@article {pmid41718104,
year = {2026},
author = {Nebuwa, CN and Orjichukwu, CK and Orjichukwu, RO and Akpunonu, PK and Ugwu, PC and Nnabuife, SG},
title = {Cardiovascular Complications of Seasonal Influenza in the Pre- and Post-COVID-19 Era: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Clinical Implications.},
journal = {Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41718104},
issn = {2076-3271},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/complications ; *Influenza, Human/complications/epidemiology ; *Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology/etiology ; Seasons ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {Influenza has long been a well-documented contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, particularly among high-risk groups. COVID-19 has notably altered the seasonality and natural history of pandemic influenza, with broad implications for related cardiac complications. This review examines the interaction between influenza and cardiovascular illness, especially myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, stroke, and other acute cardiac events. We review the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on influenza transmission dynamics, public health policy, and the evolving burden of cardiovascular complications. New evidence indicates that both diseases exacerbate endothelial dysfunction, systemic inflammation, and prothrombotic states, thereby increasing cardiovascular risk. A comparative analysis of pre- and post-COVID-19 influenza-related cardiac complications clarifies evolving trends and guides future preventive strategies. In light of the recent resurgence of influenza following the relaxation of COVID-19 mitigation measures, maximizing vaccine coverage and collaborating to manage viral infections in patients with cardiovascular disease are critical. This review focuses on key research needs to understand long-term cardiac consequences and the urgent requirement for targeted public health strategies to counter viral-mediated cardiovascular threats. In the post-COVID era, integrating influenza and COVID-19 vaccination strategies into cardiovascular risk management may represent a critical opportunity to reduce virus-triggered cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/complications
*Influenza, Human/complications/epidemiology
*Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology/etiology
Seasons
SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics

@article {pmid41718141,
year = {2026},
author = {Manole, OM and Petre, BA and Onofrei, V},
title = {Proteomic Insights into Venous Thromboembolism.},
journal = {Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41718141},
issn = {2076-3271},
mesh = {Humans ; *Venous Thromboembolism/metabolism/diagnosis ; *Proteomics/methods ; Biomarkers/metabolism/blood ; Pulmonary Embolism/diagnosis/metabolism ; Venous Thrombosis/diagnosis/metabolism ; COVID-19/complications ; },
abstract = {Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT), remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with significant clinical challenges in diagnosis and risk stratification. Traditional diagnostic tools, including clinical prediction scores, D-dimer testing, and imaging, are limited by suboptimal specificity or sensitivity. In this context, proteomics-based approaches have emerged as powerful tools to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of VTE and to identify novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. This review synthesizes recent advances in proteomic research relevant to VTE. We searched four databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer Nature, and Wiley) using the keywords "acute pulmonary embolism", "acute venous thromboembolism", and "proteomics". Thirty proteomic studies investigating VTE were examined. Across these studies, proteomic profiling consistently revealed alterations in pathways related to coagulation, inflammation, platelet activation, endothelial dysfunction, and fibrin clot structure. Multiple protein classes, including acute-phase reactants, complement components, coagulation factors, and platelet-derived proteins, have demonstrated potential value in improving diagnostic accuracy and refining prognostic stratification. Proteomic analyses have also revealed distinct molecular signatures between isolated PE and isolated DVT, supporting the concept of biologically heterogeneous VTE phenotypes. Furthermore, emerging evidence from COVID-19-associated thrombosis, cancer-associated VTE, and non-invasive sources such as exhaled breath condensate underscores the expanding clinical relevance of proteomic approaches. Although technical limitations and heterogeneity across studies remain challenges, the integration of proteomic data with clinical and genetic information holds promise for advancing precision medicine in VTE.},
}

Humans
*Venous Thromboembolism/metabolism/diagnosis
*Proteomics/methods
Biomarkers/metabolism/blood
Pulmonary Embolism/diagnosis/metabolism
Venous Thrombosis/diagnosis/metabolism
COVID-19/complications

@article {pmid41718962,
year = {2026},
author = {Sheikhi, RA and Heidari, M and Kahrizsangi, MB},
title = {Mosques as Community Resilience Centers During Disasters: A Systematic Review of COVID-19 Interventions.},
journal = {Journal of community health},
volume = {51},
number = {3},
pages = {400-412},
pmid = {41718962},
issn = {1573-3610},
support = {6867//Sahrekord University of Medical Sciences/ ; },
}

@article {pmid41719175,
year = {2026},
author = {Martins Bruno, AC and José de Castro Moura Duarte, F},
title = {Designing Hybrid Work Organization in the Post-Pandemic Era: A Systematic Literature Review.},
journal = {Work (Reading, Mass.)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {10519815261423140},
doi = {10.1177/10519815261423140},
pmid = {41719175},
issn = {1875-9270},
abstract = {BackgroundIn the post-COVID-19 context, hybrid work (HW) expanded rapidly, often without systematic organizational design or alignment to task demands, generating conceptual ambiguities and limited guidance for configuring HW as an organizational system.ObjectiveTo update the conceptualization of HW and identify elements for designing hybrid work organization (HWO) from a task-based perspective.MethodsA systematic literature review was conducted from June to August 2025 following PRISMA guidelines. Peer-reviewed English-language articles (2020-2025) were retrieved from Scopus, and grey literature (2022-2025) was incorporated through complementary searches and snowballing. Research quality was appraised using MMAT and AACODS tools. Of 363 records screened, 110 full texts were assessed, and 25 met inclusion criteria.ResultsHW emerges as a sociotechnical phenomenon embedded in the digital transformation of work. A multidimensional lens - spatial, temporal, digital/virtual, and social - applied to task categories (individual, collaborative, coordination) identified key designable elements for HWO. Findings indicate that HW extends beyond fixed remote-on-site ratios, emphasizing intentional alternation, task-fit configurations, and dynamic adjustments as work evolves.ConclusionsHWO is context-specific and adaptive, shaped by task requirements rather than predefined schedules or locations. No single model prevails; instead, tailored configurations reflect the variability of real work. Advancing HW as a sociotechnical system requires rethinking organizational culture and management logic, shifting from presence and control-oriented paradigms toward flexible, task-driven, and performance-focused approaches. Progress depends on treating organizational design as a participatory process that aligns arrangements with demands.},
}

@article {pmid41719864,
year = {2026},
author = {Chandra, LA and Nugroho, DB and Thobari, JA and Dimaguila, GL and Buttery, J},
title = {Active surveillance methods to identify adverse events of special interest (AESIs) following vaccination against pandemic diseases: A scoping review.},
journal = {Vaccine},
volume = {77},
number = {},
pages = {128341},
doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128341},
pmid = {41719864},
issn = {1873-2518},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects/administration & dosage ; *Influenza Vaccines/adverse effects/administration & dosage ; *COVID-19/prevention & control ; *Vaccination/adverse effects ; Influenza, Human/prevention & control ; Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems ; *Product Surveillance, Postmarketing/methods ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/epidemiology ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Active post-vaccination surveillance is vital for ensuring vaccine safety, particularly in monitoring Adverse Events of Special Interest (AESIs). This scoping review synthesises evidence on methodologies employed in active surveillance studies, with a focus on influenza and COVID-19 vaccines.

METHODS: Literature was identified via PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and manual searches, using key terms including influenza, COVID-19, vaccine, and AESI. Two authors independently screened studies and extracted data on study characteristics, methods, and outcomes. Findings were synthesised narratively and presented in tables and figures, following the PRISMA-ScR guideline.

RESULTS: Of 427 included studies, most were published after 2020 (74.0%) and focused on COVID-19 vaccines (69.3%), particularly mRNA platforms (51.3%). The majority were conducted in North America and Europe, with 85.5% from high-income countries; multinational studies accounted for 6.6%, and single-centre studies with national or subnational coverage for 63.0%. Cohort designs predominated (40.5%), mostly retrospective (74.2%), utilising registries (24.0%) and electronic health records (22.4%), including artificial intelligence for signal detection and prediction (2.7%). Nearly half (49.6%) linked multiple data sources, though outcome verification was reported in fewer than half (45.9%). Incidence rates (16.5%) and risk/hazard ratios (14.8%) were the most reported measures. Neurological (21.8%) and cardiac (21.3%) AESIs, particularly Guillain-Barré Syndrome and myocarditis, were most frequently investigated.

CONCLUSION: Active surveillance for vaccine safety has increased but remains concentrated in high-income countries. Methodological approaches to detection, verification, and validation vary widely. Introducing active surveillance methodologies in low- and middle-income countries is crucial to achieving more equitable global monitoring of vaccine safety.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects/administration & dosage
*Influenza Vaccines/adverse effects/administration & dosage
*COVID-19/prevention & control
*Vaccination/adverse effects
Influenza, Human/prevention & control
Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems
*Product Surveillance, Postmarketing/methods
Pandemics/prevention & control
SARS-CoV-2
*Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/epidemiology

@article {pmid41721085,
year = {2026},
author = {Alvarado-Gamarra, G and Alcala-Marcos, K and Celis, CR and Balmaceda-Nieto, P and Cieza, L and Morán-Mariños, C and Grados-Espinoza, P and Alva-Díaz, C and Ecker, L and Ochoa, TJ and Franchi, LM and Howard, LM and Grijalva, CG and Lanata, CF},
title = {Post-MIS-C cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review.},
journal = {European journal of pediatrics},
volume = {185},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {41721085},
issn = {1432-1076},
support = {D43 TW012468/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States ; D43TW012468/TW/FIC NIH HHS/United States ; },
mesh = {Humans ; Child ; *COVID-19/complications ; *Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/complications ; *Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Limited knowledge and variability in findings exist regarding the resolution of cardiovascular outcomes following Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C). We conducted a systematic review to estimate the frequency of cardiovascular outcomes following MIS-C. A systematic search was conducted in Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, Embase, SciELO, LILACS, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and medRxiv were searched up to February 2024. We included studies reporting cardiovascular events that began in acute MIS-C and persisted after discharge. Screening and data extraction were performed by independent reviewers. We performed a random-effects meta-analysis and assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. Eighty-four studies (n = 4,778) were included; seven had a comparator group. The frequency of cardiovascular outcomes-including coronary abnormalities (Z-score ≥ 2), left ventricle ejection fraction < 55%, diastolic dysfunction, myocarditis, and pericardial effusion-decreased over time, with most resolving by 6 to 9 months. However, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging studies identified myocardial edema and/or fibrosis persisting up to 12 months, and two studies reported coronary abnormalities at 18- to 24-month follow-up. Evidence certainty was very low. Compared to children with COVID-19 or healthy controls, MIS-C showed more cardiovascular events and greater subclinical myocardial dysfunction, as assessed by strain analysis, during a 6-month follow-up. Compared with other etiologies of myocarditis, MIS-C myocarditis was associated with better cardiovascular outcomes but shorter exercise duration and lower aerobic capacity on stress testing. Conclusions: Cardiovascular outcomes following MIS-C improved over time, but certain subclinical cardiac abnormalities persisted up to 12 to 24 months. These findings may support long-term follow-up after MIS-C.Trial registration: Protocol registration number: PROSPERO, CRD42022336784.},
}

Humans
Child
*COVID-19/complications
*Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/complications
*Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid41722060,
year = {2026},
author = {Mousavi, T and Moosazadeh, M and Jalali, H},
title = {Comparison of Azvudine and Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir in Hospitalised Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Reviews in medical virology},
volume = {36},
number = {2},
pages = {e70114},
doi = {10.1002/rmv.70114},
pmid = {41722060},
issn = {1099-1654},
mesh = {Humans ; *Ritonavir/therapeutic use ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; *Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; Hospitalization ; Drug Combinations ; COVID-19/virology ; Lactams ; Leucine ; Nitriles ; Proline ; },
abstract = {Azvudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) and belongs to the family of 2', 3'-dideoxynucleoside (ddNs) that can mimic natural nucleosides and block viral DNA or RNA chain synthesis and prevent viral replication. Since the beginning of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, Azvudine has been used to treat patients with COVID-19. Therefore, the objective of this meta-analysis study was to compare Azvudine and Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir in hospitalised patients. The global online databases were used to identify relevant studies published between January 2019 and October 2024. The quality of all articles was determined using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) checklist. In this study, heterogeneity assay was assessed using the Cochran's Q-test and the I2 index, and STATA software version.14 (StataCorp) was used for statistical analysis. Egger's test, Begg's test, and funnel plot were performed to estimate of the publication bias, and the impact of each study on the overall estimate was assessed using sensitivity analysis. In this study, 19 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis showed that the relative risk of death in the Azvudine treatment group compared with the Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir treatment group was 0.64 (95% CI: 0. 44, 0. 93). These results suggest that treatment with Azvudine may provide significant clinical benefit in patients hospitalised with COVID-19.},
}

Humans
*Ritonavir/therapeutic use
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
*Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
Hospitalization
Drug Combinations
COVID-19/virology
Lactams
Leucine
Nitriles
Proline

@article {pmid41723336,
year = {2026},
author = {Huang, X and Huang, D and Wang, W and Huang, Y and Huang, C and Wang, G},
title = {Prevalence, risk factors, and early prediction of refractory pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {European journal of pediatrics},
volume = {185},
number = {3},
pages = {},
pmid = {41723336},
issn = {1432-1076},
support = {2024B1020//Social Public Welfare and Basic Research Special Project of Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province, China/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Pneumonia, Mycoplasma/epidemiology/diagnosis/drug therapy ; Risk Factors ; Child ; Prevalence ; Child, Preschool ; Infant ; *Mycoplasma pneumoniae ; Adolescent ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; },
abstract = {UNLABELLED: Refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (rMPP) poses significant challenges in pediatric care due to delayed recognition and limited systematic evidence. This meta-analysis evaluates the prevalence, risk factors, and predictive accuracy of models for rMPP. We systematically searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science until November 2024 for observational studies involving children aged 0-18 years with rMPP. Study quality was assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa and JBI scales. Data were analyzed via R4.4.2. Fifty-three studies (n = 35,275) revealed an overall rMPP prevalence of 37.8% (95% CI 30.5-45.5%), with significant temporal variation: 33.1% pre-COVID-19, 42.0% during, and 86.5% post-pandemic. Independent risk factors included elevated lactate dehydrogenase (OR = 1.018), C-reactive protein (OR = 1.106), procalcitonin (OR = 1.825), interleukin-6 (OR = 2.440), neutrophil count (OR = 2.955), pleural effusion (OR = 4.469), mucus plugs (OR = 5.456), and older age (OR = 1.188). Eleven prediction models demonstrated high accuracy, with ROC-AUCs of 0.913 (training) and 0.895 (validation).

CONCLUSION:  The prevalence of rMPP in children is significant and has increased markedly since the COVID-19 pandemic. Key biomarkers and clinical features facilitate early risk stratification, and validated predictive models improve clinical decision-making. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted surveillance and customized interventions for high-risk populations.

WHAT IS KNOWN: • Pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children can be effectively controlled by first-line macrolide therapy. • However, there is still a proportion of children who do not respond well to this treatment regimen and develop refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae due to macrolide resistance.

WHAT IS NEW: • This review and meta-analysis show the incidence of refractory Mycoplasma pneumonia and its potential risk factors. • Finding the feasibility of constructing a predictive model that facilitates early prediction, to provide evidence-based evidence for further in-depth clinical understanding of this disease.},
}

Humans
*Pneumonia, Mycoplasma/epidemiology/diagnosis/drug therapy
Risk Factors
Child
Prevalence
Child, Preschool
Infant
*Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Adolescent
COVID-19/epidemiology
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use

@article {pmid41723349,
year = {2026},
author = {Wu, D and Li, Y and Chen, P and Zhu, K and Cao, C},
title = {Comparison of the efficacy and safety of selective COX-2 inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.},
journal = {BMC infectious diseases},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41723349},
issn = {1471-2334},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The global epidemic of novel coronaviruses remains severe, and COX-2 selective inhibitors have attracted attention due to their promising clinical potential.

METHODS: Pertinent articles published up to 1 April 2025 were systematically searched and retrieved, including randomized controlled trials and cohort studies. To assess the efficacy of COX-2 selective inhibitors versus other NSAIDs, we analysed five aspects, including death, mechanical ventilation, ICU admission, oxygen uptake, and composite adverse effects.

RESULTS: The results showed that COX-2 selective inhibitors significantly reduced the risk of death, with third-highest SUCRA ranking. Regarding the risk of mechanical ventilation, COX-2 inhibitors were associated with a reduced risk and ranked first according to SUCRA compared with other interventions. COX-2 inhibitors were also effective in reducing the risk of ICU admission and endotracheal intubation, again ranking first by SUCRA. In addition, COX-2 inhibitors demonstrated therapeutic potential in reducing the risk of composite adverse effects compared with other NSAIDs.

CONCLUSION: Although this study shows that COX-2 inhibitors have good promise for the treatment of COVID-19, there is still a lack of high-quality RCTs to support the conclusions, and there is still room for improvement.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: (PROSPERO. CRD CRD42023445987)

THE CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-026-12883-w.},
}

@article {pmid41723405,
year = {2026},
author = {Tosanguan, K and Kessomboon, N and Udomaksorn, K and Nerapusee, O and Laichapis, M and Sakulbumrungsil, R},
title = {Bridging public health emergency and pharmaceutical supply chain preparedness: a scoping review and framework synthesis.},
journal = {BMC health services research},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41723405},
issn = {1472-6963},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent public health emergencies, including the COVID-19 pandemic and large-scale natural disasters, have exposed vulnerabilities in pharmaceutical and health-product supply chains. These events demonstrate that preparedness relies not only on surveillance or clinical capacity but also on the effective management of medicine logistics systems. This scoping review aimed to identify existing assessment tools for public health emergency (PHE) preparedness and health supply chain (HSC) management and to develop an integrated framework that links these two areas to support more comprehensive evaluation of system readiness.

METHODS: A scoping review was conducted following the Arksey and O’Malley framework and PRISMA-ScR guidelines. MEDLINE (PubMed) and Scopus were searched for records published between January 2002 and July 2024, complemented by grey literature searches and expert consultation. Predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, and data were mapped using the Flower Framework, which combines domains of PHE management with pharmaceutical supply chain functions.

RESULTS: Of 3,965 records identified (3,920 from databases and 45 from grey literature), 23 assessment tools met the inclusion criteria. Fourteen tools were developed in academic or research settings and nine in policy or programmatic grey literature. Instruments focused on PHE preparedness tended to emphasize governance, coordination, and core public health capacities, whereas HSC tools highlighted forecasting, procurement, inventory management, and warehousing. Only a few instruments bridged both perspectives.

CONCLUSION: This scoping review reveals that no single instrument currently provides a comprehensive assessment of pharmaceutical system readiness across governance, regulatory, and operational dimensions. While existing tools offer situational benchmarking, they often fail to capture functional synergy and pharmaceutical-specific requirements like cold-chain integrity and regulatory constraints. Synthesizing findings through the Flower Framework, this study proposes an integrated model that bridges the gap between static capacity and real-world resilience, emphasizing the need for functional evaluations—such as stress tests and simulations—to more accurately reflect system adaptability during crises.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-026-14176-z.},
}

@article {pmid41723461,
year = {2026},
author = {Mulumba, M and Oga, J and Baguma, C and Nantaba, J and Ruano, AL},
title = {Health equity and the global social contract: beyond incrementalism and illusionary solidarity.},
journal = {International journal for equity in health},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41723461},
issn = {1475-9276},
abstract = {The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have been celebrated as global social contracts, yet their reliance on voluntary commitments and aspirational targets conceals a structural flaw. By divorcing poverty and inequity from colonial histories, debt regimes, and extractive global finance, these frameworks function as a neocolonial placebo: soothing global conscience while entrenching asymmetries of power and resources. Drawing on examples from debt distress, vaccine apartheid, and intellectual property monopolies during COVID-19, this commentary demonstrates that global health governance operates less as solidarity than as economic containment. Reparative justice provides the necessary rupture. A post-2030 Global Social Contract must impose enforceable obligations on former colonial powers, embed structural restitution through debt and tax justice, and democratise health governance under the principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities. Anything less risks reproducing selective generosity while abandoning equity to the logics of extraction and impunity.},
}

@article {pmid41723495,
year = {2026},
author = {Abreu, AR and Gonçalves, F and Oliveira, S and Ribeiro, I},
title = {Workplace violence against healthcare workers: a scoping review of reporting practices, barriers to reporting and institutional responses (2020-2025).},
journal = {BMC health services research},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41723495},
issn = {1472-6963},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Violence against healthcare workers (HCWs) is a widespread global problem that has gained increasing attention due to its substantial impact on HCWs well-being and the quality of care they provide. This scoping review aimed to identify current reporting practices, institutional and organisational barriers to reporting violent incidents against HCWs, and critical research gaps in this area, integrating global evidence with a specific focus on Portugal.

METHODS: Following the methodological framework of Arksey and O’Malley (2005), refined by Levac et al. (2010), and reported per PRISMA-ScR (2018) guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (January 2020–June 2025). Studies in English, Portuguese, or Spanish addressing reporting practices, barriers to reporting, digital platforms, or policies regarding WPV against HCWs were included. Two reviewers independently screened and extracted data using a structured matrix, resolving discrepancies by consensus. Results were summarized narratively with frequency analysis.

RESULTS: From the initial 232 records, 35 studies met inclusion criteria, from 19 geographic areas across 5 continents. Most studies originated from Asia and Europe. Verbal violence was the most frequently reported form (20–91%), and over half reported underreporting rates exceeding 50%. The most frequently reported individual barrier was the belief that reporting is ineffective (60%), while the most cited systemic barrier was ineffective reporting systems (63%). National digital platforms reporting included the WVIRS system (California), the Synergic system (Sweden), the White Code system (Turkey), and the NOTIFICA, SAGRIS and HER+ systems (Portugal). Effective strategies to reporting combined staff training with awareness campaigns, supported by leadership engagement and policy frameworks. The COVID-19 pandemic intensified workplace tensions and may have influenced both the occurrence and reporting of violent incidents.

CONCLUSION: Underreporting of workplace violence persists despite the existence of policies and reporting platforms. This review highlights persistent barriers to reporting workplace violence among HCWs and emphasizes the need for user-friendly and supportive reporting systems. Findings call for institutional accountability, better feedback mechanisms, and targeted policies to foster a culture of safety and transparency, both globally and in Portugal.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-026-14244-4.},
}

@article {pmid41723921,
year = {2026},
author = {Li, R and Vafeiadis, M and Shen, F and Hou, Z},
title = {The role of health beliefs in COVID-19 vaccination acceptance: A Meta-analysis.},
journal = {Vaccine},
volume = {77},
number = {},
pages = {128379},
doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128379},
pmid = {41723921},
issn = {1873-2518},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/psychology ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage ; *Vaccination Hesitancy/psychology ; *Vaccination/psychology ; *Patient Acceptance of Health Care/psychology ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; *Health Belief Model ; Adult ; },
abstract = {This study employed a meta-analytic approach to examine the relationships between the Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs and COVID-19 vaccination acceptance. A comprehensive literature search identified 77 eligible studies with a combined sample size of 83,995 participants. Quantitative synthesis of the extracted data revealed that perceived benefits (r = 0.40) was the strongest positive predictor of individuals' vaccine acceptance, indicating a medium-to-large effect. Perceived severity (r = 0.17) and susceptibility (r = 0.18) to COVID-19 were also significant positive predictors, each with small-to-medium effect sizes. Cues to action (r = 0.11) and self-efficacy (r = 0.10) were also positively associated with vaccine acceptance, although the effects were small. In contrast, perceived barriers to vaccination (r = -0.25) were negatively associated with vaccine acceptance, approaching a medium effect in size. Several of these associations were moderated by study characteristics, including how the variables were operationalized (intention, hesitancy, refusal, etc.), the vulnerability of the study sample, the respondent type (parents vaccinating children vs. adults vaccinating themselves), the vaccine development stage, and the variant phase. Overall, these findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the psychological mechanisms underlying vaccine acceptance and hesitancy, and offer practical implications for developing targeted communication strategies to promote COVID-19 and other vaccinations.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control/psychology
*COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
*Vaccination Hesitancy/psychology
*Vaccination/psychology
*Patient Acceptance of Health Care/psychology
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
*Health Belief Model
Adult

@article {pmid41724028,
year = {2026},
author = {Moreta-Gil, E and Rivera-Picón, C and Conty-Serrano, R and Polonio-López, B and Martín-Conty, JL and Martín-Rodríguez, F and Sanz-García, A},
title = {Prehospital early warning scores for predicting clinical deterioration of COVID-19 patients: An integrative review.},
journal = {Enfermeria intensiva},
volume = {37},
number = {2},
pages = {500584},
doi = {10.1016/j.enfie.2026.500584},
pmid = {41724028},
issn = {2529-9840},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Triage, and in particular scales, are a tool that allows patients with clinical risk to be managed for early, effective and efficient care.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the most precise and specific prehospital score for the detection of clinical worsening risk in COVID19 patients.

