
title = {Description and determinants of the faecal resistome and microbiome of farmers and slaughterhouse workers: A metagenome-wide cross-sectional study.},
journal = {Environment international},
volume = {143},
number = {},
pages = {105939},
doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2020.105939},
pmid = {32679392},
issn = {1873-6750},
mesh = {Abattoirs ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Chickens ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Farmers ; Humans ; Macrolides ; *Metagenome ; *Microbiota ; Netherlands ; Swine ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: By studying the entire human faecal resistome and associated microbiome, the diversity and abundance of faecal antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) can be comprehensively characterized. Prior culture-based studies have shown associations between occupational exposure to livestock and carriage of specific antimicrobial resistant bacteria. Using shotgun metagenomics, the present study investigated 194 faecal resistomes and bacteriomes from humans occupationally exposed to ARGs in livestock (i.e. pig and poultry farmers, employees and family members and pig slaughterhouse workers) and a control population (Lifelines cohort) in the Netherlands. In addition, we sought to identify determinants for the human resistome and bacteriome composition by applying a combination of multivariate (NMDS, PERMANOVA, SIMPER and DESeq2 analysis) and multivariable regression analysis techniques.

RESULTS: Pig slaughterhouse workers and pig farmers carried higher total ARG abundances in their stools compared to broiler farmers and control subjects. Tetracycline, β-lactam and macrolide resistance gene clusters dominated the resistome of all studied groups. No significant resistome alpha diversity differences were found among the four populations. However, the resistome beta diversity showed a separation of the mean resistome composition of pig and pork exposed workers from broiler farmers and controls, independent of their antimicrobial use. We demonstrated differences in resistome composition between slaughter line positions, pig versus poultry exposed workers, as well as differences between farmers and employees versus family members. In addition, we found a significant correlation between the bacteriome and resistome, and significant differences in the bacteriome composition between and within the studied subpopulations. Finally, an in-depth analysis of pig and poultry farms - of which also farm livestock resistomes were analysed - showed positive associations between the number of on-farm working hours and human faecal AMR loads.

CONCLUSION: We found that the total normalized faecal ARG carriage was larger in persons working in the Dutch pork production chain compared to poultry farmers and controls. Additionally, we showed significant differences in resistome and bacteriome composition of pig and pork exposed workers compared to a control group, as well as within-population (farms, slaughterhouse) compositional differences. The number of on-farm working hours and the farm type (pig or broiler) that persons live or work on are determinants for the human faecal resistome. Overall, our results may suggest direct or indirect livestock contact as a determinant for human ARG carriage. Future studies should further focus on the connection between the human and livestock resistome (i.e. transmission routes) to substantiate the evidence for livestock-associated resistome acquisition.},
}

Abattoirs
Animals
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
Chickens
Cross-Sectional Studies
Drug Resistance, Bacterial
Farmers
Humans
Macrolides
*Metagenome
*Microbiota
Netherlands
Swine

@article {pmid32572149,
year = {2020},
author = {Wutthi-In, M and Cheevadhanarak, S and Yasom, S and Kerdphoo, S and Thiennimitr, P and Phrommintikul, A and Chattipakorn, N and Kittichotirat, W and Chattipakorn, S},
title = {Gut Microbiota Profiles of Treated Metabolic Syndrome Patients and their Relationship with Metabolic Health.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {10085},
pmid = {32572149},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Aged ; Feces/microbiology ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*drug effects/*genetics/physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome/classification/*microbiology ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics/methods ; Middle Aged ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Stress, Physiological/physiology ; Thailand ; },
abstract = {Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has become a worldwide health issue. Recent studies reveal that the human gut microbiota exerts a significant role in the pathogenesis of this disease. While drug treatments may greatly improve metabolic symptoms, little is known about the gut microbiota composition of these treated MetS patients. This study aimed to characterize the gut microbiota composition of treated-MetS patients and analyse the possibility of using gut microbiota as an indicator of metabolic conditions. 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing approach was used to profile gut microbiota of 111 treated MetS patients from The Cohort of patients at a high Risk of Cardiovascular Events (CORE)-Thailand registry. Our results show that the gut microbiota profiles of MetS patients are diverse across individuals, but can be classified based on their similarity into three groups or enterotypes. We also showed several associations between species abundance and metabolic parameters that are enterotype specific. These findings suggest that information on the gut microbiota can be useful for assessing treatment options for MetS patients. In addition, any correlations between species abundance and human properties are likely specific to each microbial community.},
}

Aged
Feces/microbiology
Female
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*drug effects/*genetics/physiology
Humans
Male
Metabolic Syndrome/classification/*microbiology
Metagenome
Metagenomics/methods
Middle Aged
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Stress, Physiological/physiology
Thailand

@article {pmid32299221,
year = {2020},
author = {Sijbers, AM and Schoemaker, RJW and Nauta, A and Alkema, W},
title = {Revealing new leads for the impact of galacto-oligosaccharides on gut commensals and gut health benefits through text mining.},
journal = {Beneficial microbes},
volume = {11},
number = {3},
pages = {283-302},
doi = {10.3920/BM2019.0105},
pmid = {32299221},
issn = {1876-2891},
mesh = {Bifidobacterium/growth & development/physiology ; *Data Mining ; Feces/microbiology ; Fermentation ; *Galactose ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Health ; Humans ; Oligosaccharides/*administration & dosage ; Prebiotics/*analysis ; *Symbiosis ; },
abstract = {Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are linked to various health benefits, such as the relief of symptoms of constipation. Part of the beneficial effects of GOS are thought to be the consequence of their bifidogenic effect, stimulating the growth of several Bifidobacterium species in vivo. However, GOS may exert additional effects by directly stimulating other bacterial species or by effects that bifidobacteria may have on other commensals in the gut. To get a better insight into the potential health effects induced by GOS, a good understanding of the gut ecosystem, the role of GOS and bifidobacteria is important. An increasing number of 16S DNA profiling and metagenomics studies have led to an expanding inventory of genera, species and strains that can be found in the human gut. To investigate the potential connection of these commensals with GOS and bifidobacteria, we have undertaken a text-mining study to chart the literature landscape around these commensals. To this end, we created controlled vocabularies describing GOS, a large set of gut commensals and a number of terms related to gut health, which were used to mine the entire MEDLINE database. Co-occurrence text-mining revealed that a large number of commensals found in the gut have a connection with Bifidobacterium species and with gut health effects. Word frequency analysis provided more insight into the functional nature of these relationships. Combined co-occurrence search results pointed to putative novel health benefits indirectly linked to bifidobacteria and GOS. The potential beneficial effects of GOS on the protection of epithelial function and epithelial barrier impairment and appendicitis are interesting novel leads. The text-mining approach reported here revealed a number of novel leads through which GOS could exert health effects and that could be investigated in dedicated studies.},
}

Bifidobacterium/growth & development/physiology
*Data Mining
Feces/microbiology
Fermentation
*Galactose
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Health
Humans
Oligosaccharides/*administration & dosage
Prebiotics/*analysis
*Symbiosis

@article {pmid32247371,
year = {2020},
author = {Keshavarzian, A and Engen, P and Bonvegna, S and Cilia, R},
title = {The gut microbiome in Parkinson's disease: A culprit or a bystander?.},
journal = {Progress in brain research},
volume = {252},
number = {},
pages = {357-450},
doi = {10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.01.004},
pmid = {32247371},
issn = {1875-7855},
mesh = {Animals ; Dopamine Agents/*pharmacology ; *Dysbiosis/immunology/metabolism/microbiology ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology ; Humans ; *Inflammation/immunology/metabolism/microbiology ; *Life Style ; *Parkinson Disease/drug therapy/immunology/metabolism/microbiology ; *alpha-Synuclein/metabolism ; },
abstract = {In recent years, large-scale metagenomics projects such as the Human Microbiome Project placed the gut microbiota under the spotlight of research on its role in health and in the pathogenesis several diseases, as it can be a target for novel therapeutical approaches. The emerging concept of a microbiota modulation of the gut-brain axis in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders has been explored in several studies in animal models, as well as in human subjects. Particularly, research on changes in the composition of gut microbiota as a potential trigger for alpha-synuclein (α-syn) pathology in Parkinson's disease (PD) has gained increasing interest. In the present review, we first provide the basis to the understanding of the role of gut microbiota in healthy subjects and the molecular basis of the gut-brain interaction, focusing on metabolic and neuroinflammatory factors that could trigger the alpha-synuclein conformational changes and aggregation. Then, we critically explored preclinical and clinical studies reporting on the changes in gut microbiota in PD, as compared to healthy subjects. Furthermore, we examined the relationship between the gut microbiota and PD clinical features, discussing data consistently reported across studies, as well as the potential sources of inconsistencies. As a further step toward understanding the effects of gut microbiota on PD, we discussed the relationship between dysbiosis and response to dopamine replacement therapy, focusing on Levodopa metabolism. We conclude that further studies are needed to determine whether the gut microbiota changes observed so far in PD patients is the cause or, instead, it is merely a consequence of lifestyle changes associated with the disease. Regardless, studies so far strongly suggest that changes in microbiota appears to be impactful in pathogenesis of neuroinflammation. Thus, dysbiotic microbiota in PD could influence the disease course and response to medication, especially Levodopa. Future research will assess the impact of microbiota-directed therapeutic intervention in PD patients.},
}

Animals
Dopamine Agents/*pharmacology
*Dysbiosis/immunology/metabolism/microbiology
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology
Humans
*Inflammation/immunology/metabolism/microbiology
*Life Style
*Parkinson Disease/drug therapy/immunology/metabolism/microbiology
*alpha-Synuclein/metabolism

@article {pmid31954373,
year = {2020},
author = {Duan, C and Kuang, L and Xiang, X and Zhang, J and Zhu, Y and Wu, Y and Yan, Q and Liu, L and Li, T},
title = {Activated Drp1-mediated mitochondrial ROS influence the gut microbiome and intestinal barrier after hemorrhagic shock.},
journal = {Aging},
volume = {12},
number = {2},
pages = {1397-1416},
pmid = {31954373},
issn = {1945-4589},
mesh = {Animals ; Biomarkers ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dynamins/*genetics/metabolism ; Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Intestinal Mucosa/*metabolism/*microbiology ; Male ; Metabolomics/methods ; Metagenomics/methods ; Mice ; Mitochondria/*genetics/*metabolism ; Permeability ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Reactive Oxygen Species/*metabolism ; Shock, Hemorrhagic/etiology/*metabolism ; },
abstract = {A role of the mitochondrial dynamin-related protein (Drp1) on gut microbiome composition and intestinal barrier function after hemorrhagic shock has not been identified previously and thus addressed in this study. Here, we used a combination of 16S rRNA gene sequencing and mass spectrometry-based metabolomics profiling in WT and Drp1 KO mouse models to examine the functional impact of activated Drp1 on the gut microbiome as well as mitochondrial metabolic regulation after hemorrhagic shock. Our data showed that changes in mitochondrial Drp1 activity participated in the regulation of intestinal barrier function after hemorrhagic shock. Activated Drp1 significantly perturbed gut microbiome composition in the Bacteroidetes phylum. The abundance of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producing microbes, such as Bacteroides, Butyricimonas and Odoribacter, was markedly decreased in mice after shock, and was inversely correlated with both the distribution of the tight junction protein ZO1 and intestinal permeability. Together, these data suggest that Drp1 activation perturbs the gut microbiome community and SCFA production in a ROS-specific manner and thereby substantially disturbs tight junctions and intestinal barrier function after hemorrhagic shock. Our findings provide novel insights for targeting Drp1-mediated mitochondrial function as well as the microbiome in the treatment of intestinal barrier dysfunction after shock.},
}

Animals
Biomarkers
Disease Models, Animal
Dynamins/*genetics/metabolism
Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Intestinal Mucosa/*metabolism/*microbiology
Male
Metabolomics/methods
Metagenomics/methods
Mice
Mitochondria/*genetics/*metabolism
Permeability
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Reactive Oxygen Species/*metabolism
Shock, Hemorrhagic/etiology/*metabolism

@article {pmid31907339,
year = {2020},
author = {Wang, QJ and Shen, YE and Wang, X and Fu, S and Zhang, X and Zhang, YN and Wang, RT},
title = {Concomitant memantine and Lactobacillus plantarum treatment attenuates cognitive impairments in APP/PS1 mice.},
journal = {Aging},
volume = {12},
number = {1},
pages = {628-649},
pmid = {31907339},
issn = {1945-4589},
mesh = {Alzheimer Disease/*complications/etiology/metabolism ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Biomarkers ; Choline/administration & dosage ; Cognitive Dysfunction/*etiology/*therapy ; Dietary Supplements ; Disease Models, Animal ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; *Lactobacillus plantarum ; Male ; Memantine/*pharmacology ; Metagenomics/methods ; Mice ; Probiotics ; Pyramidal Cells/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is a gut microbial metabolite that promotes Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. Given that probiotics can alleviate AD symptoms by inhibiting the synthesis of TMAO, here we investigated the correlation between TMAO and cognitive deterioration by measuring TMAO levels in the plasma of choline-treated APP/PS1 mice (an AD mouse model) with and without probiotic treatments. We found that declines in L.plantarum in the gut were associated with cognitive impairment. Moreover, 12-weeks of treatment with memantine plus L. plantarum ameliorated cognitive deterioration, decreased Αβ levels in the hippocampus, and protected neuronal integrity and plasticity. These effects were accompanied by reductions in TMAO synthesis and neuroinflammation. These experiments demonstrate that L. plantarum augments the beneficial therapeutic effects of memantine treatment in APP/PS1 mice by remodeling the intestinal microbiota, inhibiting the synthesis of TMAO, and reducing clusterin levels. Our results thus highlight intestinal microbiota as a potential therapeutic target to decrease the risk of AD.},
}

Alzheimer Disease/*complications/etiology/metabolism
Animals
Animals, Genetically Modified
Biomarkers
Choline/administration & dosage
Cognitive Dysfunction/*etiology/*therapy
Dietary Supplements
Disease Models, Animal
Gastrointestinal Microbiome
*Lactobacillus plantarum
Male
Memantine/*pharmacology
Metagenomics/methods
Mice
Probiotics
Pyramidal Cells/metabolism

@article {pmid31905172,
year = {2020},
author = {Diling, C and Longkai, Q and Yinrui, G and Yadi, L and Xiaocui, T and Xiangxiang, Z and Miao, Z and Ran, L and Ou, S and Dongdong, W and Yizhen, X and Xujiang, Y and Yang, BB and Qingping, W},
title = {CircNF1-419 improves the gut microbiome structure and function in AD-like mice.},
journal = {Aging},
volume = {12},
number = {1},
pages = {260-287},
pmid = {31905172},
issn = {1945-4589},
mesh = {Alzheimer Disease/etiology ; Animals ; Brain/*metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Disease Susceptibility ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Homeostasis ; Male ; Metagenomics/methods ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; RNA, Circular/chemistry ; },
abstract = {Our pre-experiments found that the brain circRNA sequence profiles and gut microbiota in AD-like mice were changed, as circNF1-419 could enhance autophagy to ameliorate senile dementia in AD-like mice, so we conclude that there might some connections between circRNA and gut microbiome. Therefore, we use the over-expressed circNF1-419 adeno-associated virus (AAV) animal system with the aim of identifying possible connections. Our results showed that over-expression of circNF1-419 in brain not only influenced the cholinergic system of brain, but also changed the gut microbiota composition as the Candidatus Arthromitus, Lachnospiraceae FCS020 group, Lachnospiraceae UCG-006, and [Eubacterium] xylanophilum group, and the intestinal homeostasis and physiology, and even the gut microbiota trajectory in new born mice. These findings demonstrate a link between circRNA and gut microbiome, enlarge the 'microbiome- transcriptome' linkage library and provide more information on gut-brain axis.},
}

Alzheimer Disease/etiology
Animals
Brain/*metabolism
Disease Models, Animal
Disease Susceptibility
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Gene Expression Profiling
*Homeostasis
Male
Metagenomics/methods
Mice
Mice, Transgenic
RNA, Circular/chemistry

