@article {pmid41488148,
year = {2025},
author = {Shitaye, G and Getie, M and Mekonnen, Z and D'Abrosca, G and Fattorusso, R and Isernia, C and Amuamuta, A and Malgieri, G},
title = {Molecular analysis of long COVID and new-onset diabetes mellitus: pathobiological relationships and current mechanistic views.},
journal = {Frontiers in endocrinology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1737894},
pmid = {41488148},
issn = {1664-2392},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/metabolism/pathology/epidemiology ; *SARS-CoV-2 ; *Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology/etiology/virology/metabolism/pathology ; *Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/epidemiology/metabolism/etiology/virology ; Renin-Angiotensin System ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Insulin Resistance ; },
abstract = {Long COVID, or post-acute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (PASC), refers to a range of persistent health effects associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Long COVID is a complex, multisystem disorder that can affect nearly every organ system and is strongly linked with the incidence of diabetes and other chronic conditions. Increasing evidence also connects persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection with the development of new-onset diabetes and other metabolic disorders. In this review, we assess the current evidence and discuss the incidence of new-onset diabetes, along with the pathobiological mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 may contribute to the progression of both new-onset type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM and T2DM). We summarize the latest understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying SARS-CoV-2-associated new-onset diabetes. Potential mechanisms include direct damage to pancreatic β-cells, inflammation, insulin resistance, and autoimmune responses. Dysregulation of the ACE2/renin-angiotensin system (RAS) pathway has been linked to multiple inter-organ pathologies, and increased inflammatory cytokines together with dysregulation of interferon regulatory factors (IRFs)-such as overexpression of IRF1-appear to represent key mechanistic links to widespread tissue damage and metabolic alterations. Moreover, the presence of viral RNA or viral RNA fragments may directly damage pancreatic islets, contributing to insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction that, in turn, may promote the development of new-onset diabetes. In light of these findings, this review further examines evidence supporting the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in PASC reservoir tissues, including the pancreas, and its potential association with the development of new-onset diabetes mellitus.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/metabolism/pathology/epidemiology
*SARS-CoV-2
*Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology/etiology/virology/metabolism/pathology
*Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/epidemiology/metabolism/etiology/virology
Renin-Angiotensin System
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Insulin Resistance

@article {pmid41488032,
year = {2026},
author = {Suresh, RR and Abuduani, T and Kasthuri, M and Chen, Z and Tber, Z and Loubidi, M and Zhang, H and Zhou, L and Zhou, S and Li, C and Kumari, A and Tao, S and Wiseman, JM and Hurwitz, SJ and Amblard, F and Schinazi, RF},
title = {Prodrug strategies in developing antiviral nucleoside analogs.},
journal = {RSC medicinal chemistry},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
pmid = {41488032},
issn = {2632-8682},
support = {P30 AI050409/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Prodrug strategies are used to enhance the physicochemical and pharmaceutical properties of drug candidates that may not be suitable for specific delivery or are limited by formulation options. A prodrug derivative is converted into its active pharmaceutical ingredient (drug) through enzymatic or chemical reactions within the body. Antiviral nucleoside prodrugs have garnered considerable interest in drug discovery, leading to the approval of key drugs such as remdesivir (SARS-CoV-2), Sovaldi (hepatitis C virus, HCV), and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate [hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV)]. Their success lies in improving the oral bioavailability and delivering the parent drug to the targeted tissues. This review focuses on the prodrugs of antiviral nucleosides evaluated in humans (approved, in development or terminated), providing an overview of the different approaches utilized and discussing their in vitro and in vivo benefits.},
}

@article {pmid41487586,
year = {2025},
author = {Fan, H and Wang, L and Zhai, L and Deng, S and Li, Y and Niu, H and Zhao, B and Gao, J and Gao, X},
title = {Mapping three decades of air pollution-lung cancer research: trends, hotspots, and networks (1990-2025).},
journal = {Frontiers in oncology},
volume = {15},
number = {},
pages = {1698246},
pmid = {41487586},
issn = {2234-943X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The relationship between air pollution and lung cancer has attracted considerable attention from researchers worldwide. To systematically assess the scholarly landscape and pinpoint research fronts, this study employs bibliometric analysis to delineate global trends, collaborative networks, and key publications within this field.

METHODS: Publications from 1990 to 2025 were extracted from Web of Science Core Collection and Scopus databases. Bibliometric tools including VOSViewer, Citespace, and Bibliometrix R were used to examine trends, key contributors, research themes, and prominent journals.

RESULTS: Among 4,238 publications, citation rates rose significantly. China produced the most publications, with leading institutions such as Harvard University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Key researchers included Lan Q, Rothman N, and Vermeulen R. Major journals were Environmental Health Perspectives and Atmospheric Environment. Frequently used keywords like "Lung Cancer" and "Particulate Matter" indicate core themes, while emerging terms such as "Covid-19" and "Machine Learning" reflect evolving interests.

CONCLUSION: Fine particulate matter is an established environmental risk factor for lung cancer, and research on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and asbestos remains active. The field has shifted from exposure assessment to mechanistic investigations focusing on oxidative stress, gene expression, and machine learning applications, defining key future research directions.},
}

@article {pmid41486438,
year = {2025},
author = {Seo, JW and Seo, YB and Kim, SE and Kim, Y and Kim, EJ and Kim, T and Kim, T and Lee, SH and Lee, E and Lee, J and Jeong, YH and Jung, YH and Choi, YJ and Song, JY},
title = {Clinical Practice Guideline Recommendations for Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19.},
journal = {Infection & chemotherapy},
volume = {57},
number = {4},
pages = {478-521},
pmid = {41486438},
issn = {2093-2340},
support = {HD22C2045//Korea Health Industry Development Institute/Republic of Korea ; },
abstract = {The guidelines presented herewith are based on the "Clinical Practice Guideline Recommendations for Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC)" published in Infection & Chemotherapy in March 2024; these guidelines have been refined by incorporating the most recent Korean and international research findings and clinical evidence published since then. In the context of patients experiencing various physical and mental symptoms that persist long after the acute phase of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, the diagnosis and management of PASC has emerged as a novel public health challenge. These guidelines are intended to provide standardized diagnostic and management recommendations applicable to the Korean healthcare setting and were developed through a comprehensive review of existing guidelines from organizations such as the World Health Organization, the United States National Institutes of Health, the United Kingdom National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, and the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, along with the latest meta-analyses and Korean cohort studies. PASC is defined as the persistent presence of symptoms and signs lasting more than 3 months after COVID-19 diagnosis for which the symptoms cannot be explained by alternative diagnoses. The revised guidelines emphasize the importance of integrated management for patients with PASC, including a multidisciplinary approach considering risk groups, symptom-specific assessment, and rehabilitation and psychological interventions, based on a total of 32 key questions. This revision reflects rapidly evolving research trends regarding the long-term effects of COVID-19 and is expected to serve as an evidence-based standard guideline for future patient care, clinical research, and health policy development in Korea.},
}

@article {pmid41486437,
year = {2025},
author = {Park, WB and Hwang, YH and Kwon, KT and Noh, JY and Park, SH and Song, JY and Choo, EJ and Choi, MJ and Choi, JY and Heo, JY and Choi, WS and , },
title = {COVID-19 Vaccination Recommendations for 2025-2026 in Korea.},
journal = {Infection & chemotherapy},
volume = {57},
number = {4},
pages = {472-477},
pmid = {41486437},
issn = {2093-2340},
abstract = {The Korean Society of Infectious Diseases has regularly updated its adult immunization guidelines, including the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination recommendations in 2023 and the 2024-2025 seasonal update. This article provides a comprehensive update as of September 2025, reflecting the latest evidence and international guidance. Focusing on the 2025-2026 season, it reviews vaccines currently authorized in Korea and their effectiveness against predominant JN.1 sublineage variants, including LP.8.1, NB.1.8.1, and XFG. The updated recommendations prioritize vaccination with LP.8.1-adapted vaccines for high-risk groups-adults aged 65 years and older, individuals aged 6 months and older at increased risk for severe disease, and residents of facilities vulnerable to infection-while vaccination remains available for all individuals aged 6 months and older. A single-dose strategy is generally recommended, although older adults and immunocompromised individuals may consider an additional dose at 6-month intervals in consultation with healthcare professionals. These updates aim to refine Korea's COVID-19 vaccination strategy and sustain protection in high-risk populations, with recommendations remaining subject to revision as new evidence and epidemiological conditions evolve.},
}

@article {pmid41486189,
year = {2026},
author = {Terrones-Campos, C and Gallardo-Pizarro, A and Martinez-Urrea, A and Castiella, A and Vergara, A and Gonzalez, A and Egri, N and Garcia-Vidal, C},
title = {Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in the ICU: the corticosteroid link.},
journal = {Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.)},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {2},
pmid = {41486189},
issn = {2200-6133},
support = {SGR 01324 Q5856414G//Agencia de Gestión de Ayudas Universitarias y de Investigación de Catalunya/ ; },
abstract = {Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a life-threatening fungal infection traditionally associated with severely immunocompromised hosts, particularly those with hematologic malignancies. However, its epidemiological profile has shifted in recent years, with a rising incidence among critically ill patients in intensive care units (ICUs), many of whom lack classical risk factors. This change is driven by increased use of corticosteroids and immunomodulatory therapies, the growing prevalence of chronic lung disease, and severe viral pneumonias such as influenza and COVID-19. In these patients, airway epithelial injury, immune dysregulation, and mechanical ventilation facilitate fungal invasion even in the absence of profound immunosuppression. Corticosteroids play a central role in IPA pathogenesis. While they limit hyperinflammation, they simultaneously impair fungal clearance by suppressing NF-κB signaling, downregulating TNF-α production, and promoting IL-10 secretion, resulting in a Th2-skewed immune profile. Neutrophil recruitment persists but becomes dysregulated, contributing to tissue injury rather than effective pathogen elimination. Corticosteroids may also directly enhance Aspergillus growth, further compounding risk. Diagnosis of IPA in ICU patients remain challenging because radiological hallmarks such as the halo sign are uncommon, and distinguishing colonization from invasive disease is difficult. Serum and bronchoalveolar lavage galactomannan, β-D-glucan assays, and PCR can improve early detection, but no single test is definitive in this heterogeneous population. As much as possible, high-quality lower respiratory tract samples should be obtained. Furthermore, effective treatment requires not only timely diagnosis, but also careful selection of antifungal taking into consideration pharmacologic challenges of ICU patients and pharmacodynamics of antifungals. Recognition of high-risk patients such as those receiving corticosteroids, those with chronic lung disease, severe viral pneumonia, or requiring invasive ventilation is critical to improve outcomes. Mortality in this group can exceed that of neutropenic patients, underscoring the need for heightened clinical suspicion and timely antifungal therapy. A deeper understanding of the immunopathogenesis of IPA in non-neutropenic patients, particularly the dual effects of corticosteroids on inflammation and host defense, may inform risk stratification and guide earlier intervention. Enhanced surveillance, prompt diagnostic workup, and judicious use of immunomodulatory therapy represent key strategies to mitigate the rising burden of this devastating infection in ICU settings.},
}

@article {pmid41485706,
year = {2026},
author = {Salmanton-García, J and Almeida, JN and Colombo, AL},
title = {Candidozyma auris (formerly Candida auris): Resistant, long-lasting, and everywhere.},
journal = {Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.cmi.2025.12.022},
pmid = {41485706},
issn = {1469-0691},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Invasive fungal diseases are a growing global health concern, with Candidozyma auris (formerly Candida auris) emerging as a major healthcare-associated pathogen. Its multidrug resistance, environmental persistence, prolonged skin colonization, and efficient nosocomial transmission have driven sustained outbreaks and endemicity worldwide, while recent taxonomic changes have complicated surveillance and diagnostics.

OBJECTIVES: This narrative review summarizes current evidence on the taxonomy, epidemiology, clinical impact, antifungal resistance, transmission, and infection prevention and control of C. auris, highlighting outbreak drivers, regional endemicity, and key gaps relevant to surveillance and policy.

SOURCES: We conducted a structured narrative review of peer-reviewed and grey literature published between 2009 and 2025, drawing from PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and major public health websites (WHO, CDC, ECDC, UKHSA, and national surveillance portals).

CONTENT: C. auris has rapidly evolved into an endemic healthcare threat across multiple continents, with substantial regional variation in incidence, outbreak dynamics, antifungal resistance, and control capacity. Candidemia mortality averages ∼30% but differs by region and patient population. Azole resistance is widespread in several clades, while resistance to amphotericin B and echinocandins is increasingly reported, particularly in high-endemic settings. Outbreaks are sustained by environmental persistence, prolonged skin colonization, and healthcare-associated transmission, amplified by intensive care exposure, antimicrobial pressure, and system strain during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite broadly aligned IPC guidance, major challenges persist in screening, decolonization, laboratory identification, and long-term outbreak control.

IMPLICATIONS: The continued global expansion of C. auris has major clinical, economic, and public health implications. Effective control requires sustained investment in laboratory capacity, standardized nomenclature adoption, active surveillance, genomic monitoring, and rigorous IPC measures tailored to the pathogen's unique biology. Without coordinated regional and international responses, C. auris is likely to continue shifting from epidemic emergence to entrenched endemicity in diverse healthcare systems worldwide.},
}

@article {pmid41485125,
year = {2026},
author = {Miao, G and Lu, R and Pipanmekaporn, T and Kacha, S and Supphapipat, A and Phothikun, N and Jewprasertpan, P and Chittawatanarat, K},
title = {Association Between Blood Glucose Variability and Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Sepsis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews},
volume = {42},
number = {1},
pages = {e70119},
doi = {10.1002/dmrr.70119},
pmid = {41485125},
issn = {1520-7560},
mesh = {Humans ; *Sepsis/mortality/blood ; *Blood Glucose/analysis ; Prognosis ; Hospital Mortality ; },
abstract = {AIMS: Glycaemic variability (GV) has emerged as an important prognostic indicator in critical illness, yet its predictive value among patients with sepsis remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the association between GV metrics and mortality outcomes in adult patients with sepsis.

METHODS: Cohort studies enrolling septic patients and reporting in-hospital, 28-day, or 30-day mortality in relation to GV were identified through PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, CNKI, and Wanfang databases. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using a random-effects model. Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the robustness of the findings.

RESULTS: Ten studies comprising 18,337 patients were included. For categorical analysis, high-GV patients had nearly twice the mortality risk (OR = 1.99, 95% CI: 1.66-2.40, p < 0.0001; I[2] = 45%). For continuous analysis, all 4 GV metrics showed significant associations with mortality: CoV (OR = 1.050, I[2] = 76.6%), SD (OR = 1.0037, I[2] = 83.5%), GLI (OR = 1.0171, I[2] = 0.0%), and MAGE (OR = 1.0062, I[2] = 0.0%). High GV was associated with prolonged ICU stay (0.95 days, p = 0.0018). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the result robustness.

CONCLUSIONS: Elevated GV is independently linked to an increased risk of death among patients with sepsis. GLI and MAGE are the most reliable GV metrics for prognostic assessment, whereas CoV and SD are less consistent. Standardised GV measurement and prospective studies are warranted to evaluate whether interventions targeting GV can improve outcomes in this population.},
}

Humans
*Sepsis/mortality/blood
*Blood Glucose/analysis
Prognosis
Hospital Mortality

@article {pmid41484775,
year = {2026},
author = {Dhuria, M and VanderEnde, K and Tanwar, S and Vaze, A and Yadav, S and Choudhary, S and Yadav, R and Desai, M and Bahl, A and Jain, SK and Singh, SK and Chauhan, H and Goel, A},
title = {Rapid expansion of the Frontline Field Epidemiology Training Program across 124 districts in India, 2021-2023.},
journal = {Health research policy and systems},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s12961-025-01431-8},
pmid = {41484775},
issn = {1478-4505},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: India conducts all three tiers of the Field Epidemiology Training Program (FETP). During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the country committed to rapid scale-up of its frontline public health workforce capacity through the 3-month in-service Frontline FETP.

Between January 2021 and May 2023, 300 district-level public health workers and 73 mentors were trained across 124 districts in eight states. Frontline FETP officers successfully completed 236 field assignments, nearly half of which were surveillance systems evaluations or surveillance data analyses and another half of which were case, cluster or outbreak investigations. Acute diarrhoeal disease (ADD) was the most frequently assessed or investigated condition and was one of many diseases exemplifying how FETP officers may need to work across multiple sectors (for example, health, water and sanitation) to help mitigate the public health impact of disease on the affected communities. Challenges (for example, time-consuming process of tailoring learning content, attrition, identification of qualified mentors and task-shifting) and lessons learned (for example, pivoting to a self-paced learning model, using case studies with real-world examples, and a blended learning approach) are described.

CONCLUSION: This paper portrays the feasibility of not only implementing a 3-month FETP in India's diverse context but, given the complexity of health challenges in an increasingly interconnected environment, its flexibility to be naturally transitioned towards One Health FETP (named SectorConnect in India). It highlights a milestone in India's journey towards realizing the goals set under the One India FETP Roadmap for having at least one trained field epidemiologist per district.},
}

@article {pmid41484399,
year = {2026},
author = {Mols, F and van Cappellen-van Maldegem, S and Hoedjes, M and Horevoorts, N and Oerlemans, S and de Rooij, BH and Ezendam, N and de Theije, C and Hageman, G and Schoormans, D},
title = {Remote blood collection among cancer patients and age- and sex-matched controls for biomarker and genetic analyses using the PROFILES registry.},
journal = {Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer},
volume = {34},
number = {1},
pages = {61},
pmid = {41484399},
issn = {1433-7339},
mesh = {Humans ; *Neoplasms/blood/genetics ; Registries ; *Blood Specimen Collection/methods ; Male ; Female ; Patient Reported Outcome Measures ; Case-Control Studies ; *Biomarkers, Tumor/blood ; Cohort Studies ; Cancer Survivors ; },
abstract = {Studies on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) among cancer survivors are increasing but are most often limited to PRO and clinical data. To better understand the underlying biological mechanisms that mediate a decline in health after cancer, several PROFILES-registry studies were enriched with biological data. This paper summarizes lessons learned from collecting blood samples to obtain biomarker data among survivors and controls in large-scale ambulatory cohort studies. These lessons address financial challenges, ethical issues, insurance, legal matters, standardization of assessment, recruitment, communication with participants, lab facilities and protocols, transportation, the need for a biobank, and the value of a normative population. We also describe our experiences with collecting remote blood samples in these studies among cancer patient populations and a study in our normative population to illustrate these issues further.},
}

Humans
*Neoplasms/blood/genetics
Registries
*Blood Specimen Collection/methods
Male
Female
Patient Reported Outcome Measures
Case-Control Studies
*Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
Cohort Studies
Cancer Survivors

@article {pmid41482979,
year = {2026},
author = {Hecht, JD and Heitkemper, EM and Danesh, V and Clark, AP and Yoder, LH},
title = {A Concept Analysis of Expertise Associated With Practicing Clinical Nurses in Hospital Settings.},
journal = {Journal of advanced nursing},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/jan.70455},
pmid = {41482979},
issn = {1365-2648},
abstract = {AIM: Analyse the concept of expertise among practicing clinical nurses in hospital settings.

BACKGROUND: The generational loss of expert clinical nurses was exacerbated globally by the novel coronavirus. This ongoing loss combined with the increased complexity of hospitalised patients has prompted an urgent need to understand expertise among clinical nurses who practice in hospital settings.

METHODS: Walker and Avant's concept analysis method was used. PubMed, Medline, CINAHL and Access Medicine were searched (1982-2025) for research studies and literature reviews published in English that addressed clinical nursing expertise in hospitals.

RESULTS: Expertise is the knowledge and skills that are enculturated from immersion in a domain. Common attributes include obtaining salient information from different sources, interpreting patient situations rapidly and holistically, and performing actions that are individualised, immediate and appear instinctive. Common antecedents include deliberate accumulation of relevant experience and contextual connections within the hospital. Facilitating improved outcomes and facilitating improved outcomes are common consequences.

CONCLUSION: The attributes, antecedents and consequences of clinical nursing expertise are complementary and cross specialties. Experts' apparently instinctive actions are not intuitive but rather related to relevant past experiences, pattern recognition and skilled know-how. The requirements to develop expertise have evolved with the increased volume of available knowledge.

Expertise requires cultivating relevant experiences through active engagement with patients and creating contextual connections with others regarding hospital systems and processes. Experts should be formally included when developing processes and guidelines. Low-fidelity proxy measures like years of experience should be replaced with psychometrically validated instruments to measure expertise.

IMPACT: This concept analysis addresses the ambiguity of clinical nursing expertise by synthesising over 40 years of literature and provides insights for clinical nurses and researchers regarding the importance of context and the growing complexity of care delivery.