METHODS: The protocol followed for the integrative review was the PRISMA method 2020. A literature search was performed in five databases: Scopus, Cochrane Library, Pubmed, Embase, Prospero and Lit covid-nih-nlm. Based on 19 keywords, 5 inclusion and 5 exclusion points. Finally, 22 articles were selected.

RESULTS: Twenty-two studies were identified that addressed effective outcomes for early measures such as telephone triage, web, protocols or tools such as scales. We compared the functionality of 12 scales in patients with Covid-19, showing that the most important variables for this early assessment of clinical worsening were systolic blood pressure, temperature, oxygen saturation and the need for oxygen supplementation. The best predictive value for clinical deterioration and mortality was obtained by NEWS score, with sensitivities and specificities ranging from 77% to 88%.

CONCLUSIONS: Prehospital scales are still under development, with few research studies and a relative confidence in their statistical values. Nonetheless, it has been observed that the scale that best fit the covid-19 was NEWS with an optimal prediction for patients. This could pave the way for its use under other relevant clinical scenarios, such as acute respiratory infections, exacerbations of chronic diseases or future health emergencies.},
}

@article {pmid41724302,
year = {2026},
author = {Pascual-Alonso, I and Arrebola-Sánchez, Y and Almeida-García, F and Frómeta-Fuentes, T and Acén-Ravelo, T and Del Valle-Pelaiz, S and Escandel-Barreto, A and Ojeda Del Sol, D and Valdés-Tresanco, ME and Sánchez-Ramírez, B and Bergado, G and Chao, L and Fundora Barrios, T and Melchy, E and Chipres-Naranjo, LE and Gutiérrez-Mariscal, M and Charli, JL and Rosenstein, Y},
title = {Biochemistry, physiology and implications in human diseases of mammalian aminopeptidase N: A review.},
journal = {International journal of biological macromolecules},
volume = {350},
number = {},
pages = {151030},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.151030},
pmid = {41724302},
issn = {1879-0003},
mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *CD13 Antigens/chemistry/metabolism/genetics/antagonists & inhibitors ; Neoplasms/enzymology ; },
abstract = {Aminopeptidases are proteases that selectively hydrolyze an amino acid residue from the amino terminus of proteins and peptides, leading to their activation or inactivation. These enzymes are predominantly metallopeptidases. One of them, membrane alanyl aminopeptidase, also known as aminopeptidase N (APN, EC 3.4.11.2), a M1 family metallo-aminopeptidase, plays essential roles in mammals. APN regulates pain sensitivity, central nervous system control of blood pressure, the final steps of protein degradation, cell motility and adhesion, and coronavirus entry. Furthermore, upregulated expression of APN has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various human disorders, including cancers, inflammation, and pressure dysregulation. APN is a multifunctional protein, and its ligation or inhibition of enzymatic activity may have therapeutic applications. Here, we focus on human and porcine enzymes as models to review the most important structural and functional features of mammalian APN, its roles in mammalian physiology, and the pathophysiological aspects in humans, with particular emphasis on cancer. We illustrate how APN is a tool for diagnosing and monitoring cancer and other pathologies, and discuss the obstacles to the therapeutic use of its inhibitors.},
}

Humans
Animals
*CD13 Antigens/chemistry/metabolism/genetics/antagonists & inhibitors
Neoplasms/enzymology

@article {pmid41724536,
year = {2026},
author = {Carbotti, G and van den Berg, DM and Carvalho, AL and Senore, C and Heijnsdijk, EA and de Koning, HJ and Lansdorp-Vogelaar, I and , },
title = {Developments in the roll-out and performance of CRC screening in Europe.},
journal = {Best practice & research. Clinical gastroenterology},
volume = {80},
number = {},
pages = {102043},
doi = {10.1016/j.bpg.2025.102043},
pmid = {41724536},
issn = {1532-1916},
mesh = {Humans ; *Colorectal Neoplasms/diagnosis/epidemiology/mortality ; Europe/epidemiology ; *Early Detection of Cancer/trends/methods/standards ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Incidence ; *Mass Screening ; },
abstract = {The heterogeneous implementation of colorectal cancer screening programs across Europe makes performance comparison challenging. This study computed and analyzed seven key indicators of screening performance for eighteen European programs between 2011 and 2022. Trends in colorectal cancer incidence and mortality were also examined in relation to when each screening program was introduced. Coverage indicators showed considerable variation across programs but generally increased until the onset of the COVID pandemic. Yield indicators remained stable overall, whereas jumps were associated to protocol changes. In most countries, a decline in incidence followed the introduction of the screening program, whereas the connection of screening with mortality was less evident. The analysis of comparable screening performance indicators over time allows for cross-country and longitudinal monitoring of the programs. The observed decline in incidence following the implementation of fully rolled-out programs highlights the importance and effectiveness of well-organized screening in reducing the burden of the disease.},
}

Humans
*Colorectal Neoplasms/diagnosis/epidemiology/mortality
Europe/epidemiology
*Early Detection of Cancer/trends/methods/standards
*COVID-19/epidemiology
Incidence
*Mass Screening

@article {pmid41724540,
year = {2026},
author = {de Jonge, L and Lansdorp-Vogelaar, I and Doria-Rose, VP and Portillo, I and Novak Mlakar, D and Buron, A and Quintin, C and Espinàs, JA and Plaine, J and Škrjanec, AL and Kofol Bric, T and Binefa, G and Font, R and Bulliard, JL and Chubak, J and Ziebell, R and McCurdy, BR and Rabeneck, L and Senore, C and , },
title = {Global impact of COVID-19 on organized CRC screening programs: lessons learned.},
journal = {Best practice & research. Clinical gastroenterology},
volume = {80},
number = {},
pages = {102047},
doi = {10.1016/j.bpg.2025.102047},
pmid = {41724540},
issn = {1532-1916},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Colorectal Neoplasms/diagnosis/epidemiology ; *Early Detection of Cancer/statistics & numerical data/trends/methods ; Retrospective Studies ; Global Health ; *Mass Screening/organization & administration/statistics & numerical data ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pandemics ; Aged ; Female ; },
abstract = {Using a standardized data template, this study retrospectively collected data about colorectal cancer (CRC) screening activity in 2020 and 2021 to estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic period (2018 or 2019). Data were collected from 17 programs in 14 countries of which 15 were population-based programs. Invitation coverage was decreased by up to 53.7 % in 2020. Participation among those invited was similar in both periods for all programs. The maximum backlog in invitations was less than 7.4 months in 2020 and 3.3 months for 2021. Nine out of 15 programs observed a decrease in the number of detected CRCs in 2020. Four programs showed a positive percentage change in CRCs detected in 2021 relative to the pre-pandemic period. Half of the countries observed a worse stage-distribution in 2020/2021. Overall, organized CRC screening programs operated at lower screening activity, but screening outcomes were similar compared to the pre-pandemic period.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
*Colorectal Neoplasms/diagnosis/epidemiology
*Early Detection of Cancer/statistics & numerical data/trends/methods
Retrospective Studies
Global Health
*Mass Screening/organization & administration/statistics & numerical data
SARS-CoV-2
Male
Middle Aged
Pandemics
Aged
Female

@article {pmid41727479,
year = {2026},
author = {Parra-González, M and Nájera-Maldonado, L and Peralta-Cuevas, E and Gutierrez-Onofre, A and Jaimes-López, LA and Juarez-Antonio, JA and Degollado-Hernández, NY and Garcia-Atutxa, I and Villanueva-Flores, F},
title = {Dengue-SARS-CoV-2 interactions: immune crosstalk, variant emergence, and clinical outcomes.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1650425},
pmid = {41727479},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/epidemiology/virology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology/genetics/physiology ; *Dengue/immunology/epidemiology/virology ; *Dengue Virus/immunology ; *Coinfection/immunology/virology ; Antibody-Dependent Enhancement ; Cross Reactions ; },
abstract = {This review aims to provide an overview of dengue-COVID-19 co-infection, emphasizing recently described immunological, genomic, and eco-epidemiological interactions that may influence clinical outcomes and viral evolution. It brings together molecular evidence, immunological perspectives, and epidemiological insights to summarize current hypotheses and working models of these complex disease interactions. We summarize and critically discuss evidence on antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), cross-reactive immune responses, and cytokine amplification pathways, and propose mechanisms that could underlie exacerbated disease severity. Published clinical data indicate heterogeneity in co-infection outcomes globally, from mild presentations to severe complications, such as hemorrhagic stroke, acute kidney injury, and increased mortality, particularly among populations with prior dengue exposure. Diagnostic complexities arising from serological cross-reactivity underscore the need for simultaneous molecular testing to ensure accurate pathogen identification. Additionally, we review current evidence on reciprocal selective pressures between SARS-CoV-2 variants and dengue serotypes, highlighting potential evolutionary impacts arising from their co-circulation. The available evidence suggests that co-infection may exacerbate inflammatory pathways, lead to increased vascular and organ damage, and complicate patient management. However, definitive clinical evidence for ADE remains inconclusive, underscoring an ongoing need for targeted mechanistic studies. By outlining significant knowledge gaps and summarizing proposed research directions, this review aims to provide a valuable reference for clinicians, immunologists, epidemiologists, and policymakers managing concurrent dengue and COVID-19 outbreaks.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/immunology/epidemiology/virology
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology/genetics/physiology
*Dengue/immunology/epidemiology/virology
*Dengue Virus/immunology
*Coinfection/immunology/virology
Antibody-Dependent Enhancement
Cross Reactions

@article {pmid41727556,
year = {2026},
author = {Millar, BC and Cates, MJ and Torrisi, MS and Round, AJ and Warde, A and Lowery, CJ and Moore, JE},
title = {Antimicrobial Resistance: The Answers.},
journal = {British journal of biomedical science},
volume = {83},
number = {},
pages = {15559},
pmid = {41727556},
issn = {2474-0896},
mesh = {Humans ; *Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has caused a global public health crisis, contributing to approximately five million deaths in 2019 and predicted deaths of approximately ten million annually by 2050. This equates to approximately 1.4-fold more deaths annually from AMR in 2050 than the entire COVID-19 pandemic to date. To tackle this AMR pandemic, regulatory and policy frameworks have been prepared at local, national and international levels with multi-faceted proposals and advances encompassing surveillance, diagnostics, infection prevention, antibiotic prescribing and variation of existing and novel treatment approaches. This narrative review primarily focuses on research and development which have been documented over the last five years in relation to therapeutic approaches at various stages in clinical development and the potential role that vaccines can play in the fight against AMR. This review provides an overview on antibacterial drugs, including novel classes of antibiotics, which have been recently approved, as well as combination antibiotic therapy and the potential of repurposed drugs. The potential role of novel antimicrobial, antibiofilm and quorum sensing inhibitors, such as antimicrobial peptides, nanomaterials and compounds from the extreme and natural environments, as well as ethnopharmacology including the antimicrobial effects of plants, spices, honey and venoms are explored. Novel therapeutic approaches are critically discussed in terms of their realistic clinical potential, detailing recent and ongoing trials to highlight the current interest of these approaches, including immunotherapy, bacteriophage therapy, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), antimicrobial sonodynamic therapy (aSDT), nitric oxide therapy and microbiome manipulation including faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). The potential of predatory bacteria as living antimicrobial agents is also discussed. Importantly, there have been many technological developments which have enhanced bioprospecting and research and development of novel antimicrobials which this review draws attention to, including artificial intelligence, machine learning and Organ-on-a-Chip devices. Finally, key messages from the recent World Health Organization report into the role of vaccines against AMR provides an interesting perspective relating to prevention which can be of significance in tackling the AMR burden.},
}

Humans
*Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use/pharmacology
*Drug Resistance, Bacterial
COVID-19/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid41728596,
year = {2026},
author = {Tang, CT and Lim, LJH and Lee, CTM and Heah, AJE and Yeo, DST and Tan, SM},
title = {The utilization of virtual reality in the training of de-escalation of aggression for both providers and users of public and healthcare services from the new millennium to the COVID-19 era: a systematic review.},
journal = {Frontiers in medicine},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1657986},
pmid = {41728596},
issn = {2296-858X},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Virtual reality (VR) is a promising modality for the effective delivery of training in the de-escalation of aggression. This review aims to assess how VR has been utilized in training for the de-escalation of aggression among both providers and users of public and healthcare services from the new millennium to the COVID-19 era (2000-2022).

METHODS: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with a pre-registered protocol and adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Seven key databases were searched, yielding 2373 studies for screening, of which 15 were included. Quality appraisal was performed using the widely used Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tool.

RESULTS: VR training for the de-escalation of aggression was implemented using a variety of approaches, ranging from verbal interaction and emotion-recognition tasks to selection from multiple-choice response menus. Most studies assessed participants' responses to the intervention, but none evaluated whether VR training had an impact at the organizational level. Overall, VR training content, modes of interaction, and reported improvements in participants' confidence were viewed positively. However, some studies reported limitations related to the emotional impact, realism of virtual characters, and learning effectiveness. Additional features that may enhance the VR experience were discussed, with personalized, context-specific scenarios identified as an important area for development.

CONCLUSION: Larger-scale studies are required to determine which specific training domains may benefit most from VR-based approaches, given the heterogeneity of populations and methodologies across studies conducted between 2000 and 2022.

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42022307138, identifier CRD42022307138.},
}

@article {pmid41729334,
year = {2026},
author = {Gaddafi, MS and Lawal, H and Musawa, IA and Garba, B and Goni, MD and Jolayemi, KO and El-Yakub, AU and Jibril, AH and Saeed, SI and Bitrus, AA and Salman, M and Fasina, FO and Yakubu, Y},
title = {Serological and virological evidence of MERS-CoV infection among dromedary camels in Africa: a systematic review and Meta-analysis.},
journal = {Veterinary research communications},
volume = {50},
number = {2},
pages = {},
pmid = {41729334},
issn = {1573-7446},
}

@article {pmid41729699,
year = {2026},
author = {Hoy-Schulz, YE and Damhorst, GL and Lam, WA},
title = {Accelerating Diagnostics for Pandemic Preparedness.},
journal = {Annual review of analytical chemistry (Palo Alto, Calif.)},
volume = {19},
number = {1},
pages = {279-306},
doi = {10.1146/annurev-anchem-082824-031734},
pmid = {41729699},
issn = {1936-1335},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/diagnosis/virology ; *Pandemics ; *SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification/genetics ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques ; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/methods ; COVID-19 Testing/methods ; Pandemic Preparedness ; },
abstract = {Diagnostics are central to pandemic preparedness, guiding surveillance, clinical care, and public health response. The COVID-19 pandemic exposed limitations in diagnostic infrastructure but also accelerated innovation across assay types, created accessible testing mechanisms, and demonstrated the value of public-private partnerships. This review outlines the critical roles diagnostics play across pandemic phases, from early detection to post recovery surveillance. We review the current diagnostic landscape for pandemic priority pathogens and unmet needs and challenges and examine recent advances in analytical technologies, including isothermal amplification, CRISPR-based methods, alternative sample types, and novel platforms, with a focus on their potential for rapid deployment and field use. We also explore the emergence of diagnostic accelerators and biorepositories that support assay validation and global test availability. For analytical chemists, pandemic preparedness presents a call to action: to develop, validate, and translate innovative tools that can adapt to meet urgent diagnostic needs during future health emergencies.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/diagnosis/virology
*Pandemics
*SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification/genetics
Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques
Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/methods
COVID-19 Testing/methods
Pandemic Preparedness

@article {pmid41730209,
year = {2026},
author = {Dobrescu, A and Pinte, L and Sharifan, A and Gadinger, A and Moser, I and Cooper, C and Gartlehner, G},
title = {Effectiveness, Comparative Effectiveness, and Harms of COVID-19 Vaccines in Adults Who Are Not Pregnant or Immunocompromised: A Rapid Review for the American College of Physicians.},
journal = {Annals of internal medicine},
volume = {179},
number = {5},
pages = {673-684},
doi = {10.7326/ANNALS-25-05044},
pmid = {41730209},
issn = {1539-3704},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/mortality ; *Vaccine Efficacy ; Adult ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data ; United States ; Immunocompromised Host ; Female ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant continues to pose a global health burden.

PURPOSE: To assess the effectiveness, comparative effectiveness, and harms of COVID-19 vaccines in nonpregnant, nonimmunocompromised adults.

DATA SOURCES: Medline via Ovid and DynaMedex from January 2022 to September 2025.

STUDY SELECTION: Two reviewers independently selected English-language randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and nonrandomized studies of interventions (NRSIs).

DATA EXTRACTION: One reviewer extracted data and assessed the certainty of evidence (CoE), and a second reviewer verified; 2 reviewers independently assessed risk of bias.

DATA SYNTHESIS: Five RCTs and 18 NRSIs were included. In adults of all ages, Omicron-adapted vaccination probably reduces all-cause mortality (vaccine effectiveness [VE] ranged from 26.6% [95% CI, 5.5% to 42.3%] to 75.2% [CI, 70.6% to 79.9%]; moderate CoE) and COVID-19-related hospitalization (VE ranged from 16.6% [CI, 6.5% to 25.8%] to 67.8% [CI, 63.1% to 72.5%]; moderate CoE) compared with no Omicron-adapted vaccination. When administered more than 365 days after the prior vaccine, it probably reduces all-cause mortality (VE, 36.1% [CI, 14.8% to 54.1%]; moderate CoE) and COVID-19-related hospitalization (VE, 22.2% [CI, 11.4% to 32.0%]; moderate CoE). When administered earlier, it may result in no difference in COVID-19-related hospitalization. Omicron-adapted vaccination may increase myocarditis (incidence rate ratio, 2.7 [CI, 1.0 to 7.0]; low CoE) in adults aged 50 years or older. The mRNA-1283.222 bivalent vaccine probably results in no difference in all-cause mortality or serious adverse events compared with mRNA-1273.222 in adults of all ages.

LIMITATIONS: No RCTs assessed the effectiveness of Omicron-adapted versus no Omicron-adapted vaccination. Evidence on harms was limited.

CONCLUSION: Omicron-adapted vaccines improve protection compared with no Omicron-adapted vaccines, particularly when administered more than 365 days after the prior vaccination.

PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: American College of Physicians. (PROSPERO: CRD420251136017).},
}

Humans
*COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects
*COVID-19/prevention & control/mortality
*Vaccine Efficacy
Adult
SARS-CoV-2
Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data
United States
Immunocompromised Host
Female

@article {pmid41730387,
year = {2026},
author = {Lefere, S and Koot, BGP and Mann, JP and Bufler, P and De Bruyne, R and Hudert, CA},
title = {Update in clinical science: MASLD in children and adolescents.},
journal = {Journal of hepatology},
volume = {84},
number = {6},
pages = {1164-1177},
doi = {10.1016/j.jhep.2026.02.016},
pmid = {41730387},
issn = {1600-0641},
mesh = {Humans ; Child ; Adolescent ; *Fatty Liver/epidemiology/therapy/diagnosis/etiology ; Risk Factors ; Prevalence ; COVID-19/complications ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ; },
abstract = {Paediatric metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is an increasingly common liver disease, with an estimated global prevalence of up to 7.5% and growing concern regarding hepatic and extrahepatic complications even in early life. In this paper, we review recent advances in epidemiology, genetics, early-life risk factors, natural history and comorbidities, focusing on emerging data published in the last 3 years. We also outline a practical approach to the management of MASLD in children, integrating newly developed non-invasive tests. Lastly, we highlight key research questions to be studied in the coming years.},
}

Humans
Child
Adolescent
*Fatty Liver/epidemiology/therapy/diagnosis/etiology
Risk Factors
Prevalence
COVID-19/complications
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome

@article {pmid41732619,
year = {2026},
author = {Manoukian, G and Kundukulam, S and Asatorian, G and Johnson, DM and Masood, MH and Venugopal, A and Manoukian, M and Aswathappa, S},
title = {Post-COVID Syndrome in Patients With Comorbid Hypertension or Diabetes: A Narrative Review of Long-Term Outcomes.},
journal = {Cureus},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {e102117},
pmid = {41732619},
issn = {2168-8184},
abstract = {Post-COVID syndrome (PCS), or long COVID, refers to a cluster of enduring symptoms that extend beyond the acute phase of the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection. Acute infection predominantly impacts the respiratory tract, but there is growing evidence for the multisystem involvement, such as cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurological, to be responsible for the prolonged presentation in PCS. Underlying cardiometabolic vulnerability may contribute to a high degree of susceptibility in patients with comorbidities like hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM). This narrative review summarizes current literature regarding PCS in patients with HTN and/or DM, focusing on proposed pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and reported long-term outcomes. In these populations, PCS has been linked across studies to processes including endothelial dysfunction, chronic low-grade inflammation, autonomic imbalance, and potential dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Persistent cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurocognitive symptoms are reported, but the magnitude and patterns of risk vary across studies, while comparative findings across HTN and DM remain heterogeneous. Symptoms reported frequently include fatigue, cognitive impairment ("brain fog"), and psychological distress, supporting the multisystem complexity of PCS. Although, previous work has indicated that cardiometabolic comorbidities could interact and moderate PCS severity and persistence, there is an important shortfall of both causality and prognosis, as well as the management of PCS. Longitudinal studies are needed for future research regarding risk stratification, disease course, and targeted interventions in individuals with PCS with comorbid high blood pressure and diabetes.},
}

@article {pmid41733396,
year = {2026},
author = {Henjeroei, FM and Nosratabadi, N and Pourghadamyari, H and Anaeigoudari, A and Sedghy, F and Nosratabadi, R},
title = {Neutrophils in Coronavirus Disease 2019: Guardians or Triggers of Immunopathology?.},
journal = {Cell biochemistry and function},
volume = {44},
number = {2},
pages = {e70186},
doi = {10.1002/cbf.70186},
pmid = {41733396},
issn = {1099-0844},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/immunology/pathology ; *Neutrophils/immunology/pathology ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Extracellular Traps/immunology ; Immunity, Innate ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism/immunology ; },
abstract = {COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is a respiratory viral disease with a wide range of clinical symptoms that emerged in December 2019. Innate immunity serves as a rapid immune system that can fight off pathogens before they can spread and cause an active infection. Neutrophils, the most abundant innate immune cells, are the first cells to migrate to the site of infection, where they defend against invading pathogens. Once activated at the inflammatory site, neutrophils mediate host protection through multiple mechanisms, including the phagocytosis of pathogens, the release of antimicrobial and pro-inflammatory enzymes, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the extrusion of their chromatin to form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that bind to extracellular pathogens. Furthermore, neutrophils can move toward the source of the stimulus through a mechanism called chemotaxis, which is mediated by adhesion molecules and chemokine-chemokine receptor axes. However, neutrophil overactivation can have deleterious effects on various organs through the induction of cytokine storms, ROS production, and NET formation. Moreover, the contribution of distinct neutrophil subsets and their plasticity over the course of infection and recovery remain poorly understood. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the interplay between neutrophils and SARS-CoV-2, highlighting the most important mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, to advance our understanding of this disease.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/immunology/pathology
*Neutrophils/immunology/pathology
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Extracellular Traps/immunology
Immunity, Innate
Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism/immunology

@article {pmid41734553,
year = {2025},
author = {Xiao, K and Li, L and Zhang, X and Ye, Y and Yao, Y and Liu, Y and Chen, W and Wang, X and Gu, C and He, M and Liang, L and Liu, YC and Zhu, Z},
title = {Global prevalence of dry Eye: A systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Contact lens & anterior eye : the journal of the British Contact Lens Association},
volume = {49},
number = {2},
pages = {102627},
doi = {10.1016/j.clae.2026.102627},
pmid = {41734553},
issn = {1476-5411},
mesh = {Humans ; *Dry Eye Syndromes/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; *Global Health/statistics & numerical data ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Female ; Male ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Dry eye significantly impacts global quality of life and productivity, yet existing epidemiological data remain fragmented and outdated, hindering effective prevention and management strategies. This study aimed to estimate the global prevalence of dry eye and examine variations across regions, demographics, diagnostic criteria, study settings, and the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS: A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library identified 119 cohort or cross-sectional studies involving 15,251,528 participants. Two reviewers independently screened records, extracted data, and assessed study quality using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. A random-effects model pooled prevalence estimates, with subgroup analyses exploring heterogeneity.