@article {pmid33423396,
year = {2021},
author = {Piñol, J},
title = {Genotype by Sequencing: an alternative new method to amplicon metabarcoding and shotgun metagenomics for the assessment of eukaryote biodiversity.},
journal = {Molecular ecology resources},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/1755-0998.13320},
pmid = {33423396},
issn = {1755-0998},
abstract = {The use of high-throughput DNA-sequencing (HTS) has revolutionised the assessment of biodiversity in plant and animal communities. There are two main approaches to estimate the identity and the relative species abundance (RSA) in complex mixtures using HTS: amplicon metabarcoding and shotgun metagenomics. While amplicon metabarcoding targets one or a few genomic regions, shotgun metagenomics randomly explores the genome of the species. In this issue of Molecular Ecology Resources, Wagemaker et al. (2021) present a new method, multi-species Genotyping by Sequencing (msGBS), as an alternative middle ground between metabarcoding and metagenomics. They apply the technique to mixtures of plant roots and report the remarkable capacity of msGBS to estimate the RSA. If validated in other labs and biological communities, msGBS might become a third method to explore the biodiversity of biological communities, especially of plants, where current techniques are struggling to get sufficient taxonomic resolution.},
}

@article {pmid33422504,
year = {2021},
author = {Tan, SM and Ismail, MH and Cao, B},
title = {Biodiversity of Magnetotactic Bacteria in the tropical marine environment of Singapore revealed by metagenomic analysis.},
journal = {Environmental research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {110714},
doi = {10.1016/j.envres.2021.110714},
pmid = {33422504},
issn = {1096-0953},
abstract = {Most studies on the diversity of magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) have been conducted on samples obtained from the Northern or the Southern hemispheres. The diversity of MTB in tropical Asia near the geo-equator, with a close-to-zero geomagnetic inclination, weak magnetic field and constantly high seawater temperature has never been explored. This study aims to decipher the diversity of MTB in the marine environment of Singapore through shotgun metagenomics. Although MTB has been acknowledged to be ubiquitous in aquatic environments, we did not observe magnetotactic behaviour in the samples. However, we detected the presence and determined the diversity of MTB through bioinformatic analyses. Metagenomic analysis suggested majority of the MTB in the seafloor sediments represents novel MTB taxa that cannot be classified at the species level. The relative abundance of MTB (∼0.2-1.69%) in the samples collected from the marine environment of Singapore was found to be substantially lower than studies for other regions. In contrast to other studies, the genera Magnetovibrio and Desulfamplus, but not Magnetococcus, were the dominant MTB. Additionally, we recovered 3 MTB genomic bins that are unclassified at the species level, with Magnetovibrio blakemorei being the closest-associated genome. All the recovered genomic bins contain homologs of at least 5 of the 7 mam genes but lack homologs for mamI, a membrane protein suggested to take part in the magenetosome invagination. This study fills in the knowledge gap of MTB biodiversity in the tropical marine environment near the geo-equator. Our findings will facilitate future research efforts aiming to unravel the ecological roles of MTB in the tropical marine environments as well as to bioprospecting novel MTB that have been adapted to tropical marine environments for biotechnological applications.},
}

@article {pmid33420281,
year = {2021},
author = {Wongsaroj, L and Chanabun, R and Tunsakul, N and Prombutara, P and Panha, S and Somboonna, N},
title = {First reported quantitative microbiota in different livestock manures used as organic fertilizers in the Northeast of Thailand.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {102},
pmid = {33420281},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {GB-A 61 024 23 05//Thai Government Budget Grant/ ; },
abstract = {Northeastern Thailand relies on agriculture as a major economic activity, and has used high levels of agrochemicals due to low facility, and salty sandy soil. To support soil recovery and sustainable agriculture, local farmers have used organic fertilizers from farmed animal feces. However, knowledge about these animal fecal manures remains minimal restricting their optimal use. Specifically, while bacteria are important for soil and plant growth, an abundance and a diversity of bacterial composition in these animal fecal manures have not been reported to allow selection and adjustment for a more effective organic fertilizer. This study thereby utilized metagenomics combined with 16S rRNA gene quantitative PCR (qPCR) and sequencing to analyze quantitative microbiota profiles in association with nutrients (N, P, K), organic matters, and the other physiochemical properties, of the commonly used earthworm manure and other manures from livestock animals (including breed and feeding diet variations) in the region. Unlike the other manures, the earthworm manure demonstrated more favorable nutrient profiles and physiochemical properties for forming fertile soil. Despite low total microbial biomass, the microbiota were enriched with maximal OTUs and Chao richness, and no plant pathogenic bacteria were found based on the VFDB database. The microbial metabolic potentials supported functions to promote crop growth, such as C, N and P cyclings, xenobiotic degradation, and synthesis of bioactive compounds. Pearson's correlation analyses indicated that the quantitative microbiota of the earthworm manure were clustered in the same direction as N, and conductivity, salinity, and water content were essential to control the microbiota of animal manures.},
}

@article {pmid32663709,
year = {2020},
author = {Yao, Y and Yan, L and Chen, H and Wu, N and Wang, W and Wang, D},
title = {Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharides alleviate type 2 diabetic symptoms by modulating gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids.},
journal = {Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology},
volume = {77},
number = {},
pages = {153268},
doi = {10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153268},
pmid = {32663709},
issn = {1618-095X},
mesh = {Adult ; Animals ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy/metabolism/microbiology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*drug therapy/metabolism/microbiology ; Fatty Acids, Volatile/analysis/biosynthesis ; Feces/chemistry/microbiology ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*drug effects/genetics ; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/metabolism ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents/*pharmacology ; Juglandaceae/*chemistry/microbiology ; Male ; Metabolomics ; Metagenome ; Plant Leaves/chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal/chemistry ; Polysaccharides/*pharmacology ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharide (CCPP), a primary active component in the leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinsk (C. paliurus), has the ability to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but cannot be digested by our digestive system. Therefore, mechanisms of regulating the gut microbiota and intestinal metabolites might exist.

PURPOSE: To reveal the potential mechanism of CCPP treatment, this study aimed to investigate the alterations of the gut microbiota and intestinal metabolites especially short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in type 2 diabetic rats.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Type 2 diabetic rat models were developed, and the therapeutic effects of CCPP were evaluated. Metagenomics analysis was utilized to analyze the alterations to the gut microbiota, and UHPLC-QTOF/MS-based untargeted metabolomics analysis of colon contents was used to identify the differential intestinal metabolites. GC/MS was used to measure the SCFAs in rat's colon contents and human fecal inoculums. Furthermore, the expression of SCFA receptors including GPR41, GPR43 and GPR109a was verified by qRT-PCR and the concentration of glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1) and peptide tyrosinetyrosine (PYY) was measured by Elisa.

RESULTS: Inhibition of the blood glucose levels and improvements in glucose tolerance and serum lipid parameters were observed after CCPP treatment. Eleven SCFA-producing species including Ruminococcus_bromii, Anaerotruncus_colihominis, Clostridium_methylpentosum, Roseburia_intestinalis, Roseburia_hominis, Clostridium_asparagiforme, Pseudoflavonifractor_capillosus, Intestinimonas_butyriciproducens, Intestinimonas_sp._GD2, Oscillibacter_valericigenes and Oscillibacter_ruminantium were clearly increased in the CCPP group. Furthermore, our study indicated that CCPP increases the production of SCFAs both in vivo and in vitro, and the gut microbiota are the key factor of this process. The SCFA receptors including GPR41, GPR43 and GPR109a, were significantly stimulated in the CCPP treated rats, which was accompanied by the upregulated expression of GLP-1 and PYY.

CONCLUSION: These results demonstrated that CCPP could alleviate type 2 diabetic symptoms by increasing the SCFA-producing bacteria, promoting the production of SCFAs and upregulating SCFA-GLP1/PYY associated sensory mediators.},
}

Adult
Animals
Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy/metabolism/microbiology
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*drug therapy/metabolism/microbiology
Fatty Acids, Volatile/analysis/biosynthesis
Feces/chemistry/microbiology
Female
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*drug effects/genetics
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/metabolism
Humans
Hypoglycemic Agents/*pharmacology
Juglandaceae/*chemistry/microbiology
Male
Metabolomics
Metagenome
Plant Leaves/chemistry
Plants, Medicinal/chemistry
Polysaccharides/*pharmacology
Rats, Sprague-Dawley

@article {pmid32245390,
year = {2020},
author = {Levy Karin, E and Mirdita, M and Söding, J},
title = {MetaEuk-sensitive, high-throughput gene discovery, and annotation for large-scale eukaryotic metagenomics.},
journal = {Microbiome},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {48},
pmid = {32245390},
issn = {2049-2618},
mesh = {*Algorithms ; Computational Biology/methods ; Databases, Genetic ; Eukaryota/*genetics ; High-Throughput Screening Assays ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics/instrumentation/*methods ; *Microbiota ; Molecular Sequence Annotation/*methods ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Metagenomics is revolutionizing the study of microorganisms and their involvement in biological, biomedical, and geochemical processes, allowing us to investigate by direct sequencing a tremendous diversity of organisms without the need for prior cultivation. Unicellular eukaryotes play essential roles in most microbial communities as chief predators, decomposers, phototrophs, bacterial hosts, symbionts, and parasites to plants and animals. Investigating their roles is therefore of great interest to ecology, biotechnology, human health, and evolution. However, the generally lower sequencing coverage, their more complex gene and genome architectures, and a lack of eukaryote-specific experimental and computational procedures have kept them on the sidelines of metagenomics.

RESULTS: MetaEuk is a toolkit for high-throughput, reference-based discovery, and annotation of protein-coding genes in eukaryotic metagenomic contigs. It performs fast searches with 6-frame-translated fragments covering all possible exons and optimally combines matches into multi-exon proteins. We used a benchmark of seven diverse, annotated genomes to show that MetaEuk is highly sensitive even under conditions of low sequence similarity to the reference database. To demonstrate MetaEuk's power to discover novel eukaryotic proteins in large-scale metagenomic data, we assembled contigs from 912 samples of the Tara Oceans project. MetaEuk predicted >12,000,000 protein-coding genes in 8 days on ten 16-core servers. Most of the discovered proteins are highly diverged from known proteins and originate from very sparsely sampled eukaryotic supergroups.

CONCLUSION: The open-source (GPLv3) MetaEuk software (https://github.com/soedinglab/metaeuk) enables large-scale eukaryotic metagenomics through reference-based, sensitive taxonomic and functional annotation. Video abstract.},
}

*Algorithms
Computational Biology/methods
Databases, Genetic
Eukaryota/*genetics
High-Throughput Screening Assays
Metagenome
Metagenomics/instrumentation/*methods
*Microbiota
Molecular Sequence Annotation/*methods
Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods

@article {pmid32241293,
year = {2020},
author = {Sun, S and Jones, RB and Fodor, AA},
title = {Inference-based accuracy of metagenome prediction tools varies across sample types and functional categories.},
journal = {Microbiome},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {46},
pmid = {32241293},
issn = {2049-2618},
mesh = {Animals ; Chickens ; Computational Biology/*methods ; Databases, Factual ; Gorilla gorilla ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Humans ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics/*methods ; Mice ; *Microbiota ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Bacterial/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Reproducibility of Results ; *Software ; *Soil Microbiology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Despite recent decreases in the cost of sequencing, shotgun metagenome sequencing remains more expensive compared with 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Methods have been developed to predict the functional profiles of microbial communities based on their taxonomic composition. In this study, we evaluated the performance of three commonly used metagenome prediction tools (PICRUSt, PICRUSt2, and Tax4Fun) by comparing the significance of the differential abundance of predicted functional gene profiles to those from shotgun metagenome sequencing across different environments.

RESULTS: We selected 7 datasets of human, non-human animal, and environmental (soil) samples that have publicly available 16S rRNA and shotgun metagenome sequences. As we would expect based on previous literature, strong Spearman correlations were observed between predicted gene compositions and gene relative abundance measured with shotgun metagenome sequencing. However, these strong correlations were preserved even when the abundance of genes were permuted across samples. This suggests that simple correlation coefficient is a highly unreliable measure for the performance of metagenome prediction tools. As an alternative, we compared the performance of genes predicted with PICRUSt, PICRUSt2, and Tax4Fun to sequenced metagenome genes in inference models associated with metadata within each dataset. With this approach, we found reasonable performance for human datasets, with the metagenome prediction tools performing better for inference on genes related to "housekeeping" functions. However, their performance degraded sharply outside of human datasets when used for inference.

CONCLUSION: We conclude that the utility of PICRUSt, PICRUSt2, and Tax4Fun for inference with the default database is likely limited outside of human samples and that development of tools for gene prediction specific to different non-human and environmental samples is warranted. Video abstract.},
}

Animals
Chickens
Computational Biology/*methods
Databases, Factual
Gorilla gorilla
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
Humans
Metagenome
Metagenomics/*methods
Mice
*Microbiota
Phylogeny
RNA, Bacterial/genetics
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Reproducibility of Results
*Software
*Soil Microbiology

@article {pmid32241287,
year = {2020},
author = {Cao, S and Zhang, W and Ding, W and Wang, M and Fan, S and Yang, B and Mcminn, A and Wang, M and Xie, BB and Qin, QL and Chen, XL and He, J and Zhang, YZ},
title = {Structure and function of the Arctic and Antarctic marine microbiota as revealed by metagenomics.},
journal = {Microbiome},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {47},
doi = {10.1186/s40168-020-00826-9},
pmid = {32241287},
issn = {2049-2618},
mesh = {Antarctic Regions ; Arctic Regions ; Bacteria/*classification ; *Metagenomics ; Microbiota/*genetics ; Oceans and Seas ; Phylogeny ; Seawater/*microbiology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Arctic and Antarctic are the two most geographically distant bioregions on earth. Recent sampling efforts and following metagenomics have shed light on the global ocean microbial diversity and function, yet the microbiota of polar regions has not been included in such global analyses.

RESULTS: Here a metagenomic study of seawater samples (n = 60) collected from different depths at 28 locations in the Arctic and Antarctic zones was performed, together with metagenomes from the Tara Oceans. More than 7500 (19%) polar seawater-derived operational taxonomic units could not be identified in the Tara Oceans datasets, and more than 3,900,000 protein-coding gene orthologs had no hits in the Ocean Microbial Reference Gene Catalog. Analysis of 214 metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) recovered from the polar seawater microbiomes, revealed strains that are prevalent in the polar regions while nearly undetectable in temperate seawater. Metabolic pathway reconstruction for these microbes suggested versatility for saccharide and lipids biosynthesis, nitrate and sulfate reduction, and CO2 fixation. Comparison between the Arctic and Antarctic microbiomes revealed that antibiotic resistance genes were enriched in the Arctic while functions like DNA recombination were enriched in the Antarctic.