No patient or public involvement.},
}

@article {pmid41482705,
year = {2026},
author = {Sabeena, S and Beynon, C},
title = {The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on HPV Vaccination Coverage Among Adolescents From High-Income Countries and Challenges: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Reviews in medical virology},
volume = {36},
number = {1},
pages = {e70102},
doi = {10.1002/rmv.70102},
pmid = {41482705},
issn = {1099-1654},
mesh = {Humans ; Adolescent ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/virology ; *Papillomavirus Vaccines/administration & dosage ; *Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control/virology/epidemiology ; Female ; *Vaccination Coverage/statistics & numerical data ; Developed Countries ; Vaccination ; Male ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Patient Acceptance of Health Care ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/prevention & control/virology ; Vaccination Hesitancy ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; },
abstract = {Persistent high-risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection causes anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers across all genders. The primary cancer associated with HPV is cervical cancer and the HPV vaccination before sexual exposure is recommended for cervical cancer elimination globally. This scoping review aims to map the preliminary evidence regarding the determinants of adolescent HPV vaccine acceptance and hesitancy during the COVID-19 pandemic in high income countries. A scoping review was conducted as per the updated Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist. Using the PCC (Population, Concept, and Context) framework, search keywords and search strategies were developed. Electronic databases were searched using specific search terms and the last search date noted as February 8, 2025. A thematic content analysis was carried out to identify the themes and subthemes by a deductive approach. Fourteen studies were included as the potential sources of evidence in this review. The study population included 493,819 adolescents from Australia, Hong Kong, Italy, Poland, Saudi Arabia, and the USA. The themes identified were inequity, attitude and behaviour, knowledge and communication, and engagement and influence. The COVID-19 pandemic generated a negative parental attitude towards HPV vaccines for a brief period. The adolescent HPV vaccine acceptance mainly depended on strong parental support and appropriate access to healthcare professionals and vaccination services. Travel restrictions, lockdowns, school closures, and social distancing contributed to significant HPV vaccine hesitancy in high income countries.},
}

Humans
Adolescent
*COVID-19/epidemiology/virology
*Papillomavirus Vaccines/administration & dosage
*Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control/virology/epidemiology
Female
*Vaccination Coverage/statistics & numerical data
Developed Countries
Vaccination
Male
SARS-CoV-2
Patient Acceptance of Health Care
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/prevention & control/virology
Vaccination Hesitancy
Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice

@article {pmid41482689,
year = {2026},
author = {Yang, YJ and Kim, KH and Park, JH and Ro, YS and Song, KJ and Shin, SD},
title = {Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mortality of Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Transported by Emergency Medical Services.},
journal = {Asia-Pacific journal of public health},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {10105395251407042},
doi = {10.1177/10105395251407042},
pmid = {41482689},
issn = {1941-2479},
abstract = {The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mortality of traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients transported by emergency medical services (EMS). Adult TBI patients who were assessed and transported by EMS between January 2018 and December 2021 were analyzed. The main exposure was during the COVID-19 pandemic period at the time of the event. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. A total of 18 988 patients were analyzed. The in-hospital mortality in the COVID-19 era group was 1812 (20.9%), and that in the non-COVID-19 era group was 2040 (19.8%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed a significantly greater probability of in-hospital mortality in the COVID-19-era group; adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval] of 1.16 [1.07, 1.25]. Compared with non-COVID-19 era patients, TBI patients who were assessed and transported during the COVID-19 era were more likely to have higher in-hospital mortality.},
}

@article {pmid41482260,
year = {2025},
author = {Ticinesi, A and Zuliani, G and Spaggiari, R and Volpato, S and Maggi, S and Franceschi, C},
title = {The social microbiome of older people.},
journal = {Ageing research reviews},
volume = {115},
number = {},
pages = {103008},
doi = {10.1016/j.arr.2025.103008},
pmid = {41482260},
issn = {1872-9649},
abstract = {The human gut microbiome (GM) is increasingly recognized as one of the main systems influencing the aging trajectory. Age-related dysbiosis, with imbalance between symbionts and pathobionts, can in fact fuel chronic inflammation (inflammaging) and promote frailty. In older individuals, GM composition is characterized by marked inter-individual variability and consistently influenced by environmental exposures. Studies conducted in animals and closed human communities suggest that social contacts are associated with horizontal transmission of commensal bacteria, enhancing biodiversity and preventing dysbiosis. Recent studies also suggest transmission of intestinal commensal bacteria from animals to humans sharing the same household. Bacterial populations residing on environmental surfaces may also have an influence on GM composition. In this framework, impoverishment of social relationships in older individuals may not be only associated with cognitive and emotional disengagement, but also with unfavorable changes in GM composition, driven by isolation and top-down neuromodulation of intestinal function. In fact, studies conducted during forced social distancing in the COVID-19 pandemic suggest GM changes pointing towards dysbiosis. Therefore, the detrimental consequences of social isolation for health outcomes of older individuals, including frailty progression towards disability, could be at least partly mediated by GM dysbiosis. Conversely, interventions aimed at restoring sociality, including animal-assisted activities, could expose older individuals to a range of novel bacterial species helping to counteract GM dysbiosis. This perspective article critically discusses the concept of social microbiome, its possible relevance for maintenance of good health in human beings, and its implications for the care of older patients.},
}

@article {pmid41482169,
year = {2025},
author = {Kwon, CY and Won, J and Lee, B},
title = {The health effects of diaphragmatic breathing: A systematic review.},
journal = {Complementary therapies in medicine},
volume = {96},
number = {},
pages = {103317},
doi = {10.1016/j.ctim.2025.103317},
pmid = {41482169},
issn = {1873-6963},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Diaphragmatic breathing (DB) is widely used clinically, but a comprehensive synthesis of randomized controlled trial (RCT) evidence on its health effects is lacking. This systematic review evaluated the health effects of DB interventions in adults based on RCT evidence.

METHODS: Six electronic databases were searched through January 2025 for RCTs comparing DB to control conditions in adults. Two reviewers independently selected studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias (Cochrane RoB 2). A narrative synthesis was performed due to substantial heterogeneity across studies.

RESULTS: We included 48 RCTs. DB protocols were highly heterogeneous, with parameters varying widely in breathing frequency (2-10 breaths/min), session duration (3-45 min), and total duration (single session to 12 weeks). Methodological quality was a significant concern (only 2.12 % of outcomes low risk of bias). Consistent benefits were found for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (including reduced medication use), anxiety, post-COVID-19 syndrome, and gestational diabetes). In healthy adults, DB showed acute cardiovascular benefits. However, evidence was inconsistent for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and DB was less effective than standard care after cardiac surgery. Safety was underreported (18.75 % of studies), but no serious adverse events were noted.

CONCLUSIONS: DB is a promising complementary therapy for specific conditions, including GERD, but the evidence base is constrained by methodologically weak and heterogeneous primary studies. Future research requires rigorous, standardized trial designs to establish its clinical value. Despite these limitations, DB is a low-cost, accessible, and apparently safe intervention for select conditions.},
}

@article {pmid41481750,
year = {2026},
author = {Hamilton, DO and Simpson, V and Fox, T and Lutje, V and Kohl, A and Ferreira, DM and Morton, B},
title = {Attenuated viral strains of priority pathogens for potential use in controlled human infection model studies: A scoping review.},
journal = {PLoS neglected tropical diseases},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {e0013243},
pmid = {41481750},
issn = {1935-2735},
mesh = {Humans ; *Virus Diseases/virology/prevention & control ; Chikungunya virus/immunology ; Rift Valley fever virus/immunology ; *Viral Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage ; *Viruses/genetics ; Animals ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: There are several known pathogens and families identified as high risk for pandemic potential. It is essential to study these pathogens and develop medical countermeasures to mitigate disease prior to potential pandemics. Controlled human infection models (CHIMs) using attenuated viral strains may offer an efficient and safe way to do this.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to systematically examine the literature for attenuated, but replication competent, strains of Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) identified priority pathogens (Ebola, Lassa virus, Nipah virus, Rift Valley fever virus, chikungunya virus and Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus) that have been administered to humans.

DESIGN: A comprehensive literature search of multiple databases was performed by an information specialist. All search results were screened by two authors against inclusion/exclusion criteria from a pre-specified protocol. The primary outcome was confirmation that the administered viral strain could subsequently be recovered from participants. The secondary outcome was attenuated virus safety.

RESULTS: Our searches yielded 13078 results and 5998 articles remained for screening after removing duplicates and animal studies. Subsequently, 351 articles were selected for full text review and nine were included for data extraction. Four distinct attenuated strains were identified across two priority pathogens - TSI-GSD-218 and VLA1553 for chikungunya virus and MP-12 and hRVFV-4s for Rift Valley Fever virus. Attenuated virus was recovered for each strain except hRVFV-4s. There were no major safety concerns for these identified strains in Phase 1-3 studies.

CONCLUSIONS: We have identified three attenuated viral strains that may be amenable to development into novel CHIMs for two priority pathogens. Of these, VLA1553 for chikungunya is a licenced and commercially available vaccine product suitable for use in CHIM. There is a research gap for the creation of new attenuated mutants that could be utilised in CHIM for other priority pathogens.},
}

Humans
*Virus Diseases/virology/prevention & control
Chikungunya virus/immunology
Rift Valley fever virus/immunology
*Viral Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage
*Viruses/genetics
Animals

@article {pmid41480694,
year = {2026},
author = {Zhang, YC and Zhang, L and Zhou, PT and Xie, ZH and Zhang, WJ and Fan, M and Han, YX and Liu, YH and Liu, YC},
title = {Environmental exposure to air pollution and climate: Intersecting the impact on ear and nose health and chemosensory function (Review).},
journal = {International journal of molecular medicine},
volume = {57},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {41480694},
issn = {1791-244X},
mesh = {Humans ; *Air Pollution/adverse effects ; *Environmental Exposure/adverse effects ; Climate Change ; *Nose Diseases/etiology/epidemiology ; *Climate ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Ear Diseases/etiology/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {Air pollution, an emerging global environmental issue, alongside extreme meteorological conditions exacerbated by climate change, threaten the sustainability of modern society and contribute to the onset and progression of various ear and nose diseases. Nonetheless, the impact of these environmental factors on ear and nose diseases and related dysfunctions remain inadequately explored. The present review involved a comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library and Embase for relevant epidemiological and experimental data. How environmental factors contribute to olfactory and auditory system dysfunctions as well as the potential underlying mechanisms from the perspectives of immunity and inflammation were examined in the present review. It was found that air pollution and meteorological factors significantly influence the prevalence of major ear and nose diseases, including allergic rhinitis, otitis media and sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Of note, the present review also provides an examination of the interaction between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and environmental factors in ear and nose diseases, highlighting how environmental stressors may worsen disease progression. In conclusion, the present review underscores the burden of multimorbidity caused by air pollution and extreme weather and emphasizes the need for more targeted prevention and management strategies for ear and nose diseases.},
}

Humans
*Air Pollution/adverse effects
*Environmental Exposure/adverse effects
Climate Change
*Nose Diseases/etiology/epidemiology
*Climate
COVID-19/epidemiology
*Ear Diseases/etiology/epidemiology

@article {pmid41480490,
year = {2026},
author = {Berhe, TT and Jara, D and Kifle, D},
title = {Health Misinformation in Ethiopia: Myths, Media Dynamics, Public Response, and Policy Implications: A Narrative Review.},
journal = {Public health challenges},
volume = {5},
number = {1},
pages = {e70181},
pmid = {41480490},
issn = {2769-2450},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Health misinformation in Ethiopia undermines public trust and weakens the effectiveness of health interventions. Cultural beliefs, religious influences, and the expansion of digital media contribute to myths that fuel vaccine hesitancy, stigma, and delayed health-seeking behavior.

OBJECTIVE: To synthesize evidence on the scope, drivers, and impacts of health misinformation in Ethiopia and to highlight actionable strategies for improving public health communication.

METHODS: A narrative literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and African Journals Online, supplemented with grey literature from the Ministry of Health, World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), and Regional fact checking organizations. Sources published between 2010 and 2025 that addressing misinformation, communication channels, or public responses in Ethiopia were included. Findings were summarized using descriptive narrative synthesis.

RESULT: Misconceptions related to traditional remedies, vaccine safety, COVID-19 cures, and modern contraceptives are widespread. Narratives spread rapidly across social media, particularly Facebook and Telegram, whereas oral traditions reinforce misinformation in rural communities. These Documented impacts include reduced uptake of immunization and maternal services, delayed treatment for diseases such as TB and HIV, and persistent stigma. Interventions involving community health workers, religious leaders, and youth-led campaigns have proven effective in countering misinformation.

CONCLUSION: Health misinformation remains a significant barrier to Ethiopia's health targets. Strengthening media literacy, engaging trusted community actors, and building partnerships between government, civil society, and digital platforms are crucial to mitigate health misinformation and improve public health outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid41480483,
year = {2026},
author = {Safeer, F and Murali, TS},
title = {Extracellular vesicles in viral disease management.},
journal = {Current research in microbial sciences},
volume = {10},
number = {},
pages = {100527},
pmid = {41480483},
issn = {2666-5174},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are non-replicating lipid-bilayered bodies that are naturally released by a cell that aid in various biological functions including cell-to-cell communication. They resemble the cells that they originate from, mimicking their composition and contents. The shared Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT) mechanism between virions and EVs allows EVs to aid in the dispersion and infection of viruses.

SCOPE/OBJECTIVES: The aim of this review is to encapsulate important studies that highlight the potential use of EVs in diagnosis and therapeutics against viral diseases. It also discusses their benefits and limitations compared to currently available anti-virals, for their use in the medical sector.

SUMMARY OF KEY FINDINGS: Virus-infected host cells release extracellular vesicles that are markedly different from EVs secreted by a healthy host cell. Increase in certain biomarker levels in EVs prove to be highly beneficial in diagnostics. Depending on the cell source, EVs also exhibit the natural ability to defend against viral diseases. This innate ability to defend against viral infections, can thus be exploited to produce potent anti-viral responses in infected hosts.

CONCLUSION/IMPLICATIONS: By navigating the challenges associated with EVs, they can be utilised to prepare alternatives to anti-viral drugs currently available in the market that show low specificity and high toxicity, thus helping mitigate and manage viral diseases.},
}

@article {pmid41480252,
year = {2025},
author = {Salas, RL and la Asunción, M and Vásquez-Soto, C and Orta-Visbal, K and Serrano, V and Villarreal, E and Sepúlveda, S and Montalvo, MJ and Nuñez, JA and Borja, J},
title = {Scoping review of the emerging definition of long COVID: implications for future research and clinical practice.},
journal = {Revista de salud publica (Bogota, Colombia)},
volume = {27},
number = {6},
pages = {122127},
pmid = {41480252},
issn = {2539-3596},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/diagnosis ; *Terminology as Topic ; Biomedical Research ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Long COVID, Post-COVID19 syndrome and prolonged COVID-19, are concepts classified as the set of signs and symptoms that persist after an acute episode of COVID-19 disease.

OBJECTIVE: To describe what definitions have been published for the term "long COVID".

METHODS: The PRISMA ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) was used as a base for a scoping review, as suggested by Joanna Briggs Institute. A search of databases, Medline via PubMed, Embase, SciELO and The Cochrane Library was undertaken. The data registry and synthesis of the results was carried out independently by two reviewers.

RESULTS: Following removal of duplicates, 896 articles were retrieved of which 91 met the eligibility principles and 51 of which included a definition. At least four characteristics of the definitions were identified: time or term, organs affected, symptoms and clinical manifestations.

CONCLUSIONS: The review identified many concepts and definitions of "long COVID". These findings show that there is lack of consensus on the definition of long COVID-19.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/diagnosis
*Terminology as Topic
Biomedical Research
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid41479924,
year = {2025},
author = {Wan, X and Wang, X and Liu, Y and Hong, L and Zhao, Z and Guo, P},
title = {Ferroptosis in human reproductive tract infections and associated disorders: mechanisms and emerging therapeutic opportunities.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1713074},
pmid = {41479924},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *Ferroptosis/immunology ; *Reproductive Tract Infections/immunology/metabolism/pathology ; Female ; Iron/metabolism ; COVID-19 ; Animals ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Male ; },
abstract = {Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death driven by lipid peroxidation, is closely associated with mitochondrial damage, diminished glutathione peroxidase 4 activity, dysfunction of the System Xc[-] cystine/glutamate antiporter, and disruptions in iron metabolism. Infections of the human reproductive system and associated reproductive disorders pose a significant global public health challenge, characterized by diverse pathogens and complex pathogenic mechanisms. Recent research has revealed that ferroptosis plays a critical role in the pathological processes of many of these infections. This review systematically elaborates on the central mechanistic role of ferroptosis in various pathologies of the reproductive system. These include CD4[+] T cell depletion and immunological non-response in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, the development of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cervical cancer, Staphylococcus aureus-induced endometritis and mastitis, as well as male infertility, pre-eclampsia, and ovarian cancer linked to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Despite the diversity of the pathogens, they can all trigger ferroptosis through common mechanisms, such as disrupting the Nrf2/GPX4 antioxidant axis, impairing the System Xc[-]-GSH-GPX4 pathway, and inducing dysregulation of iron metabolism. Furthermore, ferroptosis interacts intricately with pyroptosis and apoptosis, forming a complex network that collectively regulates the outcome of infections and the extent of tissue damage. Notably, ferroptosis plays a context-dependent dual role in various reproductive system infections. During the initial phases of infection, it exerts a protective effect by eliminating pathogens and curbing infection progression. In contrast, during advanced or chronic stages, ferroptosis exacerbates tissue injury and promotes disease pathogenesis. The ferroptosis pathway holds great therapeutic promise, either through inhibitors that safeguard host cells or inducers that eradicate drug-resistant bacteria by triggering a "ferroptosis-like" state. Nevertheless, challenges remain for clinical translation, as the ferroptosis network is incompletely understood, and the tissue selectivity and long-term safety of targeted drugs are unverified. Future studies must elucidate host-pathogen interactions to develop precise targeted therapies.},
}

Humans
*Ferroptosis/immunology
*Reproductive Tract Infections/immunology/metabolism/pathology
Female
Iron/metabolism
COVID-19
Animals
SARS-CoV-2
Male

@article {pmid41479918,
year = {2025},
author = {Dhar, R and Singh, S and Sahoo, OS and Chandra, N and Gul, A and Mukherjee, I and Karmakar, S and Amanullah, M and Karmakar, S},
title = {The placental battlefield: viral strategies and immune countermeasures.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1667601},
pmid = {41479918},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; Pregnancy ; Female ; *Placenta/immunology/virology ; *Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/immunology/virology ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *COVID-19/immunology/transmission/virology ; *Virus Diseases/immunology/transmission/virology ; Zika Virus Infection/immunology/transmission ; Zika Virus/immunology ; Animals ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; },
abstract = {The placenta plays an essential role in connecting the maternal and fetal environments. It acts as both a protective barrier and a selective transport system during pregnancy. Despite its importance, we still do not fully understand how the placenta responds to viral infections, leaving a notable gap in maternal-fetal medicine. This review looks at how viral pathogens interact with placental tissue. It explores how viruses are transmitted, how the placenta's immune system responds, and how infections affect pregnancy outcomes. We examined recent findings on how viruses can penetrate placental barriers, the molecular processes that lead to placental damage, and the long-term effects on fetal development. We gathered evidence from SARS-CoV-2, Zika virus, cytomegalovirus, and other viral infections to highlight common pathways and point out possible treatment targets. As new viral threats continue to challenge healthcare systems worldwide, understanding placental virology is crucial for safeguarding both maternal and fetal health. This review outlines potential future research paths and emphasizes the urgent need for placenta-specific antiviral strategies as new infectious diseases emerge.},
}

Humans
Pregnancy
Female
*Placenta/immunology/virology
*Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/immunology/virology
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*COVID-19/immunology/transmission/virology
*Virus Diseases/immunology/transmission/virology
Zika Virus Infection/immunology/transmission
Zika Virus/immunology
Animals
Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical

@article {pmid41479106,
year = {2026},
author = {Karageorgou, E and Adam, S and Doukakis, S and Vlamos, P},
title = {Digital Accessibility for Students with Disabilities and Inclusive Learning in Education.},
journal = {Advances in experimental medicine and biology},
volume = {1490},
number = {},
pages = {417-424},
pmid = {41479106},
issn = {0065-2598},
mesh = {Humans ; *Persons with Disabilities/education ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Students ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Artificial Intelligence ; *Learning ; *Education, Distance ; },
abstract = {The rapid advancement of digital technologies has reshaped education, yet significant barriers persist in ensuring equitable access for students with disabilities. Digital accessibility in education extends beyond technological solutions, requiring institutional commitment, policy reform, and faculty preparedness. This study examines the challenges and opportunities associated with digital accessibility in higher education and workplace inclusion, emphasizing systemic barriers such as inadequate assistive technologies, inaccessible Learning Management Systems (LMSs), and insufficient faculty training. The findings highlight the transformative potential of adaptive learning strategies, including artificial intelligence (AI), extended reality (XR), and human-computer interaction (HCI), in fostering personalized and inclusive learning environments. However, ethical concerns, algorithmic biases, and inconsistent implementation pose substantial obstacles to their effectiveness. The COVID-19 pandemic further exposed critical shortcomings in digital accessibility policies, disproportionately affecting students and employees with disabilities and underscoring the need for inclusive digital literacy initiatives. Addressing these challenges necessitates a holistic approach that integrates universal design principles, strengthens faculty training programs, and fosters interdisciplinary collaboration between educators, policymakers, and technologists. Through this review, sustained investment in assistive technologies is advocated, along with regulatory frameworks mandating digital inclusivity, and the development of digital learning ecosystems. By embedding accessibility as a fundamental component of educational and employment policies, institutions can mitigate the digital divide and advance equitable opportunities for all learners.},
}

Humans
*Persons with Disabilities/education
*COVID-19/epidemiology
*Students
SARS-CoV-2
Artificial Intelligence
*Learning
*Education, Distance

@article {pmid41477779,
year = {2025},
author = {Vildanov, TR and Lukyanov, NG and Kozlov, KL and Vlasenko, SV and Shcherbak, SG and Vorobyovsky, DA},
title = {[Complexities of myocardial revascularization in patients over 75 years with acute coronary syndrome.].},
journal = {Advances in gerontology = Uspekhi gerontologii},
volume = {38},
number = {4},
pages = {546-552},
pmid = {41477779},
issn = {1561-9125},
mesh = {Humans ; *Acute Coronary Syndrome/surgery/diagnosis ; *Myocardial Revascularization/methods ; Aged ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Aged, 80 and over ; Geriatric Assessment/methods ; Prognosis ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Acute myocardial infarction is the leading cause of hospitalization and mortality in elderly patients. The objective of this review is to demonstrate the importance of a comprehensive geriatric examination in cardiology, a balanced approach to choosing a myocardial revascularization method and postoperative patient management. The results of modern studies in emergency cardiology practice were studied and analyzed in such electronic bibliographic databases as Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Elibrary. This review presents known surgical strategies for myocardial revascularization, therapeutic options for postoperative management, the impact of geriatric syndromes and COVID-19 on the prognosis and outcome of the disease, clinical and angiographic difficulties in managing elderly patients with myocardial infarction.},
}

Humans
*Acute Coronary Syndrome/surgery/diagnosis
*Myocardial Revascularization/methods
Aged
*COVID-19/epidemiology
Aged, 80 and over
Geriatric Assessment/methods
Prognosis
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid41477135,
year = {2025},
author = {Syamal, M},
title = {The Effects of COVID-19 on Voice.},
journal = {World journal of otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgery},
volume = {11},
number = {4},
pages = {524-529},
pmid = {41477135},
issn = {2589-1081},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic had profound effects on vocal health, impacting both infected individuals, professional voice users and essential workers. The objective of this paper was to explore the multifaceted nature of dysphonia associated with COVID-19, arising from both direct and indirect consequences of the pandemic. Prevalence rates of dysphonia among COVID-19 patients range widely from 25% to 79%, with significant underreporting. Factors contributing to voice changes include laryngeal inflammation, respiratory function impairment, treatment-related interventions, and increased vocal strain from masking and virtual communication. Professional voice users, such as teachers and singers, experienced unique challenges, including increased voice fatigue and apprehension regarding aerosol transmission during singing. For the voice clinician, videolaryngoscopic examination remains the critical tool for capturing the broad landscape of diagnoses that can range from inflammation to surgically emergent airway stenoses. Innovations with voice also emerged, utilizing artificial intelligence voice analysis for COVID-19 detection. Overall, understanding the relationship between COVID-19 and voice health is crucial for appropriate diagnosis and treatment of dysphonic patients. Continued research is necessary to further delineate the long-term implications and optimal treatment approaches for those affected.},
}