RESULTS: The global pooled prevalence of dry eye was 34.6% (95% CI: 30.2%-39.4%). Regional disparities were pronounced, with the highest prevalence in Africa 43.9% (95% CI: 31.5%-57.2%) and the lowest in North America 20.9% (95% CI: 8.2%-43.8%). Higher rates were observed in females 39.1% (95% CI: 32.8%-45.8%) vs. males 30.8% (95% CI: 24.8%-37.7%), individuals aged > 40 years 37.0% (95% CI: 29.1%-45.7%) vs. ≤ 40 years 35.0% (95% CI: 25.4%-46.0%), institutional settings 45.2% (95% CI: 36.2%-54.5%), and during COVID-19 44.5% (95% CI: 28.0%-62.2%). Diagnostic criteria significantly influenced estimates, ranging from 6.9% (95% CI: 1.9%-21.7%) (ICD-9-based) to 53.8% (95% CI: 46.7%-60.8%) (OSDI ≥ 13).

CONCLUSIONS: Dry eye represents a major global public health challenge, with prevalence shaped by geographic, demographic, environmental, and methodological factors. The pandemic exacerbated dry eye burden, underscoring the urgency for standardized diagnostic protocols and targeted interventions to mitigate its growing impact.},
}

Humans
*Dry Eye Syndromes/epidemiology
Prevalence
*Global Health/statistics & numerical data
*COVID-19/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
Female
Male
Pandemics

@article {pmid41735249,
year = {2026},
author = {Du, S and Hu, X and Li, P and Xu, S and Kim, M and Liu, X and Zhan, P},
title = {Antiviral drug discovery and development: challenges and future directions.},
journal = {Signal transduction and targeted therapy},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41735249},
issn = {2059-3635},
mesh = {Humans ; *Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use/chemistry ; *Drug Discovery/trends/methods ; *SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; *COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; *COVID-19/virology ; Artificial Intelligence ; *Drug Development ; },
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has stimulated extensive endeavors toward the development of therapeutic interventions targeting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and human proteins for viral infection control, encompassing numerous potential drugs and thousands of patients participating in clinical trials. These concerted efforts have resulted in significant advancements in antiviral drug discovery and development. In this review, we present a comprehensive timeline detailing the development of antiviral drugs, tracing the progression from early viral inhibitors to modern broad-spectrum antiviral agents. We also outline the current status of advancements in antiviral drug discovery, encompassing target-based strategies, innovative mechanism-based approaches, and pharmacokinetic optimization. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges and future prospects gained from COVID-19 and other infectious diseases, covering knowledge of artificial intelligence strategies, the utilization of medicinal chemistry tools, and advancements in nanotechnology applications. The application of artificial intelligence in drug discovery is increasingly prevalent, particularly in the areas of protein structure prediction, drug target identification, and bioactivity forecasting. Nanotechnology has played a crucial role in the delivery of antiviral drugs and the development of vaccines, exemplified by the use of lipid nanoparticles in mRNA vaccines. Additionally, we highlight potential future directions for drug discovery, such as targeting membraneless organelles (liquid‒liquid phase separation).},
}

Humans
*Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use/chemistry
*Drug Discovery/trends/methods
*SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
*COVID-19 Drug Treatment
*COVID-19/virology
Artificial Intelligence
*Drug Development

@article {pmid41735986,
year = {2026},
author = {Lutz, CS and Zhang, H and Knoll, MD and Sparrow, EG and Chen, H and Feikin, DR},
title = {Respiratory syncytial virus positivity among hospital admissions for acute respiratory illness in children younger than 5 years of age in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {BMC public health},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41735986},
issn = {1471-2458},
support = {INV-005318/GATES/Gates Foundation/United States ; INV-005318/GATES/Gates Foundation/United States ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To estimate the proportion RSV-positive among children aged < 5 years hospitalized with ARI in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), where 97% of RSV mortality occurs.

METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature search for studies conducted pre-COVID-19 and published 2010—2022 (PROSPERO registration CRD42022361351). We estimated the RSV percent positivity and 95% confidence interval (CI) using random-effects meta-analyses. We assessed heterogeneity in RSV percent positivity using subgroup analyses and univariable meta-regression models. We assessed the influence of study sample size in sensitivity analyses.

RESULTS: Seventy-three studies conducted in 37 LMICs were included. The summary estimate of percent RSV-positive from the meta-analysis of children < 5 years hospitalized with ARI was 26.2% (95% CI: 24.3–28.3%), ranging from 18.9% (16.4–21.6%) among children 6– < 60 months to 41.3% (36.4–46.4%) among children 0– < 6 months. Only five studies included children aged < 2 months, but RSV positivity was high among this group (40.2% [35.8–44.7%]). Percent positivity stratified by WHO region ranged from 23.6% in the Africa and Southeast Asian regions to 37.5% in the European region. RSV positivity was similar across country income groups. Univariable meta-regression models indicated that there was significant heterogeneity in RSV percent positivity across subgroups defined by mid-year of the study period, WHO region, number of study sites, recruitment method, hospital type, and specimen type (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS: RSV detection was high among children aged < 5 years hospitalized with ARI in LMICs across all WHO regions, especially among infants aged < 6 months, among whom RSV may account for almost up to one-half of all ARI hospital admissions. Recent WHO-recommended RSV immunization for all countries may protect young infants aged < 6 months against severe RSV disease.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-026-26743-4.},
}

@article {pmid41736159,
year = {2026},
author = {Soriano Puig, A and Monforte, V and Camprubí-Rimblas, M and Artigas, A and Ceccato, A},
title = {Biomarker-guided use of corticosteroids in pneumonia.},
journal = {Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.)},
volume = {18},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41736159},
issn = {2200-6133},
abstract = {Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Although corticosteroids have been proposed as immunomodulatory, controversies surrounding the results of clinical trials have limited their widespread use. This review aims to determine which biomarker-guided corticosteroid treatment for CAP is generally agreed upon in the latest published studies and to discuss the main aspects to be taken into consideration based on lessons learnt from patients with conditions such as influenza, SARS-CoV-2 infection or the recently identified subphenotypes in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Most studies have demonstrated that high C-reactive protein concentrations at the time of admission are associated with a hyperinflammatory state and that patients are more likely to benefit from corticosteroid treatment if they have high concentrations. High levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) were used as an inclusion criterion in one clinical trial, demonstrating that treatment failure was reduced in the corticosteroid group. A post-hoc analysis of the results of several studies also showed that CRP levels above 200 mg/L were associated with benefits in patients receiving corticosteroids. Recent guidelines have proposed the use of corticosteroids in patients with severe CAP or septic shock. Corticosteroids could be more beneficial for patients with a hyperinflammatory subphenotype; however, there are currently no prospective studies evaluating this approach. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of biomarkers in personalised medicine for patients with CAP. In the meantime, patients with severe CAP or high CRP levels should be treated with corticosteroids.},
}

@article {pmid41736834,
year = {2026},
author = {Souza, ECSG and Dos Santos Junior, AG and Félix, AMS and Borges, JPA and de Oliveira, LB and Carneiro, LM and de Sousa, AFL},
title = {Use of Artificial Intelligence in Public Health Education for Pandemic Preparedness and Response.},
journal = {Annals of global health},
volume = {92},
number = {1},
pages = {21},
pmid = {41736834},
issn = {2214-9996},
mesh = {Humans ; *Artificial Intelligence ; *Pandemics/prevention & control ; *Public Health/education ; *Health Education/methods ; COVID-19 ; *Disaster Planning ; Civil Defense/education ; Pandemic Preparedness ; },
abstract = {Background: The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) has enabled new approaches for health education, particularly during public health emergencies. However, evidence remains fragmented on how AI-based educational strategies support preparedness, response, and recovery phases of pandemics and epidemics. Objective: To map the use of AI-based technologies in health education strategies addressing preparedness, response, and recovery during public health emergencies, identifying target populations, intervention characteristics, outcomes, scalability, and knowledge gaps. Methods: This scoping review followed Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Searches were conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, IEEE Xplore, and LILACS, complemented by gray literature from Google Scholar. Studies published from 2010 onward in English, Portuguese, or Spanish were included. Eligible designs comprised primary studies, methodological or implementation research, and reviews with explicit educational components. Data extraction covered context, populations, AI modalities, educational purposes, delivery channels, supervision requirements, pandemic-cycle phase, scalability, outcomes, and evidence gaps. Results: Forty-one studies met the inclusion criteria. Conversational AI (chatbots and large language models) and algorithmic curation tools using machine learning and natural language processing predominated. Most interventions supported health literacy, risk communication, and misinformation management; others addressed personalized learning, microtraining, and clinical simulation for students and health professionals. Delivery channels included mobile applications, messaging platforms, websites/YouTube, and clinical AI systems. Human oversight (expert validation and curation) was consistently reported as essential for safety and reliability. Interventions mainly targeted the response phase, with emerging applications for preparedness. Major gaps included standardized learning measures, cost-effectiveness evaluations, equity analyses, and governance frameworks ensuring privacy, transparency, and bias control. Conclusions: AI-enabled educational technologies can strengthen rapid, scalable, and personalized learning during health emergencies. Future research should prioritize multicenter studies using standardized indicators, economic and equity assessments, and robust governance frameworks to ensure ethical, safe, and inclusive adoption.},
}

Humans
*Artificial Intelligence
*Pandemics/prevention & control
*Public Health/education
*Health Education/methods
COVID-19
*Disaster Planning
Civil Defense/education
Pandemic Preparedness

@article {pmid41737288,
year = {2026},
author = {Muto, T and Machida, S and Imaizumi, S and Kamoi, K},
title = {Relationship Between COVID-19 and Retinal Artery Occlusions.},
journal = {Journal of ophthalmology},
volume = {2026},
number = {},
pages = {5545707},
pmid = {41737288},
issn = {2090-004X},
abstract = {The relationship between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection or vaccination and retinal artery occlusions (RAOs) remains controversial. COVID-19 infection or vaccination can sometimes cause thrombin formation. RAOs occur due to thrombin in the retinal artery. The average age of occurrence after COVID-19 infection was 48.7 ± 17.2 years in central RAO (CRAO) and 41.3 ± 17.8 years in branch RAO (BRAO). After COVID-19 vaccination, the average age was 54.7 ± 17.1 years in CRAO and 62.3 ± 21.2 years in BRAO. The mean time from COVID-19 diagnosis to symptom onset was 10.5 ± 9.3 days in CRAO and 48.3 ± 39.6 days in BRAO. After vaccination, the mean time was 7.3 ± 6.8 days in CRAO and 21.0 ± 24.9 days in BRAO. Initial visual acuity (VA) after COVID-19 infection was 2.53 ± 0.65 in CRAO and 0.09 ± 0.07 in BRAO. Final VA was 2.73 ± 0.12 in CRAO, but data for BRAO were unavailable. After vaccination, initial VA was 2.28 ± 0.97 in CRAO and -0.02 ± 0.16 in BRAO. Final VA was 2.12 ± 1.24 in CRAO and could not be calculated in BRAO. The relationship between COVID-19 or its vaccination and RAOs was investigated through past case reports. Two types of reports existed regarding RAO incidence after the COVID-19 pandemic-some indicated an increase, while others found no change. No reports suggested a decrease in RAO occurrence. The current evidence does not clarify the relationship between COVID-19 or its vaccine and RAOs. However, this relationship cannot be ruled out. Further investigations are necessary, as future infectious disease pandemics may occur.},
}

@article {pmid41737593,
year = {2026},
author = {Thangaleela, S and Wang, CK},
title = {Impact of nutrition on long COVID.},
journal = {Sports medicine and health science},
volume = {8},
number = {2},
pages = {128-144},
pmid = {41737593},
issn = {2666-3376},
abstract = {Long COVID is characterized by a group of persistent symptoms following the acute SARS-COV2 infection, which presented a multifaceted challenge to the healthcare systems all over the globe. The long COVID symptoms span various organ systems including the respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and neurological manifestations. Mitochondrial dysfunction and immune dysregulation play crucial roles in the long COVID pathophysiology. Recently nutritional intervention gained much attention in managing post-viral syndromes. Effective interventions like supplementation of omega-3 fatty acid, macro and micro nutrients, and vitamins help to reduce systemic inflammation and counteract muscle wasting. Other approaches like nutritional recovery, dietetic interventions, continuous nutritional care post-hospital discharge, nutritional rehabilitation programs, whole-diet approaches like Mediterranean diet, plant-based diet, and caloric optimization, improve overall functional recovery. Physical activity and exercise regimes have been shown to improve fatigue, dyspnea, and cognitive function. Tailored exercise regimes may promote safe rehabilitation. Certain ineffective interventions, such as non-personalized approaches, high dose of antioxidants, use of herbal products that are not clinically validated need to be addressed. Dietary interventions such as personalized nutritional counseling have been demonstrated to improve physical performance in long COVID patients. Further research is needed to refine protocols and identify optimal combinations of dietary and movement-based therapies to support the recovery of long-COVID patients. This narrative review focuses on the ongoing researches that reveals the intricate relationship between nutrition and long COVID recovery and also establishes effective protocols for nutritional care.},
}

@article {pmid41738365,
year = {2026},
author = {Akhavan, M and Yousefi, P and Tabibzadeh, A},
title = {Exacerbations and Management of Asthma in Viral Lower Respiratory Tract Infections: The Significance of Immunoglobulin E.},
journal = {Immunity, inflammation and disease},
volume = {14},
number = {2},
pages = {e70386},
pmid = {41738365},
issn = {2050-4527},
mesh = {Humans ; *Asthma/immunology/therapy ; *Immunoglobulin E/immunology/blood ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/immunology/complications/virology ; *COVID-19/immunology/complications ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Th2 Cells/immunology ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Viral-respiratory infections are the most prevalent illness among humans. A viral infection affecting lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) is a critical health concern worldwide. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted respiratory health, particularly in individuals with asthma. Other viral respiratory infections and asthma are critical concerns, either. The current study aimed to discuss how elevated IgE levels can influence viral LRTI and potentially exacerbate asthma symptoms, as well as biological treatments targeting IgE in managing asthma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The search was conducted in electronical databases (including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and so on). all obtained documents were listed and reviewed by two independent authors. All relevant studies were included and used for final assessment and data collection.

RESULTS: IgE is a crucial mediator in the pathophysiology of asthma, particularly in type 2-high (T2-high) asthma, where it drives allergic responses and airway inflammation. The interaction between COVID-19 and asthma has illustrated that asthmatic patients may experience increased respiratory symptoms following COVID-19 infection. Interestingly, T2-high asthmatics may have had some protection against severe COVID-19 outcomes, highlighting the need for a nuanced understanding of asthma management during and after the pandemic.

CONCLUSION: Viral infections, particularly those caused by human rhinoviruses, are a significant trigger for asthma exacerbations. These infections can lead to heightened serum IgE levels, which play a vital role in the immune response and the worsening of asthma symptoms. The Th2 inflammatory pathway is frequently upregulated during these infections, associated with increased production of cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which aggravate asthma symptoms. Additionally, viral infections can compromise the airway epithelium, resulting in greater exposure to allergens and irritants, and disrupt the balance between Th1 and Th2 cytokines, leading to more severe exacerbations.},
}

Humans
*Asthma/immunology/therapy
*Immunoglobulin E/immunology/blood
*Respiratory Tract Infections/immunology/complications/virology
*COVID-19/immunology/complications
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Th2 Cells/immunology

@article {pmid41739653,
year = {2026},
author = {Sharma, L and Maheshwari, N and Maheshwari, N and Teli, G and Chelvam, V},
title = {Therapeutic Approaches to Treat SARS-CoV-2.},
journal = {ChemMedChem},
volume = {21},
number = {4},
pages = {e202500387},
doi = {10.1002/cmdc.202500387},
pmid = {41739653},
issn = {1860-7187},
support = {IITI 2023-25//Indian Institute of Technology Indore/ ; },
abstract = {Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as COVID-19, spread across the globe, leading to a pandemic. Initially, the drug remdesivir is approved by the FDA for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2. Significant efforts have been directed toward epidemiology of the SARS-CoV-2 virus to discover potential drug targets that may contribute to the development of effective prevention and treatment strategies. The structure and functions of SARS-CoV-2 proteins that may be potential drug targets, including the spike protein, main protease, papain-like protease, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, host proteins like angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, and transmembrane protease and serine 2, have been thoroughly studied. Biological screening platforms and repurposing have resulted in the discovery of drugs such as nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (Paxlovid), remdesivir (Veklury), molnupiravir (Lagevrio), anakinra (Kineret), vilobelimab (Gohibic), baricitinib (Olumiant), and tocilizumab (Actemra). The present analysis provides details on the pathogenesis, prevention, diagnosis, clinical characteristics, and potential treatment options currently available worldwide.},
}

@article {pmid41740281,
year = {2026},
author = {Dandotiya, J and Sadhu, S and Chandwaskar, RR and Awasthi, A},
title = {Emerging roles of IL-9 and Th9 cells in respiratory viral illnesses.},
journal = {Seminars in immunology},
volume = {81},
number = {},
pages = {102017},
doi = {10.1016/j.smim.2026.102017},
pmid = {41740281},
issn = {1096-3618},
mesh = {*Interleukin-9/metabolism/immunology/genetics ; Animals ; Humans ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *COVID-19/immunology ; *T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology/metabolism ; *Respiratory Tract Infections/immunology/virology ; *Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology ; *T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology/metabolism ; *Virus Diseases/immunology ; Mice ; },
abstract = {Upon antigenic stimulation and cytokine cues, CD4[+] T cells differentiate into specialized helper subsets, giving rise to Th1, Th2, Th9 and Th17 cell lineages. These subsets orchestrate distinct immune functions that protect the host but can also drive immunopathology when dysregulated. The classical Th1-Th2 paradigm expanded with the discovery of Th17 and Th9 cells, revealing greater diversity and complexity in Th cell biology. Th9 cells, generated under the influence of TGF-β and IL-4, are defined by robust production of interleukin-9 (IL-9). IL-9 is now recognized as a multifunctional mediator produced by Th9 cells, mast cells, ILC2s, Tregs and certain Th17 subsets. Fate-mapping and reporter mouse models have improved our understanding of IL-9-producing immunocytes, though limitations remain in defining temporal and tissue-specific dynamics. As shown earlier, IL-9 promotes mastcell proliferation, mucus hypersecretion, epithelial changes and airway remodelling in allergic inflammation and asthma. Genetic studies have linked IL-9/IL-9 receptor variants to increased susceptibility to allergic diseases such as asthma. Similarly, during respiratory viral infections, including RSV and COVID-19, IL-9 amplifies type 2 inflammation, granulocyte recruitment and mucus production, exacerbating airway obstruction. In fact, emerging evidence implicates a Foxo1-IL-9 axis in COVID-19, where IL-9 enhances lung inflammation and impairs antiviral interferon-stimulated gene responses. Collectively, IL-9 represents a context-dependent driver of virus-induced lung pathology and a promising therapeutic target requiring deeper mechanistic and translational investigation.},
}

*Interleukin-9/metabolism/immunology/genetics
Animals
Humans
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*COVID-19/immunology
*T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology/metabolism
*Respiratory Tract Infections/immunology/virology
*Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology
*T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology/metabolism
*Virus Diseases/immunology
Mice

@article {pmid41740316,
year = {2026},
author = {Spedding, M and Aerts, J and Alexander, S and Bellozzi Woestelandt, AG and Chiricozzi, E and Henriques, A and Lledo, PM and Loeffler, JP and Perera, R and Platt, FM and Pradat, PF and Rene, F and Schapira, A and St Clair, L and Talbot, K and Taquet, M and Toborek, M and Turner, B and Zandi, M and Gressens, P},
title = {Links between COVID-19, long COVID, and neurodegeneration: The role of glycosphingolipids.},
journal = {Pharmacological reviews},
volume = {78},
number = {2},
pages = {100113},
doi = {10.1016/j.pharmr.2026.100113},
pmid = {41740316},
issn = {1521-0081},
support = {T32AI007417-28//NIH/National Institute of Health NIAID/ ; F32AI186453-01//NIH/National Institute of Health NIAID/ ; L70AG084124-01//NIH National Institute of Health /NIA/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/metabolism/complications ; *Glycosphingolipids/metabolism ; SARS-CoV-2 ; *Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism/virology/etiology ; Animals ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) play major roles in viral infections by mediating viral entry and egress from cells in lipid rafts; however, GSLs are also important in neurodegenerative diseases. The role of GSLs in acute COVID-19 infection is critical but remains less-studied in the sequelae of long COVID (post-COVID condition); because the same enzymes that regulate GSL metabolism are critical for viral entry and exit, neuromuscular junctions, neurological function, and cellular metabolism, it is important to determine whether long COVID may increase the risk of subsequent neurodegeneration. SARS-CoV-2 infection alters lipid metabolism and oxygen use and can bind to and modify the expression of neurotrophic GSLs such as GM1 ganglioside. GM1 (N-acetylneuraminic acid) is human-specific and probably evolved as a result of a pandemic 3-2.5 million years ago that drove its selection. GM1 functions as a coreceptor with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 for SARS-CoV-2 while also being a neurotrophin. Viral multiplication takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi apparatus, where GSLs are synthesized. This review defines the complex interaction between viruses, GSLs, and neurodegeneration, which provides new perspectives on the interlinked metabolic changes. A European working group has been set up to assess the risks of neurodegeneration with long COVID, based on potential GSL-mediated mechanisms. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has resulted in a large number of subjects living with long-term consequences (long COVID). Glycosphingolipids and gangliosides are involved in both viral infections and neurodegeneration; hence, it is important to evaluate whether long COVID may increase the risk of neurodegeneration via this route. This study is the result of a European consortium formed to evaluate this possibility.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/metabolism/complications
*Glycosphingolipids/metabolism
SARS-CoV-2
*Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism/virology/etiology
Animals
Pandemics

@article {pmid41740458,
year = {2026},
author = {Sohn, WY and Goody, SMG and Reid, DW and Edwards, DK and Urdaneta, V and Doyle, BP and Straus, WL and Henry, C and Rizkalla, B},
title = {Evidence-based assessment of safety and mechanistic questions Related to mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines.},
journal = {Vaccine},
volume = {77},
number = {},
pages = {128394},
doi = {10.1016/j.vaccine.2026.128394},
pmid = {41740458},
issn = {1873-2518},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects/immunology/administration & dosage ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; mRNA Vaccines/adverse effects ; Vaccines, Synthetic/adverse effects/immunology ; RNA, Messenger/immunology ; },
abstract = {Messenger RNA (mRNA) COVID-19 vaccines have been administered globally at unprecedented scale and have demonstrated strong effectiveness against severe disease, hospitalization, and death. Extensive safety monitoring across randomized clinical trials, national surveillance systems, and global pharmacovigilance programs has consistently supported a favorable benefit-risk profile for these vaccines. Despite this evidence, a range of questions and mechanistic hypotheses continue to circulate, including assertions of increased risk of malignancies, autoimmune diseases, and all-cause mortality, as well as proposed mechanisms involving product-related impurities (e.g. DNA contamination), biodistribution and antigen persistence, non-canonical translation (e.g. ribosomal frame-shifting), and immune modulation. This targeted narrative review synthesizes nonclinical, clinical, pharmacoepidemiologic, and regulatory evidence relevant to these mechanistic and safety related questions. Published literature, regulatory assessments, and surveillance data were qualitatively evaluated in the context of biological plausibility, methodological rigor, and consistency across independent data sources. Across the body of evidence, findings do not support increased long-term mortality, malignancy, autoimmune disease, genotoxicity or other long-term safety issues attributable to mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. On the contrary, several large population-based studies have reported lower all-cause mortality among vaccinated individuals. Residual DNA levels are within established regulatory limits when measured using validated methods, and no credible mechanism supports genomic integration. Biodistribution studies demonstrate expected localization to the injection site and lymphoid tissues with no persistence. Immunologic findings, including IgG4 subclass responses, have not been associated with impaired protection in real-world vaccine effectiveness studies. Collectively, the evidence supports the safety and effectiveness of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. Ongoing surveillance and rigorous evaluation remain essential to inform public health policy. Importantly, vaccine safety questions should be assessed using transparent, structured frameworks that systematically weigh benefits, harms, quality of evidence, values, and feasibility.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects/immunology/administration & dosage
*COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
mRNA Vaccines/adverse effects
Vaccines, Synthetic/adverse effects/immunology
RNA, Messenger/immunology

@article {pmid41740848,
year = {2026},
author = {Lee, GM and Yun, S and Jung, YW and Kim, JH and Chae, YM},
title = {Cancer care disruptions among vulnerable populations during the COVID-19 pandemic: A scoping review.},
journal = {Journal of cancer policy},
volume = {48},
number = {},
pages = {100716},
doi = {10.1016/j.jcpo.2026.100716},
pmid = {41740848},
issn = {2213-5383},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Vulnerable Populations/statistics & numerical data ; *Neoplasms/therapy/diagnosis/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Female ; Pandemics ; Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics & numerical data ; Socioeconomic Disparities in Health ; Early Detection of Cancer ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Infectious disease outbreaks, particularly COVID-19, have disrupted cancer care worldwide and disproportionately affected vulnerable populations.