CONCLUSIONS: Our data highlight the occurrence of dominant and locally enriched microbes in the Arctic and Antarctic seawater with unique functional traits for environmental adaption, and provide a foundation for analyzing the global ocean microbiome in a more complete perspective. Video abstract.},
}

Antarctic Regions
Arctic Regions
Bacteria/*classification
*Metagenomics
Microbiota/*genetics
Oceans and Seas
Phylogeny
Seawater/*microbiology

@article {pmid32197656,
year = {2020},
author = {Dai, Z and Sevillano-Rivera, MC and Calus, ST and Bautista-de Los Santos, QM and Eren, AM and van der Wielen, PWJJ and Ijaz, UZ and Pinto, AJ},
title = {Disinfection exhibits systematic impacts on the drinking water microbiome.},
journal = {Microbiome},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {42},
pmid = {32197656},
issn = {2049-2618},
mesh = {Archaea/classification/drug effects ; Bacteria/classification/drug effects ; Disinfectants/*pharmacology ; *Disinfection ; Drinking Water/analysis/*microbiology ; Eukaryota/classification/drug effects ; Metagenomics ; *Microbiota ; Water Purification ; },
abstract = {Limiting microbial growth during drinking water distribution is achieved either by maintaining a disinfectant residual or through nutrient limitation without using a disinfectant. The impact of these contrasting approaches on the drinking water microbiome is not systematically understood. We use genome-resolved metagenomics to compare the structure, metabolic traits, and population genomes of drinking water microbiome samples from bulk drinking water across multiple full-scale disinfected and non-disinfected drinking water systems. Microbial communities cluster at the structural- and functional potential-level based on the presence/absence of a disinfectant residual. Disinfectant residual alone explained 17 and 6.5% of the variance in structure and functional potential of the drinking water microbiome, respectively, despite including multiple drinking water systems with variable source waters and source water communities and treatment strategies. The drinking water microbiome is structurally and functionally less diverse and variable across disinfected compared to non-disinfected systems. While bacteria were the most abundant domain, archaea and eukaryota were more abundant in non-disinfected and disinfected systems, respectively. Community-level differences in functional potential were driven by enrichment of genes associated with carbon and nitrogen fixation in non-disinfected systems and γ-aminobutyrate metabolism in disinfected systems likely associated with the recycling of amino acids. Genome-level analyses for a subset of phylogenetically-related microorganisms suggests that disinfection selects for microorganisms capable of using fatty acids, presumably from microbial decay products, via the glyoxylate cycle. Overall, we find that disinfection exhibits systematic selective pressures on the drinking water microbiome and may select for microorganisms able to utilize microbial decay products originating from disinfection-inactivated microorganisms. Video abstract.},
}

Archaea/classification/drug effects
Bacteria/classification/drug effects
Disinfectants/*pharmacology
*Disinfection
Drinking Water/analysis/*microbiology
Eukaryota/classification/drug effects
Metagenomics
*Microbiota
Water Purification

@article {pmid32197644,
year = {2020},
author = {Böhm, ME and Razavi, M and Marathe, NP and Flach, CF and Larsson, DGJ},
title = {Discovery of a novel integron-borne aminoglycoside resistance gene present in clinical pathogens by screening environmental bacterial communities.},
journal = {Microbiome},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {41},
pmid = {32197644},
issn = {2049-2618},
mesh = {Aminoglycosides/*pharmacology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology ; Bacteria/classification/*drug effects ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial/*genetics ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; *Integrons ; Metagenomics ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; *Microbiota ; Waste Water/*microbiology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: New antibiotic resistance determinants are generally discovered too late, long after they have irreversibly emerged in pathogens and spread widely. Early discovery of resistance genes, before or soon after their transfer to pathogens could allow more effective measures to monitor and reduce spread, and facilitate genetics-based diagnostics.

RESULTS: We modified a functional metagenomics approach followed by in silico filtering of known resistance genes to discover novel, mobilised resistance genes in class 1 integrons in wastewater-impacted environments. We identified an integron-borne gene cassette encoding a protein that conveys high-level resistance against aminoglycosides with a garosamine moiety when expressed in E. coli. The gene is named gar (garosamine-specific aminoglycoside resistance) after its specificity. It contains none of the functional domains of known aminoglycoside modifying enzymes, but bears characteristics of a kinase. By searching public databases, we found that the gene occurs in three sequenced, multi-resistant clinical isolates (two Pseudomonas aeruginosa and one Luteimonas sp.) from Italy and China, respectively, as well as in two food-borne Salmonella enterica isolates from the USA. In all cases, gar has escaped discovery until now.

CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time a novel resistance gene, present in clinical isolates, has been discovered by exploring the environmental microbiome. The gar gene has spread horizontally to different species on at least three continents, further limiting treatment options for bacterial infections. Its specificity to garosamine-containing aminoglycosides may reduce the usefulness of the newest semisynthetic aminoglycoside plazomicin, which is designed to avoid common aminoglycoside resistance mechanisms. Since the gene appears to be not yet common in the clinics, the data presented here enables early surveillance and maybe even mitigation of its spread.},
}

Aminoglycosides/*pharmacology
Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology
Bacteria/classification/*drug effects
Drug Resistance, Bacterial/*genetics
Escherichia coli/drug effects
*Integrons
Metagenomics
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
*Microbiota
Waste Water/*microbiology

@article {pmid32138779,
year = {2020},
author = {Heshiki, Y and Vazquez-Uribe, R and Li, J and Ni, Y and Quainoo, S and Imamovic, L and Li, J and Sørensen, M and Chow, BKC and Weiss, GJ and Xu, A and Sommer, MOA and Panagiotou, G},
title = {Predictable modulation of cancer treatment outcomes by the gut microbiota.},
journal = {Microbiome},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {28},
pmid = {32138779},
issn = {2049-2618},
mesh = {Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Bacteria/*classification ; Disease Models, Animal ; Feces/microbiology ; Female ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Male ; *Metagenomics ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasms/*drug therapy/*microbiology ; Prognosis ; Treatment Outcome ; },
abstract = {The gut microbiota has the potential to influence the efficacy of cancer therapy. Here, we investigated the contribution of the intestinal microbiome on treatment outcomes in a heterogeneous cohort that included multiple cancer types to identify microbes with a global impact on immune response. Human gut metagenomic analysis revealed that responder patients had significantly higher microbial diversity and different microbiota compositions compared to non-responders. A machine-learning model was developed and validated in an independent cohort to predict treatment outcomes based on gut microbiota composition and functional repertoires of responders and non-responders. Specific species, Bacteroides ovatus and Bacteroides xylanisolvens, were positively correlated with treatment outcomes. Oral gavage of these responder bacteria significantly increased the efficacy of erlotinib and induced the expression of CXCL9 and IFN-γ in a murine lung cancer model. These data suggest a predictable impact of specific constituents of the microbiota on tumor growth and cancer treatment outcomes with implications for both prognosis and therapy.},
}

Adult
Aged
Animals
Bacteria/*classification
Disease Models, Animal
Feces/microbiology
Female
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Genetic Variation
Humans
Longitudinal Studies
Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
Male
*Metagenomics
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Middle Aged
Neoplasms/*drug therapy/*microbiology
Prognosis
Treatment Outcome

@article {pmid32061251,
year = {2020},
author = {Zhu, X and Campanaro, S and Treu, L and Seshadri, R and Ivanova, N and Kougias, PG and Kyrpides, N and Angelidaki, I},
title = {Metabolic dependencies govern microbial syntrophies during methanogenesis in an anaerobic digestion ecosystem.},
journal = {Microbiome},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {22},
doi = {10.1186/s40168-019-0780-9},
pmid = {32061251},
issn = {2049-2618},
mesh = {Acetates/metabolism ; Anaerobiosis ; Bacteria/classification/*metabolism ; Bioreactors ; Chemoautotrophic Growth ; Ecosystem ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Hydrogen/metabolism ; *Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Metagenomics ; Methane/*biosynthesis ; Methanosarcina/metabolism ; *Microbiota ; },
abstract = {Methanogenesis, a biological process mediated by complex microbial communities, has attracted great attention due to its contribution to global warming and potential in biotechnological applications. The current study unveiled the core microbial methanogenic metabolisms in anaerobic vessel ecosystems by applying combined genome-centric metagenomics and metatranscriptomics. Here, we demonstrate that an enriched natural system, fueled only with acetate, could support a bacteria-dominated microbiota employing a multi-trophic methanogenic process. Moreover, significant changes, in terms of microbial structure and function, were recorded after the system was supplemented with additional H2. Methanosarcina thermophila, the predominant methanogen prior to H2 addition, simultaneously performed acetoclastic, hydrogenotrophic, and methylotrophic methanogenesis. The methanogenic pattern changed after the addition of H2, which immediately stimulated Methanomicrobia-activity and was followed by a slow enrichment of Methanobacteria members. Interestingly, the essential genes involved in the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway were not expressed in bacterial members. The high expression of a glycine cleavage system indicated the activation of alternative metabolic pathways for acetate metabolism, which were reconstructed in the most abundant bacterial genomes. Moreover, as evidenced by predicted auxotrophies, we propose that specific microbes of the community were forming symbiotic relationships, thus reducing the biosynthetic burden of individual members. These results provide new information that will facilitate future microbial ecology studies of interspecies competition and symbiosis in methanogenic niches. Video abstract.},
}

Acetates/metabolism
Anaerobiosis
Bacteria/classification/*metabolism
Bioreactors
Chemoautotrophic Growth
Ecosystem
Gene Expression Profiling
Hydrogen/metabolism
*Metabolic Networks and Pathways
Metagenomics
Methane/*biosynthesis
Methanosarcina/metabolism
*Microbiota

@article {pmid33398958,
year = {2020},
author = {Tan, Y and Hu, H and Li, C and Luo, X and Tan, Y and Dai, L},
title = {[Research progress and applications of strain analysis based on metagenomic data].},
journal = {Sheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chinese journal of biotechnology},
volume = {36},
number = {12},
pages = {2610-2621},
doi = {10.13345/j.cjb.200380},
pmid = {33398958},
issn = {1872-2075},
mesh = {Algorithms ; Computational Biology ; Metagenome ; *Metagenomics ; *Microbiota/genetics ; },
abstract = {Strain is the fundamental unit in microbial taxonomy. The functional diversity among strains has great influence on host phenotypes. With the development of microbiome research, knowing the composition and functional capacities of complex microbial communities at the strain level has become increasingly valuable in scientific research and clinical applications. This review introduces the principles of bioinformatics algorithms for strain analysis based on metagenomic data, the applications in microbiome research and directions of future development.},
}

Algorithms
Computational Biology
Metagenome
*Metagenomics
*Microbiota/genetics

@article {pmid33398955,
year = {2020},
author = {Zhang, Y and Cao, J and Zhao, N and Wang, J},
title = {[Virome: the next hotspot in microbiome research].},
journal = {Sheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chinese journal of biotechnology},
volume = {36},
number = {12},
pages = {2566-2581},
doi = {10.13345/j.cjb.200372},
pmid = {33398955},
issn = {1872-2075},
mesh = {Animals ; Humans ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics ; *Microbiota/genetics ; Virome ; *Viruses/genetics ; },
abstract = {Virome is the collective term for the viral collection or viral metagenomes that are distributed in various environments. Viruses can be found in bodies of water, glaciers, plants, animals, and even some viruses, which are classified as eukaryotes, prokaryotes and subviruses. Viruses play very important role in maintaining environmental homeostasis and ecosystem balance, and are especially closely related to human health. In recent years, with the advancement of sequencing technology and data analysis, we are able to gain more insights into the virome and explore its potential role in the ecological niche by metagenomic sequencing. A large amount of viral data have been obtained from glaciers, oceans, and various plants and animals, and numerous unknown viruses have been discovered. Virome has been studied mainly through metagenomic data mining, as well as virus-like particles separation and enrichment. To date, several different methods for viral isolation and enrichment exist, and numerous bioinformatic analyses of the virome have been performed. However, there is a lack of specific and complete reviews on the enrichment and data analysis methods for the virome. Thus, our review will summarize viral isolation and enrichment methods and data analysis, and present some of the landmark research conducted by the enrichment method, to provide a reference for researchers of interest and further advance the field of virome research.},
}

Animals
Humans
Metagenome
Metagenomics
*Microbiota/genetics
Virome
*Viruses/genetics

@article {pmid33261862,
year = {2021},
author = {Liu, D and Legras, JL and Zhang, P and Chen, D and Howell, K},
title = {Diversity and dynamics of fungi during spontaneous fermentations and association with unique aroma profiles in wine.},
journal = {International journal of food microbiology},
volume = {338},
number = {},
pages = {108983},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108983},
pmid = {33261862},
issn = {1879-3460},
mesh = {Agriculture ; *Biodiversity ; Farms ; *Fermentation ; Fungi/chemistry/*classification/metabolism ; *Microbiota ; Odorants ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Vitis/microbiology ; Wine/*microbiology ; },
abstract = {Microbial ecology is an integral part of an agricultural ecosystem and influences the quality of agricultural commodities. Microbial activity influences grapevine health and crop production, conversion of sugar to ethanol during fermentation, thus forming wine aroma and flavour. There are regionally differentiated microbial patterns in grapevines and must but how microbial patterns contribute to wine regional distinctiveness (terroir) at small scale (<100 km) is not well defined. Here we characterise fungal communities, yeast populations, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae populations during spontaneous fermentation using metagenomics and population genetics to investigate microbial distribution and fungal contributions to the resultant wine. We found differentiation of fungi, yeasts, and S. cerevisiae between geographic origins (estate/vineyard), with influences from the grape variety. Growth and dominance of S. cerevisiae during fermentation reshaped the fungal community and showed geographic structure at the strain level. Associations between fungal microbiota diversity and wine chemicals suggest that S. cerevisiae plays a primary role in determining wine aroma profiles at a sub-regional scale. The geographic distribution at scales of less than 12 km supports that differential microbial communities, including the dominant fermentative yeast S. cerevisiae can be distinct in a local setting. These findings provide further evidence for microbial contributions to wine terroir, and perspectives for sustainable agricultural practices to maintain microbial diversity and optimise fermentation function to craft beverage quality.},
}

Agriculture
*Biodiversity
Farms
*Fermentation
Fungi/chemistry/*classification/metabolism
*Microbiota
Odorants
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Vitis/microbiology
Wine/*microbiology

@article {pmid33067398,
year = {2020},
author = {Shibl, AA and Isaac, A and Ochsenkühn, MA and Cárdenas, A and Fei, C and Behringer, G and Arnoux, M and Drou, N and Santos, MP and Gunsalus, KC and Voolstra, CR and Amin, SA},
title = {Diatom modulation of select bacteria through use of two unique secondary metabolites.},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
volume = {117},
number = {44},
pages = {27445-27455},
pmid = {33067398},
issn = {1091-6490},
mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/genetics/*growth & development ; Cinnamates/metabolism ; Depsides/metabolism ; Diatoms/genetics/*metabolism ; Dicarboxylic Acids/metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Metabolomics ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics ; Microbiota/*physiology ; Oceans and Seas ; Phytoplankton/genetics/*metabolism ; Secondary Metabolism/physiology ; *Water Microbiology ; },
abstract = {Unicellular eukaryotic phytoplankton, such as diatoms, rely on microbial communities for survival despite lacking specialized compartments to house microbiomes (e.g., animal gut). Microbial communities have been widely shown to benefit from diatom excretions that accumulate within the microenvironment surrounding phytoplankton cells, known as the phycosphere. However, mechanisms that enable diatoms and other unicellular eukaryotes to nurture specific microbiomes by fostering beneficial bacteria and repelling harmful ones are mostly unknown. We hypothesized that diatom exudates may tune microbial communities and employed an integrated multiomics approach using the ubiquitous diatom Asterionellopsis glacialis to reveal how it modulates its naturally associated bacteria. We show that A. glacialis reprograms its transcriptional and metabolic profiles in response to bacteria to secrete a suite of central metabolites and two unusual secondary metabolites, rosmarinic acid and azelaic acid. While central metabolites are utilized by potential bacterial symbionts and opportunists alike, rosmarinic acid promotes attachment of beneficial bacteria to the diatom and simultaneously suppresses the attachment of opportunists. Similarly, azelaic acid enhances growth of beneficial bacteria while simultaneously inhibiting growth of opportunistic ones. We further show that the bacterial response to azelaic acid is numerically rare but globally distributed in the world's oceans and taxonomically restricted to a handful of bacterial genera. Our results demonstrate the innate ability of an important unicellular eukaryotic group to modulate select bacteria in their microbial consortia, similar to higher eukaryotes, using unique secondary metabolites that regulate bacterial growth and behavior inversely across different bacterial populations.},
}

Animals
Bacteria/genetics/*growth & development
Cinnamates/metabolism
Depsides/metabolism
Diatoms/genetics/*metabolism
Dicarboxylic Acids/metabolism
Gene Expression Profiling
Metabolomics
Metagenome
Metagenomics
Microbiota/*physiology
Oceans and Seas
Phytoplankton/genetics/*metabolism
Secondary Metabolism/physiology
*Water Microbiology