@article {pmid41476991,
year = {2025},
author = {Asadikaram, M and Bahrampour, S and Rahimi Naiini, M and Jafarzadeh, A and Rosen, C and Asadikaram, G},
title = {Prolactin: A Key Immunoregulator in Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases.},
journal = {International journal of endocrinology},
volume = {2025},
number = {},
pages = {2312675},
pmid = {41476991},
issn = {1687-8337},
abstract = {Prolactin (PRL) is secreted by various cells in the anterior pituitary gland, mammary glands, placenta, uterus, ovaries, testes, skin, adipose tissue, endothelial cells, immune system, and central nervous system. The expression and secretion of PRL are influenced by several factors such as suckling, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), cytokines, dopamine, estrogen, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. It operates through a complex receptor, which is expressed in mammary gland cells, pancreatic beta cells, adipocytes, and immune cells. PRL is essential for various physiological functions, in particular milk production, breast development, metabolism, and immune regulation. Serum PRL levels fluctuate daily and can be affected by exercise, diet, and stress. Hyperprolactinemia is linked to autoimmune diseases and viral infections. In viral infections such as HIV, HCMV, HCV, and COVID-19, PRL levels are often increased, which may influence the immune responses. PRL can modulate the activity of various immune cells, including T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, and macrophages, mounting an effective immune response against viral infections. Moreover, PRL influences the production of cytokines that mediate and regulate immunity and inflammation. PRL stimulates B cells to produce antivirus antibodies that are essential for neutralizing viruses and preventing their spread within the body. PRL levels, varying by sex and life stage, may affect immune responses and susceptibility to viral infections. Moreover, overexpression of PRL was indicated in various autoimmune diseases. Overall, PRL is a complex hormone with significant implications for endocrine function, immune regulation, and immune responses to viral infections, highlighting the need for further research into its diverse roles in health and disease. This review summarizes current knowledge of the immunomodulatory effects of PRL in human viral infections and possibly its contribution to the development of autoimmune diseases.},
}

@article {pmid41476798,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, L and Zhang, H and Jiang, H},
title = {Phosphorylation Modifications and Their Role in Viral Pneumonia: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications.},
journal = {Infection and drug resistance},
volume = {18},
number = {},
pages = {6915-6933},
pmid = {41476798},
issn = {1178-6973},
abstract = {Advances in diagnostic technologies have led to the identification of an increasing number of viruses associated with pneumonia, thereby drawing significant attention to viral pneumonia. The primary viral pathogens implicated in pneumonia include influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus, adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, human metapneumovirus, and enterovirus. Post-translational modifications, especially phosphorylation, are pivotal in the lifecycle of these viruses. Phosphorylation affects key processes such as viral replication, transcription, assembly, and release, thereby influencing their propagation in host cells. Viral infection can also trigger kinase-associated pathways within host cells, activating host cell phosphatases and related signaling cascades. This results in alterations to host phosphorylation states, aggravating cellular pathology and facilitating viral proliferation. This review examines the common viral pathogens involved in pneumonia and highlights the role of phosphorylation in viral proliferation. Additionally, we explore the potential of phosphorylation inhibitors in controlling viral infections, with the aim of advancing our understanding of viral phosphorylation and promoting the use of these inhibitors in the treatment of viral pneumonia.},
}

@article {pmid41476768,
year = {2025},
author = {Dommer, AC and Amaro, RE and Prather, KA},
title = {Understanding Aerosol-Mediated Disease Transmission.},
journal = {ACS central science},
volume = {11},
number = {12},
pages = {2319-2328},
pmid = {41476768},
issn = {2374-7943},
abstract = {This Outlook aims to update the longstanding treatment of airborne disease transmission through an interdisciplinary lens combining biology, surface chemistry, and aerosol physics, drawing parallels between environmental and human-generated infectious aerosols and examining their effects on human and ecosystem health. By recasting the lung surface as a dynamic interface akin to the ocean surface, this Outlook illustrates the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to elucidate the mechanisms of disease transmission at a depth that enables practical mitigation strategies. The urgency of this analysis is motivated by the evolving nature of airborne pathogens of concern, such as SARS-CoV-2 and influenza, and the global impact of dynamic environments on the poorly understood airborne microbiome.},
}

@article {pmid41476648,
year = {2025},
author = {Li, Q and Xing, H and Naeem, A and Zhang, K and Zheng, A and Huang, Y and Lu, M},
title = {Extracellular Vesicle-Based mRNA Therapeutics and Vaccines.},
journal = {Exploration (Beijing, China)},
volume = {5},
number = {6},
pages = {20240109},
pmid = {41476648},
issn = {2766-2098},
abstract = {Messenger RNA (mRNA) therapeutics and vaccines have recently gained particular prominence following the COVID-19 epidemic. However, clinical translation of mRNAs is critically dependent on efficient and safe delivery in vivo. Currently, a plethora of mRNA delivery technology platforms (such as lipid nanoparticles) have been developed and have achieved stunning success. Nevertheless, many challenges remain to be overcome, including immunogenicity and toxicities, excessive liver accumulation, limited endosomal escape ability, low tissue bioavailability, poor mucosal immunity, and the need for cold chain storage. In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as an attractive mRNA delivery platform due to their favorable properties, such as low immunogenicity, natural capability to deliver RNAs, intrinsic targeting capacity, and the ability to negotiate with physiological barriers. In this review, we discuss the latest efforts to harness EVs for mRNA delivery and elaborate the behind mechanisms, aiming to offering insights into the rational design of effective and safe EV-based mRNA therapeutics and vaccines for biomedical applications. Additionally, we provide an overview of EV biogenesis, composition, cellular internalization, and their superiorities and challenges for mRNA delivery, with special emphasis on the state-of-the-art methodologies for packaging EVs with mRNAs.},
}

@article {pmid41476373,
year = {2025},
author = {Joshi, R and Sharma, S and Kapoor, DU and Prajapati, BG and Huanbutta, K and Sriamornsak, P},
title = {mRNA-Based Therapeutics: Advances in Drug Delivery, Comparative Innovations, and Biomedical Applications.},
journal = {Molecular pharmaceutics},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5c00774},
pmid = {41476373},
issn = {1543-8392},
abstract = {mRNA-based therapeutics represent a major advancement in modern medicine, offering programmable and nonintegrating treatment options for infectious diseases, malignancies, and hereditary disorders. This review addresses the chronological evolution, structural optimization, and delivery challenges of mRNA drugs, highlighting developments such as nucleoside modifications and lipid nanoparticle (LNP) platforms that improve the stability and promote cellular entry. Comparative analysis highlights the benefits of mRNA over DNA-, siRNA-, and protein-based medicine in safety, scalability, and rapid rearrangement. Applications vary from COVID-19 vaccines to individualized cancer immunotherapy and protein replacement strategies. New methods, including self-amplifying mRNA (saRNA), CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, and tissue-specific delivery systems, enhance the therapeutic potential. While mRNA technology faces challenges in terms of immunogenicity, multiple dosing, and durability of safety considerations, it offers unparalleled precision, transient expression, and swift manufacturability. This review emphasizes the comparative design principles of mRNA delivery systems, bridging formulation innovation with translational biomedical applications. By integrating lipid-based and nonlipid nanocarrier insights, it highlights critical advances shaping next-generation mRNA therapeutics.},
}

@article {pmid41476292,
year = {2025},
author = {Sasikumar, S and Patidar, S},
title = {Progressive fibrotic interstitial lung diseases in India: national challenges and implications for global health policies.},
journal = {Health research policy and systems},
volume = {24},
number = {1},
pages = {8},
pmid = {41476292},
issn = {1478-4505},
mesh = {Humans ; India/epidemiology ; *Health Policy ; *Lung Diseases, Interstitial/epidemiology/diagnosis/therapy ; *Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/epidemiology/diagnosis ; Disease Progression ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Global Health ; Quality of Life ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) constitute a heterogeneous group of diffuse parenchymal lung disorders characterized by varying degrees of inflammation and fibrosis. Global estimates indicate that the incidence of ILDs has risen by over 50% in the recent years. In India, epidemiological data remain limited and inconsistent due to heterogeneity in diagnostic criteria and regional disparities, impeding accurate burden estimation and policy prioritization.

MAIN TEXT: Among ILDs, progressive fibrotic forms, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) in particular, cause substantial morbidity and mortality. Many ILDs progress to irreversible fibrosis, leading to declining lung function, impaired quality of life and shortened survival. Timely and precise diagnosis of progressive fibrotic (PF)-ILDs is imperative to facilitate early therapeutic intervention and potentially slow down fibrotic progression. Diagnostic evaluation necessitates high-resolution computed tomography, histopathological examination and multidisciplinary team consensus, all of which are often unavailable or prohibitively expensive outside tertiary care centres in India. Therapeutic options are confined primarily to two antifibrotic agents approved for IPF, which modestly attenuate disease progression but do not significantly improve survival in patients. Access to these therapies is limited by cost, lack of proper insurance coverage and non-uniform healthcare infrastructure. Clinical presentation is often delayed owing to low disease awareness and referral gaps. Although, pulmonary fibrosis following novel coronavirus disease 2019 has attracted recent attention, it constitutes a minor fraction of the PF-ILD burden. Despite the high morbidity and mortality associated with PF-ILDs, these conditions are inadequately represented in India's health policy instruments, research agendas and funding priorities.

CONCLUSIONS: The burden of PF-ILDs in India demands an urgent policy response, which involves integrating ILDs into national non-communicable disease frameworks, expanding diagnostic capacity in secondary care, improving affordability and access to antifibrotic drugs and supporting multicentre registries for surveillance and research. Addressing these gaps could reduce disease impact domestically and provide a model for other low- and middle-income countries confronting similar challenges in tackling fibrotic lung diseases.},
}

Humans
India/epidemiology
*Health Policy
*Lung Diseases, Interstitial/epidemiology/diagnosis/therapy
*Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/epidemiology/diagnosis
Disease Progression
COVID-19/epidemiology
Global Health
Quality of Life
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid41475153,
year = {2026},
author = {Daniel, N and Smith, C and Miah, N and Akroyd, C and Bingham, T and Brooks, H and Chowdhury, MA and Kaur, G and Kundra, R and Prendergast, M and Chantkowski, M and Galiza, E and Nakafero, G and Milton, C and Mejia, M and Murphy, D and Ramanan, A and Rex, D and Wilkinson, S and Owera, S and Khunti, K and Faust, SN and Ramasamy, MN and , },
title = {Enablers and barriers to participation in vaccine trials: a narrative synthesis.},
journal = {Vaccine},
volume = {73},
number = {},
pages = {128183},
doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.128183},
pmid = {41475153},
issn = {1873-2518},
mesh = {Humans ; *Clinical Trials as Topic ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; Female ; *COVID-19 Vaccines ; Pregnancy ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To synthesise evidence on barriers and enablers to participation in vaccine clinical trials (2010-2024), with a focus on underserved populations, to support the design of more inclusive vaccine trials.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A rapid narrative review was conducted using PubMed, identifying 145 peer-reviewed studies published between 2010 and 2024. Data extraction captured study design, participant population, and factors influencing trial enrolment. Findings were thematically analysed, with subgroup synthesis for underserved populations, including pregnant individuals, parents, ethnic minority groups, and LGBTQ+ communities.

RESULTS: Analysis of the 145 included studies identified five themes for enablers and four themes for barriers. Safety concerns were the most frequent deterrent, particularly for proxy decision-makers such as parents and pregnant participants. Institutional mistrust and misinformation were consistent barriers, with the COVID-19 pandemic heightening distrust of governments and pharmaceutical companies and amplifying misinformation through social media. Additional barriers included sociocultural expectations and logistical burdens, particularly in low-resource settings. Enrolment was enabled by altruistic motivations, perceived personal or community benefit, transparent safety communication, logistical ease, and community engagement. Community-led engagement, culturally concordant staff, and proportionate incentives were consistently associated with improved enrolment.

CONCLUSIONS: Vaccine trial participation is shaped by a dynamic risk-benefit calculus that manifests differently across populations. Addressing inequities requires sustained community partnerships, culturally competent trial design, proportionate material support, and proactive communication strategies to counter misinformation. These findings provide actionable guidance for designing more inclusive vaccine trials.},
}

Humans
*Clinical Trials as Topic
*COVID-19/prevention & control
Female
*COVID-19 Vaccines
Pregnancy
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid41474629,
year = {2026},
author = {Nikanjam, M and Kato, S and Nishizaki, D and Miyashita, H and Pabla, S and Nesline, MK and Ko, H and Conroy, JM and Naing, A and Kurzrock, R},
title = {Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator (ICOS) and ICOS Ligand: Dealing With a Two-Faced Cancer Immunoregulatory System.},
journal = {Cancer medicine},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {e71467},
pmid = {41474629},
issn = {2045-7634},
support = {5U01CA180888-08/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; 5UG1CA233198-05/NH/NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein/metabolism/antagonists & inhibitors/immunology ; *Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Ligand/metabolism/immunology/antagonists & inhibitors ; *Neoplasms/immunology/drug therapy/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Animals ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: ICOS (inducible T-cell co-stimulator) and ICOS ligand (ICOSL) are part of an important, complex pathway that can lead to both immune stimulation and suppression. ICOS and ICOSL have heterogeneous expression patterns between and within tumor types.

METHODS: This review provides an overview of ICOS and ICOSL, their mechanisms of action, expression in cancer and other diseases, and clinical trials exploring therapies targeting ICOS.

RESULTS: Because of the bidirectional immune impact of the ICOS/ICOSL signaling pathway, both ICOS agonists and antagonists are under development and evaluation in clinical trials. The majority of clinical trials have focused on the development of ICOS agonists, with only one study exploring an ICOS antagonist; there have been no clinical trials developing ICOSL agonists or antagonists in oncology. ICOS can be expressed on immune-activating effector T-cell and immunosuppressive regulatory T-cell (Tregs). Thus, it is critical to determine where and how ICOS is expressed in order to evaluate the role for agonists versus antagonists. To date, ICOS agonists have shown limited activity in patients with malignancies, perhaps because of the lack of biomarker-based trials. However, an ICOS antagonist demonstrated a 44% response rate in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma; ICOS is highly expressed on T-follicular helper cells (type of CD4 cell) and proliferation of these cells may be a pathogenic mechanism for these lymphomas. A role for the ICOS/ICOSL signaling pathway has also been implicated outside of oncology, including in viral infections such as COVID-19, and in autoimmune conditions such as asthma and systemic lupus erythematosus.

CONCLUSION: Biomarker-driven approaches will be important to individualize therapy and ascertain which cancer patients will derive the greatest benefit from ICOS-directed combination therapy approaches.},
}

Humans
*Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein/metabolism/antagonists & inhibitors/immunology
*Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Ligand/metabolism/immunology/antagonists & inhibitors
*Neoplasms/immunology/drug therapy/metabolism
Signal Transduction
Animals

@article {pmid41472518,
year = {2025},
author = {Boulton, O and Farquharson, B and Hoyle, L},
title = {The Complexity of Emergency Nurse Retention and Turnover Pre- and Post-Covid 19: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Journal of advanced nursing},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1111/jan.70467},
pmid = {41472518},
issn = {1365-2648},
abstract = {AIMS: To examine factors influencing emergency nurse turnover and retention pre- and post-COVID-19 and inform planned Participatory Systems Mapping research.

DESIGN: A scoping review of the literature reporting reasons emergency nurses leave, intend to leave or stay.

METHODS: Following the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and a pre-registered protocol, databases and grey literature were systematically searched in January 2025 (updated August 2025). Literature published after 1st January 2010, was included. Two reviewers independently screened records, and 10% of extractions were cross-checked. Data were grouped thematically on a visual coding system using the Miro platform. Pre- and post-COVID-19 sources were categorised and analysed using a two-dimensional framework of intensity and frequency.

DATA SOURCES: MedLine, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Cochrane and grey literature.

RESULTS: Ninety-three sources were included. Burnout, workload, staffing and workplace violence (WPV) were linked across study designs to turnover, while job satisfaction, supportive leadership and team cohesion appeared to support retention. Problem-focused and resilience-based coping were associated with retention across study designs (n = 5); emotion-focused strategies were linked with poorer outcomes (n = 3). In a subset of 86 sources, traditional protective factors (leadership support and team camaraderie) appeared weakened post-COVID-19. A novel theme of moral obligation to remain, despite personal risk, emerged. Adaptive coping gave way to downshifting and emotional suppression.

CONCLUSION: The included evidence indicates that multiple, interacting factors shape emergency nurse turnover and retention, whilst systemic strategies aligning operational demands with psychological safety and core nursing values may contribute to sustainable retention.

Workforce interventions should address the psychological legacy of COVID-19 and focus on rebuilding trust, flexibility and moral sustainability in emergency departments.

IMPACT: While individual drivers of turnover are known, their complex interplay and retention factors are underexplored. This review identifies themes transcending boundaries and recurring across the turnover pathway, underscoring the need for multi-level interventions relevant to both nurse managers and policy makers.

REPORTING METHOD: Reporting follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines (PRISMA-ScR).

This study did not include patient or public involvement in its design, conduct or reporting.},
}

@article {pmid41472297,
year = {2025},
author = {Liu, J and Luo, W and Li, J and Cai, B and Lei, Z and Lin, S and Chen, Z and Yue, Z and Chen, X and Li, Y and Luo, Z and Zhang, Q and Chen, X},
title = {A Review of Receptor Recognition Mechanisms in Coronaviruses.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {17},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {41472297},
issn = {1999-4915},
support = {82072834, 32400132, 2023A1515010318, 2021A1515011065//the National Natural Science Foundation of China , Guangdong Natural Science Foundation/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Coronavirus/physiology/genetics/metabolism ; *Receptors, Virus/metabolism/genetics/chemistry ; Animals ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; *Coronavirus Infections/virology/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Cellular receptor recognition exerts fundamental roles during coronavirus infection. Clarifying the regulatory mechanism of virus receptor helps to better understand viral infection, transmission and pathogenesis; predict potential host and how viral escape from immune system; prevent coronavirus infection or develop treatment therapy. Herein, we summarize current understanding of host receptor recognition mechanisms in the different genera of coronavirus family. And we also review diverse methodologies of identification and clarification of virus receptors. The integration of structural biology, multi-omics, computational predictions, synthetic biology and artificially engineered viral receptors, provide a powerful framework for elucidating coronavirus-receptor interactions. This also supports the development of broad-spectrum antiviral agents, smart biosensors, and intervention strategies against emerging coronaviruses.},
}

Humans
*Coronavirus/physiology/genetics/metabolism
*Receptors, Virus/metabolism/genetics/chemistry
Animals
Host-Pathogen Interactions
*Coronavirus Infections/virology/metabolism

@article {pmid41472292,
year = {2025},
author = {Ariza, ME and Mena Palomo, I and Williams, MV},
title = {Does Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) Represent a Poly-Herpesvirus Post-Virus Infectious Disease?.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {17},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {41472292},
issn = {1999-4915},
support = {R01 A1084898//National Institute of Health/ ; },
mesh = {*Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/virology/etiology ; Humans ; *Herpesviridae/physiology/pathogenicity ; *Herpesviridae Infections/virology/complications ; Virus Replication ; Animals ; Virus Latency ; },
abstract = {Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a debilitating multisystem illness with unknown etiology. An estimated 17-24 million people representing approximately 1% of the population are afflicted worldwide. In over half of cases, ME/CFS onset is associated with acute "flu-like" symptoms, suggesting a role for viruses. However, no single virus has been identified as the only etiological agent. This may reflect the approach employed or more strongly the central dogma associated with herpesviruses replication, which states that a herpesvirus exists in two states, either lytic or latent. The purpose of this review is to address the role that abortive lytic replication may have in the pathogenesis of ME/CFS and other post-acute viral infections and also to raise awareness that these syndromes might be poly-herpesviruses mediated diseases.},
}

*Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/virology/etiology
Humans
*Herpesviridae/physiology/pathogenicity
*Herpesviridae Infections/virology/complications
Virus Replication
Animals
Virus Latency

@article {pmid41472204,
year = {2025},
author = {Dong, J and He, X and Bao, S and Wei, Z},
title = {Diagnostic Methods for Bovine Coronavirus: A Review of Recent Advancements and Challenges.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {17},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {41472204},
issn = {1999-4915},
support = {KJZC-2024-15//Gansu Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Science and Technology Support Project/ ; },
mesh = {Animals ; Cattle ; *Coronavirus, Bovine/genetics/isolation & purification ; *Cattle Diseases/diagnosis/virology ; *Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/methods ; *Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/veterinary/virology ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/methods ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; CRISPR-Cas Systems ; },
abstract = {Bovine coronavirus(BCoV) is a significant pathogen causing substantial economic losses in the cattle industry through increased calf mortality, reduced growth performance, and decreased milk yield. Rapid and accurate diagnostic methods are therefore essential for controlling BCoV transmission. Current diagnostic methods comprise two primary categories: conventional techniques and cutting-edge innovations. Conventional approaches, including molecular methods like RT-PCR/qRT-PCR and immunological assays such as ELISA and neutralization tests, remain the main diagnostic methods. However, they are limited by laboratory dependency as well as the necessary balance between speed and sensitivity. These limitations have promoted the development of innovative methods, including isothermal amplification, CRISPR/Cas systems, droplet digital PCR, and integrated platforms. This review comprehensively analyzes the advantages, limitations, and applications of current diagnostic methods, highlighting integrated platforms such as RPA-CRISPR-LFA and microfluidics-based LFA. These innovations bridge critical performance gaps by enhancing sensitivity and specificity while enabling field application, demonstrating significant potential as next-generation point-of-care diagnostics for managing this economically critical pathogen.},
}

Animals
Cattle
*Coronavirus, Bovine/genetics/isolation & purification
*Cattle Diseases/diagnosis/virology
*Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/methods
*Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/veterinary/virology
Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/methods
Sensitivity and Specificity
CRISPR-Cas Systems