OBJECTIVE: To identify vulnerable groups and characterize patterns of disruption in cancer screening and treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS: Following the Arksey and O'Malley framework, we conducted a scoping review of studies published between 2002 and 2023. Searches were performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. Thirty-four studies were included and analyzed with a focus on healthcare utilization, screening delays, and treatment disruptions across the cancer care continuum.

RESULTS: Older adults, women, immigrant and ethnic minority populations, individuals with low income or education, and patients with comorbidities were most frequently identified as vulnerable. Screening disruptions were more commonly associated with lower educational attainment, whereas treatment delays were concentrated among low-income individuals, newly diagnosed patients, and those with comorbidities. Health system strain, mobility restrictions, fear of infection, and socioeconomic barriers were key contributing factors.

CONCLUSION: This review demonstrates that vulnerability in cancer care during the COVID-19 pandemic is stage-specific and shaped by both population-level and health system-level factors. Mapping these patterns provides evidence to inform stage-specific and population-sensitive strategies to protect cancer care continuity during future public health emergencies.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
*Vulnerable Populations/statistics & numerical data
*Neoplasms/therapy/diagnosis/epidemiology
SARS-CoV-2
Female
Pandemics
Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics & numerical data
Socioeconomic Disparities in Health
Early Detection of Cancer

@article {pmid41741003,
year = {2026},
author = {Michaelchuk, W and Soril, LJJ and Chiarieri-Hirsch, D and Giroux, E and Shatto, J and Gershon, AS and Gupta, S and Stickland, MK and Lam, GY},
title = {Assessment and management of post-COVID-19 pulmonary complications: a rapid review.},
journal = {European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society},
volume = {35},
number = {179},
pages = {},
pmid = {41741003},
issn = {1600-0617},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/complications/therapy/epidemiology/diagnosis ; *Lung Diseases/therapy/diagnosis/etiology ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {The rising global prevalence of post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) underscores the substantial and ongoing burden faced by individuals following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. The volume of emerging evidence regarding pulmonary-related PCC complications highlights the urgent need for current, evidence-informed guidelines to ensure timely assessment and effective treatment for those affected by PCC. Thus, the aim of this review was to synthesise existing research on the management and treatment of pulmonary complications in individuals with PCC. A rapid review of published and grey literature focused on pulmonary-related PCC complications was completed in November 2023 and updated in June 2025, in accordance with PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) guidelines. We identified 73 unique articles, including 12 guidance documents, 24 secondary studies (including 11 systematic reviews with meta-analyses, eight systematic reviews and three scoping reviews) and 37 primary research studies (13 randomised controlled trials) and narratively synthesised their findings. Guidance documents addressed workup and management for pulmonary-related PCC complications, recommending the use of pulmonary function testing with diffusing capacity and the importance of ruling out other conditions. Although evidence regarding the use of medical and pharmacological interventions for treatment of pulmonary-related PCC complications were limited and inconclusive, the current evidence base suggested potential effectiveness of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation approach for pulmonary-related PCC treatment, involving specialist consultations and tailored rehabilitation programmes. The heterogeneity in study quality and risk of bias warrants cautious interpretation of the findings. The current evidence and evolving healthcare landscape suggest the need for updated, evidence-informed clinical guidance.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/complications/therapy/epidemiology/diagnosis
*Lung Diseases/therapy/diagnosis/etiology
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid41742211,
year = {2026},
author = {Ortiz-Prado, E and Cadena-Padilla, MP and Vélez-Páez, JL and Vasconez-Gonzalez, J and Izquierdo-Condoy, JS and Vergara, M and Viscor, G},
title = {Chronic hypoxia adaptation at high altitude: a perspective on Its potential role in mortality in viral pneumonia-associated ARDS and implications for personalized critical care.},
journal = {Critical care (London, England)},
volume = {30},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41742211},
issn = {1466-609X},
abstract = {Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) secondary to viral pneumonias, predominantly COVID-19 but also influenza and adenovirus, remains a major ICU mortality driver, with rates exceeding 40%. Chronic high-altitude adaptation (≥ 2,500 m) modifies human pulmonary physiology through hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α/2α) stabilization, ACE2 downregulation, enhanced capillary recruitment, and anti-inflammatory shifts, potentially reducing ARDS severity. Across published observational studies, findings remain heterogeneous; however, several cohorts have reported lower mortality at moderate-to-high altitude (approximately 30–50% in some reports), along with proposed altitude-appropriate SpO2 targets (89–93%) and alternative interpretations of oxygenation indices (e.g., barometric pressure–adjusted P/F ratios). Protection is strongest in younger, comorbidity-free patients, but attenuates in diabetics/hypertensives. In this perspective, we critically examine the evidence on how altitude may influence the clinical course and survival of critically ill patients, exploring potential pulmonary adaptive mechanisms and reflecting on their implications for monitoring and management in intensive care units.},
}

@article {pmid41743132,
year = {2026},
author = {Qu, J and Liu, M and Zhou, C},
title = {Rewriting the viral script: post-translational modifications orchestrating SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and immune evasion.},
journal = {Frontiers in microbiology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1748470},
pmid = {41743132},
issn = {1664-302X},
abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 reprograms host cell biology not solely through its genomic content but also through a sophisticated arsenal of post-translational modifications (PTMs) that modulate viral protein function, host signaling networks, and immune responses. Despite increasing recognition of PTMs as dynamic regulators of infection, their full functional breadth and therapeutic potential remain incompletely defined. Here, we provide a comprehensive, PTM-centric synthesis of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, detailing how phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, glycosylation, acetylation, succinylation, ISGylation, and ADP-ribosylation cooperatively shape virus-host interplay. We dissect the mechanistic roles of individual modifications, such as phosphorylation-mediated transitions in nucleocapsid function, ubiquitin-driven degradation of immune factors, and SUMOylation-guided viral assembly, while revealing higher-order regulatory circuits and crosstalk among PTMs. Additionally, we highlight emerging computational tools for PTM site prediction and identify shared enzymatic nodes exploitable for host-directed antiviral strategies. This integrative framework positions PTMs as not merely bystanders but as central modulators of viral fitness and host vulnerability, offering novel avenues for therapeutic intervention against SARS-CoV-2 and future pandemic threats.},
}

@article {pmid41743347,
year = {2026},
author = {Miyano, S and Nozaki, I and Hachiya, M and Miyamoto, T and Takei, T},
title = {Regional health security architecture in ASEAN countries: Lessons from regional CDC models and Japan's strategic partnership for ACPHEED development.},
journal = {Global health & medicine},
volume = {8},
number = {1},
pages = {1-7},
pmid = {41743347},
issn = {2434-9194},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic exposed critical gaps in regional health security mechanisms, prompting ASEAN to establish the ASEAN Centre for Public Health Emergencies and Emerging Diseases (ACPHEED), with functions distributed across Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam. This policy analysis examines strategic development approaches for ACPHEED through comprehensive benchmarking of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC), and Gulf CDC, supported by consultations in Indonesia (2024) and Sweden (2025) involving ASEAN member states and international partners. A comparative analysis reveals distinct organizational models: the ECDC operates within European Union (EU) institutional frameworks emphasizing functional specialization; the Africa CDC employs decentralized Regional Coordination Centers; and the Gulf CDC implements hybrid governance via Permanent Communication Networks. Each model offers valuable lessons for ACPHEED's development, particularly concerning governance structures that balance regional coordination with national sovereignty. ACPHEED faces unique challenges due to ASEAN's consensus-based, nonlegislative institutional nature and its tri-country operational structure. Critical success factors include phased surveillance emphasizing a defined scope and capacity building; inclusive governance mechanisms ensuring equitable member-state ownership; and operational frameworks applying subsidiarity principles to complement existing ASEAN mechanisms. Sustainable financing remains paramount given ASEAN's limited budgetary authority. Japan's strategic partnership should capitalize on its technical expertise in laboratory systems, digital surveillance, and disaster preparedness through comprehensive institutional support. ACPHEED's success depends on sustained political commitment, realistic financial arrangements, and effective integration into global health security architectures. This analysis provides a strategic roadmap for ACPHEED's preparatory phase so that it can serve as a regional health security leader while addressing ASEAN-specific institutional constraints.},
}

@article {pmid41743408,
year = {2026},
author = {Bsat, D and Safi, D and Arabi, M},
title = {Remdesivir in COVID-19: A Focus on Pediatric Cardiac Patients.},
journal = {The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale},
volume = {2026},
number = {},
pages = {4700812},
pmid = {41743408},
issn = {1712-9532},
abstract = {The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has presented a significant global health challenge that necessitated the immediate search for various therapeutic modalities. Remdesivir, an antiviral drug inhibiting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), was among the most heavily used drugs against COVID-19. Of the several randomized controlled trials studying the efficacy of remdesivir, the vast majority were studied on the adult population. Results remain contradictory, with some studies supporting the high efficacy of remdesivir while others highlighting the lack of significance of its antiviral effects. Given the lack of focus on the pediatric population, the antiviral effects of remdesivir in cardiac pediatric patients, who are particularly vulnerable, remain especially under-investigated. This literature review explores current literature on remdesivir's mechanism of action and efficacy against COVID-19, especially in the pediatric cardiac population. Therefore, by combining results of studies from randomized controlled trials and retrospective studies in the adult and pediatric populations, this literature review underlines current knowledge gaps and highlights the need for studies targeting specific ages and comorbidities to effectively treat patients at higher risk of adverse events.},
}

@article {pmid41743708,
year = {2026},
author = {Tang, W and Gai, Q and Yang, J and Chen, J and Lyu, Z},
title = {PhIP-Seq: unveiling the complexity of antibody repertoires in health and disease.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1735735},
pmid = {41743708},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods ; *Immunoprecipitation/methods ; COVID-19/immunology ; Peptide Library ; Computational Biology ; Animals ; Cell Surface Display Techniques/methods ; Plasmodium falciparum/immunology ; Epitopes/immunology ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology ; },
abstract = {Phage-Immunoprecipitation Sequencing (PhIP-Seq) merges phage display with next-generation sequencing to enable high-throughput profiling of antibody repertoires. This review synthesizes the technical evolution of the PhIP-Seq platform, critically assessing the workflow from peptide library design and immunoprecipitation to bioinformatics analysis. We evaluate strategies for optimizing library diversity and minimizing non-specific binding, while addressing inherent limitations such as the detection of conformational epitopes and post-translational modifications. The clinical utility of PhIP-Seq is examined through its application in identifying novel autoantigens in systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis, mapping viral epitopes in SARS-CoV-2 and Plasmodium falciparum, and detecting tumor-associated antigens. Finally, we discuss the trajectory of the field toward integration with multi-omics datasets and the development of point-of-care diagnostic tools.},
}

Humans
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods
*Immunoprecipitation/methods
COVID-19/immunology
Peptide Library
Computational Biology
Animals
Cell Surface Display Techniques/methods
Plasmodium falciparum/immunology
Epitopes/immunology
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology

@article {pmid41744151,
year = {2026},
author = {Domachowske, JB and Zimet, GD and Hanage, W and Beck, E and Sule, P and Wahid, R and Vicic, N},
title = {Preventing COVID-19 in at-risk populations: moving toward next-generation mRNA-1283 COVID-19 vaccine to address current challenges.},
journal = {Expert review of vaccines},
volume = {25},
number = {1},
pages = {2632657},
doi = {10.1080/14760584.2026.2632657},
pmid = {41744151},
issn = {1744-8395},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology/epidemiology ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage/adverse effects ; Vaccine Efficacy ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology ; 2019-nCoV Vaccine mRNA-1273 ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Immunogenicity, Vaccine ; },
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: Next-generation COVID-19 vaccines hold promise to reduce severe outcomes in populations most at risk. While the original mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, mRNA-1273, targets the full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, mRNA-1283 is a novel next-generation mRNA COVID-19 vaccine that specifically targets immunodominant domains within the spike protein.

AREAS COVERED: This review summarizes literature on the development of mRNA-1283, from its design and preclinical evaluation to phase 1-3 clinical trial findings, with a particular focus on immunogenicity and efficacy in at-risk populations, specifically older adults and adults with comorbidities. The potential public health impact of this next-generation vaccine is explored, along with ongoing challenges facing COVID-19 vaccination.

EXPERT OPINION: Phase 1-3 clinical trials demonstrated that mRNA-1283 was well-tolerated and no safety concerns were identified. Furthermore, mRNA-1283 demonstrated higher point estimates of immunogenicity and relative vaccine efficacy than mRNA-1273, including among older adults and individuals with underlying conditions who are most susceptible to severe COVID-19. Initial modeling studies indicate that mRNA-1283 could prevent more hospitalizations than current COVID-19 vaccines. Evidence to date suggests that the novel next-generation mRNA-1283 vaccine holds promise to advance progress in reducing the ongoing burden of COVID-19 across vulnerable populations.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology/epidemiology
*COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/administration & dosage/adverse effects
Vaccine Efficacy
Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
2019-nCoV Vaccine mRNA-1273
SARS-CoV-2/immunology
Immunogenicity, Vaccine

@article {pmid41744596,
year = {2026},
author = {Barbinta-Patrascu, ME and Negut, I and Bita, B},
title = {Virus Biomimetic-Delivery Systems for the Production of Vaccines.},
journal = {Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {11},
number = {2},
pages = {},
pmid = {41744596},
issn = {2313-7673},
abstract = {The persistent emergence of infectious diseases has underscored the critical demand for next-generation vaccine technologies that are safe, effective, and scalable. This review explores virus biomimetic delivery systems, focusing on virus-like particles (VLPs) and virosomes as promising platforms for vaccine and therapeutic development. VLPs are self-assembled nanostructures composed of viral structural proteins that mimic native virions without carrying genetic material, while virosomes are reconstituted viral envelopes that retain functional glycoproteins but lack a nucleocapsid. Both systems provide strong immunogenicity and safety by mimicking viral architecture while eliminating the risk of replication. The paper examines various expression platforms for VLP production, including bacterial, yeast, insect, mammalian, and plant-based systems, highlighting their respective advantages, challenges, and optimization strategies. Mechanistic insights into antigen presentation, immune activation, and cellular uptake pathways are discussed to explain their superior performance in eliciting humoral and cellular immune responses. Furthermore, current applications of VLPs and virosomes in vaccines against major pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2, influenza, Newcastle disease virus, malaria, hepatitis, and respiratory syncytial virus are reviewed, demonstrating their versatility and clinical potential. By integrating molecular engineering, nanotechnology, and biofabrication strategies, virus biomimetic systems represent a transformative frontier in vaccinology, immunotherapy, and targeted drug delivery.},
}

@article {pmid41745098,
year = {2026},
author = {Zoccali, F and Fratini, C and Pennacchia, F and Cascone, F and de Vincentiis, M and Petrella, C and Barbato, C and Minni, A},
title = {Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Long COVID Symptoms: A Breath of Fresh Air.},
journal = {Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {2},
pages = {},
pmid = {41745098},
issn = {2079-9721},
abstract = {Long COVID is defined as "the continuation or development of new symptoms 3 months after the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection, with these symptoms lasting for at least 2 months with no other explanations", as reported by the World Health Organization. A growing number of people are dealing with a variety of lingering symptoms even after recovering from an acute infection. These can include fatigue, muscle pain, shortness of breath, headaches, cognitive issues, neurodegenerative symptoms, anxiety, depression, and a feeling of hopelessness, and therapeutic options for long COVID are investigated. The potential of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) to improve chronic fatigue, cognitive impairments, and neurological disorders has been established; therefore, the use of HBOT to treat long COVID has also been studied. The aim of this literature search is to analyze the state of the art of a potential role of HBOT to improve chronic fatigue, cognitive impairments and neurological disorders. A literature analysis was performed, focusing on the clinical efficacy of HBOT for treating long COVID symptoms. The results from January 2021 to October 2025, using a standard registry database, showed 21 studies, including one case report, ten randomized controlled trial, eight systematic reviews and three studies regarding the molecular mechanism and markers changing after HBOT. They suggested that HBOT can improve quality of life, fatigue, cognition, neuropsychiatric symptoms and cardiopulmonary functions. HBOT is a safe treatment and has shown some benefits for long COVID symptoms. To precisely define indications, protocols, and post-treatment evaluations, we need to conduct more in-depth, large-scale studies.},
}

@article {pmid41745309,
year = {2026},
author = {Kostev, K and Konrad, M and Luedde, M},
title = {Real-World Cardiovascular Research Using the German IQVIA Disease Analyzer Database: Methods, Evidence, and Limitations (2000-2025).},
journal = {Journal of cardiovascular development and disease},
volume = {13},
number = {2},
pages = {},
pmid = {41745309},
issn = {2308-3425},
abstract = {Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This increases the demand for real-world evidence to complement findings from randomized controlled trials. The German IQVIA Disease Analyzer (DA) database, which is populated with anonymized electronic medical records from general practitioners and specialists, has become an increasingly valuable source for cardiovascular research. Over the past two decades, and especially between 2020 and 2025, numerous epidemiological studies have used this database to explore associations between cardiovascular risk factors, comorbidities, therapeutic patterns, and cardiovascular outcomes in large, broadly representative outpatient populations. This review synthesizes evidence from 13 selected DA-based studies examining atrial fibrillation, heart failure, cardiometabolic disease, lipid management, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-related cardiovascular risks, cerebrovascular complications, COVID-19-associated vascular events, and modifiable behavioral and anthropometric factors. These studies were selected based on predefined criteria including cardiovascular relevance, methodological rigor, large sample size, and representativeness of key disease domains across the 2000-2025 period. Eligible studies were identified through targeted searches of peer-reviewed literature using the German IQVIA Disease Analyzer database and were selected to reflect major cardiovascular disease domains, risk factors, and therapeutic areas. Across disease domains, the reviewed studies consistently demonstrate the DA database's capacity to identify reproducible associations between cardiometabolic risk factors, comorbidities, and cardiovascular outcomes in routine outpatient care. While causal inference is not possible, the database enables the identification of clinically meaningful associations that inform hypothesis generation, help quantify disease burden, and highlight gaps in prevention or treatment. The database's strengths include large sample sizes (often exceeding 100,000 patients), long follow-up periods, and high external validity, while limitations relate to coding accuracy, residual confounding, and the absence of detailed clinical measures. Collectively, the evidence underscores the importance of the DA database as a crucial platform for real-world cardiovascular research.},
}

@article {pmid41746040,
year = {2026},
author = {Timmer, MSM and Connor, LM and Stocker, BL},
title = {Targeting the MR1-MAIT Cell Axis for Vaccination Against Infectious Disease.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {14},
number = {2},
pages = {},
pmid = {41746040},
issn = {2076-393X},
support = {24-VUW-152//Royal Society Te Apārangi/ ; },
abstract = {Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells exist in high numbers in the body and have a unique and highly conserved T cell receptor (TCR). They can be activated in a TCR-dependent manner by ligands presented on the monomorphic protein MHC class I-related protein 1 (MR1) which is found on many cell types, including professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) and epithelial cells. This has sparked interest in the potential to exploit the MR1-MAIT cell axis for the development of vaccines against infectious disease. Within this context an MR1 ligand, typically 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-d-ribitylaminouracil (5-OP-RU), is administered with or without a Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand or cytokine in a pan vaccination approach that would prime the immune response to provide protection against a variety of bacterial and viral pathogens. This strategy has led to enhanced protection in murine models of Legionella longbeachae, Francisella tularensis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza infection. However, studies against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection have proven less successful. The second vaccination approach involves pairing the MR1 ligand with more conventional antigens that could activate CD4[+] and/or CD8[+] T cells. This approach has been successful in murine models of cholera, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2, including in the context of subunit vaccines. However, there are several challenges when using MR1-MAIT cell-mediated vaccine adjuvants. These include the inherent instability of 5-OP-RU and the need for more advanced studies to better understand how the use of MR1 ligands would translate to applications in humans. This review will discuss these aspects and highlight the mechanistic studies that have been undertaken to understand how MAIT cells might elicit their effects within the context of MAIT cell-mediated vaccines for infectious disease.},
}

@article {pmid41746075,
year = {2026},
author = {Sarabia, LE and Williams, E and Date, K and Méroc, E and Eeuwijk, J and Gessner, B and Bresee, J and Fry, A and Begier, E},
title = {Vaccination Strategies Against Respiratory Pathogens in the Adult Population: A Narrative Review.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {14},
number = {2},
pages = {},
pmid = {41746075},
issn = {2076-393X},
support = {NA//Pfizer (United Kingdom)/ ; },
abstract = {Respiratory infections cause substantial morbidity and mortality in older adults and other at-risk adult populations. Despite the availability of effective vaccines, adult vaccination coverage remains suboptimal. This narrative review examines strategies designed to improve vaccine uptake among non-pregnant adults aged ≥18 years and inform future adult vaccination strategies. We conducted a targeted literature search using keywords for vaccination, respiratory diseases, strategy/program/implementation, and adults in PubMed database and CDC, WHO, and ECDC websites, between 2014 and 2024. A snowball search of literature reviews and key references was also performed to identify additional relevant studies. Eligible publications focused on vaccination strategies against influenza, COVID-19, and pneumococcal disease targeting non-pregnant adults (≥18 years). We categorized the strategies by intervention type to describe their influence on vaccination campaigns and vaccine uptake/coverage. We included 45 publications, encompassing strategies focused on individual decision-making, healthcare system functions, and national policy. Educational and awareness interventions (such as healthcare worker/provider recommendations during consultation, phone calls, letters, text messages, and social media outreach) reportedly raised vaccination rates. Access-related factors, including convenient vaccination sites and free or subsidized vaccines, were reported to be important factors in improving coverage in underserved communities. Within healthcare settings, strategies such as continuous vaccine provider training and workflow/process optimization were shown to enhance vaccination delivery. At the local or national policy levels, legislation governing program targets shaped immunization efforts and facilitated collaborations and partnerships to expand campaign reach. The findings may inform policymakers and public health/immunization practitioners in designing context-specific immunization initiatives that effectively reach adult populations.},
}

@article {pmid41746079,
year = {2026},
author = {Oh, T},
title = {Advances in Spatial Transcriptomics for Infectious Disease Research: Insight for Vaccine Development.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {14},
number = {2},
pages = {},
pmid = {41746079},
issn = {2076-393X},
support = {2025//Dankook University/ ; },
abstract = {Spatial transcriptomics (ST) enables genome-wide gene expression profiling while preserving tissue architecture, bridging the gap between bulk, single-cell, and histological analyses. Originating in 2016 and rapidly evolving since, ST has transformed infectious disease research by mapping host-pathogen interactions directly within intact tissues. Current platforms fall into two categories: sequencing-based methods (Visium, GeoMx, Stereo-seq) offering whole-transcriptome coverage at modest resolution and imaging-based platforms (Xenium, CosMx, MERFISH) providing single-cell or subcellular detail with targeted gene panels. These technologies reveal spatially organized immune responses, local tissue remodeling, and pathogen niches across viruses, bacteria, and parasites. In viral infection, ST uncovered heterogeneity in COVID-19 lung microenvironments, spatial immune activation in lymphoid tissues, and variant-specific inflammatory patterns. In bacterial disease, ST delineated granuloma architecture in tuberculosis and mapped vaccine-induced lung responses in Shigella studies. Parasitic infection studies identified localized inflammatory hotspots and microenvironmental control of T-cell differentiation in malaria. Despite powerful insights, ST faces constraints including RNA quality limitations, tradeoffs between resolution and transcript breadth, high cost, and analytical complexity. Nonetheless, ST increasingly informs vaccine design by identifying tissue-specific immune programs and protective microenvironments and is poised to become a standard tool for infectious disease biology.},
}