@article {pmid31562947,
year = {2020},
author = {Hynönen, U and Zoetendal, EG and Virtala, AK and Shetty, S and Hasan, S and Jakava-Viljanen, M and de Vos, WM and Palva, A},
title = {Molecular ecology of the yet uncultured bacterial Ct85-cluster in the mammalian gut.},
journal = {Anaerobe},
volume = {62},
number = {},
pages = {102104},
doi = {10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.102104},
pmid = {31562947},
issn = {1095-8274},
mesh = {Animals ; Cluster Analysis ; Databases, Genetic ; Female ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Humans ; Male ; Mammals ; *Metagenome ; *Metagenomics/methods ; Molecular Typing ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; },
abstract = {In our previous studies on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) -associated microbiota by molecular methods, we demonstrated that a particular 16S rRNA gene amplicon was more abundant in the feces of healthy subjects or mixed type IBS (IBS-M) -sufferers than in the feces of individuals with diarrhea-type IBS (IBS-D). In the current study, we demonstrated that this, so called Ct85-amplicon, consists of a cluster of very heterogeneous 16S rRNA gene sequences, and defined six 16S rRNA gene types, a to f, within this cluster, each representing a novel species-, genus- or family level taxon. We then designed specific PCR primers for these sequence types, mapped the distribution of the Ct85-cluster sequences and that of the newly defined sequence types in several animal species and compared the sequence types present in the feces of healthy individuals and IBS sufferers using two IBS study cohorts, Finnish and Dutch. Various Ct85-cluster sequence types were detected in the fecal samples of several companion and production animal species with remarkably differing prevalences and abundances. The Ct85 sequence type composition of swine closely resembled that of humans. One of the five types (d) shared between humans and swine was not present in any other animals tested, while one sequence type (b) was found only in human samples. In both IBS study cohorts, one type (e) was more prevalent in healthy individuals than in the IBS-M group. By revealing various sequence types in the widespread Ct85-cluster and their distribution, the results improve our understanding of these uncultured bacteria, which is essential for future efforts to cultivate representatives of the Ct85-cluster and reveal their roles in IBS.},
}

Animals
Cluster Analysis
Databases, Genetic
Female
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
Humans
Male
Mammals
*Metagenome
*Metagenomics/methods
Molecular Typing
Phylogeny
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics

@article {pmid33396683,
year = {2020},
author = {Kuramae, EE and Dimitrov, MR and da Silva, GHR and Lucheta, AR and Mendes, LW and Luz, RL and Vet, LEM and Fernandes, TV},
title = {On-Site Blackwater Treatment Fosters Microbial Groups and Functions to Efficiently and Robustly Recover Carbon and Nutrients.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3390/microorganisms9010075},
pmid = {33396683},
issn = {2076-2607},
support = {729.004.003//Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek/ ; 2013/50351-4//Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo/ ; 206884/2014-1//Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/ ; 99999.008090/2015-07;0622/2014//Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior/ ; },
abstract = {Wastewater is considered a renewable resource water and energy. An advantage of decentralized sanitation systems is the separation of the blackwater (BW) stream, contaminated with human pathogens, from the remaining household water. However, the composition and functions of the microbial community in BW are not known. In this study, we used shotgun metagenomics to assess the dynamics of microbial community structure and function throughout a new BW anaerobic digestion system installed at The Netherlands Institute of Ecology. Samples from the influent (BW), primary effluent (anaerobic digested BW), sludge and final effluent of the pilot upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor and microalgae pilot tubular photobioreactor (PBR) were analyzed. Our results showed a decrease in microbial richness and diversity followed by a decrease in functional complexity and co-occurrence along the different modules of the bioreactor. The microbial diversity and function decrease were reflected both changes in substrate composition and wash conditions. Our wastewater treatment system also decreased microbial functions related to pathogenesis. In summary, the new sanitation system studied here fosters microbial groups and functions that allow the system to efficiently and robustly recover carbon and nutrients while reducing pathogenic groups, ultimately generating a final effluent safe for discharge and reuse.},
}

@article {pmid33395419,
year = {2021},
author = {Macher, JN and Prazeres, M and Taudien, S and Jompa, J and Sadekov, A and Renema, W},
title = {Integrating morphology and metagenomics to understand taxonomic variability of Amphisorus (Foraminifera, Miliolida) from Western Australia and Indonesia.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {16},
number = {1},
pages = {e0244616},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0244616},
pmid = {33395419},
issn = {1932-6203},
abstract = {Foraminifera are a group of mostly marine protists with high taxonomic diversity. Species identification is often complex, as both morphological and molecular approaches can be challenging due to a lack of unique characters and reference sequences. An integrative approach combining state of the art morphological and molecular tools is therefore promising. In this study, we analysed large benthic Foraminifera of the genus Amphisorus from Western Australia and Indonesia. Based on previous findings on high morphological variability observed in the Soritidae and the discontinuous distribution of Amphisorus along the coast of western Australia, we expected to find multiple morphologically and genetically unique Amphisorus types. In order to gain detailed insights into the diversity of Amphisorus, we applied micro CT scanning and shotgun metagenomic sequencing. We identified four distinct morphotypes of Amphisorus, two each in Australia and Indonesia, and showed that each morphotype is a distinct genotype. Furthermore, metagenomics revealed the presence of three dinoflagellate symbiont clades. The most common symbiont was Fugacium Fr5, and we could show that its genotypes were mostly specific to Amphisorus morphotypes. Finally, we assembled the microbial taxa associated with the two Western Australian morphotypes, and analysed their microbial community composition. Even though each Amphisorus morphotype harboured distinct bacterial communities, sampling location had a stronger influence on bacterial community composition, and we infer that the prokaryotic community is primarily shaped by the microhabitat rather than host identity. The integrated approach combining analyses of host morphology and genetics, dinoflagellate symbionts, and associated microbes leads to the conclusion that we identified distinct, yet undescribed taxa of Amphisorus. We argue that the combination of morphological and molecular methods provides unprecedented insights into the diversity of foraminifera, which paves the way for a deeper understanding of their biodiversity, and facilitates future taxonomic and ecological work.},
}

@article {pmid33277504,
year = {2020},
author = {Tian, L and Wang, XW and Wu, AK and Fan, Y and Friedman, J and Dahlin, A and Waldor, MK and Weinstock, GM and Weiss, ST and Liu, YY},
title = {Deciphering functional redundancy in the human microbiome.},
journal = {Nature communications},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {6217},
pmid = {33277504},
issn = {2041-1723},
support = {UH3 OD023268/OD/NIH HHS/United States ; U19 AI095219/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; U01 HL089856/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; R01 AI141529/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; R01 HD093761/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; /HHMI/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/United States ; },
mesh = {Algorithms ; Bacteria/classification/genetics ; Feces/*microbiology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*genetics ; Gastrointestinal Tract/*microbiology ; Gene Regulatory Networks ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Humans ; Metagenome/*genetics ; Metagenomics/*methods ; Microbiota/*genetics ; Models, Genetic ; },
abstract = {Although the taxonomic composition of the human microbiome varies tremendously across individuals, its gene composition or functional capacity is highly conserved - implying an ecological property known as functional redundancy. Such functional redundancy has been hypothesized to underlie the stability and resilience of the human microbiome, but this hypothesis has never been quantitatively tested. The origin of functional redundancy is still elusive. Here, we investigate the basis for functional redundancy in the human microbiome by analyzing its genomic content network - a bipartite graph that links microbes to the genes in their genomes. We find that this network exhibits several topological features that favor high functional redundancy. Furthermore, we develop a simple genome evolution model to generate genomic content network, finding that moderate selection pressure and high horizontal gene transfer rate are necessary to generate genomic content networks with key topological features that favor high functional redundancy. Finally, we analyze data from two published studies of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), finding that high functional redundancy of the recipient's pre-FMT microbiota raises barriers to donor microbiota engraftment. This work elucidates the potential ecological and evolutionary processes that create and maintain functional redundancy in the human microbiome and contribute to its resilience.},
}

Algorithms
Bacteria/classification/genetics
Feces/*microbiology
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*genetics
Gastrointestinal Tract/*microbiology
Gene Regulatory Networks
Gene Transfer, Horizontal
Humans
Metagenome/*genetics
Metagenomics/*methods
Microbiota/*genetics
Models, Genetic

@article {pmid32994464,
year = {2020},
author = {Veses, V and González-Torres, P and Carbonetto, B and Del Mar Jovani-Sancho, M and González-Martínez, R and Cortell-Ballester, I and Sheth, CC},
title = {Dental black plaque: metagenomic characterization and comparative analysis with white-plaque.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {15962},
pmid = {32994464},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Adult ; Cluster Analysis ; Dental Plaque/*genetics ; Dysbiosis/genetics ; Female ; Genes, Bacterial/genetics ; Heme/genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Metagenome/genetics ; Metagenomics/methods ; Microbiota/*genetics ; Middle Aged ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Saliva/microbiology ; Spain ; },
abstract = {Extrinsic black dental staining is an external dental discoloration of bacterial origin, considered a special form of dental plaque. Currently, there is no definitive therapeutic option for eliminating black stain. This study employed 16S rRNA metagenomics to analyze black stain and white-plaque samples from 27 adult volunteers. Study objectives were to: describe the microbial diversity of adult black stain samples; characterize their taxonomic profile; compare the microbiomes of black stain versus white-plaque from adult volunteers and propose a functional map of the black stain microbiome using PICRUSt2. The black stain microbiome was poorer in species diversity as compared to white-plaque. The five most abundant genera in black stain were Capnocytophaga, Leptotrichia, Fusobacterium, Corynebacterium and Streptococcus. Functional analysis of microbial species revealed conserved and consistent clustering of functional pathways within and between black stain and white-plaque microbiomes. We describe enrichment of heme biosynthetic pathways in black stain. Our results suggest that the dysbiosis in black stain resembles "orally healthy" communities. The increased abundance of heme biosynthetic pathways suggests that heme-dependent iron sequestration and subsequent metabolism are key for black stain formation. Further research should decipher the regulation of heme biosynthetic genes and characterize the temporal sequence leading to colonization and dysbiosis.},
}

Adult
Cluster Analysis
Dental Plaque/*genetics
Dysbiosis/genetics
Female
Genes, Bacterial/genetics
Heme/genetics/metabolism
Humans
Male
Metagenome/genetics
Metagenomics/methods
Microbiota/*genetics
Middle Aged
Phylogeny
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Saliva/microbiology
Spain

@article {pmid32127018,
year = {2020},
author = {Qin, N and Liang, P and Wu, C and Wang, G and Xu, Q and Xiong, X and Wang, T and Zolfo, M and Segata, N and Qin, H and Knight, R and Gilbert, JA and Zhu, TF},
title = {Longitudinal survey of microbiome associated with particulate matter in a megacity.},
journal = {Genome biology},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {55},
pmid = {32127018},
issn = {1474-760X},
mesh = {*Air Pollution ; China ; Cities ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; *Metagenome ; Metagenomics/methods ; *Microbiota ; *Smog ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: While the physical and chemical properties of airborne particulate matter (PM) have been extensively studied, their associated microbiome remains largely unexplored. Here, we performed a longitudinal metagenomic survey of 106 samples of airborne PM2.5 and PM10 in Beijing over a period of 6 months in 2012 and 2013, including those from several historically severe smog events.

RESULTS: We observed that the microbiome composition and functional potential were conserved between PM2.5 and PM10, although considerable temporal variations existed. Among the airborne microorganisms, Propionibacterium acnes, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter lwoffii, Lactobacillus amylovorus, and Lactobacillus reuteri dominated, along with several viral species. We further identified an extensive repertoire of genes involved in antibiotic resistance and detoxification, including transporters, transpeptidases, and thioredoxins. Sample stratification based on Air Quality Index (AQI) demonstrated that many microbial species, including those associated with human, dog, and mouse feces, exhibit AQI-dependent incidence dynamics. The phylogenetic and functional diversity of air microbiome is comparable to those of soil and water environments, as its composition likely derives from a wide variety of sources.

CONCLUSIONS: Airborne particulate matter accommodates rich and dynamic microbial communities, including a range of microbial elements that are associated with potential health consequences.},
}

*Air Pollution
China
Cities
Environmental Monitoring/methods
*Metagenome
Metagenomics/methods
*Microbiota
*Smog

@article {pmid32093762,
year = {2020},
author = {Nazeen, S and Yu, YW and Berger, B},
title = {Carnelian uncovers hidden functional patterns across diverse study populations from whole metagenome sequencing reads.},
journal = {Genome biology},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {47},
pmid = {32093762},
issn = {1474-760X},
support = {T15LM007092//National Institute of Health (NIH)/International ; R01 GM108348/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Crohn Disease/genetics/microbiology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics/microbiology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*genetics ; Genome, Human ; Humans ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; *Metagenome ; Metagenomics/*methods ; Parkinson Disease/genetics/microbiology ; *Software ; },
abstract = {Microbial populations exhibit functional changes in response to different ambient environments. Although whole metagenome sequencing promises enough raw data to study those changes, existing tools are limited in their ability to directly compare microbial metabolic function across samples and studies. We introduce Carnelian, an end-to-end pipeline for metabolic functional profiling uniquely suited to finding functional trends across diverse datasets. Carnelian is able to find shared metabolic pathways, concordant functional dysbioses, and distinguish Enzyme Commission (EC) terms missed by existing methodologies. We demonstrate Carnelian's effectiveness on type 2 diabetes, Crohn's disease, Parkinson's disease, and industrialized and non-industrialized gut microbiome cohorts.},
}

Crohn Disease/genetics/microbiology
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics/microbiology
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*genetics
Genome, Human
Humans
Metabolic Networks and Pathways
*Metagenome
Metagenomics/*methods
Parkinson Disease/genetics/microbiology
*Software

@article {pmid32673387,
year = {2020},
author = {Zhao, F and Zhang, D and Ge, C and Zhang, L and Reinach, PS and Tian, X and Tao, C and Zhao, Z and Zhao, C and Fu, W and Zeng, C and Chen, W},
title = {Metagenomic Profiling of Ocular Surface Microbiome Changes in Meibomian Gland Dysfunction.},
journal = {Investigative ophthalmology & visual science},
volume = {61},
number = {8},
pages = {22},
pmid = {32673387},
issn = {1552-5783},
abstract = {Purpose: Ocular surface microbiome changes can affect meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) development. This study aimed to delineate differences among the microbiome of eyelid skin, conjunctiva, and meibum in healthy controls (HCs) and patients afflicted with MGD.

Methods: Shotgun metagenomic analysis was used to determine if there are differences between the microbial communities in ocular sites surrounding the meibomian gland in healthy individuals and patients afflicted with MGD.

Results: The meibum bacterial content of these microbiomes was dissimilar in these two different types of individuals. Almost all of the most significant taxonomic changes in the meibum microbiome of individuals with MGD were also present in their eyelid skin, but not in the conjunctiva. Such site-specific microbe pattern changes accompany increases in the gene expression levels controlling carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Most of the microbiomes in patients with MGD possess a microbe population capable of metabolizing benzoate. Pathogens known to underlie ocular infection were evident in these individuals. MGD meibum contained an abundance of Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter jejuni, and Enterococcus faecium pathogens, which were almost absent from HCs. Functional annotation indicated that in the microbiomes of MGD meibum their capability to undergo chemotaxis, display immune evasive virulence, and mediate type IV secretion was different than that in the microbiomes of meibum isolated from HCs.