@article {pmid41472136,
year = {2025},
author = {Liu, Y and Lu, H and Li, J and Xie, Y and Hu, G and Pang, S and Lian, S and Liu, J and Zhu, G and Ding, X},
title = {A Comprehensive View on the Mechanisms of Coronavirus Escaping Innate Immunity.},
journal = {Veterinary sciences},
volume = {12},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {41472136},
issn = {2306-7381},
support = {32503083//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; HN2024113//Henan Postdoctoral Research Foundation/ ; 22nya08//Science and Technology Plan Project of Taizhou/ ; },
abstract = {Coronaviruses are a group of widespread infectious pathogens that pose a serious threat to human and animal health. Corona Virus Disease 2019, instigated by severe acute respiratory SARS-CoV-2, has presented an unprecedented challenge to global public health in recent years. The host innate immune system is the first line of defense against pathogens, which plays a key role in inhibiting the initial infection of viruses and regulating the initiation and development of acquired immunity. However, coronaviruses can suppress the host's innate immune response through their unique immune escape mechanisms, which is one of the key strategies for coronavirus pathogenesis. This review focuses on the host's innate immune sensors, innate antiviral immune responses, and the mechanisms employed by coronaviruses to evade and suppress the innate immune system. And we hope that it will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the escape mechanism of coronaviruses regarding innate immunity and the pathogenesis of coronaviruses.},
}

@article {pmid41471393,
year = {2025},
author = {Shaer, NA and Mohamed, AA and Schnug, E},
title = {Potential of Artemisia annua Bioactives as Antiviral Agents Against SARS-CoV-2 and Other Health Complications.},
journal = {Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {18},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {41471393},
issn = {1424-8247},
abstract = {This review highlights Artemisia annua, a medicinal plant which grows in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, known for its abundant therapeutic properties. A. annua serves as a rich source of various bioactive compounds, including sesquiterpenoid lactones, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and coumarins. Among these, artemisinin and its derivatives are most extensively studied due to their potent antimalarial properties. Extracts and isolates of A. annua have demonstrated a range of therapeutic effects, such as antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antimalarial, and antiviral properties. Given its significant antiviral activity, A. annua could be investigated for the development of new nutraceutical bioactive compounds to combat SARS-CoV-2. Artificial Intelligence (AI) can assist in drug discovery by optimizing the selection of more effective and safer natural bioactives, including artemisinin. It can also predict potential clinical outcomes through in silico modeling of protein-ligand interactions. In silico studies have reported that artemisinin and its derivatives possess a strong ability to bind with the Lys353 and Lys31 hotspots of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, demonstrating their effective antiviral effects against COVID-19. This integrated approach may accelerate the identification of effective and safer natural antiviral agents against COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid41471153,
year = {2025},
author = {Ramasamy, R},
title = {Perspective Overview of Changing Population Immunity to COVID-19 in the Context of Infection, Vaccination, and Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants.},
journal = {Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {41471153},
issn = {2076-0817},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/prevention & control/epidemiology/virology/transmission ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology/genetics ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology ; Vaccination ; Immune Evasion ; },
abstract = {The changing state of protective immunity to COVID-19 in the global population in the six years since COVID-19's origin in 2019 is examined in the context of the (i) circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in the population, (ii) widespread use of different types of COVID-19 vaccines beginning in December 2020 and continuing to the present time, and (iii) ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 to produce mutant viruses with greater infectivity, replication rate, evasion of immunity, and transmissibility. The outlook, and possible vaccine strategies, for the future control of COVID-19 are also examined.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/immunology/prevention & control/epidemiology/virology/transmission
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology/genetics
*COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
Vaccination
Immune Evasion

@article {pmid41469295,
year = {2025},
author = {Collins, N and Devon, C and Bentley, S and Dixon, E and Jones, D and Kenny, S and Makhecha, S and Moledina, S and Murray, N and Puckey, M and Worger, C and Balfour-Lynn, IM},
title = {Home intravenous antibiotics for cystic fibrosis - setting up a hospital @home service.},
journal = {Paediatric respiratory reviews},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.prrv.2025.12.002},
pmid = {41469295},
issn = {1526-0550},
abstract = {This paper reviews the use of home intravenous antibiotics (IVABs) in children with cystic fibrosis (CF). We outline a program we developed during the COVID-19 pandemic for enhancing the experience for children and families by involving full multidisciplinary follow up via video for the duration of the antibiotic course. We did find though, that the majority of families were unsuitable for home IVABs. We hope that this information will be useful for other CF units considering setting up a hospital at home service.},
}

@article {pmid41467992,
year = {2025},
author = {Mendlovic, F and Plett, T and Santiago-Olivares, C and Avila-Ramírez, G and Flisser, A and Rivera-Toledo, E},
title = {Immune and Virological Factors Influencing Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Circulation and Increased Prevalence During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Viral immunology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1177/08828245251407618},
pmid = {41467992},
issn = {1557-8976},
abstract = {Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is a leading cause of respiratory infections in infants and older adults. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted hRSV transmission due to non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI), resulting in atypical circulation patterns, earlier seasonal peaks, and increased post-pandemic prevalence. Two key factors are proposed to underlie these changes: a reduced specific immune response due to decreased viral exposure and the emergence of novel hRSV variants. These factors contributed to a larger cohort of immunologically naïve children and lower levels of maternally derived antibodies, increasing susceptibility to severe hRSV disease, particularly in infants and children. Additionally, adults experienced waning immunity following prolonged periods of limited hRSV circulation. The post-pandemic resurgence was accompanied by the emergence of novel hRSV variants with altered transmissibility and virulence, such as GB5.0.6a in Europe and B.D.E.1 in China. These variants may reflect mutations driven by the reduced immunity, though further research is needed to assess their pathogenicity. Understanding the interplay between the reduced immunity due to NPI and virological factors is essential for addressing hRSV epidemiology. Enhanced molecular surveillance and immunological monitoring are crucial for guiding vaccination strategies and protecting vulnerable populations against future hRSV outbreaks.},
}

@article {pmid41467276,
year = {2025},
author = {Petrov, S and Donkov, D and Orbetzova, M},
title = {AI and telemedicine in management of diabetes.},
journal = {Folia medica},
volume = {67},
number = {6},
pages = {},
doi = {10.3897/folmed.67.e153728},
pmid = {41467276},
issn = {1314-2143},
mesh = {Humans ; *Telemedicine ; *Artificial Intelligence ; *Diabetes Mellitus/therapy/diagnosis ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Deep Learning ; Decision Support Systems, Clinical ; Machine Learning ; Natural Language Processing ; },
abstract = {This review explores how two cutting-edge technologies-telemedicine and artificial intelligence (AI)-are reshaping diabetes care. Diabetes remains one of healthcare's toughest challenges, demanding round-the-clock monitoring and treatments that adapt to each patient's needs. During COVID-19, telemedicine proved its worth as a vital tool for maintaining patient care and improving health outcomes. Meanwhile, AI-through machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL)-brings fresh capabilities for catching diabetes early, assessing patient risk, and spotting complications like eye and nerve damage before they become serious. We examined recent research on these technologies, particularly their roles in predicting who might develop diabetes, using Natural Language Processing (NLP) to decode messy patient records, and supporting doctors through clinical decision support systems (CDSS). Our findings reveal that telemedicine works-it helps patients control their blood sugar better and keeps them satisfied with their care. However, not everyone has equal access to technology, and some healthcare providers remain skeptical. AI diagnostic tools, especially for eye screening, now match human doctors in accuracy. Though merging these technologies could revolutionize personalized diabetes care, we first need to tackle real-world obstacles: ensuring fair access for all patients, protecting sensitive health data, and making different systems work together seamlessly.},
}

Humans
*Telemedicine
*Artificial Intelligence
*Diabetes Mellitus/therapy/diagnosis
COVID-19/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
Deep Learning
Decision Support Systems, Clinical
Machine Learning
Natural Language Processing

@article {pmid41466823,
year = {2026},
author = {Arjun, MM and Sreekanth, GP},
title = {Engineering Nipah virus: Reverse genetics as a gateway to novel drug discovery.},
journal = {New microbes and new infections},
volume = {69},
number = {},
pages = {101682},
pmid = {41466823},
issn = {2052-2975},
abstract = {Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic and re-emerging virus that requires containment in biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) laboratories. The limited accessibility of these high-security facilities poses major obstacles to investigating immunopathogenesis and developing effective antiviral treatments. Reverse genetics allows manipulation of viral genomes without the need to handle the wild-type virus and has become instrumental in understanding NiV pathogenesis and advancing therapeutic research. These tools have proven vital for other high-containment viruses, notably during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and have been adapted effectively for NiV. Reverse genetics-derived systems were used to evaluate the drug candidates in the preclinical studies of NiV, with several candidates in the development pipeline. This narrative review summarizes established reverse genetics and pseudotyping methodologies for NiV, highlighting their contributions to understanding viral pathogenesis and accelerating vaccine and therapeutic development.},
}

@article {pmid41465787,
year = {2025},
author = {Tiwari, S and Dhakal, T and Kim, BJ and Jang, GS and Oh, Y},
title = {Genomics in Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance: An Exploratory Analysis.},
journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {41465787},
issn = {2075-1729},
support = {RS-2023-KH140418//Government-wide R&D to Advance Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Republic of Korea/ ; },
abstract = {Genomics has revolutionized epidemiology and disease surveillance by providing powerful tools for identifying, tracking, and analyzing pathogens at the molecular level. This exploratory analysis examines the integration of genomic with traditional epidemiological approaches, highlighting the role of whole-genome sequencing as a key method for pathogen identification, outbreak investigation, and understanding transmission dynamics. By enabling the detection of mutations and monitoring of antimicrobial resistance, genomics allows for precise mapping of infection sources and transmission pathways, thereby improving the timeliness and accuracy of public health responses. Furthermore, genomic surveillance supports the early detection of emerging variants, such as those observed during viral outbreaks like COVID-19, facilitating proactive intervention strategies. Despite its transformative potential, challenges related to data privacy, infrastructure, and interdisciplinary collaboration persist. This analysis emphasizes the importance of genomics in building resilient surveillance systems to address future infectious disease threats and advocates for sustained investment in genomic technologies to advance global health security.},
}

@article {pmid41465600,
year = {2025},
author = {Ben Khlifa, E and Campese, A and Corsi, A and Bombieri, C and Romanelli, MG and Valenti, MT and Zipeto, D and Castelli, M and Lievens, PM and Ruggiero, A},
title = {Post-Translational Modifications in Respiratory Virus Infection: Recent Insights into the Development of In Vitro Models.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {26},
number = {24},
pages = {},
pmid = {41465600},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {CUP B53D23003290001//the PRIN 2022 (NextGenerationEU, MUR n. 972)/ ; CUP B53D23003410006//NextGenerationEU, MUR n. 972/ ; Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences of the University of Verona//MUR - Excellence Project 2023-2027/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; SARS-CoV-2/metabolism ; Influenza A virus/metabolism ; Animals ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/virology/metabolism ; COVID-19/virology/metabolism ; *Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/metabolism/virology ; Virus Replication ; },
abstract = {Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are crucial chemical alterations occurring on proteins post-synthesis, impacting various cellular processes. During viral infections, PTMs are shown to play a multitude of roles in viral replication, host interaction, and immune evasion. Thus, these modifications can influence infectivity, with direct impact on the anti-viral host immune responses and potentially viral adaptation across species. This field is still scarcely explored, whilst understanding PTMs is not only important to advance the knowledge of virus pathology but also potentially to provide insights for vaccine development. In this review, we attempt to summarize the latest findings mainly published over the last 10 years, focusing on the roles of PTMs involved in virus infection and anti-viral immune responses, in the context of relevant human respiratory infections: influenza A virus (IAV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and SARS-CoV-2. We decided to concentrate on these three viruses because they currently represent a global health problem due to recurrent outbreaks and pandemic potential. A deeper characterization of the PTMs may help in understanding virus-host interaction with possible implications on curative strategies. Further, we will report on cutting-edge technologies to study in vitro virus infection in different cellular-based systems. In particular, we describe and discuss the application of 2D and 3D lung organoid cell-culture systems as in vitro models to mimic respiratory environments and to study the PTMs in a controlled setting. Finally, we will discuss the importance of PTMs in the context of next-generation vaccine design, especially for their potential role to offer effective protection against respiratory viruses.},
}

Humans
*Protein Processing, Post-Translational
SARS-CoV-2/metabolism
Influenza A virus/metabolism
Animals
Host-Pathogen Interactions
*Respiratory Tract Infections/virology/metabolism
COVID-19/virology/metabolism
*Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/metabolism/virology
Virus Replication

@article {pmid41465254,
year = {2025},
author = {Guria, K and Melnikov, I and Shtelmakh, V and Avtaeva, Y and Okhota, S and Saburova, O and Kozlov, S and Gabbasov, Z},
title = {Fibrin Monomer in Thrombosis and Haemostasis: A Clinical Biomarker and Beyond.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {26},
number = {24},
pages = {},
pmid = {41465254},
issn = {1422-0067},
support = {24-15-00092//the Russian Science Foundation/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; Biomarkers/blood/metabolism ; *Hemostasis ; *Thrombosis/metabolism/blood/diagnosis ; COVID-19/blood/complications ; *Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products/metabolism ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Fibrin/metabolism ; Blood Coagulation ; Fibrinolysis ; },
abstract = {Fibrin monomer (FM) is a transient intermediate of blood coagulation that functions as both an active regulator of haemostasis and a sensitive biomarker for prothrombotic states. Clinically, FM is measured indirectly as its derivative, soluble fibrin monomer complexes (SFMC), which is also often referred to as FM throughout the clinical literature. FM participates in a complex regulatory network modulating thrombin generation and fibrinolysis, interacting with platelet receptors, including integrin αIIbβ3 and GPVI, and engaging GPIb-vWF interactions. This comprehensive review examines FM's molecular mechanisms in haemostatic regulation and evaluates clinical evidence for FM as a biomarker. Particular focus is placed on FM's utility for risk stratification across thrombotic conditions, including disseminated intravascular coagulation, venous thromboembolism, ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and COVID-19-associated coagulopathy. Current challenges, including assay standardization and universal cut-off values, are discussed. By synthesizing mechanistic insights with clinical data, this integrated perspective may accelerate the translation of FM biology into improved risk assessment tools and novel therapeutic strategies.},
}

Humans
Biomarkers/blood/metabolism
*Hemostasis
*Thrombosis/metabolism/blood/diagnosis
COVID-19/blood/complications
*Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products/metabolism
SARS-CoV-2
Fibrin/metabolism
Blood Coagulation
Fibrinolysis

@article {pmid41464674,
year = {2025},
author = {Duque-Clavijo, V and Doan, HQ and Tyring, SK},
title = {A Review of Cutaneous Viral Infections and Their Potential Role in Neurologic Diseases.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {14},
number = {24},
pages = {},
pmid = {41464674},
issn = {2077-0383},
abstract = {Background: Cutaneous viral infections, defined as viral pathogens that either primarily affect the skin (e.g., herpesviruses, enteroviruses) or frequently produce dermatologic manifestations despite systemic tropism (e.g., HIV, SARS-CoV-2), can trigger systemic inflammatory and neurotropic responses that extend their impact to the nervous system. A growing body of evidence suggests that viruses with dermatologic manifestations may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of neurologic disorders. Summary: Although individual viruses have been studied in isolation, the skin-brain axis in viral infections remains incompletely characterized. This review synthesizes existing knowledge and highlights gaps in understanding the mechanisms linking cutaneous viral infections to neurologic disease. We explore the principal mechanisms linking viral skin infections to central and peripheral nervous system damage, including direct neuroinvasion, immune-mediated injury, and vascular or endothelial dysfunction. Particular attention is given to herpesviruses, retroviruses, enteroviruses, and respiratory viruses, which have been associated with conditions such as dementia, multiple sclerosis, myelopathies, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and the post-acute neurologic sequelae of COVID-19. Furthermore, we discuss the role of neuroinflammation in viral-associated neurodegeneration and highlight emerging evidence supporting the recombinant zoster vaccine (Shingrix) as a potential modulator of neuroinflammatory processes and a protective factor against dementia. Conclusions: Cutaneous viral infections extend beyond local skin pathology, contributing to a broad spectrum of neurologic complications through intertwined infectious and inflammatory mechanisms. A clearer understanding of how peripheral viral activity shapes central nervous system vulnerability remains a major unmet need. A multidisciplinary approach integrating dermatologic and neurologic perspectives is essential for early recognition and prevention. While observational studies suggest that zoster vaccination may reduce viral reactivation and modulate neuroinflammatory pathways, definitive evidence of neuroprotection is still lacking. Future studies should clarify causal relationships, test mechanistic hypotheses regarding skin-brain immune crosstalk, and explore vaccine-mediated neuroprotection as a novel therapeutic strategy.},
}

@article {pmid41464475,
year = {2025},
author = {Jia, Y and Turcu, C},
title = {Climate, Health, and Urban Green Infrastructure: The Evidence Base and Implications for Urban Policy and Spatial Planning.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {22},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {41464475},
issn = {1660-4601},
mesh = {Humans ; Cities ; *City Planning ; *Climate Change ; },
abstract = {Urban green infrastructure (UGI) is widely used to adapt to the impacts of climate change. Its multiple benefits are well documented, with health-related benefits receiving growing attention, especially post-COVID-19. However, the existing evidence remains fragmented and limited to narrow disciplinary perspectives, offering only partial insights into the intersection of UGI and climate adaptation measures with health co-benefits. This paper addresses these gaps by providing an interdisciplinary review of the field. It presents a systematic literature review of studies between 2015 and 2025, assessing the extent of documented evidence and drawing out key policy implications. The review adopts the PRISMA framework and synthesizes evidence from 178 primary research articles across seven databases. Health co-benefits are reported across ten types of UGI: residential greenery, urban vegetation, school greenery, trees, urban parks, urban forests, green roofs and walls, green streets, grasslands, and community or private gardens. Building on the review's findings and additional literature, the paper discusses seven key implications for urban policy and spatial planning, which are relevant to climate adaptation policymakers, urban planners, and public health authorities working in cities.},
}

Humans
Cities
*City Planning
*Climate Change

@article {pmid41464441,
year = {2025},
author = {Abdel-Motaal, KA and El Kheir-Mataria, WA and Chun, S},
title = {Global Health Governance and the WHO Pandemic Agreement: A Scoping Review of Challenges and Analysis of Reforms.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {22},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {41464441},
issn = {1660-4601},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control ; *Global Health ; *International Cooperation ; *Pandemics/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *World Health Organization ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic exposed persistent weaknesses in global health governance, particularly in preparedness, equity, and accountability. The WHO Pandemic Agreement, adopted in May 2025, aims to address these systemic gaps through a binding international framework.

OBJECTIVE: To identify key challenges in global pandemic preparedness and health governance reported in the literature (2019-2024) through a systematic scoping review, and to evaluate how these challenges are addressed in the provisions of the WHO Pandemic Agreement via qualitative document analysis.

METHODS: Using Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and PRISMA-ScR guidelines, we systematically identified and thematically analyzed 52 peer-reviewed studies published between 2020 and 2024. The thematic results informed a qualitative document analysis of the WHO Pandemic Agreement text to assess the extent to which its provisions address the identified challenges.

RESULTS: Persistent gaps in governance (limited enforceability, fragmented coordination), equity (inequitable access to medical countermeasures), capacity (technology transfer and financing), and accountability were identified. Health systems in low- and middle-income countries continue to face critical resource constraints and lack robust mechanisms to ensure accountability and continuous learning. Document analysis showed the WHO Pandemic Agreement addresses coordination and financing but offers limited advances in enforcement, technology transfer, and independent monitoring.