@article {pmid41746093,
year = {2026},
author = {Karczmarzyk, K and Kęsik-Brodacka, M},
title = {Challenges and Prospects in the Development of a Universal SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine.},
journal = {Vaccines},
volume = {14},
number = {2},
pages = {},
pmid = {41746093},
issn = {2076-393X},
support = {2019/35/B/NZ6/04002//National Science Centre/ ; },
abstract = {The development of a universal SARS-CoV-2 vaccine holds great promise for achieving broad and durable protection against existing and future coronavirus variants. The identification, selection, and rational redesign of conserved viral epitopes constitute the direct immunological foundation of universal SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development. The breadth and durability of protection are therefore primarily determined at the level of antigen and epitope design, whereas adjuvants, delivery platforms, and routes of administration serve as enabling and amplifying components rather than primary drivers of universality. Accordingly, this review discusses key determinants of universal vaccine design, including antigen selection, adjuvant utilization, and route of administration. The spike protein, particularly its receptor-binding domain, is a major antigenic target, but its high mutation rate challenges long-term vaccine efficacy. Strategies focusing on conserved epitopes in antigen designs show potential to elicit cross-neutralizing immune responses. Nanoparticle-based vaccines capable of presenting multiple homologous or heterologous antigens have demonstrated enhanced immunogenicity, broad protection in preclinical models and safety in clinical trials. The addition of next-generation adjuvants further amplifies humoral and cellular immunity beyond the capabilities of traditional aluminum-based adjuvants. Moreover, mucosal vaccine delivery may provide superior local protection at viral entry sites and limit transmission. Importantly, integrating these technological advances with epitope-centered antigen design and immunological data from vaccinated individuals will accelerate the identification of conserved epitopes and inform future vaccine design. A multidisciplinary approach combining optimized antigen engineering, novel adjuvant systems, and innovative delivery strategies is essential for the realization of a broadly protective universal SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.},
}

@article {pmid41747602,
year = {2026},
author = {Cui, Y and Song, P and Zhao, X and Tong, Z and Gao, GF},
title = {Virus-induced onychomadesis: Exploring the role of viral infection in nail shedding.},
journal = {Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology},
volume = {183},
number = {},
pages = {105928},
doi = {10.1016/j.jcv.2026.105928},
pmid = {41747602},
issn = {1873-5967},
mesh = {Humans ; *Nail Diseases/virology ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/virology/complications ; *Nails/virology/pathology ; *Virus Diseases/complications/virology ; Enterovirus/pathogenicity ; },
abstract = {Onychomadesis, characterized by proximal detachment of the nail plate due to temporary arrest of matrix proliferation, has been increasingly recognized as a complication following viral infections. Enterovirus-associated hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is the most frequently reported cause. Recent studies demonstrate that some enteroviruses, including Coxsackievirus A10, utilize the host receptor KREMEN1 (KRM1) to impair Wnt/β-catenin signaling and suppress nail stem cell differentiation, thereby providing a molecular basis for infection-induced nail shedding. Additionally, cases of onychomadesis linked to other viral infections, including KRM1-independent enteroviruses, influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2, varicella-zoster virus, and co-infections involving HIV and mpox, have also been documented. Despite growing recognition of the virus-induced onychomadesis, in most cases the exact pathogeneses are yet elusive, thereof lack of approved treatments. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of onychomadesis and other sequelae can enhance diagnostics and therapies, guiding future drug development for virus-induced nail disorders and related complications. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed up to Dec 2025, including the search terms: onychomadesis, Beau's line, infection or virus, and follow-up. This review aims to explore the molecular pathophysiology of virus-induced onychomadesis and to examine the underlying molecular mechanisms, including the roles of viral receptors and signaling pathways in nail stem cell differentiation. It scrutinizes the currently available literatures of link between viral infections, particularly HFMD, and onychomadesis, focusing on the molecular mechanisms involved, and explores potential therapeutic insights.},
}

Humans
*Nail Diseases/virology
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/virology/complications
*Nails/virology/pathology
*Virus Diseases/complications/virology
Enterovirus/pathogenicity

@article {pmid41748273,
year = {2026},
author = {Evaborhene, NA and Oga, J and Adebisi, YA and Udokanma, EE and Runyowa, N and Kafuko, Z and Bandara, S and Onyeaghala, C},
title = {The WHO pandemic agreement-securing Africa's leadership in a fragmenting global order.},
journal = {BMJ global health},
volume = {11},
number = {2},
pages = {},
pmid = {41748273},
issn = {2059-7908},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control ; *Leadership ; Africa/epidemiology ; *International Cooperation/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Pandemics/prevention & control ; *World Health Organization/organization & administration ; *Global Health ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Social Responsibility ; },
abstract = {In May 2025, the World Health Assembly adopted the historic WHO Pandemic Agreement, aimed at strengthening global pandemic preparedness and equity. This legally binding treaty emerged from years of negotiation shaped by the COVID-19 pandemic's stark inequities-particularly those experienced by African nations. While the treaty introduces important innovations, notably the Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing system, significant challenges remain. Ambiguities in equity commitments, geopolitical fragmentation and rising nationalism threaten effective implementation. For Africa, realising the treaty's promise requires robust legal frameworks, enhanced manufacturing and regulatory capacities and sustainable financing mechanisms that reduce donor dependency. This analysis critically examines the treaty's provisions and political economy, emphasising the need for enforceable obligations, continental leadership and multi-sectoral accountability. We propose the establishment of a Pandemic Peer Review Mechanism to embed political accountability at national and regional levels. Only through coordinated African leadership, institutional investment and global solidarity can the Pandemic Agreement deliver equitable health outcomes in a fracturing global order.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control
*Leadership
Africa/epidemiology
*International Cooperation/legislation & jurisprudence
*Pandemics/prevention & control
*World Health Organization/organization & administration
*Global Health
SARS-CoV-2
Social Responsibility

@article {pmid41748726,
year = {2026},
author = {Smith, EA and Fleming, DF and Lackritz, EM and Ulrich, AK},
title = {Inequities and global declines in SARS-CoV-2 genomic data availability hinder response to emerging variants.},
journal = {Npj viruses},
volume = {4},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41748726},
issn = {2948-1767},
abstract = {Genomic epidemiology has transformed the way public health scientists detect, monitor, and respond to infectious disease threats such as SARS-CoV-2 on a global scale. Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, vast inequities in whole-genome sequence data availability between high- and low-income countries were highlighted, but the persistence of these disparities five years into a global pandemic has not been quantified. Also, while it is generally known that genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 largely declined following the end of the COVID-19 public health emergency, this has not been formally measured, and how it impacts our ability to detect and characterize new variants, remains unknown. Therefore, we performed an analysis of SARS-CoV-2 sequence submissions on the Global Initiative for Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) platform from 2020 to 2025, by country and World Bank income classification. There were large differences in SARS-CoV-2 sequence submissions by income classification, indicating a disparity in our ability to monitor SARS-CoV-2 evolution worldwide, which has important consequences for preventative measures such as vaccine strain selection. Nevertheless, there are important barriers to sustainable sharing of SARS-CoV-2 sequence data, which we discuss in detail, along with their relevance to other pathogens of public health importance. Also, the decrease in sequence submissions in high income countries from 577 million at the peak of the pandemic, to under 50 million in 2024, represents a loss of capacity to monitor SARS-CoV-2 evolution in countries with known capabilities. Ultimately, data drive the impact of genomic epidemiology, and long-term investments in genomic surveillance programs, as well as incentives for timely data sharing, are urgently needed to detect and characterize new viral variants worldwide.},
}

@article {pmid41749676,
year = {2026},
author = {Farì, G and Quarta, F and Bressi, F and La Russa, R and Paolucci, T and Bernetti, A},
title = {Effects of Exercise-Based Telerehabilitation for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and a Study Protocol.},
journal = {Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {13},
number = {2},
pages = {},
pmid = {41749676},
issn = {2306-5354},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Knee osteoarthritis causes considerable pain and disability. Telerehabilitation has emerged as a promising treatment option, especially after the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic, but it still faces challenges regarding solid scientific evidence about its multiple benefits. This systematic review aimed to analyze the reported beneficial effects of telerehabilitation based on therapeutic exercise for the management of knee osteoarthritis. Methodsː PubMed, PEDro, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases were used to identify eligible studies. This review followed the PRISMA guidelines and was registered at PROSPERO (n° CRD42024579836). The selected studies underwent a qualitative assessment using the Modified Jadad Score.

RESULTS: Ten studies, including a total of 1354 participants, were included. From the selected studies, a wide variety of outcome measures emerged to evaluate the efficacy of telerehabilitation in the relief of pain and its clinical consequences. Seven studies specifically assessed pain, with four showing significant improvements in pain reduction in the intervention group compared with the control group. Telerehabilitation was found to be more effective or non-inferior to traditional rehabilitation in relieving pain, as reported across various pain scales. Limitations include the heterogeneity of interventions, the exclusion of non-recent studies, and the exclusive focus on therapeutic exercise. Conclusionsː The results of this systematic review suggest that telerehabilitation provides pain relief, improves physical function, and enhances quality of life, while preliminary evidence indicates potential cost-related advantages. However, some studies did not find TR to be superior to control interventions, highlighting mixed evidence. Additional high-quality studies are required to better support this promising rehabilitation approach.},
}

@article {pmid41750353,
year = {2026},
author = {Makki, R and Kassem-Moussa, S and Al Nemer, F and El Majzoub, R and Fayyad-Kazan, H and Rachidi, W and Badran, B and Fayyad-Kazan, M},
title = {MicroRNAs in Long COVID: Key Regulators, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Targets of Post-SARS-CoV-2 Sequelae.},
journal = {Biomolecules},
volume = {16},
number = {2},
pages = {},
pmid = {41750353},
issn = {2218-273X},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/genetics/complications/virology/metabolism ; *MicroRNAs/genetics/metabolism/blood ; Biomarkers/metabolism/blood ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; },
abstract = {COVID, or post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), is clinically defined by persistent symptoms that endure beyond acute infection and affect multiple organ systems, including the immune, cardiopulmonary, neurological, and metabolic axes. The underlying mechanisms remain poorly resolved, limiting the development of targeted diagnostics and therapeutics. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as key post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, control inflammatory networks, antiviral responses, mitochondrial bioenergetics, and fibrotic pathways, all of which are implicated in long COVID pathogenesis. Recent studies show durable changes in circulating miRNA signatures months after recovery from the acute phase, suggesting a role in maintaining chronic immune activation and metabolic dysfunction. Importantly, circulating miRNAs are stable, quantifiable in biofluids, and reflect systems-level dysregulation, positioning them as promising biomarker candidates for patient stratification, symptom clustering, and disease monitoring. Moreover, miRNA-directed interventions, such as mimics and antagomiRs, represent an emerging precision-medicine strategy to correct sustained molecular disturbances. This review summarizes current evidence linking miRNAs to long COVID, highlights their biomarker potential, and discusses therapeutic avenues that may help advance mechanism-based interventions for this globally emerging chronic condition.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/genetics/complications/virology/metabolism
*MicroRNAs/genetics/metabolism/blood
Biomarkers/metabolism/blood
SARS-CoV-2
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome

@article {pmid41750595,
year = {2026},
author = {Dawi, J and Affa, S and Misakyan, Y and Gonzalez, E and Affa, S and Venketaraman, V},
title = {Glutathione-Mediated Redox Regulation of Immune Dysfunction in COVID-19 and Tuberculosis.},
journal = {Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {15},
number = {2},
pages = {},
pmid = {41750595},
issn = {2076-3921},
support = {R15 HL143545/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States ; },
abstract = {Tuberculosis and coronavirus disease 2019, also known as COVID-19, remain major global health challenges that disproportionately affect individuals with metabolic disorders, chronic inflammation, and limited access to healthcare. Although these diseases are caused by different pathogens, they share important host-related determinants of severity, including immune dysfunction, oxidative stress, endothelial injury, and maladaptive inflammatory responses. Glutathione, the primary intracellular antioxidant and a key regulator of redox balance, has emerged as an important host factor connecting these processes across infectious diseases. This review integrates experimental, translational, and clinical evidence supporting the role of glutathione in regulating immune function, oxidative stress, and tissue damage in tuberculosis and COVID-19. In tuberculosis, glutathione deficiency compromises macrophage antimicrobial activity, disrupts granuloma structure, and alters T helper cell responses, leading to impaired immune containment and disease progression. In COVID-19, reduced glutathione levels are associated with redox imbalance, excessive cytokine signaling, endothelial dysfunction, and thromboinflammatory complications, especially in high-risk populations. In both diseases, glutathione depletion reduces host resilience and increases vulnerability to severe outcomes through shared immune and vascular pathways. By unifying disease-specific findings within a host-directed framework, this review highlights glutathione and redox signaling as common vulnerability pathways that help explain overlapping risk profiles for severe tuberculosis and COVID-19. It also places glutathione biology within the broader context of host-directed immunotherapy, emphasizing its potential role in prevention-focused and resilience-based strategies that complement pathogen-targeted treatments. Although current evidence does not support simple claims of disease prevention, it provides strong mechanistic justification for further investigation of glutathione as a modifiable host factor in high-risk populations.},
}

@article {pmid41751338,
year = {2026},
author = {Notarte, KI and Catahay, JA and Velasco, JV and Ver, AT and Lee, J and Rizk, JG and Lippi, G and Fernández-de-Las-Peñas, C},
title = {Complement System Dysregulation in the Immunopathogenesis of Long COVID: Systematic Evidence Synthesis.},
journal = {Biomedicines},
volume = {14},
number = {2},
pages = {},
pmid = {41751338},
issn = {2227-9059},
abstract = {Background/Objective: Long COVID is an important cause of disability following SARS-CoV-2 infection; yet, its underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. One proposed mechanism is the long-lasting dysregulation of the immune complement system. This systematic review is the first to summarize the current evidence and evaluate the potential role of long-lasting complement activation in people with long COVID. Methods: A systematic electronic search on PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Embase was conducted up to 15 October 2025, to identify studies investigating complement activation in people with the post-COVID-19 condition. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to evaluate the risk of bias and methodological quality. Results: Among the 247 studies initially identified, eleven met the inclusion criteria, comprising 1435 individuals (age: 48.5 years, 70% females) with long COVID and 1124 controls (age: 43.6 years, 60% females). All studies were of a high quality, with scores ranging from 7 to 8 stars (mean: 7.6 ± 0.5). The activation of the classical complement pathway was investigated in nine studies, whereas the lectin, alternative, and terminal complement pathways were each assessed in three studies. Multiple studies investigated several complement pathways. The results were heterogeneous since several markers of complement activation spanning the classical (C2, C4a, C4b, and C1s-C1INH), alternative (Ba, iC3b, and Factor D), and terminal (C5bC6, C5a, C9, and TCC) pathways were elevated, whereas other markers were not significantly different (C3, C4, and C4d) between patients with/without long COVID. In addition, markers spanning the lectin complement pathway (MBL, and MASP1-C1INH) were not significantly different between individuals with and without long COVID. Conclusions: The current evidence suggests potential long-lasting complement system dysregulation in individuals with long COVID, although the clinical significance remains controversial, due to heterogenous findings. Specific post-COVID symptom clusters, such as fatigue, dyspnea, or brain fog, have been linked to a distinct pattern of complement dysregulation. Substantial methodological heterogeneity, including differences in follow-up periods, complement markers, assessment methods, and control groups, along with the small number of available studies, underscores the need for further research to clarify the mechanisms linking complement dysregulation to long COVID.},
}

@article {pmid41751767,
year = {2026},
author = {Zieniuk, B and Wierzchowska, K and Jasińska, K and Kobus, J and Piotrowicz, A and Uğur, Ş and Fabiszewska, A},
title = {Yeast as a Model for Human Disease.},
journal = {International journal of molecular sciences},
volume = {27},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {41751767},
issn = {1422-0067},
mesh = {Humans ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/metabolism ; *Models, Biological ; *Yeasts/genetics/metabolism ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism ; },
abstract = {Yeasts, especially the conventional species Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, as well as some unconventional species such as Pichia pastoris, Kluyveromyces marxianus and Yarrowia lipolytica, have become fundamental model organisms for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying human diseases. Their eukaryotic cell organization, genetic simplicity, and strong conservation of essential biological pathways make them indispensable in biomedical research. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the role of different yeast species in modeling human disorders, highlighting historical milestones and groundbreaking discoveries that have shaped current knowledge. The article discusses the applications of yeast models in studying neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Huntington's, as well as metabolic diseases, infectious diseases and mitochondrial disorders, and their growing importance in cancer research and drug discovery. Special attention is given to humanized yeast models, which enable the expression and functional analysis of human genes and the heterologous synthesis of human proteins within yeast cells. Finally, the paper addresses the limitations and challenges of yeast as a model system while outlining future directions and emphasizing the organism's continued relevance in personalized medicine and functional genomics.},
}

Humans
Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/metabolism
*Models, Biological
*Yeasts/genetics/metabolism
Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism

@article {pmid41752703,
year = {2026},
author = {Hostiuc, S and Gherghiceanu, F},
title = {Burnout, PTSD, and Medical Error: The Medico-Legal Implications of the Mental Health Crisis Among Frontline Healthcare Professionals During COVID-19.},
journal = {Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)},
volume = {62},
number = {2},
pages = {},
pmid = {41752703},
issn = {1648-9144},
mesh = {Humans ; *Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/psychology ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology ; *Burnout, Professional/epidemiology/psychology ; *Health Personnel/psychology/legislation & jurisprudence/statistics & numerical data ; *Medical Errors/statistics & numerical data/psychology/legislation & jurisprudence ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Prevalence ; Mental Health ; },
abstract = {Background and Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an unprecedented mental health crisis among workers in the healthcare field, with average burnout rates increasing from about 32% before the pandemic to 46-52% during peak times and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affecting 24-34% of frontline staff. The primary objective of this article is to synthesize evidence on the prevalence of burnout and PTSD among healthcare workers before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The secondary objectives are: (a) to examine the mechanisms and empirical evidence linking clinician mental health to medical errors and patient safety outcomes and (b) to analyze the medico-legal implications of this relationship, including malpractice liability, institutional responsibility, and opportunities for policy reform. Materials and Methods: We conducted a narrative review searching PubMed (November 2025-January 2026) using predefined keyword combinations. Inclusion criteria comprised original research, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses examining mental health outcomes or patient safety among clinical staff. Data were synthesized narratively across five thematic domains. Results: Burnout prevalence increased from approximately 32% pre-pandemic to 46-52% during peak periods, with emotional exhaustion reaching 67.5% in some settings. PTSD rates rose to 24-34% among frontline staff, exceeding pre-pandemic levels of 15-20%, with ICU staff particularly affected (27-40%). Substantial overlap exists between conditions (86-98% comorbidity). Physician burnout is associated with 2.72 times higher odds of self-reported errors (95% CI: 2.19-3.37), with each point increase in emotional exhaustion raising the error risk by 5-11%. Mechanisms include cognitive impairment (reduced executive function, g = -0.39; impaired working memory, g = -0.36) and sleep disturbance. Malpractice litigation compounds psychological harm, increasing depression and suicidal ideation. Conclusions: This review, synthesizing data from over 500,000 healthcare workers, demonstrates bidirectional relationships among burnout, PTSD, and medical errors with significant medico-legal ramifications. Addressing this crisis requires systemic interventions including workload management, psychological support, blame-free reporting cultures, and policy reforms balancing accountability with recognition of system-level contributors to error.},
}

Humans
*Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology/psychology
*COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology
*Burnout, Professional/epidemiology/psychology
*Health Personnel/psychology/legislation & jurisprudence/statistics & numerical data
*Medical Errors/statistics & numerical data/psychology/legislation & jurisprudence
SARS-CoV-2
Prevalence
Mental Health

@article {pmid41752709,
year = {2026},
author = {Pah, AM and Gavrilescu, DM and Mateescu, DM and Cotet, IG and Craciun, ML and Florescu, E and Crisan, S and Avram, A},
title = {Association of Chronic Hyperglycemia and Glycemic Variability with Mortality in COVID-19: Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies.},
journal = {Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)},
volume = {62},
number = {2},
pages = {},
pmid = {41752709},
issn = {1648-9144},
support = {Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara//Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/mortality/blood/complications ; *Hyperglycemia/mortality/complications ; *Blood Glucose/analysis ; Observational Studies as Topic ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Chronic Disease ; Cohort Studies ; Retrospective Studies ; },
abstract = {Background and Objectives: Dysglycemia is a major determinant of adverse outcomes in COVID-19, yet the separate contributions of poor glycemic control and glycemic variability (GV) remain incompletely defined. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational cohort studies (both prospective and retrospective) to quantify the impact of chronic hyperglycemia and glucose instability on disease severity, intensive care requirements, and mortality in patients with COVID-19. Materials and Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from January 2020 to October 2024 for observational cohort studies reporting clinically relevant COVID-19 outcomes stratified by glycemic control or GV. Dysglycemia definitions varied across studies (HbA1c-based chronic hyperglycemia, fasting glucose, or admission/in-hospital hyperglycemia). GV was assessed using metrics including mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE), standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variation (CV), or maximum daily glucose difference. Twelve studies met inclusion criteria and were included in qualitative synthesis; five studies were eligible for quantitative synthesis of clinical outcomes. Random-effects DerSimonian-Laird models were applied due to anticipated clinical heterogeneity. Heterogeneity was evaluated using Cochran's Q, τ[2], and I[2] statistics. Results: Overall, 12 observational studies (9 prospective and 3 retrospective cohorts; n = 1,008,310 patients) were included. In quantitative analyses of five eligible cohorts, poor glycemic control was associated with a significantly increased risk of severe or critical COVID-19 (pooled RR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.45-2.11; I[2] = 29%), ICU admission (RR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.18-2.01), and mechanical ventilation (RR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.31-2.26). Three studies evaluating GV demonstrated a strong association with adverse outcomes (pooled RR = 2.07, 95% CI: 1.71-2.50; I[2] = 0%); this low heterogeneity should be interpreted cautiously given the limited number of studies. GV remained associated with mortality in multivariable models, indicating that glycemic variability is separately associated with mortality as a clinically relevant prognostic risk marker in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Conclusions: Both chronic hyperglycemia and elevated glycemic variability are each associated with increased risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes. Glycemic variability appeared to be a consistent, low-heterogeneity prognostic marker of mortality, being separately associated with higher death risk in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, highlighting its potential utility as a dynamic metabolic biomarker. Early identification and targeted management of dysglycemia-especially glucose instability-may improve prognosis in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. PROSPERO: CRD420251250718.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/mortality/blood/complications
*Hyperglycemia/mortality/complications
*Blood Glucose/analysis
Observational Studies as Topic
SARS-CoV-2
Chronic Disease
Cohort Studies
Retrospective Studies

@article {pmid41752904,
year = {2026},
author = {Siliste, RN and Benea, S and Homentcovschi, C and Deaconu, T and Caruntu, C and Savulescu-Fiedler, I},
title = {Myocardial and Vascular Involvement in COVID-19 and Post-Vaccination States: Understanding Injury Pathways and Clinical Implications.},
journal = {Life (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {16},
number = {2},
pages = {},
pmid = {41752904},
issn = {2075-1729},
abstract = {Myocardial and vascular injury secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination has emerged as a clinically relevant phenomenon, with distinct but overlapping mechanisms. Myocardial injury in COVID-19 results from a complex interplay between direct viral effects and immune-mediated inflammation, supported by histopathological studies revealing macrophage-rich infiltrates, microthrombosis, and supporting fibrosis in isolated areas. In contrast, vaccine-associated myocarditis-reported predominantly following mRNA vaccines-has a self-limiting clinical course, with mechanisms likely involving molecular mimicry, aberrant immune activation, or hypersensitivity reactions, although these pathways require further validation. Although mRNA vaccines have been associated with a small increase in myocarditis, particularly in young men, the risk is significantly lower than that associated with COVID-19 infection, and the cardiovascular benefits of vaccination far outweigh these rare adverse events in most populations. After the end of the pandemic, the number of patients with severe forms of COVID-19 has decreased significantly, but we consider that cardiac involvement remains an important issue for the acute and long-term prognosis of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our paper synthesizes the latest epidemiological and mechanistic evidence on the link between COVID-19, vaccination, and myocardial and/or vascular injuries, highlighting the clinical implications and providing practical recommendations for management, as well as future perspectives on risk assessment, targeted immunotherapy, advanced diagnostic tools, and long-term monitoring.},
}