Conclusions: MGD meibum contains distinct microbiota whose immune evasive virulence is much stronger than that in the HCs. Profiling differences between the meibum microbiome makeup in HCs and patients with MGD characterizes changes of microbial communities associated with the disease status.},
}

@article {pmid32448430,
year = {2020},
author = {Pan, S and Chen, R},
title = {Metaproteomic analysis of human gut microbiome in digestive and metabolic diseases.},
journal = {Advances in clinical chemistry},
volume = {97},
number = {},
pages = {1-12},
doi = {10.1016/bs.acc.2019.12.002},
pmid = {32448430},
issn = {2162-9471},
abstract = {Metaproteomics, as a subfield of proteomics, has quickly emerged as a pivotal tool for global characterization of a microbiome system at a functional level. It has been increasingly applied in studying human digestive and metabolic diseases, and provides information-rich data to identify the dysbiosis of human gut microbiome related to healthy or disease states to elucidate the molecular events underlying host-microbiota interplays. While significant technical challenges still exist, this emerging technology has been demonstrated to provide essential information in interrogating functional changes in the human gut microbiome, complementary to metagenomics and metatranscriptomics. This chapter overviews the overall metaproteomic work flow and its recent applications in studying human gut microbiome relevant to digestive and metabolic diseases.},
}

@article {pmid32679124,
year = {2020},
author = {Ibrahim, KS and Craft, JA and Biswas, L and Spencer, J and Shu, X},
title = {Etifoxine reverses weight gain and alters the colonic bacterial community in a mouse model of obesity.},
journal = {Biochemical pharmacology},
volume = {180},
number = {},
pages = {114151},
doi = {10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114151},
pmid = {32679124},
issn = {1873-2968},
mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Anxiety Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Colon/*drug effects/microbiology/physiology ; Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects ; Disease Models, Animal ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*drug effects/physiology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Obesity/*drug therapy/etiology/physiopathology ; Oxazines/*pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Weight Gain/*drug effects/physiology ; Weight Loss/drug effects/physiology ; },
abstract = {Obesity is intimately associated with diet and dysbiosis of gut microorganisms but anxiolytics, widely used in treatment of psychiatric conditions, frequently result in weight gain and associated metabolic disorders. We are interested in effects of the anxiolytic etifoxine, which has not been studied with respect to weight gain or effects on gut microorganisms. Here we induced obesity in mice by feeding a high-fat diet but found that intraperitoneal administration of etifoxine resulted in weight loss and decreased serum cholesterol and triglycerides. Obese mice had increased hepatic transcripts associated with lipid metabolism (cyp7a1, cyp27a1, abcg1 and LXRα) and inflammatory factors (TNFα and IL18) but these effects were reversed after etifoxine treatment other than cyp7a1. Taxonomic profiles of the organisms from the caecum were generated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and Obese and etifoxine mice show differences by diversity metrics, Differential Abundance and functional metagenomics. Organisms in genus Oscillospira and genera from Lachnospiraceae family and Clostridiales order are higher in Control than Obese and at intermediate levels with etifoxine treatment. With respect to community metabolic potential, etifoxine mice have characteristics similar to Control and particularly with respect to metabolism of butanoate, sphingolipid, lipid biosynthesis and xenobiotic metabolism. We suggest mechanisms where-by etifoxine influences processes of host, such as on bile acid synthesis, and microbiota, such as signalling from production of butanoate and sphingosine, resulting in decreased cholesterol, lipids and inflammatory factors. We speculate that the indirect effect of etifoxine on microbial composition is mediated by microbial β-glucuronidases that metabolise excreted etifoxine glucuronides.},
}

Animals
Anti-Anxiety Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use
Colon/*drug effects/microbiology/physiology
Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
Disease Models, Animal
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*drug effects/physiology
Male
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Obesity/*drug therapy/etiology/physiopathology
Oxazines/*pharmacology/*therapeutic use
Weight Gain/*drug effects/physiology
Weight Loss/drug effects/physiology

@article {pmid33202299,
year = {2021},
author = {Lu, M and Zhou, W and Ji, F and Wu, J and Nie, Y and Ren, C and Xu, Y},
title = {Profiling prokaryotic community in pit mud of Chinese strong-aroma type liquor by using oligotrophic culturing.},
journal = {International journal of food microbiology},
volume = {337},
number = {},
pages = {108951},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108951},
pmid = {33202299},
issn = {1879-3460},
mesh = {Acetates/analysis/metabolism ; Alcoholic Beverages/*microbiology ; Archaea/classification/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism ; China ; Culture Media/chemistry ; Fermentation ; Humans ; *Microbiota/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; },
abstract = {Pit mud microbiota plays a key role in flavour production for Chinese strong-aroma type liquor. However, the pit mud microbiota cannot be cultured in laboratory. In this study, an oligotrophic medium with acetate as carbon source was used to enrich pit mud microbiota. The 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was applied to examine the microbial dynamics of the enrichment consortia. Both methanogens and bacteria were simultaneously enriched. Euryarchaeota, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were the top 3 enriched phyla, and 31 genera were successfully enriched. More specifically, 11 genera (65%) out of the 17 dominant genera in pit mud were successfully enriched, including Petrimonas, Proteiniphilum, Anaerocella, Hydrogenispora, Methanosarcina, Fermentimonas, LNR_A2-18, Sedimentibacter, Lutispora, Syntrophomonas and Aminobacterium. Furthermore, 20 rare genera in the analyzed pit mud samples were also enriched. Aceticlastic Methanosaeta and Methanosarcina were found to be dominant methanogens in the enrichment consortia. Metagenomic sequencing was then applied to the enriched microbial consortia to explore the metabolic potentials of pit mud microbes. Aceticlastic methanogenesis pathway of Methanosaeta was reconstructed. Furthermore, 26 high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) were obtained based on the metagenomic binning analysis. Moreover, nutrients in pit mud were found to be crucial to sustain the methanogenesis of the enriched microbial consortia. These results suggested that the enrichment approach by using oligotrophic culturing can effectively cultivate the pit mud microbiota. Combined with metagenomics, the oligotrophic culturing will be greatly helpful to decipher the community composition and metabolic potentials of pit mud microbiota.},
}

Acetates/analysis/metabolism
Alcoholic Beverages/*microbiology
Archaea/classification/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism
Bacteria/classification/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism
China
Culture Media/chemistry
Fermentation
Humans
*Microbiota/genetics
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics

@article {pmid32844199,
year = {2020},
author = {Qian, Y and Yang, X and Xu, S and Huang, P and Li, B and Du, J and He, Y and Su, B and Xu, LM and Wang, L and Huang, R and Chen, S and Xiao, Q},
title = {Gut metagenomics-derived genes as potential biomarkers of Parkinson's disease.},
journal = {Brain : a journal of neurology},
volume = {143},
number = {8},
pages = {2474-2489},
doi = {10.1093/brain/awaa201},
pmid = {32844199},
issn = {1460-2156},
mesh = {Aged ; Case-Control Studies ; Feces/microbiology ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*genetics ; *Genetic Markers ; Humans ; Male ; Metagenomics/*methods ; Middle Aged ; Parkinson Disease/*diagnosis/*microbiology ; },
abstract = {Identification of the gut microbiome compositions associated with disease has become a research focus worldwide. Emerging evidence has revealed the presence of gut microbiota dysbiosis in Parkinson's disease. In this study, we aimed to identify the gut microbiome associated with Parkinson's disease and subsequently to screen and to validate potential diagnostic biomarkers of Parkinson's disease. This case-control study investigated gut microbial genes in faeces from 40 volunteer Chinese patients with Parkinson's disease and their healthy spouses using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Furthermore, the identified specific gut microbial gene markers were validated with real-time PCR in an independent Chinese cohort of 78 Parkinson's disease patients, 75 control subjects, 40 patients with multiple system atrophy and 25 patients with Alzheimer's disease. We developed the first gut microbial gene catalogue associated with Parkinson's disease. Twenty-five gene markers were identified that distinguished Parkinson's disease patients from healthy control subjects, achieving an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.896 (95% confidence interval: 83.1-96.1%). A highly accurate Parkinson's disease index, which was not influenced by disease severity or Parkinson's disease medications, was created. Testing these gene markers using quantitative PCR distinguished Parkinson's disease patients from healthy controls not only in the 40 couples (AUC = 0.922, 95% confidence interval: 86.4-98.0%), but also in an independent group of 78 patients with Parkinson's disease and 75 healthy control subjects (AUC = 0.905, 95% confidence interval: 86.0-95.1%). This classifier also performed a differential diagnosis power in discriminating these 78 patients with Parkinson's disease from a cohort of 40 patients with multiple system atrophy and 25 patients with Alzheimer's disease based on the panel of 25 biomarkers. Based on our results, the identified Parkinson's disease index based on the gene set from the gut microbiome may be a potential diagnostic biomarker of Parkinson's disease.},
}

Aged
Case-Control Studies
Feces/microbiology
Female
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*genetics
*Genetic Markers
Humans
Male
Metagenomics/*methods
Middle Aged
Parkinson Disease/*diagnosis/*microbiology

@article {pmid32081987,
year = {2020},
author = {Afshari, R and Pillidge, CJ and Read, E and Rochfort, S and Dias, DA and Osborn, AM and Gill, H},
title = {New insights into cheddar cheese microbiota-metabolome relationships revealed by integrative analysis of multi-omics data.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {3164},
pmid = {32081987},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Biodiversity ; Cheese/*microbiology ; DNA, Bacterial/metabolism ; *Food Analysis ; *Food Microbiology ; Lactobacillus ; Lactococcus ; *Metabolome ; Metabolomics ; Metagenomics ; *Microbiota ; Principal Component Analysis ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/metabolism ; Streptococcus ; },
abstract = {Cheese microbiota and metabolites and their inter-relationships that underpin specific cheese quality attributes remain poorly understood. Here we report that multi-omics and integrative data analysis (multiple co-inertia analysis, MCIA) can be used to gain deeper insights into these relationships and identify microbiota and metabolite fingerprints that could be used to monitor product quality and authenticity. Our study into different brands of artisanal and industrial cheddar cheeses showed that Streptococcus, Lactococcus and Lactobacillus were the dominant taxa with overall microbial community structures differing not only between industrial and artisanal cheeses but also among different cheese brands. Metabolome analysis also revealed qualitative and semi-quantitative differences in metabolites between different cheeses. This also included the presence of two compounds (3-hydroxy propanoic acid and O-methoxycatechol-O-sulphate) in artisanal cheese that have not been previously reported in any type of cheese. Integrative analysis of multi-omics datasets revealed that highly similar cheeses, identical in age and appearance, could be distinctively clustered according to cheese type and brand. Furthermore, the analysis detected strong relationships, some previously unknown, which existed between the cheese microbiota and metabolome, and uncovered specific taxa and metabolites that contributed to these relationships. These results highlight the potential of this approach for identifying product specific microbe/metabolite signatures that could be used to monitor and control cheese quality and product authenticity.},
}

Biodiversity
Cheese/*microbiology
DNA, Bacterial/metabolism
*Food Analysis
*Food Microbiology
Lactobacillus
Lactococcus
*Metabolome
Metabolomics
Metagenomics
*Microbiota
Principal Component Analysis
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/metabolism
Streptococcus

@article {pmid32240601,
year = {2020},
author = {Yan, Y and Drew, DA and Markowitz, A and Lloyd-Price, J and Abu-Ali, G and Nguyen, LH and Tran, C and Chung, DC and Gilpin, KK and Meixell, D and Parziale, M and Schuck, M and Patel, Z and Richter, JM and Kelsey, PB and Garrett, WS and Chan, AT and Stadler, ZK and Huttenhower, C},
title = {Structure of the Mucosal and Stool Microbiome in Lynch Syndrome.},
journal = {Cell host & microbe},
volume = {27},
number = {4},
pages = {585-600.e4},
pmid = {32240601},
issn = {1934-6069},
support = {R01 CA202704/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; L30 CA209764/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; P30 CA008748/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; R01 CA154426/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; T32 CA009001/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; K01 DK120742/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; /CRUK_/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Adenoma/microbiology ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Colectomy/adverse effects ; Colonic Neoplasms/diagnosis/*microbiology/pathology ; Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis/diagnosis/*microbiology/pathology ; Feces/microbiology ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Metagenomics ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Transcriptome ; Tumor Microenvironment ; },
abstract = {The gut microbiota has been associated with colorectal cancer (CRC), but causal alterations preceding CRC have not been elucidated. To prospectively assess microbiome changes prior to colorectal neoplasia, we investigated samples from 100 Lynch syndrome patients using 16S rRNA gene sequencing of colon biopsies, coupled with metagenomic and metatranscriptomic sequencing of feces. Colectomy and CRC history represented the largest effects on microbiome profiles. A subset of Clostridiaceae were depleted in stool corresponding with baseline adenomas, while Desulfovibrio was enriched both in stool and in mucosal biopsies. A classifier leveraging stool metatranscriptomes resulted in modest power to predict interval development of preneoplastic colonic adenoma. Predictive transcripts corresponded with a shift in flagellin contributors and oxidative metabolic microenvironment, potentially factors in local CRC pathogenesis. This suggests that the effectiveness of prospective microbiome monitoring for adenomas may be limited but supports the potential causality of these consistent, early microbial changes in colonic neoplasia.},
}

Adenoma/microbiology
Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Colectomy/adverse effects
Colonic Neoplasms/diagnosis/*microbiology/pathology
Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis/diagnosis/*microbiology/pathology
Feces/microbiology
Female
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*genetics
Humans
Male
Metagenomics
Middle Aged
Prospective Studies
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Transcriptome
Tumor Microenvironment

@article {pmid32140945,
year = {2020},
author = {Leite, GGS and Weitsman, S and Parodi, G and Celly, S and Sedighi, R and Sanchez, M and Morales, W and Villanueva-Millan, MJ and Barlow, GM and Mathur, R and Lo, SK and Jamil, LH and Paski, S and Rezaie, A and Pimentel, M},
title = {Mapping the Segmental Microbiomes in the Human Small Bowel in Comparison with Stool: A REIMAGINE Study.},
journal = {Digestive diseases and sciences},
volume = {65},
number = {9},
pages = {2595-2604},
pmid = {32140945},
issn = {1573-2568},
mesh = {Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Bacteria/*classification/genetics ; Feces/*microbiology ; Female ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Humans ; Intestine, Small/*microbiology ; Male ; Metagenomics ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Ribotyping ; Young Adult ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Most gut microbiome studies have been performed using stool samples. However, the small intestine is of central importance to digestion, nutrient absorption, and immune function, and characterizing its microbial populations is essential for elucidating their roles in human health and disease.

AIMS: To characterize the microbial populations of different small intestinal segments and contrast these to the stool microbiome.

METHODS: Male and female subjects undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy without colon preparation were prospectively recruited. Luminal aspirates were obtained from the duodenum, jejunum, and farthest distance reached. A subset also provided stool samples. 16S rRNA sequencing was performed and analyses were carried out using CLC Genomics Workbench.

RESULTS: 16S rRNA sequencing identified differences in more than 2000 operational taxonomic units between the small intestinal and stool microbiomes. Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the most abundant phyla in the small intestine, and Bacteroidetes were less abundant. In the small intestine, phylum Firmicutes was primarily represented by lactic acid bacteria, including families Streptococcaceae, Lactobacillaceae, and Carnobacteriaceae, and Proteobacteria was represented by families Neisseriaceae, Pasteurellaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae. The duodenal and FD microbial signatures were markedly different from each other, but there were overlaps between duodenal and jejunal and between jejunal and FD microbial signatures. In stool, Firmicutes were represented by families Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Christensenellaceae, and Proteobacteria by class Deltaproteobacteria.

CONCLUSIONS: The small bowel microbiome is markedly different from that in stool and also varies between segments. These findings may be important in determining how compositional changes in small intestinal microbiota contribute to human disease states.},
}

Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Bacteria/*classification/genetics
Feces/*microbiology
Female
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Humans
Intestine, Small/*microbiology
Male
Metagenomics
Middle Aged
Prospective Studies
Ribotyping
Young Adult

@article {pmid33272203,
year = {2020},
author = {Zhang, Q and Dao, T},
title = {A distance based multisample test for high-dimensional compositional data with applications to the human microbiome.},
journal = {BMC bioinformatics},
volume = {21},
number = {Suppl 9},
pages = {205},
pmid = {33272203},
issn = {1471-2105},
mesh = {Aged ; Bayes Theorem ; Computer Simulation ; Humans ; Metagenomics ; *Microbiota ; Middle Aged ; Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Compositional data refer to the data that lie on a simplex, which are common in many scientific domains such as genomics, geology and economics. As the components in a composition must sum to one, traditional tests based on unconstrained data become inappropriate, and new statistical methods are needed to analyze this special type of data.