CONCLUSION: The WHO Pandemic Agreement introduces important institutional and financing measures, but persistent gaps remain in enforcement, technology transfer, and inclusive implementation. Strengthening these domains is crucial to achieving equitable and resilient preparedness. By systematically linking evidence from the pandemic preparedness literature to Treaty provisions, this study offers a novel analytical framework for assessing how global health treaties respond to research-identified challenges.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control
*Global Health
*International Cooperation
*Pandemics/prevention & control
SARS-CoV-2
*World Health Organization

@article {pmid41464401,
year = {2025},
author = {Wright, T and Smith, R and Sah, RK and Keys, C and Keval, H and Onyejekwe, C},
title = {The Impact of COVID-19 on Racialised Minority Populations: A Systematic Review of Experiences and Perspectives.},
journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health},
volume = {22},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {41464401},
issn = {1660-4601},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/ethnology/epidemiology/psychology ; Health Status Disparities ; *Minority Groups/psychology ; Racism ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Racialised minority populations were disproportionately affected by COVID-19 and saw the highest rate of COVID-19 infections and mortality. Low socioeconomic status, working as frontline workers, temporary employment, precarious immigration status and pre-existing medical conditions were factors that contributed to disadvantaged experiences. This systematic review looked at the impact of COVID-19 on racialised minority populations globally, recognising their experiences, perspectives and the effects on their physical and mental health. Eight electronic databases were searched (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), Social Policy and Practice (SPP), Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (ASSIA), MedRxiv and Research Square) for English language qualitative studies. Reference lists of relevant literature reviews and reference lists of articles were hand-searched for additional potentially relevant articles. Duplicates were removed, and articles were screened for titles and abstracts, followed by full-text screening. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) was used to assess the quality of the included studies (n = 70). Data were synthesised using thematic synthesis. Seven major and three minor themes were identified. The major themes related to (i) children and young people's experiences of COVID-19; (ii) exacerbated pre-existing disparities relating to income, employment and housing security, health insurance and immigration status; (iii) lack of knowledge and information about COVID-19 and COVID-19 misinformation; (iv) racial history of medicine and treatment of racialised populations; (v) contemporary experiences of racism; (vi) impact on physical and mental health and wellbeing; (vii) concerns about safety at work. Minor themes related to (a) experiences of intercommunity mutual aid; (b) adherence to preventative guidance/COVID-19 restrictions; (c) the role of faith. Research needs to focus on developing and testing interventions that support transformation of social, cultural and economic systems towards equity of access to healthcare and healthcare knowledge. Research should be cognisant of interventions that have worked in shifting the equity dial in the past, implement these and use them to inform new approaches. Policy and practice should be mechanisms for enabling the implementation of interventions.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/ethnology/epidemiology/psychology
Health Status Disparities
*Minority Groups/psychology
Racism
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid41464319,
year = {2025},
author = {Raycheva, R and Kostadinov, K and Rangelova, V and Kevorkyan, A},
title = {Economic Analyses of COVID-19 Interventions: A Narrative Review of Global Evidence.},
journal = {Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {24},
pages = {},
pmid = {41464319},
issn = {2227-9032},
abstract = {Background/Objectives: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic imposed an unprecedented global health and economic burden, prompting rapid implementation of diverse public health interventions. This review aimed to synthesize global evidence on the cost-effectiveness of key COVID-19 control strategies, including vaccination, testing, and social distancing and to identify methodological, contextual, and equity-related determinants of their economic value. Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using peer-reviewed studies published between January 2020 and September 2025 and indexed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Eligible studies included economic evaluations and modeling analyses addressing COVID-19 interventions in healthcare, community, or educational settings. Data on costs, outcomes, and methodological features were extracted and synthesized descriptively. Results: Across 74 included studies, vaccination-particularly with messenger RNA (mRNA) platforms-emerged as the most cost-effective intervention across all settings, often cost-saving among high-risk populations. Combined or layered strategies integrating vaccination, testing, and selective social distancing consistently outperformed single interventions in both health and economic outcomes. Early and targeted implementation yielded the highest cost-effectiveness by preventing exponential transmission and healthcare overload. However, heterogeneity in modeling assumptions, analytic perspectives, and outcome measures limited comparability. Few studies applied extended or distributional cost-effectiveness frameworks to address equity, while indirect and long-term effects such as productivity losses and "long COVID" were frequently omitted. Conclusions: COVID-19 interventions are most efficient when early, targeted, and adaptive to local epidemiologic conditions. Integrating equity, methodological consistency, and broader societal impacts into future evaluations will strengthen evidence-based, economically sustainable pandemic preparedness and response strategies.},
}

@article {pmid41463124,
year = {2025},
author = {Fleser, RC and Necula, V and Ujvary, LP and Osman, A and Orasan, A and Maniu, AA},
title = {Hearing Loss in Young Adults: Risk Factors, Mechanisms and Prevention Models.},
journal = {Biomedicines},
volume = {13},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {41463124},
issn = {2227-9059},
abstract = {Hearing loss is increasingly recognized as a major public health concern among young adults, who are traditionally considered a low-risk group. This narrative review synthesizes recent evidence on risk and aggravating factors of early-onset hearing impairment, including recreational and occupational noise exposure, genetic susceptibility, infections, ototoxic medications, and lifestyle contributors. Pathophysiological mechanisms include cochlear synaptopathy, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, vascular compromise, and immune-mediated injury. Global Burden of Disease data and World Health Organization reports indicate that more than one billion young people are at risk due to unsafe listening practices. Studies highlight emerging risk factors such as hidden hearing loss, extended high-frequency impairment and associations with COVID-19. Aggravating factors include delayed diagnosis, cumulative exposures and lack of preventive strategies. Early detection via advanced audiological assessments, such as extended high-frequency audiometry, otoacoustic emissions, speech-in-noise testing and auditory brainstem responses, is critical to prevent permanent damage. Public health interventions-particularly safe listening campaigns, early screening and monitoring in high-risk populations-are essential to reduce long-term disability.},
}

@article {pmid41463036,
year = {2025},
author = {Andriankaja, OM and Whiteheart, S and Mattos, MBA},
title = {Biological Plausibility Between Long-COVID and Periodontal Disease Development or Progression.},
journal = {Biomedicines},
volume = {13},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {41463036},
issn = {2227-9059},
abstract = {Background: Long COVID (LC) is a multi-system disorder with persistent symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the oral cavity and periodontium raises questions about its potential impact on periodontal health. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed using terms related to LC (e.g., "long-COVID," "post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection," "PASC," "post-COVID-19," "long-haul COVID") and oral/periodontal diseases (e.g., "periodontal disease," "periodontitis," "gingiva," "oral disease," "dental"), filtered for English-language full-text articles published from 2019 to 2024. The search yielded 260 articles, which were supplemented with targeted searches on pathogenesis, immune mechanisms, microbiome alterations, and clinical outcomes, resulting in approximately 248 studies included in this review. Results: LC exhibits systemic immunoinflammatory dysregulation, including neutrophil activation, elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines, and complement activation, overlapping with mechanisms implicated in periodontitis. LC also leads to gastrointestinal and pulmonary dysbiosis, with potential effects on oral microbial communities. Gingival epithelium and periodontal ligament cells express ACE2, which is increased in periodontitis, facilitating viral entry. LC has been associated with reactivation of herpesviruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus, which are linked to autoimmune disorders and periodontitis. Conclusions: LC may act as a systemic risk factor for periodontitis. This review provides the theoretical foundation for the interactions between LC and oral health and highlights priorities for future epidemiologic and mechanistic research to better understand these relationships.},
}

@article {pmid41462936,
year = {2025},
author = {Haralović, V and Mokos, M and Špoljar, S and Dolački, L and Šitum, M and Lugović-Mihić, L},
title = {Hypochlorous Acid: Clinical Insights and Experience in Dermatology, Surgery, Dentistry, Ophthalmology, Rhinology, and Other Specialties.},
journal = {Biomedicines},
volume = {13},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {41462936},
issn = {2227-9059},
abstract = {Background: Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is an integral component of the human innate immune system. It possesses antimicrobial properties and is available in solution, dermal spray, and scar gel forms. Objectives/Methods: This review presents data from studies on the clinical use of HOCl in various specialties, including dermatology, surgery, dentistry, ophthalmology, and rhinology. Results: Due to its anti-inflammatory/antimicrobial/immunomodulatory and healing properties, HOCl is advantageous in treating various skin disorders: ulcus cruris (and wound care), diabetic ulcers, atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, pruritus, acne vulgaris, etc. Also, the application of a HOCl spray/gel after surgical procedures may prevent infection, reduce inflammation, and accelerate healing. HOCl is also effective and safe for the prevention and treatment of hypertrophic and keloid scars. Growing evidence shows a broader role for HOCl in limiting cancer cell survival and slowing tumor growth. It is also important in treating various viral infections like SARS-CoV-2 (coronavirus), influenza, and herpes, thereby helping to prevent the spread of aerosols. In addition, since HOCl is an endogenous compound naturally present in mammals with a high safety profile, it may be an effective bacterial disinfectant in dental waterlines. In ophthalmology, adjuvant treatment with HOCl ophthalmic spray can reduce the duration of antibiotic/corticosteroid use, even in severe blepharitis. To fully harness the protective/therapeutic properties of HOCl, future advancements will rely on the development of new chemical compounds and sophisticated pharmaceutical formulations. Conclusions: The majority of clinical studies have confirmed that HOC1 is useful in therapy, although the results are not entirely consistent. Further research is essential to optimize HOCl dosing and to develop controlled-release systems aimed at maximizing its anti-inflammatory and photoprotective effects while minimizing tissue irritation and damage.},
}

@article {pmid41462903,
year = {2025},
author = {Młynarska, E and Hossa, K and Krupińska, N and Pietruszewska, H and Przybylak, A and Włudyka, K and Rysz, J and Franczyk, B},
title = {Atrial Fibrillation in COVID-19: Mechanisms, Clinical Impact, and Monitoring Strategies.},
journal = {Biomedicines},
volume = {13},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {41462903},
issn = {2227-9059},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has revealed a close and multifaceted relationship between viral infection, systemic inflammation, and cardiovascular health. Among the cardiac complications of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), atrial fibrillation (AF)-especially new-onset atrial fibrillation (NOAF)-has emerged as a major determinant of disease severity and prognosis. Clinical studies and meta-analyses show that 5-10% of hospitalized COVID-19 patients develop AF, with markedly higher rates in critically ill individuals. Both pre-existing and NOAF are independently associated with increased risks of intensive care admission, mechanical ventilation, thromboembolic events, and mortality. The underlying mechanisms involve a combination of cytokine-mediated inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, microvascular injury, and dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Viral downregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors contributes to myocardial fibrosis, while hypoxia, oxidative stress, and autonomic imbalance further promote electrical remodeling and arrhythmogenesis. Post-infectious studies indicate that atrial structural changes and autonomic dysfunction may persist for months, predisposing survivors to recurrent arrhythmias. Technological advances in telecardiology and digital medicine have provided new tools for early detection and long-term monitoring. Wearable electroencephalography (ECG) devices, implantable loop recorders (ILRs), and artificial intelligence (AI)-based diagnostic algorithms enable continuous rhythm surveillance and individualized management, improving outcomes in post-COVID patients. This review summarizes current evidence on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical implications, and monitoring strategies of AF in COVID-19. It underscores the importance of integrating telemedicine and AI-assisted diagnostics into cardiovascular care to mitigate the long-term arrhythmic and systemic consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
}

@article {pmid41462874,
year = {2025},
author = {Halas, RG and Berceanu Vaduva, DM and Radulescu, M and Bredicean, AC and Mateescu, DM and Toma, AO and Cotet, IG and Guse, CE and Marginean, A and Margan, MM and Lazureanu, VE},
title = {Long COVID Prevalence and Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.},
journal = {Biomedicines},
volume = {13},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {41462874},
issn = {2227-9059},
abstract = {Background: Long COVID, or post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), affects millions globally, with persistent symptoms impacting quality of life. This meta-analysis synthesizes prospective cohort studies to estimate the prevalence of Long COVID symptoms and identify risk factors. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed for prospective cohort studies (2020-2025) on Long COVID, focusing on prevalence and risk factors. Studies with ≥100 participants and follow-up ≥3 months were included. Data were extracted on symptom prevalence (e.g., fatigue, dyspnoea) and risk factors (e.g., sex, hospitalization). Random-effects models were used to pool prevalence and odds ratios (OR). Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Results: Fourteen prospective studies (n = 168,679) were included. Pooled prevalence of Long COVID was 18.0% (95% CI: 12.5-23.5%, I[2] = 9.8%) among survivors followed for ≥6 months. Fatigue (41.0%, 95% CI: 33.2-49.4%) and dyspnoea (22.5%, 95% CI: 15.6-29.8%) were the most common symptoms. Female sex (OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.25-1.92) and prior hospitalization (OR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.98-2.90) were significant risk factors. High heterogeneity (I[2] > 90%) was noted. Conclusions: Long COVID affects over one-fifth of SARS-CoV-2 survivors, with fatigue and dyspnoea persisting in many. Female sex and severe acute infection increase risk. Standardized definitions and longer follow-up are needed.},
}

@article {pmid41461731,
year = {2025},
author = {Wu, Z and Li, Y and Chen, J and Guo, Q and Pan, Y and Liu, S and Liu, J and Luo, C},
title = {The occurrence of thromboembolism among patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {15},
number = {1},
pages = {44783},
pmid = {41461731},
issn = {2045-2322},
support = {X202410417056//the Jiangxi College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program and the Science/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/epidemiology ; Pulmonary Embolism/epidemiology/etiology ; Risk Factors ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification ; *Thromboembolism/epidemiology/etiology ; *Venous Thromboembolism/epidemiology/etiology ; },
abstract = {The results of reported thrombosis occurrences in patients with COVID-19 are inconsistent. Objectives To elucidate the occurrence of thromboembolism in COVID-19 patients with different types. The search was conducted up to May 10, 2024. The observational studies reporting the occurrence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and/or arterial thromboembolism (ATE) in COVID-19 patients were included, which were independently evaluated by two researchers. The outcomes were VTE and ATE, including deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, and stroke. The effect sizes were combined using a random-effects model with inverse variance weighting, and a 95% confidence interval was calculated through arcsine transformation. A total of 224 studies was included. The occurrence of VTE was 5.8% (95% CI, 5.0%-6.7%, I2 = 99.912%; 91 studies; 4,545,285 patients). The occurrence of VTE was higher in the intensive care unit compared to the ward (13.2%, 95% CI, 11.7%-14.7%; I2 = 96.840%; 47 studies; 172,571 patients, vs. 3.2%, 95% CI, 2.9%-3.5%; I2 = 95.714%; 40 studies; 1,046,738 patients; P < 0.001), and was even lower among outpatient and discharged cohorts (0.0%, 95% CI, 0.0%-0.0%; I2 = 99.410%; 10 studies; 2,566,194 patients, vs. 0.7%, 95% CI, 0.4%-1.1%; I2 = 98.924%; 16 studies; 828,884 patients; P < 0.001). In contrast, the occurrence of ATE was lower, which was 2.6% (95% CI, 1.8%-3.5%, I2 = 99.924%; 44 studies; 2,884,839 patients). This study found that COVID-19 patients had a relatively high risk of VTE and ATE, but with significant variations among different types. Consequently, the selection of anticoagulant measures for them should be careful.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/epidemiology
Pulmonary Embolism/epidemiology/etiology
Risk Factors
SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification
*Thromboembolism/epidemiology/etiology
*Venous Thromboembolism/epidemiology/etiology

@article {pmid41458994,
year = {2025},
author = {Malaeb, D and Mansour, S and Dia, N and Kassem, NM and Haddad, C and Dabbous, M and Ismail, O and Adel, F and Gamal, M and Lucca, JM and El Khatib, S and Salameh, P and Hallit, S and Hosseini, H},
title = {Scoping review about pathogenesis, risk factors, and treatment of venous and arterial thrombosis in coronavirus infection.},
journal = {Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {1688115},
pmid = {41458994},
issn = {2297-055X},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, is now understood as a systemic illness marked by a distinctive coagulopathy that extends beyond its primary respiratory manifestations. Direct viral injury to the endothelium and an exaggerated inflammatory "cytokine storm" and complement activation disrupt normal hemostasis and create a prothrombotic environment. This scoping review aims to synthesize and compare the mechanisms, risk factors, and antithrombotic strategies associated with venous and arterial thrombosis in COVID-19.

METHODS: A scoping review of English-language studies indexed in PubMed/Medline, OVID, and Wiley Library was conducted from January 2020 to June 2024. Search terms related to COVID-19, thrombotic complications, pathophysiological mechanisms, and antithrombotic therapies were included. Clinical trials, cohort and retrospective observational studies, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and case reports are included. Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts, and full texts for relevance and extracted data to map current evidence on venous and arterial thrombosis in COVID-19.

RESULTS: COVID-19-related coagulation problems can cause both venous and arterial thrombosis. Venous thromboembolism, which includes deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, occurs in about 4% to 15% of hospitalized patients and can increase to 30% in those in intensive care, even with standard prevention. Elevated D-dimer levels are strongly associated with a higher risk of clot formation. Arterial clots, like strokes or heart damage, are less common but generally more serious, caused by platelet activation, inflammation, and small vessel blockage rather than just slow blood flow in veins. Evidence indicates that low-molecular-weight heparin is the preferred anticoagulant because it reduces both inflammation and clotting. Therapeutic doses may be especially beneficial for high-risk patients, and continuing clot prevention after hospital discharge helps lower the risk of late clots without significantly increasing bleeding risk.

CONCLUSION: Recognition of COVID-19-associated coagulopathy underscores the necessity of early risk stratification and individualized anticoagulation to mitigate thrombotic events and improve outcomes. Extended post-discharge prophylaxis appears promising in reducing late thrombotic complications. Future research should aim to refine optimal anticoagulant regimens and determine ideal prophylaxis duration for COVID-19-related thrombosis to reduce morbidity and mortality rates.},
}

@article {pmid41458637,
year = {2025},
author = {Mohamed, A and Elasad, A and Fuad, U and Pengas, IP and Abdelazim, M},
title = {The Rise of Telemedicine in Orthopaedic Trauma Follow-Up Care and Its Long-Term Outcomes: A Narrative Review.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {17},
number = {11},
pages = {e97896},
pmid = {41458637},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Telemedicine has rapidly transformed healthcare delivery, especially following the COVID-19 pandemic, which accelerated its use across nearly all medical specialties. Virtual consultations have become an integral part of patient follow-up and management in orthopedic trauma care. This review explores the evolution and current applications of telemedicine in orthopaedic trauma, highlighting its implementation and patient and clinician responses. We examine evidence comparing virtual and in-person care in terms of clinical outcomes, cost-effectiveness, and accessibility. This review also discusses the common barriers to adoption, practical solutions, and strategies that promote successful integration. Finally, we consider the long-term sustainability of telemedicine platforms and outline future directions for virtual orthopaedic trauma services. Together, these insights aim to guide ongoing efforts to optimize patient care delivery in the digital era.},
}

@article {pmid41458293,
year = {2025},
author = {Fagundes Silva, JK and Lins-Kusterer, L and Moreira, MBA and Carvalho, FM},
title = {Burnout in Dentists and the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Clinical practice and epidemiology in mental health : CP & EMH},
volume = {21},
number = {},
pages = {e17450179400081},
pmid = {41458293},
issn = {1745-0179},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to identify and analyze research on burnout in dentists, measured both prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic, using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI).

METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted across five databases using the search terms "Dentists" and "Burnout, Psychological." Articles published between 1981 and December 2024 that utilized the MBI were included. Studies were classified based on the time of data collection: either prior to or during the COVID-19 pandemic (defined as January 30, 2020, to May 5, 2023).

RESULTS: We selected 15 of the 1,486 articles identified. Eleven of these reported means and standard deviations for the burnout scales. Among them, eight calculated scale means and standard deviations according to the guidelines recommended in the MBI manual; six studies were conducted prior to the pandemic, and two during it. An initial analysis suggests that mean levels of Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization increased during the pandemic, while mean levels of Personal Accomplishment remained comparable to pre-pandemic levels. However, five studies used different cutoff points to define low, moderate, or high burnout levels for each scale, limiting comparability across studies.

DISCUSSION: Few articles have adequately utilized the MBI to assess burnout in dental surgeons either before or during the COVID-19 pandemic.

CONCLUSION: Theoretical arguments suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic may have adversely affected burnout levels in dentists. However, the studies we analyzed offer only limited evidence supporting an increase in the burnout dimensions of Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization during the pandemic.},
}

@article {pmid41458164,
year = {2025},
author = {Richardson, T and Ashworth, S and Sood, M and McKell, E and Maguire, N and Alwan, NA and Smith, D},
title = {The relationship between financial disruption during the COVID-19 pandemic and mental health: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Journal of public health research},
volume = {14},
number = {4},
pages = {22799036251395263},
pmid = {41458164},
issn = {2279-9028},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Financial difficulties are associated with poor mental health. This paper aimed to systematically review the impact of COVID-19 related financial difficulties on mental health in adults.

METHODS: A systematic search was conducted across Web of Science, Medline, and PsycINFO, from March 2020 to March 2023 to identify studies examining the mental health impact of COVID-19 related financial disruption in adults. We performed two meta-analyses to quantify the effect of income loss due to the pandemic on anxiety and depression. Studies were rated using the Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute was used.

RESULTS: A total of 2659 papers were identified of which 76 (59 cross-sectional and 17 longitudinal) met inclusion criteria. The results show that COVID-19 related financial disruption (income loss and financial stress) negatively impact mental health across a range of adult populations globally, including the general population, students, and other specific groups. The meta-analyses examined data from 278,854 participants from 15 studies indicated that those who lost income reported greater anxiety levels than those who did not experience income loss. Similarly for 268,128 participants across 16 studies, a meta-analysis showed greater depression symptoms for those experiencing income loss.

CONCLUSION: COVID-related financial constraints, both objective and subjective, are associated with poor mental health outcomes (particularly anxiety and depression) in various populations around the world. The results highlight the need for targeted clinical interventions for those experiencing mental health problems linked to financial problems during global crises.},
}

@article {pmid41456955,
year = {2025},
author = {Hao, H and Chen, D and Qian, C and Zhou, X and Peng, X and Wang, G and Tang, J and Liu, HX},
title = {Immune Inflammation at the Crossroads of Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Stroke: Mechanisms, Trends, and Translational Perspectives.},
journal = {CNS neuroscience & therapeutics},
volume = {31},
number = {12},
pages = {e70712},
pmid = {41456955},
issn = {1755-5949},
support = {2024PY-NS-027//the National Natural Science Foundation of China Cultivation Project/ ; 2024ZYYC113//National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Ischemic Stroke/immunology ; *Atherosclerosis/immunology ; *Inflammation/immunology ; *Translational Research, Biomedical/trends ; Animals ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder and a major cause of ischemic stroke. Immune-mediated mechanisms are increasingly recognized as central in this continuum, yet the global research landscape and its clinical translation remain insufficiently characterized.

METHODS: We conducted a multi-level bibliometric analysis using the Web of Science Core Collection and MEDLINE. Searches targeted atherosclerosis, ischemic stroke, and immunity, restricted to English-language articles and reviews. After screening, 1760 WoSCC records and 708 human-only MEDLINE articles were analyzed with VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and Bibliometrix. Comparative assessment between China and the United States examined differences in research output, thematic focus, and methodological orientation.

RESULTS: Global publications rose steadily from 1999 to 2025, peaking in 2022. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and ischemic stroke were the dominant themes, with growing interest in causal inference (e.g., Mendelian randomization) and translational biomarkers. China showed rapid post-2015 growth with focus on immune-cell mechanisms, while the United States maintained leadership in scholarly impact, clinical orientation, and collaboration. Human-only studies confirmed these patterns and highlighted emerging topics such as microRNAs, COVID-19, insulin resistance, and lipoprotein(a).

CONCLUSIONS: Research has shifted from associative links to mechanistic insights and early translational strategies. However, gaps remain between molecular and clinical domains, and causal pathways are underdeveloped. Future work should emphasize molecular-clinical integration, expand immunological targets, apply multi-omics and AI approaches, and strengthen international collaboration-particularly between China and the United States-to advance precision prevention and intervention in atherosclerotic ischemic stroke.},
}

Humans
*Ischemic Stroke/immunology
*Atherosclerosis/immunology
*Inflammation/immunology
*Translational Research, Biomedical/trends
Animals

@article {pmid41456509,
year = {2026},
author = {Lopez-Villalba, B and Tortosa, F and Castrodeza-Sanz, J and Prada, C and Sued, O},
title = {Systematic review and meta-analysis of respiratory virus infections in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients.},
journal = {Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease},
volume = {114},
number = {3},
pages = {117238},
doi = {10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2025.117238},
pmid = {41456509},
issn = {1879-0070},
mesh = {Humans ; *HIV Infections/complications/virology ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/virology/mortality/epidemiology/complications ; Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data ; Hospital Mortality ; Coinfection/virology ; *Virus Diseases/mortality/virology/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Respiratory virus infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally, particularly among people living with HIV.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of respiratory virus infections on clinical outcomes in HIV-positive individuals compared with HIV-negative individuals.

STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 19 studies comparing HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals infected with common respiratory viruses (excluding SARS-CoV-2).