@article {pmid41753016,
year = {2026},
author = {Cadena Barberis, ED and Oh, HR and Vélez Ordóñez, LD and Calvopiña, VS and Rodas, JA and Leon-Rojas, JE},
title = {Relationship Between Substance Use and Suicide Behavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Random-Effects Proportions Meta-Analysis.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {15},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {41753016},
issn = {2077-0383},
support = {592.A.XVII.25//Universidad de Las Américas/ ; },
abstract = {Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted social structures, healthcare access, and psychological well-being, potentially intensifying substance use and suicidal behavior. Although both phenomena have been independently studied, their co-occurrence during the pandemic has not been systematically synthesized. To evaluate the prevalence and patterns of suicidal behavior among individuals with substance use during the COVID-19 pandemic through a systematic review and random-effects proportions meta-analysis. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EBSCO Host was conducted from 11 March 2020 to 15 October 2022 for studies published between March 2020 and October 2022. Eligible studies included observational designs reporting substance use and suicidal behavior in adults during the pandemic. Risk of bias was assessed using National Institutes of Health tools. Proportional meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model with Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation. Heterogeneity was quantified using the I[2] statistic. Results: Twenty studies comprising 70,684 individuals were included. Substance use during the pandemic was reported in 24.6 percent of participants, while 30.7 percent exhibited suicidal behavior. A total of 16.1 percent presented with both substance use and suicidal behavior. The pooled prevalence of any suicidal behavior among individuals with substance use was 33.8 percent (95 percent CI, 22.8 to 45.7), with substantial heterogeneity. Alcohol showed a pooled prevalence of 36.2 percent, cannabis 48.1 percent, and tobacco 11.5 percent. Suicidal ideation was the most frequent outcome, with a pooled prevalence of 36.8 percent among substance users. Most studies reported an increased association between substance use and suicidal behavior compared with pre-pandemic periods. Conclusions: Substance use and suicidal behavior frequently co-occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly suicidal ideation and alcohol use. These findings highlight the need for integrated mental health and substance use interventions during public health crises.},
}

@article {pmid41753114,
year = {2026},
author = {Kloni, M and Heraclides, A and Panteli, T and Klonis, A and Rentzias, P and Karagiannis, C},
title = {Incentive Spirometer in COVID-19: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {Journal of clinical medicine},
volume = {15},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {41753114},
issn = {2077-0383},
abstract = {Background/Objectives: COVID-19 and its sequelae have affected millions worldwide, with many individuals experiencing persistent symptoms such as dyspnea, fatigue and reduced quality of life. Respiratory physiotherapy is commonly used to support patients with pulmonary conditions. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effects of the incentive spirometer on cardiopulmonary, functional and patient-reported outcomes in adults during the acute and post-COVID-19 phases. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Clinical Trials.gov and Google Scholar to identify studies published between January 2020 and April 2025. Owing to substantial heterogeneity in study design, populations, interventions and outcome measures, quantitative synthesis was not feasible and findings were synthesized narratively. Results: Twelve studies involving 573 participants were included. Within-group analyses showed improvements in pulmonary outcomes (including FEV1, FVC, and oxygen saturation), reductions in dyspnea, and improvements in quality of life following incentive spirometer. Improvements in pulmonary function were reported primarily in post-COVID-19 populations, whereas reductions in anxiety and improvements in quality of life were reported mainly in acute COVID-19 settings. Between-group comparisons demonstrated statistically significant differences in favor of the incentive spirometer for selected pulmonary and functional outcomes (including FVC, DLCO, oxygen saturation, six-minute walk test, and 30 s sit-to-stand test), while no significant differences were observed for other outcomes such as peak expiratory flow, respiratory rate, or heart rate variability. Randomized controlled trials were judged to have a moderate risk of bias, non-randomized studies a moderate-to-serious risk, and certainty of evidence ranged from very low to moderate. Conclusions: Incentive spirometer may support respiratory, functional, and psychological recovery in adults during the acute and post-COVID-19 phases. However, effects vary across outcomes and comparator interventions, and the overall certainty of evidence is low to moderate. Further high-quality research is required to confirm effectiveness and guide optimal clinical use.},
}

@article {pmid41753604,
year = {2026},
author = {Chen, M and Ren, W and Wu, X and Khan, JM and Nazir, H and Rehman, SU and Ali, F and Li, J},
title = {Insights into Monkeypox Virus: Host Immunity, Viral Immune Evasion, Recent Advances in Vaccines, Therapeutic Development, and Future Perspectives.},
journal = {Microorganisms},
volume = {14},
number = {2},
pages = {},
pmid = {41753604},
issn = {2076-2607},
abstract = {Monkeypox (Mpox), a zoonotic viral disease caused by the Monkeypox Virus (MPXV), has gained significant attention in recent years due to its increasing incidence and the grave threat it poses to global health. MPXV has spread at a rapid pace during the COVID-19 pandemic, causing 10,000+ confirmed cases and ~300 fatalities in 122 countries. This virus comprises two major clades, Clade I (Central African), which is evidently more virulent, and Clade II (West African), which has caused the recent outbreaks across the world and caused fewer deaths. Clinically, Mpox presents as a milder form with fever, lymphadenopathy, and vesiculopustular rash similar to smallpox. Diagnostic measures such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are the main diagnostic confirmatory tools. Advanced diagnostics involve electronic microscopy, serology, and immunohistochemistry. Alternative drugs like tecovirimat and brincidofovir have demonstrated potential for treating smallpox, but there is scanty evidence on their efficacy against MPXV. Most recent advancements in the study of vaccines have resulted in the creation and introduction of MVA-BN (JYNNEOS/Imvanex/Imvamune) and ACAM2000 vaccines, which conferred cross-protection against MPXV. MVA-BN is suggested to perform better than other types due to its enhanced safety and immunogenicity. Researchers are also developing DNA and protein subunit vaccines against Mpox to induce specific immune responses by presenting viral proteins. The discovery of novel vaccine candidates and antiviral treatments will be needed to prevent future outbreaks and reduce the global health burden of Mpox. This review focuses on the characterization of MPXV, summarizing current knowledge on its genomic structure, pathogenesis, replication, potential targets of anti-MPXV drugs, clinical features, and epidemiological patterns, along with recent advances in vaccine development.},
}

@article {pmid41753974,
year = {2026},
author = {Haimi, M},
title = {Nurse-Led Telephone Triage in Contemporary Healthcare: Bridging the Gap Between Patient Need and Resource Allocation.},
journal = {Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {41753974},
issn = {2227-9032},
abstract = {Background: Nurse teletriage has emerged as a component of modern healthcare delivery, utilizing telecommunication technologies to assess patient conditions remotely and guide appropriate care decisions. As healthcare systems face increasing demand and the need for cost-effective care delivery, teletriage services have expanded, particularly following the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: This narrative review examines the current state of nurse teletriage practice, its effectiveness, safety outcomes, and implementation considerations. A comparative analysis with physician-led teletriage models is provided, and the emerging role of artificial intelligence is explored. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was conducted through searches of multiple databases including PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. This approach was selected due to the heterogeneous nature of the teletriage literature, which spans diverse study designs, populations, and outcomes that are not amenable to formal systematic synthesis. Peer-reviewed articles published between 1970 and 2024 examining safety outcomes, effectiveness, and implementation frameworks were reviewed. Results: The available evidence suggests that nurse-led teletriage systems, particularly when supported by computerized decision support systems, can improve patient access to care while maintaining safety standards. Studies indicate that telephone triage nursing does not increase mortality, hospitalization rates, or emergency department referrals when properly implemented. One well-documented physician-led model in Israel reported diagnosis accuracy rates of 98.5% and decision reasonableness rates of 92%, though generalizability across settings requires caution. Key success factors appear to include the use of evidence-based protocols, staff training, technology infrastructure, and quality assurance programs. While these findings are promising, the heterogeneous nature of the included studies and absence of formal quality assessment warrant cautious interpretation. Conclusions: Nurse teletriage appears to be an effective and safe approach to healthcare delivery that addresses challenges in modern healthcare systems. The choice between nurse-led and physician-led models should consider population complexity, case types, available resources, and economic factors. Artificial intelligence technologies offer potential opportunities to enhance teletriage, though careful validation is essential. Future research should focus on long-term outcomes, comparative effectiveness across healthcare systems, and rigorous evaluation of AI applications. Highlights: Telephone triage services, where nurses or physicians assess patients remotely and guide them to appropriate care, have become increasingly important in modern healthcare. This narrative review examines the evidence on nurse-led telephone triage, comparing it with physician-led models and exploring emerging technologies like artificial intelligence. The available evidence suggests that nurse-led systems, when supported by appropriate protocols and training, can safely improve patient access to care while reducing healthcare costs. Physician-led models may offer advantages for complex cases but at higher costs. While artificial intelligence shows promise for enhancing triage accuracy, current evidence specific to telephone triage remains limited. Healthcare organizations should carefully consider their population needs, available resources, and local context when implementing teletriage services.},
}

@article {pmid41754057,
year = {2026},
author = {Malik, Z and Skapetis, T},
title = {A Contemporary Mini-Review of Interprofessional Education and Technology-Assisted Management of Dental Emergencies in the Emergency Department.},
journal = {Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)},
volume = {14},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {41754057},
issn = {2227-9032},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Dental emergencies are increasing in frequency. Numerous studies have reported minimal knowledge and/or skills by emergency department staff regarding dental emergencies. The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted a paradigm shift in emergency dental care management away from traditional management approaches. However, there have been no reviews of contemporary literature pertaining to either technology-assisted or interprofessional education and dental emergency management in the emergency department setting. This mini-review aimed to synthesise current evidence of interprofessional education, utilising technology-assisted modalities, for the management of dental emergencies in hospital emergency departments.

METHODS: A comprehensive search was carried out across four electronic databases, Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and Google Scholar from 2018 to 2025.

RESULTS: A total of three papers were identified and included in the mini-review. Two of the three papers addressed the subject of dental emergencies in the emergency department as a primary finding.

DISCUSSION: Included papers were of low-quality evidence and referenced simulation-based education, tele-dentistry, and artificial intelligence as contemporary approaches relating to dental emergency management.

CONCLUSIONS: This mini-review revealed minimal advances in contemporary approaches relating to both the use of technology-assisted modalities and interprofessional education for the management of dental emergencies within the hospital emergency department setting. This review provides a timely literature update for both the medical and dental professions and identifies a large gap in research surrounding this topic.},
}

@article {pmid41754151,
year = {2026},
author = {Caliman-Sturdza, OA and Gheorghita, RE and Soldanescu, I and Dimian, M and Mangul, S},
title = {Vitamin D in Infectious Diseases: A Narrative Review Focusing on COVID-19, Long COVID, and Influenza.},
journal = {Nutrients},
volume = {18},
number = {4},
pages = {},
pmid = {41754151},
issn = {2072-6643},
mesh = {Humans ; *Vitamin D/therapeutic use/blood/administration & dosage/analogs & derivatives ; *COVID-19/immunology/complications ; *Influenza, Human/immunology/drug therapy ; *Vitamin D Deficiency/immunology/complications/drug therapy ; Dietary Supplements ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Immunity, Innate/drug effects ; Vitamins ; },
abstract = {Vitamin D is a secosteroid hormone traditionally recognized for its role in bone and mineral metabolism, but it is increasingly understood to also function as an important immunomodulator influencing susceptibility to and outcomes of infectious diseases. This narrative review summarizes current evidence on the immunological, clinical, and preventive effects of vitamin D in the context of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (long COVID), and influenza. Mechanistically, vitamin D enhances innate immune defenses through the induction of antimicrobial peptides, including cathelicidin and defensins, and modulates adaptive immunity by suppressing maladaptive Th1/Th17 responses while promoting regulatory T-cell activity. Observational studies have frequently associated vitamin D deficiency with more severe COVID-19 outcomes; however, these associations may be influenced by confounding factors and reverse causality. Some meta-analyses suggest that vitamin D supplementation reduced rates of intensive care unit admission and ventilatory support, particularly among older adults and individuals with low baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations. Emerging evidence also indicates that inadequate vitamin D status may be associated with an increased risk and symptom burden of long COVID, although causality has not been established. In the case of influenza, a limited number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses report a modest but statistically significant reduction in infection risk, especially with daily or weekly vitamin D supplementation in populations with low baseline vitamin D levels. Clinical guidelines consistently recommend maintaining adequate vitamin D status for general health but do not endorse high-dose vitamin D as a treatment for COVID-19 due to inconsistent trial findings. Overall, vitamin D should not be considered a standalone therapeutic agent; rather, maintaining sufficient vitamin D levels represents a low-risk, potentially beneficial strategy to support immune resilience against respiratory viral infections.},
}

Humans
*Vitamin D/therapeutic use/blood/administration & dosage/analogs & derivatives
*COVID-19/immunology/complications
*Influenza, Human/immunology/drug therapy
*Vitamin D Deficiency/immunology/complications/drug therapy
Dietary Supplements
SARS-CoV-2
Immunity, Innate/drug effects
Vitamins

@article {pmid41754526,
year = {2026},
author = {Siniscalchi, C and Basaglia, M and Imbalzano, E and Di Micco, P},
title = {The Platelet-Virus Axis in Human Disease.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {18},
number = {2},
pages = {},
pmid = {41754526},
issn = {1999-4915},
mesh = {Humans ; *Blood Platelets/virology/immunology ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions ; *Virus Diseases/immunology/virology ; SARS-CoV-2/physiology ; COVID-19/immunology ; Platelet Activation ; Thrombosis/virology ; },
abstract = {Platelets have traditionally been viewed as passive cellular elements involved in hemostasis and vascular integrity. However, growing evidence over the last decade has radically changed this paradigm, revealing platelets as dynamic immune and inflammatory effectors that actively participate in host-pathogen interactions. In viral infections, platelets are not merely innocent bystanders but represent key players in a bidirectional and tightly regulated platelet-virus axis that influences viral dissemination, immune activation, endothelial dysfunction, and the development of thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications. Several clinically relevant viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus, HIV, dengue virus, and viral hemorrhagic fever-associated pathogens, have been shown to directly or indirectly interact with platelets through surface receptors, immune complexes, and inflammatory mediators, leading to platelet activation, phenotypic reprogramming, and accelerated clearance. These processes contribute to the paradoxical coexistence of thrombocytopenia and hypercoagulability that characterizes many severe viral diseases. Moreover, platelets can act as immune sentinels by sensing viral components, releasing cytokines and chemokines, forming platelet-leukocyte aggregates, and modulating both innate and adaptive immune responses, thereby shaping the clinical course of infection. In this review, we synthesize current evidence on the molecular and cellular mechanisms governing virus-platelet interactions, with particular emphasis on their role in immune-thrombosis, endothelial injury, and organ dysfunction. We further discuss the clinical implications of platelet dysregulation in viral infections, including its potential value as a biomarker of disease severity and as a therapeutic target. Understanding the platelet-virus axis provides a unifying framework to explain the thrombo-inflammatory phenotype of viral diseases and may open new avenues for risk stratification and targeted interventions in affected patients.},
}

Humans
*Blood Platelets/virology/immunology
*Host-Pathogen Interactions
*Virus Diseases/immunology/virology
SARS-CoV-2/physiology
COVID-19/immunology
Platelet Activation
Thrombosis/virology

@article {pmid41754548,
year = {2026},
author = {Deák, G and Lupu, L and Prangate, R},
title = {A Systematic Review of Methodological Approaches to SARS-CoV-2 Wastewater Surveillance.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {18},
number = {2},
pages = {},
pmid = {41754548},
issn = {1999-4915},
support = {Support to Member States for the establishment of national systems, local collection points and digital infrastructure for the monitoring of COVID-19 and its variants in wastewater-Romania//This work was supported by the European Commission DG Environment [060701/2021/864662/SUB/ENV]. C2] Emergency Support under Council Regulation (EU) 2016/369 as amended by Council Regulation (EU) 2020/521/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification/genetics ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/virology/diagnosis ; *Wastewater/virology ; RNA, Viral/isolation & purification/genetics ; *Wastewater-Based Epidemiological Monitoring ; },
abstract = {Following the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers have increasingly focused on monitoring the spread of the virus and improving methods to detect changes in the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Although clinical surveillance provides direct and reliable results, it has limited applicability. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has therefore emerged as a valuable, non-invasive complementary tool for disease surveillance. It provides a comprehensive picture of virus circulation in a population, including asymptomatic individuals and those who do not seek healthcare. In addition, it facilitates early detection of outbreaks and the collection of epidemiologic data at the community level. However, WBE also presents technical challenges, including variations in sampling and testing protocols, the presence of inhibitors that affect viral RNA extraction, and the need for standardised procedures between studies. These challenges should be addressed for possible future infectious disease outbreaks. One of the challenges facing researchers was to develop efficient methods that could overcome the extraction and detection problems related to inhibitors present in wastewater. To this aim, this systematic review highlights the potential use of WBE, the variety of techniques, and the most effective methods for the detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater samples. A reproducible electronic search of the literature was conducted in the Web of Science (WoS) and PubMed databases for articles published between 2020 and 2024. Our search revealed that the majority of observed WBE applications emphasised a correlation between SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentration trends in wastewater and epidemiological data. Another relevant issue that the articles often discussed and compared was the techniques used in different steps of sample processing, such as sample collection, concentration and detection, hence the lack of standardised procedures. This paper provides a framework regarding previous research on WBE to gain a better understanding that will lead to functional solutions.},
}

Humans
*SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification/genetics
*COVID-19/epidemiology/virology/diagnosis
*Wastewater/virology
RNA, Viral/isolation & purification/genetics
*Wastewater-Based Epidemiological Monitoring

@article {pmid41754590,
year = {2026},
author = {De Stefanis, S and Colavita, F and Maggi, F and Antonioli, M},
title = {SARS-CoV-2 Persistence and the Gut Microbiota: New Insights into Long COVID Pathogenesis.},
journal = {Viruses},
volume = {18},
number = {2},
pages = {},
pmid = {41754590},
issn = {1999-4915},
support = {Ricerca Corrente Linea 1 - Progetto 1 to IRCCS INMI L. Spallanzani//Ministero della Salute/ ; Ricerca di Ateneo 2024- Dipartimento di Biologia (AutoCuRC)//University of Rome Tor Vergata/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/microbiology ; *Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Dysbiosis ; Pandemics ; Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology/virology ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ; Inflammation ; },
abstract = {In December 2019, the world experienced the emergence of a new virus, SARS-CoV-2, which caused the 2020 pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 causes COVID-19, primarily affecting the respiratory system, as well as the gastrointestinal tract. Remarkably, one in eight COVID-19 patients develops Long COVID, which is linked to SARS-CoV-2 persistence in the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in chronic inflammation and microbiota dysregulation. Given that gut microbiota dysbiosis plays a pivotal role in antiviral defense and gastrointestinal conditions, here we examine emerging evidence on how persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection may contribute to the aetiology of enteric disorders. In particular, we emphasise the intricate connection between chronic inflammation caused by persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection (e.g., irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease) and the possible development of diseases such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/microbiology
*Gastrointestinal Microbiome
SARS-CoV-2
Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Dysbiosis
Pandemics
Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology/virology
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Inflammation

@article {pmid41754983,
year = {2026},
author = {Anaya, BJ and Osorio-Vargas, E and Monterrosa-Moreno, S and Tirado, DF and González-Burgos, E and Serrano, DR},
title = {Pulmonary Drug Delivery for Infectious Diseases: Cutting-Edge Formulations and Manufacturing Technologies.},
journal = {Pharmaceutics},
volume = {18},
number = {2},
pages = {},
pmid = {41754983},
issn = {1999-4923},
support = {PID2024-156769OB-I00//Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades/ ; 971089//universidad complutense de Madrid/ ; Call No. 885 of 2020//Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación/ ; },
abstract = {Pulmonary drug delivery has emerged as a powerful strategy for the treatment of respiratory infectious diseases, including bacterial, fungal, and viral infections such as influenza and COVID-19, by enabling high local drug concentrations while minimizing systemic exposure. However, the clinical success of inhaled anti-infective therapies critically depends on the precise engineering of particle properties that govern lung deposition, cellular targeting, and therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we provide a comprehensive and technology-driven overview of cutting-edge formulation and manufacturing strategies for pulmonary drug delivery, with particular emphasis on the key process and formulation parameters required to generate effective inhalable systems for the treatment of infectious diseases. Advanced particle-engineering approaches, including spray drying, spray freeze drying, jet milling, and supercritical fluid technologies are discussed as enabling tools to tightly control aerodynamic particle size, morphology, and solid-state properties. In parallel, emerging platforms such as nanoparticle-based delivery systems are examined for their ability to target specific lung cell populations, including epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages, thereby enhancing antimicrobial efficacy. Finally, innovative manufacturing concepts such as microfluidics and three-dimensional (3D) printing are highlighted as promising strategies to improve particle size uniformity, reproducibility, and formulation customization. By integrating formulation science with advanced manufacturing technologies, this review identifies the critical design and processing parameters that underpin effective pulmonary delivery of anti-infective therapies and outlines future directions for the development of next-generation inhaled treatments.},
}

@article {pmid41755466,
year = {2026},
author = {Zang, N and Wu, Y and Li, P and Liu, Y and Wang, S and Leng, J and Zhan, L and Lyu, X and Pang, L and Wang, J},
title = {Viral Pathogens and Pulmonary Fibrosis: EMT-Driven Mechanisms and Insights From Traditional Chinese Medicine.},
journal = {Reviews in medical virology},
volume = {36},
number = {2},
pages = {e70118},
pmid = {41755466},
issn = {1099-1654},
mesh = {Humans ; *Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/drug effects ; *Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Signal Transduction ; SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity ; COVID-19/virology/complications ; *Virus Diseases/virology/complications/drug therapy ; *Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/virology/drug therapy/pathology ; *Pulmonary Fibrosis/virology ; Animals ; },
abstract = {Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a serious progressive complication of the respiratory system, which is profoundly associated with persistent extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, fibrosis, and disrupted tissue regeneration. Emerging evidence shows that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) acts as a key factor in the pathogenesis of this idiopathic interstitial lung disease by connecting long-lasting epithelial damage to fibroblast accumulation and fibrotic processes. Viral pathogens, particularly emerging and re-emerging viruses, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Influenza Virus, and Dengue Virus (DENV) and also those with oncogenic potential such as Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), have been demonstrated to be significantly associated with impaired epithelial signalling, persistent inflammation, and EMT induction. This underscores the presence of potential mechanistic overlap between viral infections and fibrotic complications of the respiratory system. On the other hand, investigations have also suggested the capacity of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) agents to modulate various EMT-linked pathways, which are simultaneously involved in both viral infections and IPF development. These common signalling pathways include TGF-β, Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/AKT, and NF-κB signalling, acting as potential therapeutic targets against fibrotic complications such as IPF. The present review aims to comprehensively describe current evidence on the dynamic cross-talk between viral pathogens, particularly SARS-CoV-2, Influenza Virus, and DENV, EMT, and lung fibrosis. Additionally, it critically discusses how TCM-derived bioactive agents can interfere with these interconnected processes. This review elucidates the mechanistic basis and therapeutic potential of TCM compounds in lung fibrosis, considering the wider context of virus-related EMT dysregulation.},
}

Humans
*Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/drug effects
*Medicine, Chinese Traditional
Signal Transduction
SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
COVID-19/virology/complications
*Virus Diseases/virology/complications/drug therapy
*Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/virology/drug therapy/pathology
*Pulmonary Fibrosis/virology
Animals

@article {pmid41755747,
year = {2026},
author = {Zuccotti, G and Sassi, R and Vertemati, M and Calcaterra, V},
title = {Advances in pediatrics: new technologies in clinical practice.},
journal = {La Pediatria medica e chirurgica : Medical and surgical pediatrics},
volume = {48},
number = {1},
pages = {},
doi = {10.4081/pmc.2026.380},
pmid = {41755747},
issn = {2420-7748},
mesh = {Humans ; *Pediatrics/trends/methods ; *Telemedicine/trends ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Digital Health ; Artificial Intelligence ; Child ; },
abstract = {Over the past decades, digital innovation has profoundly transformed pediatric care, promoting more integrated, personalized, and continuous models of assistance across hospital, community, and home settings. This contribution explores the impact of three key technological domains: telemedicine, virtual and augmented reality, and artificial intelligence. Telemedicine has expanded access to healthcare services, improved monitoring of chronic conditions, and strengthened communication between healthcare professionals and families. Its rapid development during the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated its value in ensuring continuity of care and supporting vulnerable pediatric populations. Virtual and augmented reality offer new possibilities in surgical planning, medical training, rehabilitation, and psychological support, helping reduce anxiety and pain during procedures while enhancing understanding of clinical pathways. Artificial intelligence enables the analysis of large volumes of clinical and behavioral data, supporting early diagnosis, predictive modeling, and personalized clinical decision-making. Despite these opportunities, the integration of emerging technologies into pediatric practice requires careful attention to ethical, organizational, and educational issues, including data security, equitable access, and professional training. Overall, digital technologies are reshaping pediatrics toward more accessible, efficient, family-centered care.},
}

Humans
*Pediatrics/trends/methods
*Telemedicine/trends
*COVID-19/epidemiology
Digital Health
Artificial Intelligence
Child

@article {pmid41756288,
year = {2026},
author = {Guan, C and Zhang, R and Zhao, P and Zhang, Y and Yu, L and Cui, H and Jiang, L and Wu, T and Liu, F and Wu, Y and Huang, L and Nan, H and Wang, J and Xu, P},
title = {Association between vaccination and myasthenia gravis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {Frontiers in immunology},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1739730},
pmid = {41756288},
issn = {1664-3224},
mesh = {Humans ; *Myasthenia Gravis/immunology/epidemiology ; *Vaccination/adverse effects ; *SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; *COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/adverse effects ; *COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology ; Vaccine Efficacy ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by fluctuating muscle weakness due to impaired neuromuscular transmission. Vaccination remains a cornerstone of infectious disease prevention, yet concerns persist regarding potential autoimmune exacerbation in susceptible individuals. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize available evidence on the association between vaccination and MG, evaluating both vaccine effectiveness and safety in this population.