RESULTS: In this paper, we consider a general problem of testing for the compositional difference between K populations. Motivated by microbiome and metagenomics studies, where the data are often over-dispersed and high-dimensional, we formulate a well-posed hypothesis from a Bayesian point of view and suggest a nonparametric test based on inter-point distance to evaluate statistical significance. Unlike most existing tests for compositional data, our method does not rely on any data transformation, sparsity assumption or regularity conditions on the covariance matrix, but directly analyzes the compositions. Simulated data and two real data sets on the human microbiome are used to illustrate the promise of our method.

CONCLUSIONS: Our simulation studies and real data applications demonstrate that the proposed test is more sensitive to the compositional difference than the mean-based method, especially when the data are over-dispersed or zero-inflated. The proposed test is easy to implement and computationally efficient, facilitating its application to large-scale datasets.},
}

Aged
Bayes Theorem
Computer Simulation
Humans
Metagenomics
*Microbiota
Middle Aged
Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted

@article {pmid33216744,
year = {2020},
author = {Zhao, C and Ni, H and Zhao, L and Zhou, L and Borrás-Hidalgo, O and Cui, R},
title = {High nitrogen concentration alter microbial community in Allium fistulosum rhizosphere.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {15},
number = {11},
pages = {e0241371},
pmid = {33216744},
issn = {1932-6203},
mesh = {Allium/*microbiology/physiology ; Bacteria/isolation & purification ; Biodiversity ; Fungi/isolation & purification ; Metagenomics ; Microbiota/*drug effects ; Nitrogen/*pharmacology ; Phylogeny ; *Rhizosphere ; Soil Microbiology ; Species Specificity ; },
abstract = {Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.) constitutes an important plant species cultivated in China due the benefits and applications in different areas. Moreover, nitrogen is an essential nutrient during the growth and development of plant. Here, we present the effects of nitrogen on soil microbiome in welsh onion plants. We used High-throughput sequencing analysis to determine the diversity and abundances of microbes associated to soil rhizosphere in welsh onion under the influence of nitrogen application. Nitrogen application significantly influenced in the diversity of fungal community. The relative abundance of Orbiliomycetes increased with the nitrogen concentration. Nitrogen application did not affect the diversity of bacterial community, whereas the relative abundance of Acidobacteria_Gp2, Verrucomicrobiae and Sphingobacteriia decreased with the nitrogen condition. In this work, we introduced evidences of the effect of nitrogen fertilization on microbial community in welsh onion rhizosphere, and the change of microbial community may interfere the growth and development of welsh onion.},
}

Allium/*microbiology/physiology
Bacteria/isolation & purification
Biodiversity
Fungi/isolation & purification
Metagenomics
Microbiota/*drug effects
Nitrogen/*pharmacology
Phylogeny
*Rhizosphere
Soil Microbiology
Species Specificity

@article {pmid33170893,
year = {2020},
author = {Sajulga, R and Easterly, C and Riffle, M and Mesuere, B and Muth, T and Mehta, S and Kumar, P and Johnson, J and Gruening, BA and Schiebenhoefer, H and Kolmeder, CA and Fuchs, S and Nunn, BL and Rudney, J and Griffin, TJ and Jagtap, PD},
title = {Survey of metaproteomics software tools for functional microbiome analysis.},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {15},
number = {11},
pages = {e0241503},
pmid = {33170893},
issn = {1932-6203},
support = {U24 CA199347/CA/NCI NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Dysbiosis/microbiology ; Gene Ontology ; *Metagenomics ; *Microbiota ; Peptides/analysis/chemistry ; *Proteomics ; *Software ; *Surveys and Questionnaires ; Workflow ; },
abstract = {To gain a thorough appreciation of microbiome dynamics, researchers characterize the functional relevance of expressed microbial genes or proteins. This can be accomplished through metaproteomics, which characterizes the protein expression of microbiomes. Several software tools exist for analyzing microbiomes at the functional level by measuring their combined proteome-level response to environmental perturbations. In this survey, we explore the performance of six available tools, to enable researchers to make informed decisions regarding software choice based on their research goals. Tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomic data obtained from dental caries plaque samples grown with and without sucrose in paired biofilm reactors were used as representative data for this evaluation. Microbial peptides from one sample pair were identified by the X! tandem search algorithm via SearchGUI and subjected to functional analysis using software tools including eggNOG-mapper, MEGAN5, MetaGOmics, MetaProteomeAnalyzer (MPA), ProPHAnE, and Unipept to generate functional annotation through Gene Ontology (GO) terms. Among these software tools, notable differences in functional annotation were detected after comparing differentially expressed protein functional groups. Based on the generated GO terms of these tools we performed a peptide-level comparison to evaluate the quality of their functional annotations. A BLAST analysis against the NCBI non-redundant database revealed that the sensitivity and specificity of functional annotation varied between tools. For example, eggNOG-mapper mapped to the most number of GO terms, while Unipept generated more accurate GO terms. Based on our evaluation, metaproteomics researchers can choose the software according to their analytical needs and developers can use the resulting feedback to further optimize their algorithms. To make more of these tools accessible via scalable metaproteomics workflows, eggNOG-mapper and Unipept 4.0 were incorporated into the Galaxy platform.},
}

Amino Acid Sequence
Dysbiosis/microbiology
Gene Ontology
*Metagenomics
*Microbiota
Peptides/analysis/chemistry
*Proteomics
*Software
*Surveys and Questionnaires
Workflow

@article {pmid32788623,
year = {2020},
author = {Latorre-Pérez, A and Villalba-Bermell, P and Pascual, J and Vilanova, C},
title = {Assembly methods for nanopore-based metagenomic sequencing: a comparative study.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {13588},
pmid = {32788623},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Genome, Bacterial/genetics ; Genomics/methods ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods ; Metagenome/*genetics ; Metagenomics/*methods ; Microbiota/genetics ; Nanopore Sequencing/*methods ; *Nanopores ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods ; },
abstract = {Metagenomic sequencing has allowed for the recovery of previously unexplored microbial genomes. Whereas short-read sequencing platforms often result in highly fragmented metagenomes, nanopore-based sequencers could lead to more contiguous assemblies due to their potential to generate long reads. Nevertheless, there is a lack of updated and systematic studies evaluating the performance of different assembly tools on nanopore data. In this study, we have benchmarked the ability of different assemblers to reconstruct two different commercially-available mock communities that have been sequenced using Oxford Nanopore Technologies platforms. Among the tested tools, only metaFlye, Raven, and Canu performed well in all the datasets. These tools retrieved highly contiguous genomes (or even complete genomes) directly from the metagenomic data. Despite the intrinsic high error of nanopore sequencing, final assemblies reached high accuracy (~ 99.5 to 99.8% of consensus accuracy). Polishing strategies demonstrated to be necessary for reducing the number of indels, and this had an impact on the prediction of biosynthetic gene clusters. Correction with high quality short reads did not always result in higher quality draft assemblies. Overall, nanopore metagenomic sequencing data-adapted to MinION's current output-proved sufficient for assembling and characterizing low-complexity microbial communities.},
}

Genome, Bacterial/genetics
Genomics/methods
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods
Metagenome/*genetics
Metagenomics/*methods
Microbiota/genetics
Nanopore Sequencing/*methods
*Nanopores
Reproducibility of Results
Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods

@article {pmid32519942,
year = {2020},
author = {François, S and Pybus, OG},
title = {Towards an understanding of the avian virome.},
journal = {The Journal of general virology},
volume = {101},
number = {8},
pages = {785-790},
pmid = {32519942},
issn = {1465-2099},
support = {BB/T008806/1//Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Animals, Wild/virology ; Birds/*virology ; Genome, Viral/genetics ; Humans ; Poultry Diseases/virology ; Virome/*genetics ; Virus Diseases/virology ; },
abstract = {The last two decades have seen the rise of viromics, the study of viral communities through the detection and characterization of virus genome sequences. Here we systematically review and summarize the scope and limitations of our current understanding of avian viromes, in both domesticated and wild-bird populations. We compare this viromic work to the broader literature on avian prokaryotic microbiomes, and highlight the growing importance of structured sampling and experimental design for testing explanatory hypotheses. We provide a number of recommendations for sample collection and preliminary data analysis to guide the development of avian viromics. Avian viromes have the potential to inform disease surveillance in poultry and improve our understanding of the risk of zoonotic viruses to human health.},
}

Animals
Animals, Wild/virology
Birds/*virology
Genome, Viral/genetics
Humans
Poultry Diseases/virology
Virome/*genetics
Virus Diseases/virology

@article {pmid32365167,
year = {2020},
author = {Hillmann, B and Al-Ghalith, GA and Shields-Cutler, RR and Zhu, Q and Knight, R and Knights, D},
title = {SHOGUN: a modular, accurate and scalable framework for microbiome quantification.},
journal = {Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)},
volume = {36},
number = {13},
pages = {4088-4090},
pmid = {32365167},
issn = {1367-4811},
support = {R01 AI121383/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; P01 DK078669/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Bayes Theorem ; Data Analysis ; Metagenomics ; *Microbiota/genetics ; *Software ; },
abstract = {SUMMARY: The software pipeline SHOGUN profiles known taxonomic and gene abundances of short-read shotgun metagenomics sequencing data. The pipeline is scalable, modular and flexible. Data analysis and transformation steps can be run individually or together in an automated workflow. Users can easily create new reference databases and can select one of three DNA alignment tools, ranging from ultra-fast low-RAM k-mer-based database search to fully exhaustive gapped DNA alignment, to best fit their analysis needs and computational resources. The pipeline includes an implementation of a published method for taxonomy assignment disambiguation with empirical Bayesian redistribution. The software is installable via the conda resource management framework, has plugins for the QIIME2 and QIITA packages and produces both taxonomy and gene abundance profile tables with a single command, thus promoting convenient and reproducible metagenomics research.

https://github.com/knights-lab/SHOGUN.},
}

Bayes Theorem
Data Analysis
Metagenomics
*Microbiota/genetics
*Software

@article {pmid32245246,
year = {2020},
author = {Chandrarathna, HPSU and Liyanage, TD and Edirisinghe, SL and Dananjaya, SHS and Thulshan, EHT and Nikapitiya, C and Oh, C and Kang, DH and De Zoysa, M},
title = {Marine Microalgae, Spirulina maxima-Derived Modified Pectin and Modified Pectin Nanoparticles Modulate the Gut Microbiota and Trigger Immune Responses in Mice.},
journal = {Marine drugs},
volume = {18},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {32245246},
issn = {1660-3397},
support = {PN68031//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; PE99621 and PE99722//Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST)/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/analysis/metabolism ; Bacteroidetes/genetics/isolation & purification ; Feces/microbiology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*drug effects/genetics ; Immunity, Innate/drug effects ; Immunity, Mucosal/drug effects ; Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects/immunology/metabolism/microbiology ; Male ; Metagenomics ; Mice ; Microalgae/*chemistry ; Models, Animal ; Mucins/analysis/metabolism ; Nanoparticles/*administration & dosage ; Pectins/*administration & dosage/isolation & purification ; Prebiotics/*administration & dosage ; Spirulina/*chemistry ; },
abstract = {This study evaluated the modulation of gut microbiota, immune responses, and gut morphometry in C57BL/6 mice, upon oral administration of S. maxima-derived modified pectin (SmP, 7.5 mg/mL) and pectin nanoparticles (SmPNPs; 7.5 mg/mL). Metagenomics analysis was conducted using fecal samples, and mice duodenum and jejunum were used for analyzing the immune response and gut morphometry, respectively. The results of metagenomics analysis revealed that the abundance of Bacteroidetes in the gut increased in response to both modified SmP and SmPNPs (75%) as compared with that in the control group (66%), while that of Firmicutes decreased in (20%) as compared with that in the control group (30%). The mRNA levels of mucin, antimicrobial peptide, and antiviral and gut permeability-related genes in the duodenum were significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated (> 2-fold) upon modified SmP and SmPNPs feeding. Protein level of intestinal alkaline phosphatase was increased (1.9-fold) in the duodenum of modified SmPNPs feeding, evidenced by significantly increased goblet cell density (0.5 ± 0.03 cells/1000 µm2) and villi height (352 ± 10 µm). Our results suggest that both modified SmP and SmPNPs have the potential to modulate gut microbial community, enhance the expression of immune related genes, and improve gut morphology.},
}

Animals
Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/analysis/metabolism
Bacteroidetes/genetics/isolation & purification
Feces/microbiology
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*drug effects/genetics
Immunity, Innate/drug effects
Immunity, Mucosal/drug effects
Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects/immunology/metabolism/microbiology
Male
Metagenomics
Mice
Microalgae/*chemistry
Models, Animal
Mucins/analysis/metabolism
Nanoparticles/*administration & dosage
Pectins/*administration & dosage/isolation & purification
Prebiotics/*administration & dosage
Spirulina/*chemistry

@article {pmid32128982,
year = {2020},
author = {Tu, Q},
title = {Random sampling in metagenomic sequencing leads to overestimated spatial scaling of microbial diversity.},
journal = {Environmental microbiology},
volume = {22},
number = {6},
pages = {2140-2149},
doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.14973},
pmid = {32128982},
issn = {1462-2920},
support = {31700427//National Natural Science Foundation of China/International ; 31971446//National Natural Science Foundation of China/International ; LQ17D060002//Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China/International ; kf2016002//Open Project of Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, CAS/International ; SKYAM002-2016//Open Funding of State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China/International ; 2017C82218//Bureau of Science and Technology of Zhoushan/International ; //Qilu Young Scholarship of Shandong University/International ; },
mesh = {*Biodiversity ; Forests ; Geography ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics ; Microbiota/*genetics ; Random Allocation ; *Soil Microbiology ; },
abstract = {Revealing the spatial scaling patterns of microbial diversity is of special interest in microbial ecology. One critical question is whether the observed spatial turnover rate truly reflect the actual spatial patterns of extremely diverse microbial communities. Using simulated mock communities, this study suggested that the currently observed microbial spatial turnover rates were overestimated by random sampling processes associated with high-throughput metagenomic sequencing. The observed z values were largely contributed by accumulated microbial taxa due to cumulative number of samples. This is a crucial issue because microbial communities already have very low spatial turnover rate due to the small size and potential cosmopolitism nature of microorganisms. Further investigations suggested a linear relationship between the observed and expected z values, which can be applied to remove random sampling noises from the observed z values. Adjustment of z values for data sets from six American forests showed much lower spatial turnover rate than that before adjustment. However, the patterns of z values among these six forests remained unchanged. This study suggested that our current understanding of microbial taxa-area relationships could be inaccurate. Therefore, cautions and efforts should be made for more accurate estimation and interpretation of microbial spatial patterns.},
}

*Biodiversity
Forests
Geography
Metagenome
Metagenomics
Microbiota/*genetics
Random Allocation
*Soil Microbiology