RESULTS: HIV-positive individuals had significantly higher odds of in-hospital mortality, prolonged hospitalization, and antibiotic use at admission. No significant differences were observed in intensive care unit admission, initial hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, or oxygen therapy. The most severe outcomes were associated with adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and influenza. The certainty of evidence was moderate but limited by study heterogeneity and risk of bias.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings underscore the need for improved diagnostic tools, infection control strategies, and tailored clinical management for HIV-positive populations. Further prospective, multicenter studies are essential to inform evidence-based guidelines in both high- and low-resource settings.},
}

Humans
*HIV Infections/complications/virology
*Respiratory Tract Infections/virology/mortality/epidemiology/complications
Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data
Hospital Mortality
Coinfection/virology
*Virus Diseases/mortality/virology/epidemiology

@article {pmid41455627,
year = {2025},
author = {Yasuda, H and Ando, J and Ando, M},
title = {Persistent COVID-19 in Patients With Hematological Malignancies: A Focused Review in the Omicron Era.},
journal = {Clinical lymphoma, myeloma & leukemia},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1016/j.clml.2025.11.009},
pmid = {41455627},
issn = {2152-2669},
abstract = {COVID-19 is a threat to patients with hematological malignancies (HM) even in the Omicron era, because mortality rates are still high in HM patients, and a significant number of patients develop a protracted disease course called "persistent COVID-19 (pCOVID-19)" which can continue for weeks to months. pCOVID-19 can be life-threatening by itself, but also drastically affects the disease course of the underlying HM by delaying or terminating chemotherapy. Also, patients with pCOVID-19 can be potentially contagious, and timing of ending isolation is a dilemma the hematology ward faces. Furthermore, pCOVID-19 has been reported to lead to acquisition of SARS-CoV-2 multidrug-resistant mutations, which is an alarming issue for both the patient and public health. The optimal management method of pCOVID-19 is currently unknown, and because HM patients are excluded from randomized clinical trials, evidence is limited to case reports and small case series. We carried out a comprehensive literature review of Omicron pCOVID-19 occurring in HM patients, compiled the scattered evidence, and provide practical recommendations which can be of guide to clinicians. Main topics discussed within this review include efficacy of vaccinations in HM patients, risk factors for developing pCOVID-19 (B-cell depleting agents, bendamustine + rituximab therapy, bispecific T-cell engagers, etc.), treatment of pCOVID-19 including extended/sequential/combination therapy incorporating antivirals (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, remdesivir, molnupiravir, and ensitrelvir) and convalescent plasma/intravenous immunoglobulin therapy, monitoring pCOVID-19 with reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, and optimal target cycle threshold values as goals of therapy.},
}

@article {pmid41455447,
year = {2025},
author = {Albertson, FA and Alnakhi, W and Barksdale, S and Taylor, SS and Criss, S and Friedman, DB and Kemper, KA and Donelle, L and Thompson, W and MacGilvray, P and Natafgi, N},
title = {Teach-back techniques in telehealth: A review and insights for future directions.},
journal = {Patient education and counseling},
volume = {144},
number = {},
pages = {109453},
doi = {10.1016/j.pec.2025.109453},
pmid = {41455447},
issn = {1873-5134},
abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The rapid expansion of telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic has created new challenges in patient-provider communication due to the absence of in-person interactions and visual cues. Teach-back, a method where patients repeat information to confirm understanding, is a promising tool for improving communication in virtual care. This review evaluates the effectiveness of teach-back techniques in telehealth settings.

METHODS: A search of four databases (CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PubMed) was conducted, yielding 10 studies that met the inclusion criteria. The article inclusion/exclusion criteria consisted of the following: (1) telehealth services topic; (2) direction provision related to teach-back; and (3) English, peer-reviewed, empirical journal publication. Risk of bias in included studies was assessed using established tools for randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non-randomized controlled trials (NRCTs), and qualitative studies. Data synthesis followed the PICO framework, and thematic analysis was used to compare outcomes across studies.

RESULTS: Included studies which varied in design, modality, and telehealth specialty. Teach-back was consistently associated with improved patient knowledge, confidence, and self-management, as well as clinical outcomes such as better glycemic control and medication adherence. Overall evidence quality was moderate, with common limitations including small sample sizes and brief follow-up periods.

Teach-back is effective in enhancing patient understanding and outcomes in telehealth settings. However, variability in study design and implementation highlights the need for standardized protocols and additional research. Provider training in effective virtual teach-back strategies may enhance patient comprehension, strengthen communication, and advance health equity in telehealth delivery.},
}

@article {pmid41455394,
year = {2025},
author = {Reid, JC and Semrau, JS and O'Grady, HK and Hoogenes, J and Gill, J and Hasan, H and von Teichman, S and Bogdanova, Y and McKenney, S and Sokol, O and Pereira, TJ and Dannenberg, VC and Farley, C and Junior, JC and Deis, A and Williamson, D and Herridge, M and Kho, M},
title = {Rehabilitation in critically ill patients with COVID-19 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Australian critical care : official journal of the Confederation of Australian Critical Care Nurses},
volume = {39},
number = {1},
pages = {101500},
doi = {10.1016/j.aucc.2025.101500},
pmid = {41455394},
issn = {1036-7314},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Before the pandemic, intensive care unit rehabilitation was common. However, for critically ill patients with COVID-19 infection, rehabilitation became secondary to lifesaving measures and managing scarce resources.

OBJECTIVE: In this systematic review, we investigated the impact of rehabilitation for critically ill adults with COVID-19 infection on outcomes.

DATA SOURCES: Five electronic databases from 2020 to 2024 were searched for this study.

STUDY SELECTION: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and nonrandomised studies of critically ill adults with COVID-19 infection receiving in-hospital rehabilitation interventions were included in this study.

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two independent reviewers screened titles/abstracts and full texts. Intervention types were organised into 13 categories. We assessed completeness of study reporting using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines and intervention reporting using the Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template. For RCTs, we assessed risk of bias, conducted meta-analyses using random-effect models, and evaluated certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: There were 11 prespecified outcomes including physical function and resource utilisation.

RESULTS: Sixty-eight studies (n = 50 observational, 8 RCTs, 4 experimental non-RCTs, and 6 other designs) enrolling 23,630 participants met inclusion criteria. Thirty-one reported interventions; mobility was the most common activity (74% of studies). Authors used 87 outcome measures at 57 reported time points. Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology scores were adequate with >75% items reported. Mean Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template reporting for intervention (n = 45) was moderate (54% [23%]), and that for control groups (n = 11) was poor (48% [20%]). Risk of bias was low; very-low-certainty evidence showed that multidisciplinary functional and respiratory rehabilitation and bed cycling + tilt table may result in shorter duration of mechanical ventilation (2 RCTs, n = 116, intervention = 9.1 days, control = 11.7 days; standardised mean difference: 0.44 days [95% confidence interval: -0.81 to-0.07]) and shorter hospital length of stay (three RCTs, n = 116, intervention = 17.6-days, control = 26.2-days; standardised mean difference: 2 days [95% confidence interval: -4.22 to 0.04]).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Based on very-low-certainty evidence, rehabilitation may lead to shorter mechanical ventilation duration and hospital length of stay. Substantial heterogeneity across interventions, outcomes, and time points limited evidence synthesis. This review may aid in planning future rehabilitation studies with critically ill patients and for future pandemics where rehabilitation will have an important role.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION: CRD42023340256.},
}

@article {pmid41454696,
year = {2025},
author = {Yang, XM and Bian, H and Chen, ZN},
title = {CD147/Basigin: From Integrative Molecular Hub to Translational Therapeutic Target.},
journal = {Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {e18884},
doi = {10.1002/advs.202518884},
pmid = {41454696},
issn = {2198-3844},
support = {92169211//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 82130084//National Natural Science Foundation of China/ ; 2023-JC-YB-166//Shaanxi Natural Science Foundation/ ; },
abstract = {CD147 (Basigin/EMMPRIN), a multifunctional member of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF), is a critical regulator of tumor progression, immune modulation, and metabolic adaptation. Under physiological conditions, it acts as a dynamic scaffold, interacting with monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), integrins, and cyclophilin A (CyPA) to orchestrate spermatogenesis, embryo implantation, and neural network function. Pathological overexpression of CD147 induces the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), metabolic reprogramming, and immune evasion, functioning as an independent prognostic biomarker in multiple malignancies. Beyond oncology, CD147 is exploited as an entry receptor for pathogens, including SARS‑CoV‑2, HIV‑1, Plasmodium falciparum, and contributes mechanistically to cardiovascular, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative diseases. Notably, CD147 acts as a fundamental "Energy-Structure Coupler," coordinating metabolic flux (via MCTs) with morphogenetic plasticity (via integrins/MMPs) to maintain cellular homeostasis. This review summarizes current insights into CD147's molecular structure, isoforms, post-translational modifications, and signaling pathways, highlighting its pivotal roles across cancer, infection, autoimmunity, and cardiovascular disease. Finally, we discuss challenges such as the "specificity paradox" and propose emerging strategies to exploit CD147 as a precision biomarker and therapeutic target across diverse diseases.},
}

@article {pmid41454589,
year = {2025},
author = {Gillespie, LK and Richards, TN and Whitehouse, E},
title = {Remote and Hybrid Work in Crime Victim Services: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Trauma, violence & abuse},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {15248380251397414},
doi = {10.1177/15248380251397414},
pmid = {41454589},
issn = {1552-8324},
abstract = {Remote and hybrid options for crime victim services grew slowly during the late 20th and early 21st centuries, followed by rapid expansion on the heels of the COVID-19 pandemic. While there has been significant focus on remote work in other sectors such as healthcare and tech industries, there have been no scoping reviews on remote service delivery in crime victim services. Using the PRISMA-ScR framework for scoping reviews, we identified 27 studies on remote or hybrid services in victim service agencies that met our inclusion criteria (empirical studies on remote and/or hybrid work in community- and/or systems-based victim service agencies, written in English). Studies were examined regarding the (a) methods and data used in empirical studies; (b) provider-level and client-level challenges and benefits; and (c) recommendations. Findings show that most studies were exploratory or descriptive in nature, collected qualitative data from service providers, and were conducted, at least in part, to learn about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Common provider-level challenges included technological barriers, concerns about the security of online services, and the development of rapport with clients virtually, while strengths included personal-professional flexibility, new collaborations, and work productivity/efficiency. Client-level challenges included technology access, digital literacy, and confidentiality and safety concerns, while strengths included increased access to services, reduced cost, and increased anonymity of online services. Results suggest that we need additional, rigorous evaluation research to understand how processes and outcomes differ between remote and in-person services for crime victims and victim service providers.},
}

@article {pmid41452653,
year = {2025},
author = {Agorsor, PI and Eze, MO},
title = {Early Detection of Infectious Diseases: A Review of Recent Advances in Pathogen Identification, Molecular Tools, and Metabolomics-Driven Biomarker Discovery.},
journal = {Journal of proteome research},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c01014},
pmid = {41452653},
issn = {1535-3907},
abstract = {The recent COVID-19 pandemic has heightened public interest in noninvasive methods for early diagnosis of infectious diseases. In addition, various government agencies have implemented "infectious disease preparedness" to mitigate future outbreaks. This review highlights conventional and advanced methods for infectious disease diagnosis with an emphasis on emerging mass spectrometry methods. Conventional methods for pathogen identification, such as culture-based techniques and molecular methods, have limitations with respect to sensitivity, specificity, and turnaround time. Recent advances in high-resolution mass spectrometry have revolutionized the field of infectious disease biomarker discovery. These techniques enable the comprehensive profiling of metabolites in various biological samples, identification of disease-specific biomarkers, and elucidation of complex host-pathogen interactions. While liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry has been extensively used to identify metabolic alterations in diseases, such as COVID-19, tuberculosis, pneumonia, and influenza, this often requires the use of body fluids. On the other hand, advances in gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry are enabling noninvasive detection of infectious diseases by means of breath-based volatile organic compounds. These methods offer high sensitivity and specificity, enabling the detection of low-abundance biomolecules and the elucidation of complex biological pathways. This review further examines the limitations of each approach while emphasizing the essential applications of metabolomics in infectious disease diagnosis.},
}

@article {pmid41452424,
year = {2025},
author = {Tzang, CC and Sheng, H and Kuo, VF and Luo, CA and Lin, TA and Lee, YT and Huang, ES and Wu, PH and Tzang, BS and Hsu, TC},
title = {Association between COVID-19 and New-Onset Autoimmune Diseases: Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 97 Million Individuals.},
journal = {Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology},
volume = {68},
number = {1},
pages = {111},
pmid = {41452424},
issn = {1559-0267},
mesh = {Humans ; *Autoimmune Diseases/epidemiology/immunology/etiology ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/immunology/complications ; Risk Factors ; },
abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 infection may induce long-term immune dysregulation; however, its contribution to the development of autoimmune disease remains disputed. We aim to quantify the relative risk of new-onset autoimmune diseases following COVID-19 and its modifiers through a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based cohort studies. MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched to March 31, 2025, for cohort studies comparing individuals with and without confirmed COVID-19. Random-effects meta-analysis estimated pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs. Subgroup analyses examined the severity of acute COVID-19, vaccination status, and demographics. Risk of bias was evaluated with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, certainty of evidence with GRADE, and publication bias with funnel plots and Egger's test. The review protocol was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42025646186). Seventeen cohort studies, including over 250 million person-years, were included. COVID-19 was associated with a 49% increased risk of new-onset autoimmune-related diseases (AIRD; HR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.21-1.83; p = 0.0002). Significant associations (p < 0·05) were observed for 17 of 23 outcomes, with the strongest risks in antiphospholipid syndrome (HR = 2·16), ANCA-associated vasculitis (HR = 2·15), mixed connective tissue disease (HR = 2·12), and immune thrombocytopenic purpura (HR = 1·87). Risk was higher after severe infection (HR = 1.70), but was reduced in vaccinated individuals (HR = 0.56, compared to 1.42 in unvaccinated individuals). The certainty of evidence was moderate for conditions with large effect sizes, but low overall, reflecting heterogeneity across studies and the non-randomized design of the included studies. SARS-CoV-2 infection increases the risk of autoimmune diseases, particularly those affecting vascular and connective tissue. Risk is amplified by severe infection and attenuated by vaccination. These findings highlight the necessity of vaccination and targeted follow-up in severe COVID survivors.},
}

Humans
*Autoimmune Diseases/epidemiology/immunology/etiology
*COVID-19/epidemiology/immunology/complications
Risk Factors

@article {pmid41451353,
year = {2025},
author = {Chaudhary, V and Bhadola, P},
title = {Artificial Intelligence-Powered Nanosensor Platforms for Non-Invasive Breathomic Diagnostics.},
journal = {Nanotechnology, science and applications},
volume = {18},
number = {},
pages = {611-641},
pmid = {41451353},
issn = {1177-8903},
abstract = {Global healthcare settings are increasingly burdened by critical diseases, where conventional diagnostics are often expensive, invasive, time-consuming and centralised. It creates a critical gap for rapid, accessible, portable and non-invasive health assessment. AI-powered Nanosensors for Breathomics Diagnostics (AND) platforms have emerged as a transformative solution to this complex global problem, integrating highly sensitive nanomaterials with advanced machine intelligence to detect disease biomarkers in exhaled breath. These platforms have already demonstrated high performance, with reports of 90-95% diagnostic accuracy for conditions such as lung cancer and achieving sub-ppb detection limits. These platforms are not limited to controlled laboratory settings but have been employed to monitor a spectrum of diseases, including cancer, asthma, diabetes, coronavirus disease, and renal failure. Their integration into wearable systems, smartphones, smart masks and multimodal laboratory systems further extends their applications in predictive analytics, personalised medicine and real-time human-machine interaction. However, challenges related to data standardisation, sensor selectivity, ethical AI, and clinical validation have limited their commercialization. It necessitates solutions such as Explainable AI, physics-informed modelling, network theory, and the development of large-scale clinical breath databases to enhance clinical reliability, model robustness, diagnose sensor drift, and attain transparency. This article critically details the recent progress and charts a new path forward for translating AND platforms from research to clinical reality as next-generation healthcare.},
}

@article {pmid41451231,
year = {2025},
author = {Tamura, M and Yagi, Y and Hanayama, S and Yoshizaki, S and Shibuya, K and Masuda, H and Mori, M},
title = {MRI-negative myelitis, especially after COVID-19: a case report and literature review.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1708018},
pmid = {41451231},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; Female ; *COVID-19/complications ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Young Adult ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Myelitis/therapy/diagnostic imaging/etiology/diagnosis ; Methylprednisolone/therapeutic use/administration & dosage ; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory ; Plasma Exchange ; Spinal Cord/diagnostic imaging ; Betacoronavirus ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Neurological sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) include inflammatory myelopathies. Among these, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-negative myelitis- defined as normal spinal cord MRI findings despite compatible clinical features-presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.

CASE PRESENTATION: A 22-year-old Japanese woman developed progressive distal paresthesia, gait disturbance, bladder and rectal dysfunction, and sensory loss approximately three months after COVID-19. Neurological examination presented with pyramidal tract signs and sensory deficits in both lower limbs. Cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands were positive. Brain MRI showed subtle corticospinal tract hyperintensities, whereas spinal MRI findings remained normal throughout the course. Somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEP) demonstrated absent right N20 and bilateral P37 responses, localizing dysfunction to the thoracic cord. Treatment with intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy with plasma exchange resulted in marked clinical recovery and SEP normalization, with only mild residual paresthesia at two-year follow-up.

DISCUSSION: The present case illustrates the clinical utility of SEPs for monitoring disease activity and establishing objective criteria for treatment escalation in post-COVID-19 MRI-negative myelitis. Although MRI-negative myelitis can be observed in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), lupus myelitis, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) astrocytopathy, post-COVID-19 myelitis lacks specific biomarkers, complicating both diagnosis and treatment. A review of 20 reported cases of post-COVID-19 MRI-negative myelitis revealed a mean age of 54.4 years, a male-to-female ratio of 3:2, frequent bladder and rectal disturbances and paresis (85% each), high severity (63.2%), a median infection-to-neurological interval of 28 days, oligoclonal bands in 25% (4/16), multiple immunotherapies in 66.7%, and marked improvement or recovery in 66.7%.

CONCLUSION: In post-COVID-19 MRI-negative myelitis, SEPs offer critical diagnostic and prognostic information. Early recognition and timely escalation of combination immunotherapy may optimize neurological outcomes.},
}

Humans
Female
*COVID-19/complications
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Young Adult
SARS-CoV-2
*Myelitis/therapy/diagnostic imaging/etiology/diagnosis
Methylprednisolone/therapeutic use/administration & dosage
Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory
Plasma Exchange
Spinal Cord/diagnostic imaging
Betacoronavirus

@article {pmid41451228,
year = {2025},
author = {Galvan, C and Ovsyannikova, IG and Kennedy, RB},
title = {Glycosylation as a strategic mechanism for measles virus and mumps virus immune evasion.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1716829},
pmid = {41451228},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Glycosylation ; *Measles virus/immunology ; *Mumps virus/immunology ; Humans ; *Immune Evasion ; *Mumps/immunology/virology ; *Measles/immunology/virology ; Animals ; },
abstract = {Glycosylation of viral surface proteins by host cell factors is one strategy paramyxoviruses employ to evade the host's immune system during infection. Viral glycosylation thus has the potential for innate and adaptive immune modulation. However, an adequate assessment of the effects glycosylation has on immune recognition and response for two important paramyxoviruses, Measles virus (MeV) and Mumps virus (MuV), is lacking. This review aims to provide a comparison of epitope-site sequence changes in the surface glycoproteins MeV-H, MeV-F, MuV-HN, and MuV-F across different wild type and vaccine strains of measles and mumps. Such changes may alter glycosylation patterns at antigenic sites, thus altering the virus' efficiency to induce an immune response as well. Further investigation of measles and mumps viral glycosylation studies will aid the development of specific therapeutics that modulate viral glycosylation during immune diseases, viral infections, and oncolytic treatments. Moreover, determining how glycosylation affects measles and mumps immune responses may pave the way for the development of novel vaccine strains for the improved immunogenicity and immune durability of measles and mumps vaccines.},
}

Glycosylation
*Measles virus/immunology
*Mumps virus/immunology
Humans
*Immune Evasion
*Mumps/immunology/virology
*Measles/immunology/virology
Animals

@article {pmid41450745,
year = {2025},
author = {Putra, BA},
title = {Digital Technologies in a Post-Pandemic Southeast Asia: Measures for Enhancing Regional Approaches.},
journal = {F1000Research},
volume = {14},
number = {},
pages = {623},
pmid = {41450745},
issn = {2046-1402},
mesh = {Asia, Southeastern/epidemiology ; Humans ; *Telemedicine ; *Digital Technology ; *Pandemics ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Health Policy ; },
abstract = {The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has taken some measures to advance collective action to accelerate telehealth in the region. Still, it has encountered the problem of digital readiness and digital health preparedness disparities within the region. To maintain the consolidation of digital health utilization across ASEAN member states, this article offers policy recommendations to address the diverse approaches taken and compensate for capacity differences among members. Drawing on insights from published official policies, government health ministry websites of Southeast Asian nations, and ASEAN's digital health policies, the article first reviews the diversities of digital technologies in a post-pandemic Southeast Asia and then assesses measures to enhance regional approaches. Several recommendations are presented: First, ASEAN can standardize regional frameworks for telehealth by sharing digital health transformation blueprints and leveraging ASEAN and ASEAN Plus forums to bridge divergent understandings and advance the region's digital health initiatives. Second, ASEAN facilitates investment through a telehealth sandbox and fosters collaboration among stakeholders. Although the recommendations are consistent with the 'ASEAN Way,' lingering concerns in Southeast Asia's telehealth landscape include different commitments and expectations, risks of privacy infringements, and the misuse of technology in the region's authoritarian states.},
}

Asia, Southeastern/epidemiology
Humans
*Telemedicine
*Digital Technology
*Pandemics
*COVID-19/epidemiology
Health Policy