METHODS: Observational studies in cohort or case-control formats were identified through systematic searches of PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, SinoMed, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP databases from inception to June 24, 2025. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using fixed- or random-effects models based on heterogeneity. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger's test.

RESULTS: Five studies encompassing 27,193 participants (22,618 vaccinated and 4,575 unvaccinated) met inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis demonstrated a significant protective effect of vaccination against COVID-19 infection (fixed-effects model: OR = 0.23, 95% CI [0.20-0.26], P < 0.001). Conversely, vaccination was not associated with a statistically significant increase in MG exacerbation (random-effects model: OR = 0.67, 95% CI [0.10-4.54], P = 0.68).

CONCLUSIONS: This study provides quantitative evidence that COVID-19 vaccination effectively reduces infection risk without significantly increasing MG exacerbation. These findings support the safety and clinical utility of vaccination in MG patients, emphasizing the need for individualized risk-benefit assessment and ongoing pharmacovigilance in this population.

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD420251078995.},
}

Humans
*Myasthenia Gravis/immunology/epidemiology
*Vaccination/adverse effects
*SARS-CoV-2/immunology
*COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/adverse effects
*COVID-19/prevention & control/immunology
Vaccine Efficacy

@article {pmid41756780,
year = {2026},
author = {Ferriero, AM and Di Lella, R and Farroni, C and Aiello, A and Giarratano, A and Todaro, M and Bocci, MG and Nicastri, E and Goletti, D},
title = {Host-pathogen interaction in community-acquired pneumonia: a focus on the immune response.},
journal = {Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology},
volume = {16},
number = {},
pages = {1731074},
pmid = {41756780},
issn = {2235-2988},
mesh = {Humans ; *Community-Acquired Infections/immunology/epidemiology/microbiology/diagnosis/virology ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology ; Immunity, Innate ; Adaptive Immunity ; *Pneumonia/immunology/epidemiology/microbiology/diagnosis/virology ; Biomarkers ; Streptococcus pneumoniae/immunology ; Community-Acquired Pneumonia ; },
abstract = {Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, affecting individuals of all ages. Various pathogens can cause this condition, and growing antibiotic resistance makes treatment more difficult while raising the risk of severe outcomes. Despite substantial advances in diagnostics, antimicrobial therapy, and supportive care, CAP continues to represent a significant clinical and public health challenge. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of CAP, summarizing key aspects of its epidemiology, pathogen frequency, and recent progress in diagnostic tools and biomarkers. We also describe the innate and adaptive immune responses involved in CAP, with a particular focus on pneumonia caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, respiratory syncytial virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and Influenza A and B viruses. A deeper understanding of CAP immunopathogenesis may support the development of improved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for pneumonia management.},
}

Humans
*Community-Acquired Infections/immunology/epidemiology/microbiology/diagnosis/virology
*Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
Immunity, Innate
Adaptive Immunity
*Pneumonia/immunology/epidemiology/microbiology/diagnosis/virology
Biomarkers
Streptococcus pneumoniae/immunology
Community-Acquired Pneumonia

@article {pmid41757222,
year = {2026},
author = {Ravinetto, R and Bottieau, E and Fusco, D and Marrone, R and Van Den Broucke, S and Tarrafeta-Sayas, MB and Rinaldi, L and Losada-Galván, I and Calleri, G and Albonico, M},
title = {Inequitable access to medicines for neglected tropical diseases in Europe: health system vulnerabilities and a call for coordinated action.},
journal = {The Lancet regional health. Europe},
volume = {63},
number = {},
pages = {101616},
pmid = {41757222},
issn = {2666-7762},
abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the vulnerability of the European medicine supply systems, but the lack of access to medicines for diseases of poverty, including neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), is unfrequently brought to the attention of the European policy makers. As a result, clinicians in Europe are forced to "bricolage solutions" to treat NTDs: ad hoc donations from companies, product-specific donations via the World Health Organization (WHO) or WHO collaborating centres, case-by-case importation -sometimes from poorly regulated countries-, and possibly the recourse to compounding pharmacies. Noteworthy, NTDs are unlikely to decrease in the next years in Europe, due to increasing global mobility, and climate change expanding the parasites' habitat. This serious but neglected problem was discussed at the 2025 European Congress in Tropical Medicine and International Health (ECTMIH) in Hamburg, Germany. This viewpoint analyses the availability, affordability and accessibility challenges in some countries in Europe, and their consequences at patient and health system level. It also proposes a set of interconnected recommendations and policy measures to make quality-assured medicines for NTDs sustainably available and affordable across Europe. Restoring access to these essential and sometimes life-saving medicines is critical for restoring the right to health for all in Europe, while protecting continental public health.},
}

@article {pmid41758742,
year = {2026},
author = {Al-Talhi, AA and AlRajhi, B and Almalki, AHS and Alqazenli, M and AlGhamdi, MA and Munhish, FA and Sumaily, I},
title = {Effectiveness of Intranasal Insulin for the Treatment of Olfactory Dysfunction: A Systematic Review.},
journal = {ORL; journal for oto-rhino-laryngology and its related specialties},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {1-11},
doi = {10.1159/000550990},
pmid = {41758742},
issn = {1423-0275},
abstract = {INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness and safety of intranasal insulin (INI) for the treatment of olfactory dysfunction (OD) in patients with anosmia and/or hyposmia compared to placebo or no treatment.

METHODS: We searched four databases: Medline, Scopus, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), and Springer Nature. The study protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (ID: CRD42023456891). The protocol design was in accordance with the PRISMA. Participants with hyposmia or anosmia aged ≥18 years were included. Patients with an altered sense of smell due to anatomical malformations, trauma, neurodegenerative diseases, surgery, or intranasal lesions were excluded from the study.

RESULTS: Five studies with 131 participants were included. There were 131 participants, of whom 63 were men and 68 were women. The participants' ages ranged from 16 to 56 years. Almost all studies used a dose of 40 IU, except one that used different doses for different participants. Glycemic assessment was performed in three studies, which showed a very slight decrease in glucose, except in one study in which the drop in glucose reached 10.4 mg/dL. All studies agreed that olfactory function improved after INI administration.

CONCLUSION: This systematic review concluded that INI can be an effective treatment option for patients with OD. However, further well-designed clinical trials are required to establish robust clinical recommendations.},
}

@article {pmid41759616,
year = {2026},
author = {Girndt, M},
title = {Vaccinations to Prevent Infections in Adult Individuals With CKD and After Kidney Transplantation: A Review.},
journal = {American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation},
volume = {87},
number = {6},
pages = {841-851},
doi = {10.1053/j.ajkd.2025.10.021},
pmid = {41759616},
issn = {1523-6838},
mesh = {Humans ; *Kidney Transplantation/adverse effects ; *Vaccination/methods ; *Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications/immunology ; Adult ; Influenza Vaccines ; },
abstract = {Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially those undergoing dialysis, are at high risk of infections that lead to hospitalizations, morbidity, and mortality. Influenza, pneumococcal pneumonia, and respiratory syncytial virus infections account for a significant proportion of typical infectious complications and are preventable by vaccination. The immune system is weakened in CKD, reducing vaccination efficacy. Additionally, some patients with CKD receive immunosuppressive medications. The reduced seroreactivity to various vaccines must be considered when selecting vaccines, vaccine doses, and schedules for patients with CKD. Vaccinations are generally safe in CKD and should be widely used in accordance with public health recommendations to reduce morbidity. Immunosuppression after kidney transplant further impairs vaccination responses. Nevertheless, vaccinations can still be effective and provide protection in a relevant number of patients. Patients who have received transplants should generally not receive live vaccines because of the risk of vaccine-induced complications. Vaccination is usually recommended 6 months after transplant, when immunosuppression is less intense than in the early months. This approach may conflict with seasonal vaccinations, which are often omitted. Data show that at least the influenza vaccination can be administered as early as 4 weeks after transplant without additional risk. In all patients with CKD or posttransplant status, omitting recommended vaccinations is a missed opportunity to prevent relevant infectious complications.},
}

Humans
*Kidney Transplantation/adverse effects
*Vaccination/methods
*Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications/immunology
Adult
Influenza Vaccines

@article {pmid41760558,
year = {2026},
author = {Laudani, C and Bujak, K and Occhipinti, G and Rinaldi, R and Imbesi, A and Sanchez, JS and Galli, M and Abbate, A and Ortega-Paz, L and Capodanno, D and Angiolillo, DJ},
title = {Safety and Efficacy of Colchicine across the Spectrum of Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 20 Randomized Trials.},
journal = {Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics},
volume = {119},
number = {6},
pages = {1431-1439},
doi = {10.1002/cpt.70246},
pmid = {41760558},
issn = {1532-6535},
mesh = {Humans ; *Colchicine/adverse effects/therapeutic use/administration & dosage ; *Coronary Artery Disease/drug therapy ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Treatment Outcome ; },
abstract = {Recent evidence questioned the overall safety and efficacy of colchicine in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), as novel evidence focusing on acute coronary syndromes (ACSs) gave neutral results, while trials focusing on chronic coronary syndrome supported colchicine administration to improve long-term outcomes. However, no study has ever explored whether there is a true therapeutic difference across the populations or these discrepancies are due to additional confounders. Against this background, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials of colchicine in patients with CAD. The primary endpoints were trial-defined major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and serious adverse events (SAEs). Secondary endpoints included all-cause death, measures of ischemia (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction [MI], any revascularization, stroke) and measures of safety (serious infections or sepsis and gastrointestinal adverse events). All analyses included an interaction term for the clinical presentation. Sensitivity analyses were performed to explore sources of heterogeneity. After literature search, 20 trials encompassing a total of 21,486 patients (65.4% ACS) were included. Colchicine significantly reduced MACE (incidence rate ratio [IRR]: 0.70; 95% CI 0.55-0.87) without increasing risk for SAEs. Colchicine also reduced MI (IRR 0.81; 95% CI 0.70-0.94) and any revascularization (IRR 0.71; 95% CI 0.51-0.99), while increasing the risk of gastrointestinal adverse events (IRR 1.68; 95% CI 1.23-2.28). No statistically significant interaction was noted for clinical presentation for any endpoint, but a significant interaction for the drug dosage administered and the relationship with the COVID-19 pandemic was noted. In conclusion, the use of colchicine in patients with CAD reduces MACE without significantly increasing SAEs compared to control, although increasing gastrointestinal adverse events, without interaction by clinical presentation.},
}

Humans
*Colchicine/adverse effects/therapeutic use/administration & dosage
*Coronary Artery Disease/drug therapy
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Treatment Outcome

@article {pmid41761197,
year = {2026},
author = {Yu, E and Wang, M and Berdugo, J and Towheed, S and Yang, J and Moosavi, I and Lalji-Mawji, S and Czapla, CS and Ostermeyer, BK and Olagunju, AT},
title = {Mental health issues and associated factors amongst healthcare workers in US forensic-correctional settings: a systematic review of literature since the COVID-19 pandemic.},
journal = {BMC health services research},
volume = {26},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41761197},
issn = {1472-6963},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology ; *Health Personnel/psychology ; United States/epidemiology ; *Mental Disorders/epidemiology ; *Prisons ; *Mental Health ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Risk Factors ; },
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Healthcare professionals provide essential services to populations in the criminal justice system, often at the expense of their own well-being. This review synthesized literature findings on mental health challenges faced by healthcare professionals working in the US forensic-correctional settings since the COVID-19 pandemic. We investigated the prevalence of mental health conditions, their risk-protective factors, the impacts of these mental health issues on workplace retention, and highlighted relevant recommendations.

METHODS: This study followed PRISMA guidelines. A comprehensive search of major databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Embase) was conducted and supplemented with citation chaining to identify eligible reports spanning January 1st 2020 up to March 18th, 2025. Article screening, full-text review, and data extraction were completed by two independent investigators. Study quality was assessed using the NIH tool for quantitative studies and the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) framework for qualitative studies.

RESULTS: A total of 10,005 identified reports were screened, with seven fair-to-good eligible studies included in the final review. Both quantitative (n = 4) and qualitative (n = 3) studies were included, and spanned multiple states, with most studies (n = 3, 42.9%) conducted in California. Healthcare workers reported various mental health conditions such as depression (48%), anxiety (18.8-51.1%), sleep disorders (17.4%), burnout (47.2%) and PTSD (49.3%), albeit significant heterogeneity constrains comparative analysis. Qualitatively, workers experienced considerable isolation, personality shifts, and cognitive dissonance. Risk factors predictive of mental health conditions included increased workload (β = 0.18, p < 0.001), workplace conflict (β = 0.15, p < 0.001), female sex (β = 0.10, p = 0.04), younger age, chronic medical conditions (β = 0.09, p = 0.03), fears around COVID-19 (β = 0.14, p < 0.001), and a lack of pandemic safety training (p = 0.033). Protective factors included resilience, administrator and peer support, access to needed resources, and a sense of fulfilment and purpose from working with populations in forensic-correctional settings.

CONCLUSIONS: Systemic reforms including decreased mandatory overtime, staffing, workload distribution, organizational support, training, improved communication, access to adequate resources and psychosocial interventions may help promote wellness and optimize the ability of healthcare workers to provide care in forensic-correctional settings. However, the preliminary nature of the study findings suggests caution in their interpretations. Further high-quality research is needed to support evidence-informed decision-making and translation.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology
*Health Personnel/psychology
United States/epidemiology
*Mental Disorders/epidemiology
*Prisons
*Mental Health
SARS-CoV-2
Risk Factors

@article {pmid41761653,
year = {2026},
author = {Gavor, E and Choong, YK and Singh, S and Sivaraman, H and Yin, ES and Sivaraman, J},
title = {Structural Basis of MERS-CoV Receptor Interactions and Antibody Neutralisations.},
journal = {Reviews in medical virology},
volume = {36},
number = {2},
pages = {e70113},
pmid = {41761653},
issn = {1099-1654},
support = {//J.S. acknowledges partial support from Ministry of Education, Singapore grants R154-000-A72114, R-154-000-B03-112, and R-154-000-697-112./ ; },
mesh = {*Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/immunology/chemistry/genetics ; Humans ; *Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology ; *Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; Animals ; *Coronavirus Infections/virology/immunology/prevention & control ; *Receptors, Virus/chemistry/metabolism ; *Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; Protein Binding ; },
abstract = {Increasing outbreaks of coronaviruses underscore the importance of antivirals and vaccines that can combat a wide range of coronaviruses. Neutralising antibodies (nAbs), along with vaccines and small-molecule drugs, are among the most promising treatments and prevention options against coronaviruses. Here, we focus on Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and discuss receptor usage and current progress in antibody research against MERS-CoV infections. First detected in Saudi Arabia and Jordan in 2012, MERS-CoV is a lethal zoonotic pathogen. MERS-CoV infections have been reported by 27 countries between April 2012 till now, with 953 deaths (∼35% mortality) (5 new infections and 4 fatalities reported as of 1 October 2024). WHO identified MERS-CoV as a high-threat pathogen due to its severity, high mortality rate, and potential for epidemic or pandemic spread with recent outbreaks and deaths raising more concerns amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. As of now, there is no antiviral drugs or vaccine against MERS-CoV available. Here we provide a perspective on receptor usage, the risk of MERS-CoV and other CoVs evolution on future pandemics, and the mechanisms of MERS-CoV-derived nAbs. We offer insight into how these antibodies cross-react and cross-neutralise by analysing available structures of spike glycoprotein-antibody complexes. This review provides an update and a basis for the development of antibodies and vaccines for MERS-CoV, and possibly for the designing of next-generation pan-coronavirus vaccines and antivirals.},
}

*Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/immunology/chemistry/genetics
Humans
*Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
*Antibodies, Viral/immunology
Animals
*Coronavirus Infections/virology/immunology/prevention & control
*Receptors, Virus/chemistry/metabolism
*Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry/immunology/metabolism
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
Protein Binding

@article {pmid41761906,
year = {2026},
author = {Morand-Grondin, D and Berthod, J and Sigouin, J and Beaulieu-Bonneau, S and Kairy, D},
title = {Paving the road for more ethical and equitable policies and practices in telerehabilitation in psychology and neuropsychology: A rapid review.},
journal = {Health informatics journal},
volume = {32},
number = {1},
pages = {14604582261431026},
doi = {10.1177/14604582261431026},
pmid = {41761906},
issn = {1741-2811},
mesh = {Humans ; *Neuropsychology/ethics/methods ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Telerehabilitation/ethics ; Telemedicine/ethics ; Canada ; *Psychology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {BackgroundTelerehabilitation (TR) has been increasingly used to deliver psychological and neuropsychological care remotely, especially since the COVID-19 pandemic. As health services continue to shift toward telehealth, ensuring ethical and equitable TR delivery is essential to establish sustainable TR models.ObjectiveThe objective of this review is to synthesize existing evidence on the ethical and equity-related benefits and pitfalls associated with the use of TR in a psychological and neuropsychological context for individuals with physical disabilities.MethodsThis rapid review included reviews (2010-2020) and original studies (2020-2023) that focused on TR interventions for people with physical disabilities in the context of psychology and neuropsychology rehabilitation.ResultsA total of 16 reviews and 82 original articles were included. Key ethical concerns centered around privacy, confidentiality, caregiver burden, and clinician-patient relationship quality. Equity concerns centered around access disparities (e.g., geographic location, income), digital literacy, and demographic underrepresentation.ConclusionThis review is part of a pan-Canadian initiative aimed at informing policy development and clinical practice in TR. Findings highlight the need for clear guidelines and targeted interventions to ensure that TR in psychology and neuropsychology is both ethically sound and equitable.},
}

Humans
*Neuropsychology/ethics/methods
COVID-19/epidemiology
*Telerehabilitation/ethics
Telemedicine/ethics
Canada
*Psychology
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid41762078,
year = {2026},
author = {Wimalasundera, MO and Mohammad, ZMW and Choudhury, S and Mandour, Y},
title = {Understanding E-Consent in Anaesthesia: A Review of Clinical, Legal, and Ethical Dimensions.},
journal = {British journal of hospital medicine (London, England : 2005)},
volume = {87},
number = {2},
pages = {50953},
doi = {10.31083/BJHM50953},
pmid = {41762078},
issn = {1759-7390},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; *Informed Consent/legislation & jurisprudence/ethics ; *Anesthesia/ethics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Artificial Intelligence ; *Anesthesiology/legislation & jurisprudence/ethics ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {The integration of electronic consent (e-consent) into anaesthetic practice has accelerated since the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, offering new opportunities to enhance patient autonomy, documentation fidelity, and clinical efficiency. This review examines the clinical, legal, and ethical dimensions of e-consent, situating it within the statutory and common law frameworks, such as the Mental Capacity Act 2005 and the principles established in Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board. It further interrogates the challenges posed by digital exclusion, cybersecurity vulnerabilities, and the environmental implications of transitioning to digital platforms. The emerging role of artificial intelligence in tailoring and strengthening consent processes is explored, while highlighting the imperative to preserve ethical integrity and legal validity.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
*Informed Consent/legislation & jurisprudence/ethics
*Anesthesia/ethics
SARS-CoV-2
Artificial Intelligence
*Anesthesiology/legislation & jurisprudence/ethics
Pandemics

@article {pmid41763558,
year = {2026},
author = {Li, M and Sharma, K and Chon, JE and Yehia, NA and Retnakaran, R and Harris, SB and Hanley, AJ},
title = {The impact of COVID-19 illness on metabolic phenotypes underlying type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review.},
journal = {Diabetes research and clinical practice},
volume = {235},
number = {},
pages = {113163},
doi = {10.1016/j.diabres.2026.113163},
pmid = {41763558},
issn = {1872-8227},
mesh = {Humans ; *Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism/complications/epidemiology ; *COVID-19/metabolism/complications/epidemiology ; *Insulin Resistance/physiology ; Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism ; Phenotype ; SARS-CoV-2 ; },
abstract = {We aimed to systematically review literature investigating the impact of COVID-19 on insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction in humans. Ovid MEDLINE and Embase were searched for studies published between December 2019 and May 2024. Observational studies examining adults with no history of type 2 diabetes comparing the development of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction between COVID-19 exposed groups vs. controls were included. Risk of bias was assessed using adapted Newcastle-Ottawa and Joanna Briggs Institute scales. Among 6901 studies screened, 10 met the inclusion criteria. Across these studies, 37 individual measures of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction were reported. Insulin resistance worsened significantly in 16 of 25 (64.0%) comparisons, whereas beta-cell dysfunction worsened significantly in 7 of 12 (58.3%) measures among COVID-19 patients when compared to controls. Five studies were considered low risk of bias. COVID-19 was associated with worsened insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction, suggesting infection may be a metabolic stressor that overwhelms gluco-regulatory mechanisms. Results, especially those for beta-cell function, should be interpreted cautiously given methodological limitations in the utilized measures. These findings highlight the pathophysiological aspects of type-2 diabetes impacted by COVID-19 infection and support the development of targeted monitoring and therapeutic strategies.},
}

Humans
*Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism/complications/epidemiology
*COVID-19/metabolism/complications/epidemiology
*Insulin Resistance/physiology
Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
Phenotype
SARS-CoV-2

@article {pmid41764591,
year = {2026},
author = {Çivilidağ, A and Durmaz, Ş},
title = {The relationship of flexible working arrangements on work-family conflict, work-life balance and organizational commitment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
journal = {BMC psychology},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41764591},
issn = {2050-7283},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Technological advances and the COVID–19 pandemic have fundamentally reshaped the global work landscape, establishing flexible work arrangements (FWAs)—such as schedule flexibility and remote work—as a permanent feature of contemporary employment. This shift necessitates a rigorous quantitative synthesis of how FWAs relate to critical employee and organizational outcomes. This study examines the associations between FWAs and work–life balance (WLB), work–family conflict (WFC), and organizational commitment (OC).