@article {pmid32114693,
year = {2020},
author = {Karthikeyan, S and Rodriguez-R, LM and Heritier-Robbins, P and Hatt, JK and Huettel, M and Kostka, JE and Konstantinidis, KT},
title = {Genome repository of oil systems: An interactive and searchable database that expands the catalogued diversity of crude oil-associated microbes.},
journal = {Environmental microbiology},
volume = {22},
number = {6},
pages = {2094-2106},
doi = {10.1111/1462-2920.14966},
pmid = {32114693},
issn = {1462-2920},
support = {No 321611-00//Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative/International ; //Georgia Institute of Technology/International ; },
mesh = {*Biodegradation, Environmental ; *Databases, Genetic ; Gulf of Mexico ; Hydrocarbons/metabolism ; Metagenome/genetics ; Metagenomics ; Microbiota/genetics ; Oil and Gas Fields/*microbiology ; Petroleum/metabolism/*microbiology ; Petroleum Pollution/*analysis ; },
abstract = {Microbial communities ultimately control the fate of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) that enter the natural environment, but the interactions of microbes with PHCs and the environment are highly complex and poorly understood. Genome-resolved metagenomics can help unravel these complex interactions. However, the lack of a comprehensive database that integrates existing genomic/metagenomic data from oil environments with physicochemical parameters known to regulate the fate of PHCs currently limits data analysis and interpretations. Here, we curated a comprehensive, searchable database that documents microbial populations in natural oil ecosystems and oil spills, along with available underlying physicochemical data, geocoded via geographic information system to reveal their geographic distribution patterns. Analysis of the ~2000 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) available in the database revealed strong ecological niche specialization within habitats. Over 95% of the recovered MAGs represented novel taxa underscoring the limited representation of cultured organisms from oil-contaminated and oil reservoir ecosystems. The majority of MAGs linked to oil-contaminated ecosystems were detectable in non-oiled samples from the Gulf of Mexico but not in comparable samples from elsewhere, indicating that the Gulf is primed for oil biodegradation. The repository should facilitate future work toward a predictive understanding of the microbial taxa and their activities that control the fate of oil spills.},
}

*Biodegradation, Environmental
*Databases, Genetic
Gulf of Mexico
Hydrocarbons/metabolism
Metagenome/genetics
Metagenomics
Microbiota/genetics
Oil and Gas Fields/*microbiology
Petroleum/metabolism/*microbiology
Petroleum Pollution/*analysis

@article {pmid32062778,
year = {2020},
author = {Nkongolo, KK and Narendrula-Kotha, R},
title = {Advances in monitoring soil microbial community dynamic and function.},
journal = {Journal of applied genetics},
volume = {61},
number = {2},
pages = {249-263},
pmid = {32062778},
issn = {2190-3883},
support = {CRDP-J- 470535-2014//Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/ ; },
mesh = {Bacteria/*genetics/isolation & purification ; *Environmental Monitoring ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Microbiota/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Soil Microbiology ; },
abstract = {Microorganisms are vital to the overall ecosystem functioning, stability, and sustainability. Soil fertility and health depend on chemical composition and also on the qualitative and quantitative nature of microorganisms inhabiting it. Historically, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE), single-strand conformation polymorphism, DNA amplification fingerprinting, amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism, length heterogeneity PCR, and ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis were used to assess soil microbial community structure (SMCS), abundance, and diversity. However, these methods had significant shortcomings and limitations for application in land reclamation monitoring. SMCS has been primarily determined by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. This method provides a direct measure of viable biomass in addition to a biochemical profile of the microbial community. PLFA has limitations such as overlap in the composition of microorganisms and the specificity of PLFAs signature. In recent years, high-throughput next-generation sequencing has dramatically increased the resolution and detectable spectrum of diverse microbial phylotypes from environmental samples and it plays a significant role in microbial ecology studies. Next-generation sequencings using 454, Illumina, SOLiD, and Ion Torrent platforms are rapid and flexible. The two methods, PLFA and next-generation sequencing, are useful in detecting changes in microbial community diversity and structure in different ecosystems. Single-molecule real-time (SMRT) and nanopore sequencing technologies represent third-generation sequencing (TGS) platforms that have been developed to address the shortcomings of second-generation sequencing (SGS). Enzymatic and soil respiration analyses are performed to further determine soil quality and microbial activities. Other valuable methods that are being recently applied to microbial function and structures include NanoSIM, GeoChip, and DNA stable staple isotope probing (DNA-SIP) technologies. They are powerful metagenomics tool for analyzing microbial communities, including their structure, metabolic potential, diversity, and their impact on ecosystem functions. This review is a critical analysis of current methods used in monitoring soil microbial community dynamic and functions.},
}

Bacteria/*genetics/isolation & purification
*Environmental Monitoring
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
Microbiota/*genetics
Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length/genetics
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
*Soil Microbiology

@article {pmid32006353,
year = {2020},
author = {Sadan, T and Aravindakshan, TV and Radhika, G and Anand, LF and Ally, K},
title = {Metagenomic analysis exploring taxonomic diversity of rumen microbial communities in Vechur and crossbred cattle of Kerala state, India.},
journal = {Journal of applied genetics},
volume = {61},
number = {2},
pages = {287-297},
pmid = {32006353},
issn = {2190-3883},
support = {CB/51/81/MVM/2016/GT//Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Archaea/classification/genetics ; Bacteria/classification/genetics ; Cattle ; Classification ; Genetic Variation/*genetics ; India ; Metagenome/*genetics ; Metagenomics ; Microbiota/*genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Rumen/*microbiology ; },
abstract = {Rumen, one of the most productive diverse microbial habitats plays a vital role in the breakdown of feed to produce energy for maintenance and milk production in cattle. Culture-based procedures could identify only 10% of microbial species present in the rumen. Kerala, one of the southern states of India, owns only one native cattle breed, the Vechur cattle, which is noted for its short stature, disease resistance and adaptability to hot humid climate. Lower population density and decreased milk production potential of Vechur cattle led to the development of crossbred cattle of Kerala, with higher milk yield. A study was conducted to assess the rumen microbial profile of low productive Vechur cattle and high productive crossbred cattle for a better understanding of the relationship between the host and microbial community. DNA isolated from rumen liquor of five cattle each from both genetic groups maintained on standard ration (forage, concentrate ratio of 50:50) was subjected to whole metagenome sequencing. Bioinformatics and statistical analysis revealed that bacteria followed by archaea and eukaryota dominated in the Vechur cattle as well as the crossbred cattle rumen. Bacterial community was dominated by Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla in both genetic groups with a higher Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio of 0.45 in Vechur cattle. Among archaea, Euryarchaeota was more abundant, which constitute methanogens, contributing 98% of total archaeal reads. Prevalent protozoal genus found in the Vechur cattle rumen was Entodinium and in crossbred cattle rumen was Entamoeba. In Vechur and crossbred cattle rumen, 1086 and 1262 microbial species were observed exclusively and 4731 species were shared between habitats. There was a significant difference in total microbial species abundance between the two genetic groups and Vechur cattle displayed significantly higher microbial diversity compared to crossbred. As per literature, this is presumably the first report of rumen metagenome profile of Vechur cattle, a unique short breed of India.},
}

Animals
Archaea/classification/genetics
Bacteria/classification/genetics
Cattle
Classification
Genetic Variation/*genetics
India
Metagenome/*genetics
Metagenomics
Microbiota/*genetics
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Rumen/*microbiology

@article {pmid31884359,
year = {2020},
author = {Zhang, L and Li, L and Sha, G and Liu, C and Wang, Z and Wang, L},
title = {Aerobic composting as an effective cow manure management strategy for reducing the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes: An integrated meta-omics study.},
journal = {Journal of hazardous materials},
volume = {386},
number = {},
pages = {121895},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121895},
pmid = {31884359},
issn = {1873-3336},
mesh = {Acinetobacter/drug effects/genetics ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; China ; Composting/*methods ; Drug Resistance, Microbial/*genetics ; Genes, Bacterial/*drug effects ; Manure/*microbiology ; *Metagenomics ; Microbiota/drug effects/*genetics ; Pseudomonas/drug effects/genetics ; Soil/chemistry ; },
abstract = {Livestock manure is considered as an important source for spreading antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) into the environment, and therefore poses a direct threat to public health. Whereas the effects of reused manure on soil microbial communities and ARGs have been studied extensively, comprehensive characterizations of microbial communities and ARGs of manure produced by different management methods are not well understood. Here, we analyzed the fate of microbial communities and ARGs of cow manure treated by three conventional management strategies: aerobic composting, mechanical drying and precipitation, applying an integrated-omics approach combining metagenomics and metaproteomics. Integrated-omics demonstrated that composted manure contained the lowest diversity of microbial community and ARGs compared with manure treated by other two strategies. Quantitative PCR methods revealed that the abundances of ARGs were reduced by over 83 % after composting for 14 days, regardless of the season. Besides, the potential ARG hosts Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas dominating mechanical drying process were sharply decreased in abundances after composting. The significant co-occurrence networks among bacteria, ARGs and transposase gene tnpA-01 in composting samples indicated the important role of these bacteria in the dissemination of ARGs. These findings offer insight into potential strategies to control the spread of ARGs during livestock manure reuse.},
}

Acinetobacter/drug effects/genetics
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
China
Composting/*methods
Drug Resistance, Microbial/*genetics
Genes, Bacterial/*drug effects
Manure/*microbiology
*Metagenomics
Microbiota/drug effects/*genetics
Pseudomonas/drug effects/genetics
Soil/chemistry

@article {pmid32245128,
year = {2020},
author = {Nishiyama, M and Ohtake, N and Kaneko, A and Tsuchiya, N and Imamura, S and Iizuka, S and Ishizawa, S and Nishi, A and Yamamoto, M and Taketomi, A and Kono, T},
title = {Increase of Akkermansia muciniphila by a Diet Containing Japanese Traditional Medicine Bofutsushosan in a Mouse Model of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.},
journal = {Nutrients},
volume = {12},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {32245128},
issn = {2072-6643},
mesh = {Akkermansia ; *Animal Feed/microbiology ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Biomarkers ; Biopsy ; Body Weight ; Dietary Supplements ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/*administration & dosage ; Eating ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics/methods ; Mice ; Mice, Obese ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/*etiology/metabolism/pathology/prevention & control ; },
abstract = {Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered a worldwide healthcare problem that mirrors the increased prevalence of obesity. Gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the progression and treatment of NAFLD. Bofutsushosan (BTS), a pharmaceutical-grade Japanese traditional medicine, has long been prescribed in Japan for obesity and obesity-related syndrome. Although BTS has been reported to exert an anti-obesity effect in obese patients as well as various obesity-model animals, its effect on gut microbiota is unknown. Here, the effects of BTS on obesity, liver damage, and the gut microbiome in genetically obese mice, ob/ob, were studied. Seven-week-old ob/ob mice were fed a standard diet with (BTS group) or without (CONT group) 5% BTS for 4 weeks. By comparison to the CONT group, the BTS group showed reduced body weight gain and hyperlipidemia as well as improved liver function. Moreover, gut microbiota in the CONT and BTS group formed a significantly different cluster. Specifically, the genera Akkermansia, Bacteroides and an unknown genus of the family Enterobacteriaceae expanded dramatically in the BTS group. Noteworthy, the population of Akkermansia muciniphila, which is reported to elicit an anti-obesity effect and improve various metabolic abnormalities, was markedly increased (93-fold) compared with the CONT group. These results imply that BTS may be a promising agent for treating NAFLD.},
}

Akkermansia
*Animal Feed/microbiology
Animals
Biodiversity
Biomarkers
Biopsy
Body Weight
Dietary Supplements
Disease Models, Animal
Drugs, Chinese Herbal/*administration & dosage
Eating
Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Humans
Immunohistochemistry
Metagenome
Metagenomics/methods
Mice
Mice, Obese
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/*etiology/metabolism/pathology/prevention & control

@article {pmid33008816,
year = {2020},
author = {Hammer, TJ and Dickerson, JC and McMillan, WO and Fierer, N},
title = {Heliconius Butterflies Host Characteristic and Phylogenetically Structured Adult-Stage Microbiomes.},
journal = {Applied and environmental microbiology},
volume = {86},
number = {24},
pages = {},
pmid = {33008816},
issn = {1098-5336},
mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*isolation & purification ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Butterflies/*microbiology ; Host Microbial Interactions ; *Microbiota ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, RNA/*methods ; Species Specificity ; },
abstract = {Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) are diverse and ecologically important, yet we know little about how they interact with microbes as adults. Due to metamorphosis, the form and function of their adult-stage microbiomes might be very different from those of microbiomes in the larval stage (caterpillars). We studied adult-stage microbiomes of Heliconius and closely related passion-vine butterflies (Heliconiini), which are an important model system in evolutionary biology. To characterize the structure and dynamics of heliconiine microbiomes, we used field collections of wild butterflies, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, quantitative PCR, and shotgun metagenomics. We found that Heliconius butterflies harbor simple and abundant bacterial communities that are moderately consistent among conspecific individuals and over time. Heliconiine microbiomes also exhibited a strong signal of the host phylogeny, with a major distinction between Heliconius and other butterflies. These patterns were largely driven by differing relative abundances of bacterial phylotypes shared among host species and genera, as opposed to the presence or absence of host-specific phylotypes. We suggest that the phylogenetic structure in heliconiine microbiomes arises from conserved host traits that differentially filter microbes from the environment. While the relative importance of different traits remains unclear, our data indicate that pollen feeding (unique to Heliconius) is not a primary driver. Using shotgun metagenomics, we also discovered trypanosomatids and microsporidia to be prevalent in butterfly guts, raising the possibility of antagonistic interactions between eukaryotic parasites and colocalized gut bacteria. Our discovery of characteristic and phylogenetically structured microbiomes provides a foundation for tests of adult-stage microbiome function, a poorly understood aspect of lepidopteran biology.IMPORTANCE Many insects host microbiomes with important ecological functions. However, the prevalence of this phenomenon is unclear because in many insect taxa, microbiomes have been studied in only part of the life cycle, if at all. A prominent example is butterflies and moths, in which the composition and functional role of adult-stage microbiomes are largely unknown. We comprehensively characterized microbiomes in adult passion-vine butterflies. Butterfly-associated bacterial communities are generally abundant in guts, consistent within populations, and composed of taxa widely shared among hosts. More closely related butterflies harbor more similar microbiomes, with the most dramatic shift in microbiome composition occurring in tandem with a suite of ecological and life history traits unique to the genus Heliconius Butterflies are also frequently infected with previously undescribed eukaryotic parasites, which may interact with bacteria in important ways. These findings advance our understanding of butterfly biology and insect-microbe interactions generally.},
}

Animals
Bacteria/*isolation & purification
*Bacterial Physiological Phenomena
Butterflies/*microbiology
Host Microbial Interactions
*Microbiota
Phylogeny
Sequence Analysis, RNA/*methods
Species Specificity

@article {pmid32704056,
year = {2020},
author = {Song, CH and Kim, N and Nam, RH and Choi, SI and Lee, HN and Surh, YJ},
title = {17β-Estradiol supplementation changes gut microbiota diversity in intact and colorectal cancer-induced ICR male mice.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {12283},
pmid = {32704056},
issn = {2045-2322},
mesh = {Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Colorectal Neoplasms/*etiology/metabolism/pathology ; *Dietary Supplements ; Disease Models, Animal ; Disease Susceptibility ; Estradiol/*administration & dosage ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*drug effects ; Male ; Metagenome ; Metagenomics/methods ; Mice ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; },
abstract = {The composition of the gut microbiota is influenced by sex hormones and colorectal cancer (CRC). Previously, we reported that 17β-estradiol (E2) inhibits azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS)-induced tumorigenesis in male mice. Here, we investigated whether the composition of the gut microbiota is different between male and female, and is regulated by estrogen as a secondary outcome of previous studies. We established four groups of mice based on the sex and estrogen status [ovariectomized (OVX) female and E2-treated male]. Additionally, three groups of males were established by treating them with AOM/DSS, and E2, after subjecting them to AOM/DSS treatment. The mice were sacrificed at 21 weeks old. The composition of the gut microbiota was analyzed using 16S rRNA metagenomics sequencing. We observed a significant increase in the microbial diversity (Chao1 index) in females, males supplemented with E2, and males treated with AOM/DSS/E2 compared with normal males. In normal physiological condition, sex difference and E2 treatment did not affect the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B). However, in AOM/DSS-treated male mice, E2 supplementation showed significantly lower level of the F/B ratio. The ratio of commensal bacteria to opportunistic pathogens was higher in females and E2-treated males compared to normal males and females subjected to OVX. Unexpectedly, this ratio was higher in the AOM/DSS group than that determined in other males and the AOM/DSS/E2 group. Our findings suggest that estrogen alters the gut microbiota in ICR (CrljOri:CD1) mice, particularly AOM/DSS-treated males, by decreasing the F/B ratio and changing Shannon and Simpson index by supply of estrogen. This highlights another possibility that estrogen could cause changes in the gut microbiota, thereby reducing the risk of developing CRC.},
}