@article {pmid41450491,
year = {2025},
author = {Mukherjee, D and Sagar, K and Kobialka, RM and Ghosh, P and Weidmann, M and Savareh, BA and Joardar, SN and Truyen, U and Abd El Wahed, A and Ceruti, A},
title = {Filling the gap: artificial intelligence-driven one health integration to strengthen pandemic preparedness in resource-limited settings.},
journal = {Frontiers in public health},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1707306},
pmid = {41450491},
issn = {2296-2565},
mesh = {Humans ; *Artificial Intelligence ; *Pandemics/prevention & control ; *One Health ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Developing Countries ; Health Resources ; Resource-Limited Settings ; Pandemic Preparedness ; },
abstract = {Emerging zoonotic pathogens like SARS-CoV-2 and Nipah virus demonstrate the critical need for integrated surveillance systems connecting human, animal, and environmental health. This review examines how artificial intelligence can address One Health integration gaps in pandemic surveillance, focusing on resource-limited settings. While global digitization levels now support Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered platforms, LMICs face barriers including limited resources and fragmented data systems. Current AI tools remain domain-specific and designed for high-income settings, limiting its applicability to pandemic preparedness in low-resource settings. Existing AI-tools and gaps are described and put into perspective within an AI-driven One Health framework, specifically for LMICs. The framework exemplifies resource optimization, governance, sectoral collaboration, capacity building, health system integration, geographic accessibility, and prioritization. The framework also features an exemplified dual solution combining Graph Neural Networks for integrated risk assessment with offline-first mobile applications for community surveillance. AI technologies offer substantial potential for pandemic preparedness through automated data harmonization, predictive modeling, and resource optimization. However, successful implementation requires concurrent digitization, cultural adaptation, and local capacity building. Prioritizing mobile solutions with minimal infrastructure requirements alongside community engagement will be essential for creating equitable AI-based surveillance systems in LMICs.},
}

Humans
*Artificial Intelligence
*Pandemics/prevention & control
*One Health
COVID-19/epidemiology
*Developing Countries
Health Resources
Resource-Limited Settings
Pandemic Preparedness

@article {pmid41450139,
year = {2026},
author = {Singh, E and Nishi, N and Tripathi, M and Prakash, K},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 Genome and S2 Spike Protein: IRF-Driven Interferon Regulation and Host Cell Responses.},
journal = {Reviews in medical virology},
volume = {36},
number = {1},
pages = {e70094},
doi = {10.1002/rmv.70094},
pmid = {41450139},
issn = {1099-1654},
mesh = {Humans ; *Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics/immunology/metabolism ; *SARS-CoV-2/genetics/immunology/pathogenicity ; *COVID-19/immunology/virology ; *Interferon Regulatory Factor-1/genetics/immunology ; Animals ; *Interferons/immunology ; Genome, Viral ; *Interferon Regulatory Factor-2/genetics/immunology ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology ; Virus Internalization ; *Interferon Regulatory Factors/immunology/genetics ; },
abstract = {Coronaviruses, members of the betacoronavirus genus. They are mostly enveloped and has +ve sense RNA which infects a wide range of hosts, including mammals and birds. This SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019 triggered a global pandemic, with transmission primarily occurring through respiratory droplets. SARS-CoV-2 comprises four structural proteins namely: spike, membrane, envelope and nucleocapsid protein (S, M, E, and N respectively) along with multiple non-structural proteins (nsp1-nsp16) essential for infections. The trimeric S protein, composed of S1 and S2 subunits which helps in virus entry into the cell after attachment to the ACE2 recpetor of host cell. Interferon regulatory factors (IRF-1 and IRF-2) are critical transcription factors in antiviral immune responses, yet their specific roles in SARS-CoV-2 infection remain insufficiently understood. Disruption of their regulatory functions may compromise host antiviral defenses and influence disease progression. Elucidating the mechanistic roles of IRF-1 and IRF-2 could facilitate the production of novel therapeutic strategies which further modulates the immune responses, mitigates the viral pathogenicity, and hence clinical outcomes will be improved. A deep insight of these immune pathways is pivotal for designing targeted interventions to strengthen host resilience against coronavirus infections.},
}

Humans
*Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics/immunology/metabolism
*SARS-CoV-2/genetics/immunology/pathogenicity
*COVID-19/immunology/virology
*Interferon Regulatory Factor-1/genetics/immunology
Animals
*Interferons/immunology
Genome, Viral
*Interferon Regulatory Factor-2/genetics/immunology
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics
Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
Virus Internalization
*Interferon Regulatory Factors/immunology/genetics

@article {pmid41449787,
year = {2026},
author = {de Bruin, O and Maisonneuve, E and Hurley, E and Nordeng, HME and Bérard, A and Sheehy, O and Kaul, P and Shinde, MU and Cosgrove, A and Lyons, JG and Messenger-Jones, E and Kempner, ME and Toh, S and Hua, W and Hernández-Muñoz, JJ and Sahin, L and Cesta, CE and Hägg, D and Gini, R and Paoletti, O and Poblador-Plou, B and Jordan, S and Thayer, D and Rodríguez-Bernal, CL and Sánchez-Sáez, F and Lassalle, R and Bernard, MA and Alsina, E and Ahmadizar, F and Favre, G and Panchaud, A and Bloemenkamp, KWM and Plueschke, K and de Vries, C and Siiskonen, SJ and Sturkenboom, MCJM and , },
title = {Medications Used Among Nonhospitalized Pregnant Women With COVID-19: A Prospective Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis in Europe and North America.},
journal = {Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety},
volume = {35},
number = {1},
pages = {e70303},
pmid = {41449787},
issn = {1099-1557},
support = {EMA/2018/28/PE//European Medicines Agency (EMA)/ ; //Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)/ ; //Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI)/ ; //U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; Female ; Pregnancy ; Europe/epidemiology ; North America/epidemiology ; Prospective Studies ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; *Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/drug therapy/epidemiology ; Adult ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {AIM: To estimate the prevalence of medication use in nonhospitalized pregnant women with COVID-19.

METHODS: A prospective two-stage individual patient meta-analysis across 10 data sources in Europe and North America studied medication use among nonhospitalized pregnant women with COVID-19 between January 2020 and December 2022. Comparisons were made between medication use within 30 days pre- and post-COVID-19 diagnosis in this cohort and two comparator groups: pregnant women without COVID-19 and nonpregnant women with COVID-19. Prevalence estimates were pooled using a random-effects model stratified by trimester.

RESULTS: 50 335 nonhospitalized pregnant women with COVID-19 were identified. The pooled prevalence of antibacterial use in the third trimester was higher post-COVID-19 diagnosis (6.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.5-8.4, I[2] = 94%) compared with the same women pre-COVID-19 (3.9%, 95% CI = 3.1-4.9, I[2] = 89%). Overall, pregnant women with COVID-19 had higher medication use compared to pregnant women without COVID-19, although the CIs of the prevalence overlapped. Post-COVID-19, antithrombotic prevalence was 4.5% (95% CI = 1.1-16.5, I[2] = 100%) among pregnant women with COVID-19 in the third trimester, compared to 2.1% (95% CI = 1.2-3.6, I[2] = 99%) among those without COVID-19 in the third trimester. Compared to nonpregnant women with COVID-19, pregnant women with COVID-19 were less likely to be prescribed analgesics, antiprotozoals, corticosteroids, psychoanaleptics and psycholeptics, and more likely to be prescribed antithrombotics, cough and cold and nasal preparations, and drugs used in diabetes across all trimesters. High heterogeneity existed in nearly all analyses.

CONCLUSION: This international meta-analysis reveals low medication use and country-specific variations, enhancing insight into the management of COVID-19 in nonhospitalized pregnant women. Higher antithrombotic use post-COVID-19 suggests prophylactic treatment in this population, but variation between countries emphasizes the challenges of combining multinational data.},
}

Humans
Female
Pregnancy
Europe/epidemiology
North America/epidemiology
Prospective Studies
*COVID-19/epidemiology
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
*Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/drug therapy/epidemiology
Adult
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid41449489,
year = {2025},
author = {Jarzabek, J and Denny, PW},
title = {Molecular diagnostics for cutaneous leishmaniasis: progress towards fulfilling the WHO target product profile.},
journal = {Parasitology},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-19},
doi = {10.1017/S0031182025101467},
pmid = {41449489},
issn = {1469-8161},
abstract = {Recently, the WHO published a Target Product Profile for a diagnostic test for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and a Roadmap to 2030 for Neglected Tropical Diseases. The documents highlight that existing diagnostic tools for CL are insufficient, whilst setting clear goals for improved sensitivity and reduced cost. The need for species typing in diagnostics is also becoming more pressing with the emergence of drug-resistance, especially of Leishmania tropica. Serological tests are unable to do this, while techniques that can, like PCR, require complex and expensive machinery. Isothermal assays like LAMP offer a promising solution, but more work also remains, as few species-specific LAMP assays have been developed thus far and CL in Ethiopia is particularly neglected. Additionally, since the COVID-19 pandemic, many cheap isothermal diagnostic devices have been produced, which have yet to be tested in the diagnosis of CL. Finally, artificial intelligence presents another avenue for rapid diagnosis by image analysis. In this comprehensive review, we examine the opportunities and challenges inherent to diagnostic development for CL, a priority undertaking that still faces many developmental hurdles.},
}

@article {pmid41449370,
year = {2025},
author = {Onakpoya, IJ and Plüddemann, A and Rosca, EC and Gandini, S and Maltoni, S and Brassey, J and Jefferson, T and Heneghan, CJ and Evans, DH and Conly, JM},
title = {Viral cultures for assessing airborne infectiousness of SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {BMC infectious diseases},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1186/s12879-025-12430-z},
pmid = {41449370},
issn = {1471-2334},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: There is uncertainty about the quantification, viability and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in air samples. Our objective was to systematically review the evidence for air sample virus infectiousness with high-level confirmatory studies.

METHODS: We conducted literature searches in LitCovid, medRxiv, PubMed, the WHO Covid-19 databases, and Google Scholar. We included studies that assessed viral infectiousness in the air using viral culture or serial qRT-PCR with or without genomic sequencing. Our primary outcome was the proportion of culture-positive air samples of SARS-CoV-2. Secondary outcomes explored the relationship between infectiousness and Cycle threshold (Ct). We used published methods for assessing quality, and R software for meta-analysis.

RESULTS: We included 26 studies that used viral culture to assess air sample positivity of SARS-CoV-2. The overall reporting quality was moderate. The overall pooled frequency of positive viral cultures was 14% (95% CI 7-17, I[2] = 52.3%; p = 0.001). The data were not sufficient to compute a threshold for infectivity, or to explore the relationship between distance and infectiousness.

CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of positive SARS-CoV-2 viral cultures following positive RNA samples in the air is low, suggesting that while viral RNA may be present, the likelihood of detecting culturable, infectious viruses is substantially lower. Our findings underscore the need for standardized guidelines to assess and report the infectivity and potential for transmissibility of airborne viruses, including the consistent reporting of Ct values and methods to mitigate bias.},
}

@article {pmid41448305,
year = {2025},
author = {Habashy, NH},
title = {Antiviral potential of major royal jelly proteins.},
journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules},
volume = {339},
number = {Pt 1},
pages = {149884},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.149884},
pmid = {41448305},
issn = {1879-0003},
abstract = {Royal jelly (RJ), a honeybee secretion, contains nine distinct water-soluble proteins known as major RJ proteins (MRJPs). MRJPs are the primary constituents of RJ and have demonstrated significant potential as antiviral agents. MRJPs exhibit antiviral effects against various viruses, including HCV, HBV, HIV, and SARS-CoV-2. Previous research has indicated that MRJPs can interfere with viral replication by targeting specific stages of the viral life cycle, such as by inhibiting key enzymes, including RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase. They also block viral entry into host cells and influence immune responses. In addition to their direct antiviral actions, MRJPs exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties, further enhancing their therapeutic potential. Despite these promising preclinical findings, further mechanistic and translational investigations are required to validate and enhance the therapeutic potential of MRJPs. This review presents a narrative and systematic summary of the antiviral effects of MRJPs supplemented by original in silico docking analyses and highlights their potential as natural candidates for antiviral drug development.},
}

@article {pmid41447763,
year = {2025},
author = {Zhao, Y},
title = {Research progress and applications of reverse genetics systems for infectious bronchitis virus.},
journal = {Poultry science},
volume = {105},
number = {2},
pages = {106312},
pmid = {41447763},
issn = {1525-3171},
abstract = {Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) poses a persistent threat to global poultry health, driving the need for advanced molecular tools to study and combat this pathogen. Reverse genetics has emerged as a pivotal technology in IBV research, enabling precise manipulation of the viral genome to investigate pathogenesis, design novel vaccines, and identify potential antiviral targets. This review systematically examines the development, applications, and challenges of reverse genetics platforms for IBV. Established methods, including vaccinia virus supported systems, in vitro ligation and transcription, targeted RNA recombination, bacterial artificial chromosome cloning, transformation associated recombination, and circular polymerase extension reaction are detailed, with their principles, advantages, and limitations highlighted. Furthermore, contributions of these platforms to elucidating gene function, rational vaccine design, and the development of IBV as a viral vector for multipathogen vaccines are discussed. Current technical hurdles, safety considerations, and knowledge gaps are addressed, along with future perspectives integrating CRISPR/Cas9, synthetic biology, and computational approaches. This comprehensive overview aims to guide researchers in selecting appropriate reverse genetics strategies and to inspire innovative solutions for IBV control.},
}

@article {pmid41446849,
year = {2025},
author = {Kohler, MM and Kolbe, M and Körtgen, B and Angst, S and Barbul, AMS and Seufert, L and Hasal, R and Bührer, L and Held, U and Grande, B},
title = {Efficacy of simulation-based training for airway management in preparing hospitals for the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review.},
journal = {Frontiers in medicine},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {1656737},
pmid = {41446849},
issn = {2296-858X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: In response to the coronavirus pandemic, hospitals worldwide implemented simulation-based training to help healthcare providers (HCPs) adapt to revised protocols for airway management in patients with infectious coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We conducted a systematic review of simulation-based studies on airway management in COVID-19 patients, with the aim of analyzing the findings of these studies and consolidating evidence-based recommendations to optimize responses to possible future pandemics.

METHODS: We performed a systematic literature search of PubMed, Embase, Medline, and the Cochrane Library on 25 August 2022. As different studies measured different outcomes (e.g., only confidence, only knowledge, or both) in different ways, a random-effects model was used for meta-analysis and change scores were calculated.

RESULTS: The systematic review included 20 studies after screening 141 articles. The meta-analysis revealed significant improvements in participants' confidence and knowledge after simulation training, as evidenced by negative standardized mean differences (SMDs, Cohen's d). Sensitivity analysis confirmed that the results were robust across various correlation estimates. However, there was a high risk of publication bias, as funnel plots showed asymmetry and studies fell outside the 95% confidence interval.

CONCLUSION: This systematic review highlights the effectiveness of simulation training in improving healthcare providers' confidence and knowledge regarding airway management during pandemics. The findings underscore the positive impact of simulation-based education, as demonstrated by significant improvements from pre-training to post-training assessments. However, the observed publication bias suggests that additional high-quality, unbiased studies are necessary to strengthen the evidence base and inform future training programs for pandemic preparedness.

PROSPERO, CRD42022293708.},
}

@article {pmid41446839,
year = {2025},
author = {Jin, T and Peng, J and Peng, R and Hu, Z},
title = {Research trends and hotspots of traditional Chinese medicine for asthenopia: a comprehensive visualization and bibliometric study as of 2024.},
journal = {Frontiers in medicine},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {1613177},
pmid = {41446839},
issn = {2296-858X},
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To explore the preventive and therapeutic effects of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for asthenopia.

METHODS: The literatures on TCM for asthenopia published in Web of Science, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang from the inception of each database to December 31, 2024 were retrieved and summarized. Network cluster co-occurrence analysis and qualitative narrative methods were used for this review.

RESULTS: The related research has shown a fluctuating upward trend. The institutions that published more relevant studies were Chinese medicine universities and their affiliated hospitals. The analysis found that the research mainly focused on elucidating the treatment mechanism, optimizing the acupoint stimulation mode of external treatment, and optimizing the systematic regulation of the TCM decoction program.

CONCLUSION: The research on TCM for asthenopia is unevenly distributed among countries and regions, and mainly concentrated in China. However, since the outbreak of COVID-19, the research on asthenopia abroad has gradually increased, which may be related to lifestyle and the development of modern electronic technology. Current research trends mainly focus on the establishment of evidence-based TCM clinical intervention programs and the establishment of a comorbidity model of asthenopia.},
}

@article {pmid41445958,
year = {2025},
author = {Xiao, Y and Song, Z and Zhou, L and Lu, W and Fang, W and Xu, J and Li, X},
title = {Coronavirus nucleocapsid proteins: a multifaceted modulator in the innate immune evasion.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1658339},
pmid = {41445958},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {Coronaviruses are capable of inducing diverse infectious diseases that pose significant threats to the public health and the economic development. With a single positive-stranded RNA genome, coronaviruses utilize viral proteins to execute diverse immune escape strategies to facilitate their replication. Of all the identified structural proteins and non-structural proteins within the coronaviruses, nucleocapsid (N) protein is highly conserved and is the most abundant viral protein in infected host cells. N protein regulates the more complex and diverse mechanisms through which viruses suppress host immunity. In this review, we analyzed the basic structure of coronavirus N protein, and further elaborate on its multifaceted regulatory functions in the virion assembly, pathogenesis, host innate immune responses, as well as the innate immunity-related programmed cell death and cell cycle, and also other cell processes. A better understanding of the immune evasion strategy regulated by N protein will help to provide a theoretical basis for the development of broad-spectrum anti-coronavirus drugs targeting N proteins.},
}

@article {pmid41444990,
year = {2025},
author = {Barrera, I and Wang, G and Rajakumar, B and Muthupalaniappan, S and Cronin, AE and Chatterjee, A},
title = {Mobile addiction treatment units: a narrative review.},
journal = {Addiction science & clinical practice},
volume = {20},
number = {1},
pages = {99},
pmid = {41444990},
issn = {1940-0640},
mesh = {Humans ; *Mobile Health Units/organization & administration ; United States ; *Opioid-Related Disorders ; Drug Overdose/prevention & control ; *Substance-Related Disorders/therapy ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Health Services Accessibility ; Program Evaluation ; Telemedicine ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Drug overdose deaths have increased in the last decade, becoming a substantial public health priority. Mobile Addiction Treatment Units (MATU) are vans, vehicles, or portable clinics that provide low-threshold, low-barrier, community-based services for addiction treatment including opioid agonist medications. MATUs are a point of entry for care, particularly for individuals who have faced barriers to access at in-person healthcare facilities.

OBJECTIVE: This narrative review aims to synthesize and conduct a thematic analysis of the research on implementation and outcomes of MATUs in the United States. Our study's primary objectives were threefold: 1) to evaluate MATU program reach, 2) to evaluate MATU program effectiveness, and 3) to evaluate MATU program implementation.

METHODS: We identified studies examining MATUs by searching electronic databases MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Elsevier), PsycINFO (EBSCO), and Web of Science Core Collection (Clarivate). Records were selected for full-text review if their abstract referenced any mobile modality for substance use treatments. Exclusion criteria included review articles, opinion articles, theoretical articles, abstracts, dissertations, studies conducted outside of the United States, and studies focused solely on mobile harm-reduction interventions without offering medication treatment for SUD. This review is reported per the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines.

RESULTS: A total of 2,232 articles were screened at the title and abstract level, of which 83 were assessed for full text eligibility. The 34 articles selected for inclusion were varied in methodology, and included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), observational studies, cohort studies, and mixed-methods research. The most common study locations were Baltimore, MD (10 studies), Boston, MA (5 studies), Philadelphia, PA (4 studies), and New Haven, CT (3 studies). Regarding reach, four studies were conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Six studies were conducted primarily in a population experiencing homelessness; two studies were conducted primarily in populations with criminal justice involvement; four studies were conducted primarily in youth or young-adult populations; three studies were conducted in rural populations. In these settings, MATUs successfully engaged vulnerable and underserved populations, delivering comprehensive care that combined harm reduction, primary care, and mental health services. These units demonstrated potential to enhance health outcomes, reduce stigma, increase treatment retention rates in marginalized populations compared to office-based programs, and tackle social determinants of health. Common challenges included patient engagement, logistical and regulatory barriers, and financial sustainability, all compounded by limited space, staffing, and resources, while homelessness, encampment removals, and the COVID-19 pandemic further disrupted care continuity (J Subst Abuse Treat 120:108149, 2021; Front Public Health 11:1154813, 2023; J Subst Use Addict Treat 159:209272, 2024; J Subst Use Addict Treat 164, 2024; Health Place 28:153-66, 2014; Addict Sci Clin Pract 18:71, 2023).