METHODS: A systematic review and meta–analysis was conducted across five electronic databases. Initially, 3,777 records were identified. Following the application of strict inclusion and quality criteria, 38 studies from 19 countries (N = 83,951) were selected for analysis. Data were synthesized using the Comprehensive Meta–Analysis (CMA 3.0) software, employing a random–effects model to calculate pooled effect sizes.

RESULTS: The findings revealed significant and relatively large positive correlations between FWAs and WLB (r = .39, p < .001) and between FWAs and OC (r = .29, p < .001). Conversely, while the correlation between FWAs and WFC was positive (r= .25), it was statistically non–significant (p > .05). Meta–regression identified between countries the level of economic development as a significant moderator (p < .001), with the positive relationship of flexibility being significantly more pronounced in developed countries compared to developing nations.

CONCLUSION: This meta–analysis provides robust evidence that FWAs are an effective strategic tool for enhancing WLB and substantially strengthening OC. However, their impact on reducing WFC remains less conclusive and is highly context–sensitive. Organizations are encouraged to formally adopt and support FWAs to improve employee well–being and foster loyalty, while remaining mindful of the macro–level institutional frameworks that shape flexibility outcomes.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40359-026-04216-y.},
}

@article {pmid41765322,
year = {2026},
author = {Yezli, S and Bonanni, P and Dinleyici, EC and Divyesh, T and Kumar, V and Leng, S and Coste, F and Taha, MK},
title = {Invasive meningococcal disease rebound in older adults post-COVID-19 pandemic: A targeted literature and surveillance review.},
journal = {International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases},
volume = {166},
number = {},
pages = {108502},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108502},
pmid = {41765322},
issn = {1878-3511},
mesh = {Humans ; *COVID-19/epidemiology ; Aged ; *Meningococcal Infections/epidemiology/mortality ; Incidence ; Neisseria meningitidis ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Serogroup ; Aged, 80 and over ; Pandemics ; },
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), caused by Neisseria meningitidis, remains a significant public health concern due to its rapid progression, high case fatality rate (CFR), and evolving epidemiology. Recent trends suggest a demographic shift toward older adults. This review examined post-COVID-19 changes in IMD epidemiology among adults aged ≥65 years, including regional variations, serogroup distribution, and mortality.

METHODS: A targeted literature review was conducted using OVID (Embase, MEDLINE) following PICOS-T criteria, including full-text English-language studies published between January 2021 and June 2024, supplemented by surveillance reports.

RESULTS: Of 1639 records screened, four peer-reviewed publications and ten surveillance reports met inclusion criteria. During the COVID-19 pandemic, IMD incidence declined sharply across all age groups, including older adults. Post-pandemic data indicate a re-emergence of IMD among older populations, with incidence in several regions returning to or exceeding pre-pandemic levels by 2023. Across multiple locations, serogroup Y emerged as the dominant or increasingly prevalent serogroup among older adults. CFR varied by region and serogroup and consistently remained high in this age group.

CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate the re-emergence of IMD among older adults and highlight the need for strengthened IMD surveillance and serogroup monitoring in this population, to guide prevention strategies and inform public health policy.},
}

Humans
*COVID-19/epidemiology
Aged
*Meningococcal Infections/epidemiology/mortality
Incidence
Neisseria meningitidis
SARS-CoV-2
Serogroup
Aged, 80 and over
Pandemics

@article {pmid41765382,
year = {2026},
author = {Ratnasabesar, V and Kunadian, V},
title = {Health inequalities across England and their impact on cardiovascular diseases.},
journal = {Heart (British Cardiac Society)},
volume = {},
number = {},
pages = {},
doi = {10.1136/heartjnl-2025-327508},
pmid = {41765382},
issn = {1468-201X},
abstract = {Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains one of the leading causes of mortality in England, with its burden disproportionately concentrated in the North. Studies in the last few decades have highlighted that factors such as low education, high levels of unemployment, poor housing and reduced access to healthy food are strongly associated with the higher incidence of lifestyle risks-smoking, obesity and physical inactivity. These in turn increase rates of hypertension, dyslipidaemia and diabetes in the population. Beyond lifestyle factors, psychosocial mechanisms such as chronic stress and associated increase in allostatic load, due to long-standing deprivation, contribute to the biological risk of CVD. Early life disadvantage, ethnic and gender inequalities, and delayed management of intermediate risk factors further exacerbate the regional divide in England. Furthermore, the long-term impacts of COVID-19 and healthcare-associated national policies, including austerity-related funding deductions, have intensified pre-existing disparities. Evidence demonstrates that current preventative strategies, such as the National Health Service Health Check, have had limited success in reaching underserved communities, highlighting the need for targeted therapies. The National Institute of Health and Care Research Inequalities Challenge is a remarkable opportunity for the United Kingdom's (UK) leading research organisations to help tackle these inequalities associated with CVD and make a significant difference. Without such efforts, the excess CVD burden is likely to persist, perpetuating entrenched health inequalities. This review examines the different social determinants of health underlying these disparities, with a particular focus on socioeconomic deprivation, lifestyle risk factors, environmental and structural issues.},
}

@article {pmid41766004,
year = {2026},
author = {Halawi, M},
title = {Disparities in Outpatient and Short-Stay Arthroplasty Surgery: a Critical Review and Proposed Equity-Centered Framework.},
journal = {Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine},
volume = {19},
number = {1},
pages = {},
pmid = {41766004},
issn = {1935-973X},
abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Over the past decade, outpatient and short-stay total joint arthroplasty (TJA) has transitioned from exception to expectation, driven by enhanced recovery protocols, regulatory changes, and the COVID-19 pandemic. This review synthesizes evidence from 2015 to 2025 regarding inequities in this transition, clarifies key definitions and methodological challenges, and examines the contributing factors and controversies surrounding equitable access to ambulatory surgery.

RECENT FINDINGS: Evidence indicates a widening gap in access and outcomes based on race, ethnicity, and gender. Black and Hispanic patients remain significantly less likely than White patients to undergo outpatient TJA, even when controlling for clinical comorbidities. Recent data also suggests that residence in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods is associated with longer lengths of stay and higher early healthcare utilization. Furthermore, sex-based differences have emerged in postoperative pain management, with women demonstrating higher rates of opioid exposure and persistence. While younger, healthier, and privately insured patients have disproportionately benefited from outpatient pathways, those with public insurance or higher comorbidity burdens face persistent structural barriers to candidacy and safe discharge.

SUMMARY: Achieving equitable outpatient TJA requires a shift from exclusionary risk-screening to an equity-centered framework. This proposed model spans inclusive candidacy, optimization through prehabilitation, care navigation, and the use of site-of-service metrics. Ultimately, mitigating these disparities will require coordinated, multilevel action across policy reform, clinical practice innovation, and community engagement to ensure that the benefits of surgical innovation are accessible to all patient populations.},
}

@article {pmid41766626,
year = {2026},
author = {Jones, M and Krockow, EM and Tromans, SJ and Mukaetova-Ladinska, EB},
title = {Antidepressant prescribing trends for adult patients in the UK and Ireland during the COVID-19 pandemic: systematic review.},
journal = {BJPsych open},
volume = {12},
number = {2},
pages = {e77},
pmid = {41766626},
issn = {2056-4724},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Recent decades have seen a steady increase in antidepressant prescribing, but little is known about prescribing trends during and following the COVID-19 pandemic.

AIMS: This preregistered systematic review, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, aimed to investigate antidepressant prescribing trends for adults in the UK and Republic of Ireland during and after the pandemic. It also compared prescriptions by drug and location.

METHOD: We searched six databases: APA PsycInfo, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Scopus, medRxiv and Preprints.org. The review included primary research articles reporting trends in antidepressant prescriptions, including at least one time point after March 2020 in the UK and Republic of Ireland. This review has been preregistered on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42024498503).

RESULTS: We identified 7,320 studies, of which ten met the search criteria for the review. Studies were grouped on the basis of time period (2020: n = 5; 2021: n = 3; 2022: n = 2), location (England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland, UK) and drug type (serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclics, and others (e.g. monoamine oxidase inhibitors)). Most studies (eight of ten) demonstrated increased antidepressant prescribing over time. Two studies highlighted a decrease between March and May 2020. Demographic variables reflected higher rates of prescribing for women, and the modal group receiving antidepressants comprised middle-aged adults.

CONCLUSIONS: The commonly reported increase in antidepressant prescribing corroborates pre-pandemic trends and may suggest further, increased demands for mental health support to meet the unique challenges of the pandemic. Future research is required to evaluate the appropriateness of treatment decisions and to explore psychosocial factors that influence individual prescribing choices.},
}

@article {pmid41766628,
year = {2026},
author = {Szemray, H and Lawler, NG and Lodge, S and Wist, J and Whiley, L},
title = {Dynamic Lipidomic Responses to Inflammation and Physical Insult: A Comparative Review Across Blunt Force Trauma, Thermal Burn Injury, and Viral Infection.},
journal = {Expert reviews in molecular medicine},
volume = {28},
number = {},
pages = {e11},
pmid = {41766628},
issn = {1462-3994},
support = {//Dementia Australia Research Foundation/ ; },
mesh = {Humans ; *Lipidomics/methods ; *Burns/metabolism/blood ; *COVID-19/metabolism ; *Inflammation/metabolism ; *Brain Injuries, Traumatic/metabolism ; *Lipid Metabolism ; Biomarkers/blood ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Lipids/blood ; },
abstract = {Acute insults ranging from blunt force trauma and thermal injury to pathogenic infection elicit systemic inflammatory cascades intended to limit further tissue damage. These responses are accompanied by metabolic disturbances that generate distinct biochemical signatures measurable through advanced analytical platforms, such as mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Although numerous studies have examined these metabolic alterations, findings remain fragmented across clinical and analytical disciplines, leaving it unclear whether the systemic metabolic response to acute insult is fundamentally conserved or insult-specific. In this comparative review, we consolidate evidence across diverse injury and infection contexts to identify shared metabolic patterns, context-dependent differences, and critical gaps in current understanding. Here, we focus on lipid and lipoprotein profiling of blood plasma and serum. We present exemplar case studies spanning traumatic brain injury, burn injury, and SARS-CoV-2 infection to illustrate how lipid and lipoprotein perturbations differ or converge across insult types. Notable observations include consistently elevated palmitic acid (16:0) and reduced phosphatidylcholine species across all three conditions, suggesting these features may represent cross-condition biomarkers and highlighting the value of comparative metabolic profiling. By integrating evidence across diverse contexts, we propose a framework describing the interplay between lipid metabolism, lipoprotein dynamics, and inflammatory activation. Finally, we discuss the translational potential of metabolic phenotyping in enhancing patient stratification, refining prognostic modelling, and improving patient outcomes.},
}

Humans
*Lipidomics/methods
*Burns/metabolism/blood
*COVID-19/metabolism
*Inflammation/metabolism
*Brain Injuries, Traumatic/metabolism
*Lipid Metabolism
Biomarkers/blood
SARS-CoV-2
Lipids/blood

@article {pmid41767143,
year = {2026},
author = {Liu, SC and Cheah, KSL and Syed Ali, SKB and Qu, HM and Wang, ZL},
title = {A bibliometric and visualization analysis for global research trends in Wushu and mental health (1981-2024).},
journal = {Frontiers in psychiatry},
volume = {17},
number = {},
pages = {1737574},
pmid = {41767143},
issn = {1664-0640},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Mental health has become one of the most urgent public health issues in the 21st century, and the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly increased this problem. As a traditional mind-body practice, Wushu (e.g., Tai Chi, Qigong) is increasingly recognized for its therapeutic potential in mental health. However, bibliometric studies in this eld remain scarce.

METHODS: This study aims to visualize the Wushu and mental health (WMH) related research through bibliometric analysis of the Web of Science database (1981-2024). It examines publication trends, core journals, international collaboration, leading authors, and thematic evolution. A systematic search using Boolean operators identified 536 articles. To conduct a complementary analysis of the findings, this study compared the 23 clinical trials identified from PubMed (2020-2024) with the research trends obtained from the bibliometric analysis.

RESULTS: The study found that the number of published articles and cited times increased significantly in the past five years, which confirmed the influence of COVID-19 in this field. China and the United States, represented by Harvard University, are the main pushing forces in this area. The research focus has shifted from rehabilitation orientation to comprehensive mental and public health perspectives. Future development trends may include strengthening international cooperation, standardizing intervention programs, and cross-cultural research.

CONCLUSION: This multi-database analysis provides researchers and policymakers with a scientific reference for the WMH field. It clearly reflects current research trends and future research directions in WMH.},
}

@article {pmid41767314,
year = {2026},
author = {González, S and Arellano, J and Reza-Zaldivar, EE and Mena-Munguía, S and Minjarez, B and Rodríguez-Yáñez, Y},
title = {Viral mechanisms, tropism, and clinical relevance regarding the ophthalmic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection.},
journal = {International journal of ophthalmology},
volume = {19},
number = {3},
pages = {619-629},
pmid = {41767314},
issn = {2222-3959},
abstract = {To explore the mechanisms underlying ocular infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), we conducted a comprehensive review of current literature, focusing on viral entry pathways, receptor expression in ocular tissues, and associated clinical manifestations. This review encompasses studies published within the last five years with a focus on original research and systematic reviews that provide molecular, histological, or clinical evidence. The findings show that SARS-CoV-2 can infect ocular tissues through multiple receptors beyond angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), including transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), CD147, alanyl aminopeptidase N (ANPEP), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AGTR2), and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (PIGR), which are expressed in retinal, conjunctival, corneal, limbal, and photoreceptor cells. The virus may also reach ocular structures via neurovascular invasion. Clinically, patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may present with a broad spectrum of ophthalmic manifestations, including conjunctivitis, hyperreflective lesions in the inner retinal layers, flame-shaped hemorrhages, cotton-wool spots, retinal pallor, hard exudates, and various forms of maculopathy, such as paracentral acute middle maculopathy and acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN). These signs reflect both direct viral damage and secondary effects of systemic inflammation and microvascular injury. Understanding the molecular and clinical spectrum of ocular involvement is essential for early diagnosis, appropriate ophthalmologic care, and the prevention of long-term visual sequelae in patients affected by COVID-19.},
}

@article {pmid41767650,
year = {2026},
author = {Birdi, S and Patel, A and Rabet, R and Singh, N and Durant, S and Vosoughi, T and Kapra, F and Shergill, M and Mesfin, E and Ziegler, C and Ali, S and Buckeridge, D and Ghassemi, M and Gibson, J and John-Baptiste, A and Macklin, J and Mccradden, M and Mckenzie, K and Mishra, S and Naraei, P and Owusu-Bempah, A and Rosella, L and Shaw, J and Upshur, R and Pinto, AD},
title = {Machine Learning Used in Communicable Disease Control: A Scoping Review.},
journal = {Public health reviews},
volume = {47},
number = {},
pages = {1608074},
pmid = {41767650},
issn = {0301-0422},
abstract = {OBJECTIVES: Communicable diseases continue to threaten global health, with COVID-19 as a recent example. Rapid data analysis using machine learning (ML) is crucial for detecting and controlling outbreaks. We aimed to identify how ML approaches have been applied to achieve public health objectives in communicable disease control and to explore algorithmic biases in model design, training, and implementation, and strategies to mitigate these biases.

METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central, Scopus, ACM DL, INSPEC, and Web of Science to identify peer-reviewed studies from 1 January 2000, to 15 July 2022. Included studies applied ML models in population and public health to address ten communicable diseases with high prevalence.

RESULTS: 28,378 citations were retrieved, and 209 met our inclusion criteria. ML for communicable diseases has risen since 2020, particularly for SARS-CoV-2 (n = 177), followed by malaria, HIV, and tuberculosis. Eighteen studies (8.61%) considered bias, and only eleven implemented mitigation strategies.

CONCLUSION: A growing number of studies used ML for disease surveillance. Addressing biases in model design should be prioritized in future research to improve reliability and equity in public health outcomes.},
}

@article {pmid41767904,
year = {2026},
author = {Jagasia, K and Malyan, HH and Kim, J and Kabakibi, M and Moore, AA and Nguyen, AL},
title = {Cannabis Use Among Caregivers of Older Adults: A Systematic Literature Review.},
journal = {Sage open aging},
volume = {12},
number = {},
pages = {30495334261426511},
pmid = {41767904},
issn = {3049-5334},
abstract = {As the global population ages, the number of caregivers has risen accordingly. Though caregiving has many rewards, it may also cause psychological stress. To manage this burden, caregivers may adopt various coping strategies, including cannabis use. This systematic review aimed to synthesize existing literature on cannabis use among caregivers for older adults. A database search in PubMed, PsycINFO, and CINAHL identified 357 unique peer-reviewed articles to screen and five were included in the review. Studies were included if they reported empirical data on cannabis use among caregivers for older adults. Of the five included studies, four studies found that caregivers reporting high stress or emotional burden used cannabis to cope, with two finding new or increased use during the COVID-19 pandemic. One study found that using cannabis improved caregivers' self-reported health and well-being; another found positive caregiver attitudes toward recreational cannabis. Two studies found higher caregiver anxiety was associated with increased cannabis use. Despite limited research, these studies underscore the role of cannabis as a potential coping mechanism for caregivers of older adults experiencing emotional burden. Additional research should seek to characterize longitudinal patterns of cannabis use among caregivers and its potential impact on both caregiver and care recipients.},
}

@article {pmid41768578,
year = {2026},
author = {Castellanos-Hernández, DI and Mayoral-Chávez, MA and Matias-Cervantes, CA and Alpuche, J},
title = {Association between nucleic acid COVID-19 vaccines and acute myocardial infarction in adults: a systematic review.},
journal = {Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine},
volume = {13},
number = {},
pages = {1752169},
pmid = {41768578},
issn = {2297-055X},
abstract = {BACKGROUND: Post-marketing surveillance has documented cardiovascular adverse events following COVID-19 vaccination, including acute myocardial infarction (AMI); however, evidence regarding causal associations remains contradictory.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a causal association exists between nucleic acid-based COVID-19 vaccines (mRNA and DNA platforms) and AMI in adults aged 18-80 years.

METHODS: A systematic review following PRISMA 2020 guidelines searched PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Google Scholar for studies evaluating mRNA vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna) and DNA-based vaccines (AstraZeneca) with AMI as primary outcome. Quality assessment used the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.

RESULTS: Twenty-nine studies from 16 countries were analyzed, including 14 population-based cohorts (>142.5 million individuals, >130,000 AMI cases), 12 case reports (54 AMI events), and three pharmacovigilance studies. Large cohorts demonstrated no significant association between nucleic acid vaccines and AMI. A Swedish study (8.1 million) showed protective effects (HR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.74-0.89 for third dose). A Malaysian study (22.2 million) found no significant increase after BNT162b2 (dose 1 IRR: 0.97; dose 2 IRR: 1.08) or ChAdOx1 (dose 1 IRR: 1.02; dose 2 IRR: 1.58). Case reports documented temporal associations but had substantial methodological limitations. Quality assessment revealed low-to-moderate bias in population studies but high bias in case reports and pharmacovigilance data.

CONCLUSIONS: High-quality population-based evidence from 14 independent cohorts does not support a causal association between nucleic acid-based COVID-19 vaccines and AMI. Case reports lack the methodological rigor to establish causality. The documented protective effects after booster doses and consistency across diverse populations demonstrate vaccine cardiovascular safety, supporting continued vaccination policies.},
}

@article {pmid41769275,
year = {2025},
author = {Mohammad, K and Mohaddeseh, B and Amir Hossein, M},
title = {COVID-19 and ACE2 Receptor in Different Tissues: From Pathophysiologic Function To Therapeutic Responses.},
journal = {Archives of Razi Institute},
volume = {80},
number = {3},
pages = {591-604},
pmid = {41769275},
issn = {2008-9872},
mesh = {Humans ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 ; COVID-19/physiopathology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; *Receptors, Virus/metabolism ; *Pneumonia, Viral/physiopathology/drug therapy/virology ; *Coronavirus Infections/physiopathology/drug therapy ; *Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism/physiology ; *Betacoronavirus/physiology ; Virus Internalization ; },
abstract = {SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, is characterized by its high transmission rate, leading to a global pandemic. Millions of people have lost their lives due to the infection caused by this virus. The ability of the virus to spread rapidly and infect large numbers of people has highlighted the need to understand its mechanisms of infection. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an essential receptor for SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. SARS-CoV-2 exhibits a high affinity to this receptor and shows high infectivity, leading to an explosive increase in patients infected with COVID-19. ACE2 is the carboxypeptidase homolog of ACE, which produces angiotensin II, the main active peptide of the renin-angiotensin system. From a pathophysiological perspective, this system regulates vital processes across different organs. Additionally, ACE2 enzyme activity could play a protective role against acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by viral pneumonia. Upon infection, SARS-CoV-2 downregulates the expression of ACE2, which is possibly related to the pathogenesis of ARDS. Since this receptor is present in various other tissues such as the heart, kidney, gastrointestinal tract, reproductive system, and sensory organs, it may contribute to pathological symptoms in these organs. Thus, ACE2 is not only a receptor for SARS-CoV-2 but may also play a crucial role in various aspects of the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and potential post-COVID-19 syndromes. Administering ACE2 could competitively bind to SARS-CoV, thereby reducing viral spike protein from attaching to transmembrane ACE2 and consequently reducing viral cell entry into cells and COVID-19 symptoms. In this review, we first examine the role of ACE2 in the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 across different tissues and propose treatment strategies for COVID-19 that involve ACE2.},
}

Humans
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
COVID-19/physiopathology
SARS-CoV-2
Pandemics
*Receptors, Virus/metabolism
*Pneumonia, Viral/physiopathology/drug therapy/virology
*Coronavirus Infections/physiopathology/drug therapy
*Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism/physiology
*Betacoronavirus/physiology
Virus Internalization

@article {pmid41769292,
year = {2025},
author = {Abdol Ghaffar, E and Zeliha, S and Hamdia Yousif, I and Elifsena Canan, AA and Shahid, A},
title = {Next-Generation Vaccines and Antiviral Platforms: Molecular Advancements in the Struggle against Emerging Zoonotic and Viral Diseases.},
journal = {Archives of Razi Institute},
volume = {80},
number = {3},
pages = {555-568},
pmid = {41769292},
issn = {2008-9872},
mesh = {Humans ; Animals ; *Zoonoses/prevention & control/virology ; *Viral Vaccines/immunology ; *Virus Diseases/prevention & control ; *Communicable Diseases, Emerging/prevention & control ; *Vaccine Development ; *Antiviral Agents ; },
abstract = {The ongoing occurrence of zoonotic and viral diseases, such as SARS-CoV-2, H5N1, Nipah, and Ebola viruses, underscores the requirement for transformative innovations in vaccine and antiviral development. Classic vaccine technologies like inactivated or live-attenuated virus products have lengthy production cycles, cold-chain storage, and are poorly suited to reacting rapidly to emerging threats This review synthesizes the most recent advances in molecular virology, immunogen design, and biotechnology that will propel the next generation of prevention and treatment tools. We begin with the genomic and structural characteristics of high-consequence zoonotic viruses, highlighting the molecular determinants for virulence, host switching, and immune evasion. The review then provides a comparative review of the emerging vaccine platforms such as mRNA, DNA, viral vector, subunit, and inactivated vaccines based on design rationale, delivery systems, immunogenicity profiles, and global rollouts. At the same time, molecular mechanisms of antiviral drugs acting against viral polymerases, proteases, and entry mechanisms are discussed, and the new challenge of resistance evolution is emphasized. We also highlight recently developed molecular diagnostic tools like CRISPR-based tools, nanopore sequencing, and isothermal amplification technologies that are transforming real-time pathogen diagnosis in veterinary and human medicine. Last, the One Health aspect is introduced through veterinary applications of vaccines to zoonotic spillover prevention and antimicrobial resistance. In conclusion, this review gives a vision-orientated account of molecular strategies that bring together human and animal medicine to combat future pandemics. Our aggregated tables and visualizations are an asset for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers interested in the improvement of epidemic preparedness and cross-species disease surveillance.},
}

Humans
Animals
*Zoonoses/prevention & control/virology
*Viral Vaccines/immunology
*Virus Diseases/prevention & control
*Communicable Diseases, Emerging/prevention & control
*Vaccine Development
*Antiviral Agents