Animals
*Biodiversity
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Colorectal Neoplasms/*etiology/metabolism/pathology
*Dietary Supplements
Disease Models, Animal
Disease Susceptibility
Estradiol/*administration & dosage
Female
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/*drug effects
Male
Metagenome
Metagenomics/methods
Mice
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S

@article {pmid32690954,
year = {2020},
author = {Wolf, YI and Silas, S and Wang, Y and Wu, S and Bocek, M and Kazlauskas, D and Krupovic, M and Fire, A and Dolja, VV and Koonin, EV},
title = {Doubling of the known set of RNA viruses by metagenomic analysis of an aquatic virome.},
journal = {Nature microbiology},
volume = {5},
number = {10},
pages = {1262-1270},
pmid = {32690954},
issn = {2058-5276},
support = {R01 GM037706/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; R35 GM130366/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Amino Acid Sequence ; Biodiversity ; China ; Computational Biology/methods ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Order ; *Genome, Viral ; *Metagenome ; *Metagenomics/methods ; Phylogeny ; RNA Viruses/*classification/*genetics ; Viral Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Water Microbiology ; },
abstract = {RNA viruses in aquatic environments remain poorly studied. Here, we analysed the RNA virome from approximately 10 l water from Yangshan Deep-Water Harbour near the Yangtze River estuary in China and identified more than 4,500 distinct RNA viruses, doubling the previously known set of viruses. Phylogenomic analysis identified several major lineages, roughly, at the taxonomic ranks of class, order and family. The 719-member-strong Yangshan virus assemblage is the sister clade to the expansive class Alsuviricetes and consists of viruses with simple genomes that typically encode only RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP), capping enzyme and capsid protein. Several clades within the Yangshan assemblage independently evolved domain permutation in the RdRP. Another previously unknown clade shares ancestry with Potyviridae, the largest known plant virus family. The 'Aquatic picorna-like viruses/Marnaviridae' clade was greatly expanded, with more than 800 added viruses. Several RdRP-linked protein domains not previously detected in any RNA viruses were identified, such as the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) domain, phospholipase A2 and PrsW-family protease domain. Multiple viruses utilize alternative genetic codes implying protist (especially ciliate) hosts. The results reveal a vast RNA virome that includes many previously unknown groups. However, phylogenetic analysis of the RdRPs supports the previously established five-branch structure of the RNA virus evolutionary tree, with no additional phyla.},
}

Amino Acid Sequence
Biodiversity
China
Computational Biology/methods
Evolution, Molecular
Gene Order
*Genome, Viral
*Metagenome
*Metagenomics/methods
Phylogeny
RNA Viruses/*classification/*genetics
Viral Proteins/chemistry/genetics
Water Microbiology

@article {pmid32580805,
year = {2020},
author = {Garber, A and Hastie, PM and Farci, V and McGuinness, D and Bulmer, L and Alzahal, O and Murray, JMD},
title = {The effect of supplementing pony diets with yeast on 2. The faecal microbiome.},
journal = {Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience},
volume = {14},
number = {12},
pages = {2493-2502},
doi = {10.1017/S1751731120001512},
pmid = {32580805},
issn = {1751-732X},
mesh = {Animal Feed/analysis ; Animals ; Diet/veterinary ; Feces ; Horses ; Male ; *Microbiota ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; },
abstract = {There is a need to develop feeding strategies to prevent the adverse effect of concentrate feeding in high-performance horses fed energy-dense diets aiming to maintain their health and welfare. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of a VistaEQ product containing 4% live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae), with activity 5 × 108 colony-forming unit/g and fed 2 g/pony per day, on faecal microbial populations when supplemented with high-starch and high-fibre diets using Illumina next generation sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. The four treatments were allocated to eight mature Welsh section A pony geldings enrolled in a 4-period × 8 animal crossover design. Each 19-day experimental period consisted of an 18-day adaptation phase and a single collection day, followed by a 7-day wash out period. After DNA extraction from faeces and library preparation, α-diversity and linear discriminant analysis effect size were performed using 16S metagenomics pipeline in Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology (QIIME™) and Galaxy/Hutlab. Differences between the groups were considered significant when linear discriminant analysis score was >2 corresponding to P < 0.05. The present study showed that S. cerevisiae used was able to induce positive changes in the equine microbiota when supplemented to a high-fibre diet: it increased relative abundance (RA) of Lachnospiraceae and Dehalobacteriaceae family members associated with a healthy core microbiome. Yeast supplementation also increased the RA of fibrolytic bacteria (Ruminococcus) when fed with a high-fibre diet and reduced the RA of lactate producing bacteria (Streptococcus) when a high-starch diet was fed. In addition, yeast increased the RA of acetic, succinic acid producing bacterial family (Succinivibrionaceae) and butyrate producing bacterial genus (Roseburia) when fed with high-starch and high-fibre diets, respectively. VistaEQ supplementation to equine diets can be potentially used to prevent acidosis and increase fibre digestibility. It may help to meet the energy requirements of performance horses while maintaining gut health.},
}

Animal Feed/analysis
Animals
Diet/veterinary
Feces
Horses
Male
*Microbiota
*Saccharomyces cerevisiae

@article {pmid32332864,
year = {2020},
author = {Spasov, E and Tsuji, JM and Hug, LA and Doxey, AC and Sauder, LA and Parker, WJ and Neufeld, JD},
title = {High functional diversity among Nitrospira populations that dominate rotating biological contactor microbial communities in a municipal wastewater treatment plant.},
journal = {The ISME journal},
volume = {14},
number = {7},
pages = {1857-1872},
pmid = {32332864},
issn = {1751-7370},
mesh = {Ammonia ; Archaea/genetics ; Bacteria/genetics ; *Biological Products ; Canada ; *Microbiota ; Nitrification ; Nitrites ; Oxidation-Reduction ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; *Water Purification ; },
abstract = {Nitrification, the oxidation of ammonia to nitrate via nitrite, is an important process in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Members of the Nitrospira genus that contribute to complete ammonia oxidation (comammox) have only recently been discovered and their relevance to engineered water treatment systems is poorly understood. This study investigated distributions of Nitrospira, ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in biofilm samples collected from tertiary rotating biological contactors (RBCs) of a municipal WWTP in Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Using quantitative PCR (qPCR), 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and metagenomics, our results demonstrate that Nitrospira species strongly dominate RBC biofilm samples and that comammox Nitrospira outnumber all other nitrifiers. Genome bins recovered from assembled metagenomes reveal multiple populations of comammox Nitrospira with distinct spatial and temporal distributions, including several taxa that are distinct from previously characterized Nitrospira members. Diverse functional profiles imply a high level of niche heterogeneity among comammox Nitrospira, in contrast to the sole detected AOA representative that was previously cultivated and characterized from the same RBC biofilm. Our metagenome bins also reveal two cyanase-encoding populations of comammox Nitrospira, suggesting an ability to degrade cyanate, which has only been shown previously for several Nitrospira representatives that are strict nitrite oxidizers. This study demonstrates the importance of RBCs as model systems for continued investigation of environmental factors that control the distributions and activities of AOB, AOA, comammox Nitrospira, and other nitrite oxidizers.},
}

Ammonia
Archaea/genetics
Bacteria/genetics
*Biological Products
Canada
*Microbiota
Nitrification
Nitrites
Oxidation-Reduction
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
*Water Purification

@article {pmid32228448,
year = {2020},
author = {Xu, L and Surathu, A and Raplee, I and Chockalingam, A and Stewart, S and Walker, L and Sacks, L and Patel, V and Li, Z and Rouse, R},
title = {The effect of antibiotics on the gut microbiome: a metagenomics analysis of microbial shift and gut antibiotic resistance in antibiotic treated mice.},
journal = {BMC genomics},
volume = {21},
number = {1},
pages = {263},
pmid = {32228448},
issn = {1471-2164},
mesh = {Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology ; Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects/genetics ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Metagenomics/*methods ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Emergence of antibiotic resistance is a global public health concern. The relationships between antibiotic use, the gut community composition, normal physiology and metabolism, and individual and public health are still being defined. Shifts in composition of bacteria, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) after antibiotic treatment are not well-understood.

METHODS: This project used next-generation sequencing, custom-built metagenomics pipeline and differential abundance analysis to study the effect of antibiotic monotherapy on resistome and taxonomic composition in the gut of Balb/c mice infected with E. coli via transurethral catheterization to investigate the evolution and emergence of antibiotic resistance.

RESULTS: There is a longitudinal decrease of gut microbiota diversity after antibiotic treatment. Various ARGs are enriched within the gut microbiota despite an overall reduction of the diversity and total amount of bacteria after antibiotic treatment. Sometimes treatment with a specific class of antibiotics selected for ARGs that resist antibiotics of a completely different class (e.g. treatment of ciprofloxacin or fosfomycin selected for cepA that resists ampicillin). Relative abundance of some MGEs increased substantially after antibiotic treatment (e.g. transposases in the ciprofloxacin group).

CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotic treatment caused a remarkable reduction in diversity of gut bacterial microbiota but enrichment of certain types of ARGs and MGEs. These results demonstrate an emergence of cross-resistance as well as a profound change in the gut resistome following oral treatment of antibiotics.},
}

Animals
Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology
Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics
Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects/genetics
High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
Metagenomics/*methods
Mice
Mice, Inbred BALB C

@article {pmid32060494,
year = {2020},
author = {Louca, P and Menni, C and Padmanabhan, S},
title = {Genomic Determinants of Hypertension With a Focus on Metabolomics and the Gut Microbiome.},
journal = {American journal of hypertension},
volume = {33},
number = {6},
pages = {473-481},
pmid = {32060494},
issn = {1941-7225},
support = {MR/M016560/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom ; CS/16/1/31878/BHF_/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom ; RE/18/6/34217/BHF_/British Heart Foundation/United Kingdom ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Bacteria/*metabolism ; *Blood Pressure ; Diet ; Essential Hypertension/*genetics/*microbiology/physiopathology ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Gene-Environment Interaction ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; *Genetic Variation ; Humans ; *Metabolomics ; Risk Factors ; },
abstract = {Epidemiologic and genomic studies have progressively improved our understanding of the causation of hypertension and the complex relationship with diet and environment. The majority of Mendelian forms of syndromic hypotension and hypertension (HTN) have all been linked to mutations in genes whose encoded proteins regulate salt-water balance in the kidney, supporting the primacy of the kidneys in blood pressure regulation. There are more than 1,477 single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with blood pressure and hypertension and the challenge is establishing a causal role for these variants. Hypertension is a complex multifactorial phenotype and it is likely to be influenced by multiple factors including interactions between diet and lifestyle factors, microbiome, and epigenetics. Given the finite genetic variability that is possible in humans, it is likely that incremental gains from single marker analyses have now plateaued and a greater leap in our understanding of the genetic basis of disease will come from integration of other omics and the interacting environmental factors. In this review, we focus on emerging results from the microbiome and metabolomics and discuss how leveraging these findings may facilitate a deeper understanding of the interrelationships between genomics, diet, and microbial ecology in humans in the causation of essential hypertension.},
}

Animals
Bacteria/*metabolism
*Blood Pressure
Diet
Essential Hypertension/*genetics/*microbiology/physiopathology
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Gene-Environment Interaction
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
*Genetic Variation
Humans
*Metabolomics
Risk Factors

@article {pmid32937228,
year = {2021},
author = {Zhao, Z},
title = {Comparison of microbial communities and the antibiotic resistome between prawn mono- and poly-culture systems.},
journal = {Ecotoxicology and environmental safety},
volume = {207},
number = {},
pages = {111310},
doi = {10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111310},
pmid = {32937228},
issn = {1090-2414},
mesh = {*Aquaculture ; Bacteria/drug effects ; Bacteriophages/drug effects/genetics ; China ; Culture ; Drug Resistance, Microbial/*genetics ; Genes, Bacterial/drug effects ; Humans ; Metagenomics ; Microbiota/drug effects/*physiology ; },
abstract = {Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in mariculture sediments pose a potential risk to public health due to their ability to transfer from environmental bacteria to human pathogens. Long term, this may reduce pathogen susceptibility to antibiotics in medical settings. In recent years, the poly-culture of multiple species has become a popular mariculture approach in China, thanks to its environmental and economic benefits. However, differences in microbial communities and antibiotic resistome between mono- and poly-culture systems are still unclear. In this study, microbial community composition and profiles of entire (microbial DNA) and mobile (plasmid and phage) ARGs in prawn mono- and poly-culture systems were investigated using metagenomics. The abundance of several viruses and human pathogens were enhanced in prawn poly-culture ponds, when compared to monoculture systems. In contrast, sediments from poly-culture systems had a lower diversity and ARG abundance when compared to mono-culture approaches. These ARG variations were predominantly related to mobile genetic elements. Prawn mariculture activities exerted a unique selectivity for ARGs in plasmids, and this selectivity was not influenced by culture methods. The findings of this study have important implications for the selection of mariculture systems in preventing pollution with ARGs.},
}

*Aquaculture
Bacteria/drug effects
Bacteriophages/drug effects/genetics
China
Culture
Drug Resistance, Microbial/*genetics
Genes, Bacterial/drug effects
Humans
Metagenomics
Microbiota/drug effects/*physiology

@article {pmid32958861,
year = {2020},
author = {Tan, SK and Granados, AC and Bouquet, J and Hoy-Schulz, YE and Green, L and Federman, S and Stryke, D and Haggerty, TD and Ley, C and Yeh, MT and Jannat, K and Maldonado, YA and Andino, R and Parsonnet, J and Chiu, CY},
title = {Metagenomic sequencing of stool samples in Bangladeshi infants: virome association with poliovirus shedding after oral poliovirus vaccination.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {10},
number = {1},
pages = {15392},
pmid = {32958861},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {R01 HD088837/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States ; R01501HD063142/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; R01-HD008837/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; UL1 RR025744/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States ; TL1 TR001084/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Bangladesh/epidemiology ; Feces/virology ; Female ; Humans ; Immunization Schedule ; Infant ; Male ; Metagenome/genetics ; Metagenomics/methods ; Poliomyelitis/virology ; Poliovirus/*genetics/immunology ; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated/immunology ; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/*immunology ; Vaccination ; Virome/genetics ; Virus Shedding/*genetics ; },
abstract = {The potential role of enteric viral infections and the developing infant virome in affecting immune responses to the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) is unknown. Here we performed viral metagenomic sequencing on 3 serially collected stool samples from 30 Bangladeshi infants following OPV vaccination and compared findings to stool samples from 16 age-matched infants in the United States (US). In 14 Bangladeshi infants, available post-vaccination serum samples were tested for polio-neutralizing antibodies. The abundance (p = 0.006) and richness (p = 0.013) of the eukaryotic virome increased with age and were higher than seen in age-matched US infants (p < 0.001). In contrast, phage diversity metrics remained stable and were similar to those in US infants. Non-poliovirus eukaryotic virus abundance (3.68 log10 vs. 2.25 log10, p = 0.002), particularly from potential viral pathogens (2.78log10 vs. 0.83log10, p = 0.002), and richness (p = 0.016) were inversely associated with poliovirus shedding. Following vaccination, 28.6% of 14 infants tested developed neutralizing antibodies to all three Sabin types and also exhibited higher rates of poliovirus shedding (p = 0.020). No vaccine-derived poliovirus variants were detected. These results reveal an inverse association between eukaryotic virome abundance and poliovirus shedding. Overall gut virome ecology and concurrent viral infections may impact oral vaccine responsiveness in Bangladeshi infants.},
}

Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
Antibodies, Viral/blood
Bangladesh/epidemiology
Feces/virology
Female
Humans
Immunization Schedule
Infant
Male
Metagenome/genetics
Metagenomics/methods
Poliomyelitis/virology
Poliovirus/*genetics/immunology
Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated/immunology
Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/*immunology
Vaccination
Virome/genetics
Virus Shedding/*genetics