CONCLUSION: MATUs proved to be innovative and effective in addressing OUD and related issues for vulnerable populations traditionally lacking access to care. However, ongoing efforts to overcome implementation challenges and ensure sustainable funding and resources are crucial for their continued success and expansion. Future research should focus on large-scale, quantitative studies, particularly in diverse and rural settings, to better understand their long-term impact and sustainability.},
}

Humans
*Mobile Health Units/organization & administration
United States
*Opioid-Related Disorders
Drug Overdose/prevention & control
*Substance-Related Disorders/therapy
COVID-19/epidemiology
Health Services Accessibility
Program Evaluation
Telemedicine

@article {pmid41444262,
year = {2025},
author = {Wilson, JE and Gurdasani, D and Helbok, R and Ozturk, S and Fraser, DD and Filipović, SR and Peluso, MJ and Iwasaki, A and Yasuda, CL and Bocci, T and Priori, A and Altmann, D and Alwan, NA and Wesley Ely, E},
title = {COVID-19-associated neurological and psychological manifestations.},
journal = {Nature reviews. Disease primers},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {91},
pmid = {41444262},
issn = {2056-676X},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/psychology/physiopathology/epidemiology ; *Nervous System Diseases/etiology/virology ; *Mental Disorders/etiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Anxiety/etiology ; Depression/etiology ; },
abstract = {Long COVID is an infection-associated chronic condition that typically occurs within 3 months of acute COVID-19 infection in which symptoms are intermittently or continuously present for at least 3 months. Long COVID is estimated to affect between 80 and 400 million people globally, with an incidence of 5-20% in the community and up to 50% among hospitalized patients following acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Common neuropsychiatric and mental health symptoms of long COVID include memory deficits, executive dysfunction, anxiety, depression, recurring headaches, sleep disturbances, neuropathies, problems with taste and smell, and dizziness that accompanies erratic heart rates and severe post-exertional malaise. Underlying pathophysiological mechanisms includes SARS-CoV-2 viral persistence, herpesvirus reactivation, microbiota dysbiosis, autoimmunity, clotting and endothelial abnormalities, and chronic immune activation. Owing to the variability in the clinical presentation, management must be tailored based on a patient's presenting symptoms.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/psychology/physiopathology/epidemiology
*Nervous System Diseases/etiology/virology
*Mental Disorders/etiology
SARS-CoV-2
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Anxiety/etiology
Depression/etiology

@article {pmid41441720,
year = {2025},
author = {Puchner, KP and Kondilis, E and Palantza, N and Seretis, S and Mavroudeas, S and Benos, A and Papamichail, D},
title = {Competing Theories on Global and Regional Vaccine Inequities: A Scoping Literature Review Within the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {13},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {41441720},
issn = {2076-393X},
abstract = {Background/Objectives: Despite global efforts, COVID-19 revealed severe spatial vaccine inequities, disproportionately affecting low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Scholars across disciplines proposed numerous-and often competing-terms and theories to explain these disparities. In this review and within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, we assess the usage, definition, and appropriateness of these terms and their linked theories or frameworks. Methods: We conducted a scoping review aiming to clarify key definitions, concepts, and frameworks of eight prominent terms used in the literature regarding COVID-19 global and/or regional vaccine inequities (i.e., vaccine nationalism, vaccine apartheid, vaccine colonialism, vaccine imperialism, vaccine racism, vaccine diplomacy, vaccine solidarity, and vaccine internationalism). The methodology followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines for Scoping Reviews and included papers from January 2020 to the end of October 2024. Results: We included 79 papers in our study. The majority (71%) were published in 2021-2022, with less than one-quarter authored by scholars from LMICs. Vaccine imperialism was consistently defined but rarely used, while vaccine nationalism and vaccine apartheid appeared more frequently with varied meanings. Yet, in most cases, all of these concepts identified economic interests of vaccine-producing countries as the root cause of the observed vaccine inequities. Vaccine diplomacy showed similar ambiguity, viewed by some as worsening inequities and by others as potentially mitigating them. The terms vaccine racism, vaccine colonialism, and vaccine solidarity were not explicitly identified but appear to be embedded within the definitions of other prominent terms detected. Conclusions: Across the preselected terms examined, we found numerous-and often conflicting-definitions, revealing the fragmented and competing understandings of the major drivers fueling global vaccine inequities. This lack of coherence inhibits evidence synthesis or shared theoretical progress but, most importantly, might undermine current and future efforts to address these inequities.},
}

@article {pmid41441705,
year = {2025},
author = {Sun, M and Elliott, K},
title = {StealthX: A Versatile and Potent Exosome-Based Vaccine Platform for the Next Pandemic.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {13},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {41441705},
issn = {2076-393X},
abstract = {Exosome-based vaccines represent a transformative platform in modern vaccinology, combining nanoscale delivery, biocompatibility, and potent immunogenicity. Among these, the StealthX platform developed by Capricor, Inc. has demonstrated exceptional versatility, enabling antigen presentation at nanogram level doses without the need for adjuvants. Preclinical studies using StealthX have shown strong humoral and cellular immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Delta and Omicron, as well as broader applications against influenza and RSV antigens. The platform's ability to accommodate multiple antigens within a single formulation addresses the challenges of viral variation and facilitates multivalent "mix-and-match" immunization strategies. This review offers an in-depth evaluation of the StealthX vaccine platform, covering the biological mechanisms underlying exosome function, the engineering approaches used to load antigens, and preclinical results demonstrated across three pivotal studies. By synthesizing current evidence, this review underscores the platform's applicability for emerging infectious diseases and explores the strategic value of multivalent exosome-based vaccines in global immunization efforts as an emerging next-generation vaccine technology.},
}

@article {pmid41441691,
year = {2025},
author = {Naji, A and El Sahly, HM and Whitaker, JA},
title = {A Review of the Effects of Ipsilateral or Contralateral Vaccine Boosting on the Adaptive Immune Response.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {13},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {41441691},
issn = {2076-393X},
abstract = {Vaccines have been pivotal in reducing the incidence and severity of infectious diseases, improving population health, and lowering mortality rates globally. While substantial progress has been made in optimizing vaccine formulations, adjuvants, and schedules, comparatively less attention has been given to how the site of vaccination may influence immunologic outcomes. This review examines the impact of the administration of prime and booster vaccine doses in the same (ipsilateral) versus the opposite arms (contralateral) on vaccine immunogenicity. We review animal model and human studies evaluating the impact of ipsilateral versus contralateral COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 vaccine boosting on immunologic outcomes with a focus on the germinal center response, antibody production, and T cell activation. While some studies suggest that ipsilateral administration may enhance the quality of germinal center B cell responses and antibody magnitude, data across different studies have been inconsistent. Relatively few studies have compared ipsilateral versus contralateral boosting, and differences in study design and outcomes have limited the ability to draw conclusions as to whether one is superior to the other. This review highlights a noteworthy and underexplored area in vaccinology and the need for future research to clarify whether ipsilateral/contralateral boosting strategies matter. To answer this question, high-quality, randomized controlled trials evaluating different types of vaccines that consider immunologic mechanisms, capture key time points and appropriate specimens, and evaluate early and long-term immunogenicity endpoints are required.},
}

@article {pmid41441682,
year = {2025},
author = {Wiblin, S and Feldman, C and MacIntyre, CR and Soulsby, N and van Buynder, P and Waterer, G},
title = {Risk Groups for Vaccine-Preventable Respiratory Infections in Children and Adults: An Overview of the Australian Environment.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {13},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {41441682},
issn = {2076-393X},
abstract = {Respiratory infections are a leading cause of sickness and death in Australia. In Australia, there is a funded immunisation program for both adults and children aimed at preventing and controlling vaccine-preventable respiratory infections (VPRI), such as pneumococcal disease (PD), influenza A/B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, and COVID-19. This narrative review outlines the current Australian adult and paediatric immunisation guidance for VPRIs. It also examines the literature that supports the current risk group recommendations, including the clinical and economic burden of VPRIs, vaccination effectiveness, and coverage. Gaps in current risk group definitions, as well as additional risk groups that could be included in vaccine recommendations, are also discussed. Further research is needed to determine the optimum age for vaccination in adults which may enable alignment of age recommendations across different VPRIs. Individuals with multiple risk factors, commonly referred to as risk stacking, are at a greater risk of developing severe disease for VPRIs. This emphasises the importance of vaccinating these individuals. More research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of vaccines in older adults and to create more effective vaccines for high-risk paediatric groups, such as those with compromised immunity or for children who have undergone haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.},
}

@article {pmid41441346,
year = {2025},
author = {Cianciulli, A and Santoro, E and Bruno, N and Quagliarella, S and Esposito, S and Manente, R and Santella, B and Ferrara, RF and Pacifico, A and Franci, G and Boccia, G},
title = {The Role of the Family and Community Nurse in Improving Quality of Life and Optimizing Home Care Post-COVID: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Nursing reports (Pavia, Italy)},
volume = {15},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {41441346},
issn = {2039-4403},
abstract = {Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the shift toward community- and home-based care models. Within this transformation, Family and Community Nurses (FCNs) have become key in bridging hospital and primary care, supporting continuity, self-care, and quality of life (QoL). Despite increasing recognition, evidence on FCN-led interventions remains fragmented. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize evidence on the impact of FCN interventions on QoL and clinical outcomes in post-COVID and people living with chronic conditions managed in community and home settings. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we searched PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Embase, and Cochrane Library (January 2020-November 2024). Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials evaluating FCN-led interventions. Primary outcomes were QoL (measured with validated tools) and glycemic control (HbA1c). Secondary outcomes included hospital readmissions, anxiety, depression, and self-care abilities. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB2 tool for randomized controlled trials. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed, with heterogeneity evaluated by I[2]. The protocol was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024567890) before data extraction. Results: Seventy-one studies (n = 19,390) were included. Interventions comprised home visits, telehealth, patient education, and case management. Pooled analyses demonstrated significant improvement in QoL (SMD 0.34, 95% CI 0.18-0.50) and reduction in HbA1c (-0.47%, 95% CI -0.69 to -0.25). FCN interventions also reduced hospital readmissions (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.62-0.89) and improved mental health outcomes. Most studies were judged at low to moderate risk of bias. Conclusions: FCN-led interventions significantly enhance QoL, mental health, and clinical outcomes while reducing hospital readmissions. These findings highlight the strategic importance of integrating FCNs into community-based healthcare models.},
}

@article {pmid41440751,
year = {2025},
author = {Wang, J and Ma, N and Mo, G and Qin, X and Zhang, J and Yao, X and Guo, J and Sun, Z},
title = {Hazards and Health Risks of the Antibacterial Agent Triclosan to Fish: A Review.},
journal = {Journal of xenobiotics},
volume = {15},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {41440751},
issn = {2039-4713},
abstract = {Triclosan (TCS) is a widely used antimicrobial agent found in personal care products and household cleaners. While valued since the 1960s for its ability to inhibit bacterial fatty acid synthesis, its environmental persistence, ecotoxicity, and bioaccumulative potential have raised significant global concern. The increased use of disinfectants during the COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated its prevalence as an aquatic pollutant. In the environment, TCS is distributed through water bodies and sediments, undergoing processes such as biodegradation and photochemical degradation. Its bioaccumulation poses a substantial threat to aquatic organisms, particularly fish. A growing body of research indicates that TCS acts as an endocrine disruptor and developmental toxicant, with documented adverse effects encompassing impaired embryonic and larval development, skeletal malformations, and induction of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, and inflammatory responses. Furthermore, TCS exposure is linked to reproductive toxicity, including altered sex hormone levels and diminished reproductive capacity. This review consolidates current knowledge on the chemical properties, environmental fate, biodegradation pathways, and ecotoxicological impacts of TCS, with a specific emphasis on its multifaceted health risks to fish. The synthesis aims to provide a foundation for future research, inform environmental risk assessments, and support the development of evidence-based regulatory measures.},
}

@article {pmid41440598,
year = {2025},
author = {Mbeye, NM and Chipojola, R and Banda, S and Kaude, P and Mdolo, A and Nwosisi, C and Mounier-Jack, S},
title = {Integration Models for Delivering COVID-19 Vaccines Through HIV Services in Low-and Middle-Income Countries: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Infectious disease reports},
volume = {17},
number = {6},
pages = {},
pmid = {41440598},
issn = {2036-7430},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains a major global public health issue. People living with HIV (PLHIV) are among the vulnerable groups facing a higher risk of severe outcomes. Combining COVID-19 vaccination with HIV services can improve access and utilization of the vaccine among PLHIV although effective methods of delivery are yet to be ascertained. We conducted a scoping review to identify and describe models for delivering COVID-19 vaccines through HIV care services in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

METHODS: We used PRISMA-ScR guidelines to conduct the review. On 3rd and 4th February 2025, we searched PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE for studies on integrated COVID-19 vaccine delivery for PLHIV.

RESULTS: Three studies from sub-Saharan Africa reported call-back strategy, diverse partnership, and mixed service delivery models for implementing COVID-19 vaccination in HIV care services. Key strategies that were used included building capacity, generating demand, managing the supply chain, and involving stakeholders. The outcomes showed significant increases in vaccination coverage among PLHIV and reduced vaccine wastage.

CONCLUSIONS: Integrating COVID-19 vaccination into HIV services is practical and effective in LMICs. It makes use of current infrastructure, partnerships, and local innovations.},
}

@article {pmid41440526,
year = {2025},
author = {László, SA and Ianoși, ES and Văsieșiu, AM and Szathmáry, M and Ianoși, MB and Rachiș, DL and Nistor, G and Jimborean, G},
title = {COVID-19 and Lung Cancer Interactions: A Literature Review.},
journal = {Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {41440526},
issn = {2076-3271},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/complications/virology ; *Lung Neoplasms/epidemiology/diagnosis/virology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Incidence ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {This review aims to discuss the apparent reduction in pulmonary cancer incidence in the general population during and shortly after the COVID-19 pandemic from a biological and pathophysiological mechanistic point of view. While the epidemiological evidence points to a disruption in the early- and mid-stage diagnostic process, which causes a shift to late-stage lung cancer discovery with no impact on its actual prevalence, an alternative hypothesis based on the intersection of viral and cancer biology could have a real effect on lung carcinogenesis as an independent phenomenon. By weaving together population-level trends, mechanistic insights, and translational oncology, we discuss whether the pandemic-associated decline in lung cancer diagnoses reflects primarily a temporary diagnostic artifact or whether it also reveals biologically relevant intersections between SARS-CoV-2 and pulmonary oncogenesis. The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has exerted profound and multifaceted effects on global healthcare systems, altering patterns of disease detection, management, and outcomes across nearly all medical disciplines. These disruptions generated what has been termed a "diagnostic deficit", producing a backlog of undetected cancers that have only partially been recovered in subsequent years. This phenomenon, sometimes described as a "COVID-19 debt" in oncology, is thought to contribute to excess late-stage diagnoses and potentially worse medium-term survival outcomes. Beyond the disruption of medical systems, the pandemic also raised a more speculative but biologically intriguing question: could SARS-CoV-2 infection itself, through direct or indirect mechanisms, influence lung cancer biology? Our review aims to critically synthesize the evidence across seven domains to address this dual hypothesis. (1) We examine the observed effects of the pandemic on cancer incidence, highlighting global registry and health-system data; (2) we review SARS-CoV-2 infection biology, including viral entry, replication, protein functions, and treatment implications; (3) we summarize the pathogenesis of lung cancer; (4) we explore the role of immune checkpoints in tumor immune evasion, followed by (5) analyses of immune dysregulation in acute infection and (6) in long COVID; and (7) finally, we evaluate proposed oncogenic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2, integrating molecular virology with cancer immunology. We conclude that the "diagnostic deficit" phenomenon was a reality during and immediately post-pandemic. However, a definitive answer to the questions related to the impact of the infection as an independent phenomenon would require advanced research information covering the biology of the viral infection and lung cancer oncogenesis: processes that are not currently implemented in routine clinical laboratory investigations.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/complications/virology
*Lung Neoplasms/epidemiology/diagnosis/virology
SARS-CoV-2
Incidence
Pandemics

@article {pmid41440273,
year = {2025},
author = {Fatima, M and Fatima, M and Abbas, N and Park, PG},
title = {Opportunities and Challenges in Gas Sensor Technologies for Accurate Detection of COVID-19.},
journal = {Biosensors},
volume = {15},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {41440273},
issn = {2079-6374},
support = {GCU-202502820001//Gachon University/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/diagnosis ; *Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis ; Breath Tests/methods ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification ; *Biosensing Techniques/methods ; Gases/analysis ; },
abstract = {Gas sensors provide versatile opportunities for detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as acetone, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isoprene, and aldehydes in exhaled breath (EB) associated with COVID-19 respiratory infections. These VOCs provide valuable information about metabolic markers linked with COVID-19. They have opened opportunities to develop sensors for COVID-19 screening based on breath analysis. These sensors have the potential to provide the rapid detection of viruses in healthcare settings. RT-PCR, as a conventionally adopted diagnostic method, has a detection limit around 10-100 RNA copies/mL, with an accuracy of around 95%. Gas sensors have demonstrated VOC detection limits at the ppm level in COVID-19 EB and have displayed a sensitivity and specificity of 98.2% and 74.3%, respectively. Multiple gas sensors combined with machine learning algorithms have the potential to enhance the specificity of VOC detection. In addition to having an accuracy similar to that of the PCR method, the VOC-based diagnosis of COVID-19 offers unique advantages in terms of non-invasive and rapid detection. This review provides an overview of state-of-the-art gas sensors developed for COVID-19 detection. Despite there being significant developments in this field, there are certain challenges that still need to be addressed-these include the impact of environmental factors, the specificity of detection, the sensing range, and precision limitations, leading to accuracy issues. Despite these existing challenges, the integration of gas sensors with machine learning methods can enhance the accuracy of the detection of COVID-19. Future research directions are proposed to validate and standardize the application of gas sensors for COVID-19 in clinical settings.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/diagnosis
*Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis
Breath Tests/methods
SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification
*Biosensing Techniques/methods
Gases/analysis

@article {pmid41440051,
year = {2025},
author = {Elkoury, E and Yehia, A and Caparelli, EC and Geda, YE and Ortega, D and Yamada, N and Hakhu, S and Beeman, SC and Ross, TJ and Yang, Y and Zhou, Y and Port, JD and Abulseoud, OA},
title = {Brain Volumetric Changes Post-COVID-19: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Brain sciences},
volume = {15},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {41440051},
issn = {2076-3425},
abstract = {Background: The potential long-term effects of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection on the brain structure have not yet been fully elucidated. Even though existing studies have reported structural changes in the post-COVID-19 period, the results remain highly inconsistent and controversial. As such, identifying an imaging biomarker for post-COVID brains is still under investigation. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the structural MRI (sMRI) studies that focus on volumetric brain changes at least two weeks following COVID-19 infection. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Google Scholar up to 9 September 2025. Studies that utilized sMRI to assess volumetric brain changes post-COVID at greater than two weeks following infection were included. Exclusion criteria encompassed research involving pediatric or adolescent populations and imaging modalities other than sMRI. Preprints, reviews, case reports, case series and post-mortem studies were also excluded. Results: Forty-one studies satisfied the inclusion criteria and consisted of 2895 patients and 1729 healthy controls. Despite the wide variability in image acquisition protocols, data processing methods, and comorbidities between studies, multiple studies reported statistically significant volumetric reductions in the hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, basal ganglia, nucleus accumbens and the cerebellum months to years after infection, especially in older hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19. Conclusions: The emerging literature reports long-term volume changes across various brain regions in individuals previously infected with COVID-19; however, the evidence is inconsistent. Specific imaging biomarkers following exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the underlying mechanisms of these changes are yet to be identified. Future studies with harmonized imaging protocols, longitudinal designs, and integrated biomarker and clinical data are needed to define robust biomarkers and elucidate the pathophysiology of these findings.},
}

@article {pmid41439932,
year = {2025},
author = {Zuñiga-Jimenez, CT and Rojas-Esguerra, DF and Muñoz-Martinez, AP and Mendoza-Guzman, DC and Daza-Arana, JE},
title = {Musculoskeletal Sequelae of Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {41439932},
issn = {2079-9721},
abstract = {Background/Objectives: COVID-19 infection is a respiratory illness that affects multiple body systems, including the musculoskeletal system. In August 2024, Colombia reported 6 million infections and a 2.2% mortality rate related to COVID-19. Post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) is a chronic condition occurring after the acute infection, typically characterized by fatigue, weakness, pain, and sarcopenia, impacting the patient's quality of life (QoL). This systematic review aimed to identify musculoskeletal sequelae, including peripheral muscle strength, fatigue, and QoL, in patients with PCS. Methods: We searched the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies focusing on musculoskeletal sequelae in patients with COVID-19 infection published between 2020 and 2025. Study quality and risk of bias were assessed using the MINORS and the ROBINS-E scales, respectively. Results: Thirteen studies (n = 5657 patients) met the eligibility criteria. Seventy-six percent of studies indicated muscle weakness as the most common sequela, primarily in older adults and individuals with comorbidities (obesity, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). General fatigue (reported in 76% of the studies) significantly influenced patients' daily lives, whereas 90% of patients reported some level of deterioration in their QoL, primarily regarding mental health, bodily pain, and physical performance. Conclusions: Patients with PCS who required mechanical ventilation showed reduced muscle strength and poor physical performance, especially older adults. Inactive individuals had worse musculoskeletal sequelae, while physical activity was associated with better strength levels. Although QoL improved after 12 months, the combination of aerobic exercise with adequate nutrition is essential to promote muscle recovery, reduce fatigue, and improve overall functional capacity in post-COVID-19 patients.},
}

@article {pmid41439888,
year = {2025},
author = {Gong, EJ and Bang, CS and Lee, JJ and Baik, GH},
title = {Smart Ring in Clinical Medicine: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {10},
number = {12},
pages = {},
pmid = {41439888},
issn = {2313-7673},
support = {RS-2023-00223501//National Research Foundation of Korea/ ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Smart rings enable continuous physiological monitoring through finger-worn sensors. Despite growing consumer adoption, their clinical utility beyond sleep tracking remains unclear.

OBJECTIVES: To systematically review evidence for smart ring applications in clinical medicine, assess measurement accuracy, and evaluate clinical outcomes.

METHODS: We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science through 31 July 2025. Two reviewers independently screened studies and extracted data. Risk of bias was assessed using ROBINS-I and RoB 2.0.

RESULTS: From 862 citations, 107 studies met inclusion criteria including approximately 100,000 participants. Studies were equally distributed between sleep (47.7%) and non-sleep applications (52.3%). Smart rings demonstrated high accuracy: heart rate r[2] = 0.996, heart rate variability r[2] = 0.980, and sleep detection 93-96% sensitivity. Predictive capabilities included COVID-19 detection 2.75 days pre-symptom (82% sensitivity), inflammatory bowel disease flare prediction 7 weeks early (72% accuracy), and bipolar episode detection 3-7 days early (79% sensitivity). However, 65% of studies had moderate-to-high bias risk. Limitations included small samples, proprietary algorithms (89%), poor diversity reporting (35%), and declining adherence (80% at 3 months to 43% at 12 months).

CONCLUSION: Smart rings have evolved into clinical tools capable of early disease detection. However, algorithmic opacity, population homogeneity, and adherence challenges require attention before widespread implementation.},
}

@article {pmid41439194,
year = {2025},
author = {Li, S and Zheng, Y and Cheng, L},
title = {Messenger RNA vaccines in the prevention of allergic diseases.},
journal = {The World Allergy Organization journal},
volume = {18},
number = {12},
pages = {101150},
pmid = {41439194},
issn = {1939-4551},
abstract = {Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines are composed of mRNA sequences encoding pathogens. The first coronavirus mRNA vaccine (BNT162B2, Pfizer/BioNTech), approved in the United Kingdom in 2020, had prevented approximately 20 million deaths globally within the first year of use. mRNA vaccines were initially used against tumors and infectious diseases, but recent research has also turned its attention to the prevention of allergic diseases. Here, we summarized the characteristics and outcomes of mRNA vaccines in preventing allergic diseases and analyzed their advantages over traditional inactivated vaccines and DNA vaccines. This review focused on the feasibility, potential mechanisms, and preclinical research results of prophylactic allergen mRNA vaccines in the prevention of type I hypersensitivity reactions, and preliminarily addressed the key issues in clinical trials of allergen mRNA vaccines. Allergen mRNA vaccines hold promise for preventing IgE-mediated allergic diseases, yet their potential uses warrant further clinical investigations.},
}